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Lattice structures have become a research highlight in the fields of aviation, aerospace and automobile because of its high specific strength and stiffness. The development of additive manufacturing technology makes it possible to manufacture mechanical metamaterials with complex geometric shapes and special mechanical properties. However,traditional additive manufacturing processes are difficult to coordinate the contradiction between the cost, geometric size and accuracy of such structures. In view of this, a mechanical metamaterial structure concept of reversible assembly and the connection method of its basic voxels were proposed, which can effectively overcome the size limitation of manufacturing equipment, and can construct a macro lattice structure with rich mechanical properties through different combination sequences. Aiming at the basic voxel type of reversible assembly, the influence of voxel geometric parameters, relative density and voxel numbers on its mechanical properties through parametric modeling method was analyzed, and the experimental results were compared. The results show that the three basic voxels have great rigidity difference, and Poisson’s ratio covers the range from negative to positive. Therefore, different combination sequences of these three basic voxels can produce macro structures with different mechanical property distributions, which proves the rationality of using these three basic voxels as the basic voxels of the reversible-assembly structure. In addition, the mathematical relationship between geometric parameters and mechanical properties can provide guidance for the engineering application of such mechanical metamaterials.

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WANG Zhigang, E-mail:.
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点阵结构因其高比强度和比刚度成为航空、航天、汽车等领域的研究热点。增材制造技术的发展使得具有复杂几何外形和特殊力学性能的力学超材料点阵结构的加工成为可能。但传统增材制造工艺难以协调此类结构在成本、几何尺寸和精度之间的矛盾。鉴于此,提出了一种可逆装配的力学超材料结构概念及基础体素结构的连接方法,可有效克服制造装备的尺寸限制,并可以通过不同排列组合构建力学性能丰富的宏观点阵结构。针对可逆装配的基础体素型式,通过参数化建模的方法分析了体素几何特征、相对密度和体素数目等参数对其力学性能的影响,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明,所提出的3种基础体素刚性差异较大,泊松比覆盖了由负到正的范围。因此,使用这3种基础体素的不同组合方式可以产生不同力学性能分布的宏观结构,从而证明了采用这3种体素作为可逆装配结构基本体素的合理性。此外,所给出的几何尺寸与力学性能之间的数学关系可为此类力学超材料的工程应用提供指导。

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王志刚,男,1989年生,江西抚州人,博士研究生,工程师;主要研究方向为智能材料与结构设计、可变体飞机结构设计;E-mail:
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吴琪,女,1996年生,陕西渭南人,硕士研究生,助理工程师;主要研究方向为智能材料与结构设计;E-mail:

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吴琪,女,1996年生,陕西渭南人,硕士研究生,助理工程师;主要研究方向为智能材料与结构设计;E-mail:

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Mechanical property parameters of Durable V2 materials

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极限抗拉强度
Ultimate tensile
Strength σ /MPa
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E /MPa
延伸率
Elongation δ /%
未固化
Non-cured
18.64500.67
固化后
Post-cured
31.81 2600.49
), ArticleFig(id=1241038883312431501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Durable V2材料的力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
极限抗拉强度
Ultimate tensile
Strength σ /MPa
弹性模量
Elastic modulus E /MPa
延伸率
Elongation δ /%
未固化
Non-cured
18.64500.67
固化后
Post-cured
31.81 2600.49
), ArticleFig(id=1241038883438260625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Deformation parameters of rigid voxel under compression load

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梁截面宽度
Beam section width t/mm
2.53.54.5
θ/(°)10.049.929.75
ΔP1/mm-0.44-0.46-0.48
Δx /mm3.813.783.75
), ArticleFig(id=1241038883769610644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

压缩载荷下刚性体素变形参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
梁截面宽度
Beam section width t/mm
2.53.54.5
θ/(°)10.049.929.75
ΔP1/mm-0.44-0.46-0.48
Δx /mm3.813.783.75
), ArticleFig(id=1241038884184846741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Deformation parameters of compliant voxel under compressive load

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S形梁高度
S-shaped beam heights H/mm
0L(刚性体素
Rigid voxel)
0.1L0.15L0.2L
θ /(°)10.249.879.569.07
ΔP1 /mm-0.42-0.61-0.87-1.27
Δx /mm3.833.593.262.75
), ArticleFig(id=1241038884621054360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

压缩载荷下柔性体素变形参数

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S形梁高度
S-shaped beam heights H/mm
0L(刚性体素
Rigid voxel)
0.1L0.15L0.2L
θ /(°)10.249.879.569.07
ΔP1 /mm-0.42-0.61-0.87-1.27
Δx /mm3.833.593.262.75
), ArticleFig(id=1241038884826575259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Deformation parameters of auxetic voxel under compression load

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内凹深度
Concave depths d /mm
0.2L0.3L0.4L
θ1 /(°)-7.54-6.23-5.77
θ2 /(°)-15.98-10.49-8.89
ΔP1 /mm-0.05-0.05-0.05
Δx /mm-2.11-2.03-1.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241038885040484767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

压缩载荷下扩张体素变形参数

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内凹深度
Concave depths d /mm
0.2L0.3L0.4L
θ1 /(°)-7.54-6.23-5.77
θ2 /(°)-15.98-10.49-8.89
ΔP1 /mm-0.05-0.05-0.05
Δx /mm-2.11-2.03-1.93
), ArticleFig(id=1241038885124370849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of elastic modulus of rigid voxel

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1×1×12×2×23×3×3
模拟 Simulation E/MPa0.1291.822.24
实验 Experiment E/MPa0.084 60.1290.176
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刚性体素弹性模量对比

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1×1×12×2×23×3×3
模拟 Simulation E/MPa0.1291.822.24
实验 Experiment E/MPa0.084 60.1290.176
), ArticleFig(id=1241038885367640489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparison of elastic modulus of compliant voxel

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1×1×12×2×23×3×3
模拟 Simulation E/MPa0.0800.0980.101
实验 Experiment E/MPa0.0320.0330.035
), ArticleFig(id=1241038886948893096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

柔性体素弹性模量对比

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1×1×12×2×23×3×3
模拟 Simulation E/MPa0.0800.0980.101
实验 Experiment E/MPa0.0320.0330.035
), ArticleFig(id=1241038887045362093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Comparison of elastic modulus of auxetic voxel

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1×1×12×2×23×3×3
模拟
Simulation E/Pa
0.0590.070.084
实验
Experiment E/Pa
0.0180.0260.032
), ArticleFig(id=1241038887112470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859748831995, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

扩张体素弹性模量对比

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1×1×12×2×23×3×3
模拟
Simulation E/Pa
0.0590.070.084
实验
Experiment E/Pa
0.0180.0260.032
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力学性能可调的可逆装配力学超材料性能表征
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吴琪 1 , 杨宇 1 , 芦奕菲 1 , 鲍盘盘 1 , 王志刚 1, 2
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(1): 92-106
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(1): 92-106
力学性能可调的可逆装配力学超材料性能表征
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吴琪1 , 杨宇1, 芦奕菲1, 鲍盘盘1, 王志刚1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国飞机强度研究所 强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,西安 710065
  • 2.北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100191
  • 吴琪,女,1996年生,陕西渭南人,硕士研究生,助理工程师;主要研究方向为智能材料与结构设计;E-mail:

通讯作者:

王志刚,男,1989年生,江西抚州人,博士研究生,工程师;主要研究方向为智能材料与结构设计、可变体飞机结构设计;E-mail:
Characterization of a reversible-assembly mechanical metamaterial with an adjustble mechanical property
Qi WU1 , Yu YANG1, Yifei LU1, Panpan BAO1, Zhigang WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China, National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity, Xi’an 710065, China
  • 2.School of Aeronautical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.011
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点阵结构因其高比强度和比刚度成为航空、航天、汽车等领域的研究热点。增材制造技术的发展使得具有复杂几何外形和特殊力学性能的力学超材料点阵结构的加工成为可能。但传统增材制造工艺难以协调此类结构在成本、几何尺寸和精度之间的矛盾。鉴于此,提出了一种可逆装配的力学超材料结构概念及基础体素结构的连接方法,可有效克服制造装备的尺寸限制,并可以通过不同排列组合构建力学性能丰富的宏观点阵结构。针对可逆装配的基础体素型式,通过参数化建模的方法分析了体素几何特征、相对密度和体素数目等参数对其力学性能的影响,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明,所提出的3种基础体素刚性差异较大,泊松比覆盖了由负到正的范围。因此,使用这3种基础体素的不同组合方式可以产生不同力学性能分布的宏观结构,从而证明了采用这3种体素作为可逆装配结构基本体素的合理性。此外,所给出的几何尺寸与力学性能之间的数学关系可为此类力学超材料的工程应用提供指导。

可逆装配  /  力学超材料  /  参数化建模  /  点阵结构  /  性能表征

Lattice structures have become a research highlight in the fields of aviation, aerospace and automobile because of its high specific strength and stiffness. The development of additive manufacturing technology makes it possible to manufacture mechanical metamaterials with complex geometric shapes and special mechanical properties. However,traditional additive manufacturing processes are difficult to coordinate the contradiction between the cost, geometric size and accuracy of such structures. In view of this, a mechanical metamaterial structure concept of reversible assembly and the connection method of its basic voxels were proposed, which can effectively overcome the size limitation of manufacturing equipment, and can construct a macro lattice structure with rich mechanical properties through different combination sequences. Aiming at the basic voxel type of reversible assembly, the influence of voxel geometric parameters, relative density and voxel numbers on its mechanical properties through parametric modeling method was analyzed, and the experimental results were compared. The results show that the three basic voxels have great rigidity difference, and Poisson’s ratio covers the range from negative to positive. Therefore, different combination sequences of these three basic voxels can produce macro structures with different mechanical property distributions, which proves the rationality of using these three basic voxels as the basic voxels of the reversible-assembly structure. In addition, the mathematical relationship between geometric parameters and mechanical properties can provide guidance for the engineering application of such mechanical metamaterials.

Reversible assembly  /  Mechanical metamaterials  /  Parametric modeling  /  Lattice structure  /  Performance characterization
吴琪, 杨宇, 芦奕菲, 鲍盘盘, 王志刚. 力学性能可调的可逆装配力学超材料性能表征. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (1) : 92 -106 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.011
Qi WU, Yu YANG, Yifei LU, Panpan BAO, Zhigang WANG. Characterization of a reversible-assembly mechanical metamaterial with an adjustble mechanical property[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (1) : 92 -106 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.011
点阵结构以其轻质[1][2]1373、高比强度[3]108、高比模量[4]1219和较灵活的可设计性[5]等特点广泛应用于航空航天等国防军事领域[6]。例如,美国国家航空局采用点阵结构实现了全点阵的变形机翼结构,有效地降低了机翼质量,提高了机翼的整体性能[7-10]。此外,三维点阵结构在多个航天项目中已得到应用,国际首个全三维点阵整星结构已随“千乘一号”成功发射[11]。相比于传统结构,该三维点阵整星结构不仅能实现有效的减重,且能够节省燃料,降低成本,缩短生产周期[12]。点阵结构还具有优异的降噪与减振功能[13-15]。例如,飞机、火箭由于推进过程产生的颠簸会加剧自身零部件的磨损;高铁运行过程中车体外部也会产生随机声学振动。研究表明,若对点阵结构的力学性能分布进行设计,可实现结构噪声和振动的有效控制[16-17]。因此,点阵结构是未来航空航天中的重要结构形式之一。
增材制造技术的发展使得具有复杂几何外形和特殊力学性能的力学超材料加工成为可能。与传统的减材制造模式相比,它通过光固化、熔融沉积成型、选择性激光烧结等成型工艺,可以较低的成本打印具有复杂外形的结构件[18-20]。目前,采用不同制造技术制备的点阵结构在表面粗糙度与成型精度方面均有较大的差异。其原因是不同的成型工艺在成本、精度、尺寸以及材料兼容性方面各有不同[21]。如采用光固化技术(Stereolithography,SLA)生产的零件尺寸精度高、表面质量高,可以制作较为复杂的模型,但其设备使用和维护成本较高[22]。熔融沉积技术(Fused Deposition Modeling,FDM)成型原理简单、维护成本低,但其成型精度以及表面粗糙度均不如SLA,且成型速度较慢[23]。总体来说,成型精度高的工艺其设备成本也较高。此外,每种成型工艺能够打印的最大外形尺寸通常受设备自身大小的限制。目前,一般的解决方法是增大打印设备的尺寸[24-25],或通过多个可移动打印机来实现任意尺寸模型的打印[26],但这种大尺寸设备或可移动设备一般较难保证产品的精度。因此,如何在精度、尺寸以及成本之间权衡成为各类增材制造技术必须考虑的问题。此外,传统的一体化打印技术通常采用单一材料或单一体素形式,无法依据需求实现结构与材料属性精确调控,使点阵结构力学性能的可设计性降低。
可逆装配结构的出现不仅克服了打印设备的限制[4]1219[27][28]1800213[29]34,还可较好地协调成本、尺寸、精度三者之间的矛盾,而且可以通过不同组合构建力学性能丰富的点阵结构,形成一种新的力学超材料。在可逆装配的力学超材料方面,国内外学者已开展大量的研究。2013年,美国麻省理工学院开发出一种新型数字材料,其采用锁链式结构可方便地增加或去除零件,且能够快速地将单个体素组装在一起,从而制造出类似机翼的大型结构件[30]。CHEUNG等[4]1219提出了一种基于增材制造技术的可逆装配法,将几个相同的小部件通过卡扣法连接组装成立方八面体晶格,结果表明,该点阵结构在满足轻质的同时能够达到实体结构的力学性能,但这种连接方式仅依靠零部件自身之间的约束易产生滑脱,降低了结构稳定性。XU等[31]采用同样的方式制备热塑性复合材料可逆装配点阵结构,并在接头处分别用注塑钉和钢钉固定。研究结果表明,钢钉加固点阵结构的有效模量和强度显著高于注射钉加固结构,但在接头处仍会产生应力集中。JENETT等[21]采用注塑成型工艺制备基础点阵体素,并采用螺接法装配元件级零件,使用该连接方式不仅可以保证该结构的稳定性,而且避免了接头处的应力集中,但这种成型工艺会导致元件的弹性模量与屈服强度依赖于浇口位置,距离浇口位置越远,弹性模量越低,且接合处的屈服强度也会大幅度降低。上述研究工作证明了可逆装配点阵结构的巨大应用潜力,但在成型工艺或连接方式等方面均有不足之处,这些因素使得可逆装配点阵结构的工程应用仍有较大的难度和局限性。
此外,可逆装配点阵结构具有外形自适应的特点,是未来航空航天中主动变形结构的一种较好的结构形式。文献[29]44、文献[32-35]等研究表明,基于可逆装配点阵结构的变形机翼在嵌入作动系统时,可以实现主动变形,并具有轻量化和高可靠性的特点。但现有可逆装配点阵结构力学性能单一,无法实现复杂的力学性能分布的要求。因此,需要构建变几何的可逆装配基础体素,在不同的空间位置布置力学性能不同的体素,以实现点阵结构力学性能的精确调控。
鉴于此,本文提出了一种新型的可逆装配的力学超材料结构概念及基础体素的连接方法,并构建了刚性、柔性和扩张型3种具有较大力学性能差异的基础体素构型。它可有效克服制造装备的尺寸限制,还可以较好地协调成本、尺寸、精度三者之间的矛盾,并可以通过不同排列组合构建力学性能丰富的宏观点阵结构。针对可逆装配的基础体素型式,本文进一步通过参数化建模的方法分析了体素几何特征、相对密度和体素数目等参数对其力学性能的影响,从而明确了其变形机理,给出了各体素的几何参数与力学性能之间的数学关系,并与力学性能实验进行了对比验证。
如前文所述,基于可逆装配力学超材料的复杂结构需要,在结构系统的不同部位具有不同的力学性能,有的部位需要高强度和刚度,有些部位需要具备大变形的能力;同时,需要满足整体刚度可调、可重复拆卸/装配的要求。因此,如何构建不同力学性能的点阵结构体素是需要解决的首要问题。现有研究表明,晶格类型会直接影响点阵结构强度和刚度[36]1035[37],而晶格的类型主要由节点连通性(节点处连接杆件的数目Z)决定。对于三维晶格结构,连通性Z大于12为拉伸主导型晶格;连通性小于6为弯曲主导型晶格[36]1036。研究表明,拉伸主导晶格[图1(a)]比弯曲主导晶格[图1(b)]具有更高的节点连通性和更高的比刚度[2]1375。本文选择立方八面体晶格,该晶格连通性(Z=8)介于高连通性与低连通性之间,但其仍具有拉伸主导行为[3]109,可作为承载能力强的第1类刚性基础体素。
进一步,以立方八面体晶格为基本体素并对其演化,得到其它体素形式。通过将直梁替换为带S形弯梁,演化出第2类柔性体素;将立方八面体晶格的各个平面结构替换为三维内凹结构,演化出第3类扩张型体素。所形成的3种力学性能不同的体素构型,为后续刚度可调的复杂点阵结构提供基础体素。图2(a)~图2(c)分别为刚性体素、柔性体素、扩张体素对应的最小级元件。其中,刚性体素由4个长度一致的正方形截面的梁单元组成,其变形仅依靠材料自身的弹性拉伸或压缩;整体上呈高刚度特性,保证几何结构轻量化的同时,又具有足够高的承载能力。柔性体素的S形梁导致其梁单元主要通过轴向的缩短和弯曲来承受外部载荷。扩张体素在受载时主要依靠面外梁和面内梁在节点处类弹簧的弯曲来实现变形和承载。柔性体素和扩张体素均以弯曲变形为主,具有较大的变形能力,可满足点阵结构在变形方向的增加或缩小。此外,扩张体素是典型的负泊松比体素。依据实际需求,对这3类体素进行不同序列的组合装配,有望构建同时满足高强度和大变形能力的复杂力学性能点阵结构。因此,由上述3类体素形成的宏观结构是一种力学超材料结构。
力学超材料的设计需满足可逆装配这一基本要求,以确保结构件在部分损坏时可以替换。因此,需建立一种统一的连接方式。与JENETT等[21]做法相似,本文在体素内部以及体素与体素间均采用螺接的连接方式。如图3所示,对最小级元件的4个角点进行设计;具体地,在元件的平面上和45°斜面接头上各预留1个圆孔,前者用于体素与体素之间连接,后者用于体素内部之间的连接。将两个元件的45°角拼接可实现体素的1个直角,如图4所示。每个单胞需要通过12个螺钉进行内部连接,为简化装配和拆卸过程,本文统一选择十字沉头螺钉。
通过这种装配方式,可以实现如图5所示的体素与体素之间的连接。在设计体素时,3种体素最小级元件上预留的孔的位置和大小均一致。因此,可以根据任意需求组装成1个复杂的多功能结构系统。理论上,此类体素结构通过装配可以实现空间无限大的结构体,可较好地解决传统增材制造结构件尺寸限制的问题。
点阵结构设计的1个重要几何参数是体素外形尺寸,实际应用中体素数目在满足强度、刚度要求下要尽可能地少,以减小装配工作量。同时,考虑到打印设备的速度、连接螺钉的尺寸兼容性等,本文的体素基本外形尺寸选为70 mm,并通过直径为2 mm的螺钉进行连接。并在第二节着重分析梁截面宽度、S形梁宽度和高度、内凹深度等参数对力学性能的影响。
为了明确各类体素的变形机制,明晰各类体素的几何参数与力学性能之间的数学关系,并为后续复杂变形点阵结构的研究提供理论指导,本文对3类体素的几何参数变量进行了梳理,结果如图6所示。其中,刚性体素的最小级元件由4个正方形截面的直梁组成,在体素总体尺寸确定的情况下,仅有梁截面宽度1个变量;由于S形梁的存在,柔性体素中主要包括S形梁宽度、S形梁高度、梁截面宽度3个变量;扩张体素由于具有面外变形,其几何变量主要包括内凹深度和梁截面宽度。理论上,为了实现上述目的,需进行大量有限元分析,耗时较长。因此,为了节省计算时间与成本,本文提出采用参数化建模的方法进行几何特征参数与3类基础体素力学性能之间关系的分析。
理论上,依据不同的体素布置序列以及体素类型编号可实现任意点阵结构的参数化建模,如图7所示。即通过不同的组合序列可构建力学性能丰富的宏观点阵结构。但由于本文仅针对各类体素的力学性能分析,因此,下文中分析计算均采用同一种体素。
为实现参数化建模,以PyCharm集成开发环境和Abaqus有限元软件为平台,基于Abaqus软件二次开发,建立参数化建模程序。建模程序由主程序和子程序两部分构成。主程序主要包含了点阵结构模型的建立、相邻体素之间连接方式、边界条件的设置及结果输出;子程序中完成了单个体素的建模、材料属性、梁单元属性以及网格尺寸的设置。主程序示意图如图8所示,首先,依据体素布置序列确定体素数目,依据其编号确定体素类型;其次,在体素与体素角点之间设置绑定约束,其目的是将相邻体素间角点牢固地粘接在一起,保证其在分析过程中不被分开,模拟该类点阵结构螺接的连接方式。最后,完成边界条件的设置并提取计算结果。此外,在主程序中,将梁截面宽度、压缩位移大小、体素几何尺寸等参数设置为变量,以便于后续参数化分析。
在选材方面,为了提高基础体素的制造精度和表面质量,本文选择Durable V2工程树脂材料,该材料具有低模量、高伸长率以及高冲击强度等特点,力学性能参数如表1所示。使用该材料生产的零件表面光滑,抗变形能力较强。
在单元选择方面,由于变化参数较多、计算量大,模拟时选择梁单元进行模拟。常用的梁单元有欧拉梁和铁木辛柯梁两类。两者的主要区别是:欧拉梁主要用于模拟细长梁,而铁木辛柯梁既适合细长梁,也适合短粗梁[38]。本文中由于梁截面宽度参数变化范围大,为适应不同几何参数,统一使用铁木辛柯梁。
通常情况下,线性分析仅适用小位移、小变形、小挠度、小转角条件。而本文所提出的几类体素变形时具有较大的位移和转角,分析时需要考虑几何非线性效应。图9中分别计算了线性和非线性分析下刚性点阵结构的应力-应变曲线。结果表明,几何非线性效应对点阵结构力学行为响应影响较大。因此,验证了考虑几何非线性的必要性。
为验证该参数化建模方法的准确性与可靠性,采用该方法新建一个尺寸为4×4×4的八面体点阵结构分别进行拉伸模拟与压缩模拟,并提取其应力-应变曲线与文献中结果对比,如图10所示。结果表明,通过本文的方法计算的结果与原文献[28]1800213计算结果基本一致。因此,验证了该参数化建模方法的可行性。模拟参数如下:该八面体体素外形尺寸为76.2 mm,梁截面尺寸为1.55 mm×1.08 mm;材料的弹性模量与泊松比分别为6 250 MPa和0.38;梁单元类型为铁木辛柯梁。
通过上述参数化分析方法,本小节给出了3类体素在各几何参数下的分析结果。为了获得晶格材料的宏观特性,通常情况下会采用周期性边界条件来简化分析模型[39]。然而如引言所述,为使变形结构(如点阵变形机翼)实现复杂的几何外形需求,其基础体素的排布组合方式包括多种可能性。这意味着实际应用中,它并非由单一体素周期性排列组成,可能有着不同的排列组合顺序。因此,力学性能分析中需考虑各体素的宏观性质与体素数目之间的关系,故本文不采用周期性边界条件分析体素的力学性能。
为评估体素的力学性能,需要给出宏观结构的弹性模量和泊松比的定义方式。本文中,将弹性模量定义为应力-应变曲线中线性段应力与应变的比值;泊松比为点阵结构横向应变与纵向应变的比值。纵向应变为点阵结构的压缩位移;横向应变的提取方式如图11中圆圈所示,为了避免边界效应,提取位置尽可能选在体素中心。柔性体素和扩张体素的泊松比及弹性模量的提取方式与刚性体素类似。
图12反映了梁截面宽度对刚性体素变形特征的影响。在体素外形尺寸固定情况下,梁截面宽度由2.5 mm增加至4.5 mm。首先,从图12(b)中可看出,梁截面宽度对弹性模量影响较大并呈正相关。其次,随着体素数目的增加,其弹性模量显著增加并逐渐趋于定值;其原因是当多个体素连接时,相邻体素间可形成足够的连通性,为点阵结构提供较大的支撑和刚性。最后,讨论了梁截面宽度对泊松比的影响。结果表明,当梁截面宽度较小时,泊松比出现降低趋势。其原因是当梁截面宽度较大时,模型在压缩模拟过程中一直处于线弹性变形阶段;而当梁截面宽度较小时,应力-应变曲线中包含非线性弹性变形阶段。在该变形阶段,横向应变并不随着纵向应变的增加而增加,导致其泊松比降低。
为进一步明确刚性体素的变形机制,本文对单个刚性体素在压缩载荷下的变形特征进行分析。如图13(b)所示,当对刚性体素轴向施加压缩载荷时,其横向表现为向外扩张,由此可知刚性体素为正泊松比体素。图13(b)中ΔxP1θ分别为单侧横向变形、梁轴向长度、梁变形弯曲角度值。表2为当压缩位移为10 mm时,不同梁截面宽度下单个刚性体素Δx、ΔP1θ的变形增量。当梁截面宽度由2.5 mm增至4.5 mm时、Δx由3.81 mm至3.75 mm、ΔP1由-0.44 mm至-0.48 mm、θ由10.04°减小至9.75°;结果表明,随着梁截面宽度增加,其θ角呈逐渐减小趋势,而ΔP1及Δx基本保持不变。综上所述,刚性体素主要通过轴向梁的压缩变形抵抗载荷。
为了验证刚性体素的晶格类型,本文计算了其相对弹性模量与相对密度之间的关系。相对密度可将晶格的宏观特性与构成晶格的材料性质连接起来;通过改变体素的相对密度,体素的宏观性质可以被精确调控。文献[29]35表明,该关系可表示为
式中,E为点阵结构的弹性模量;Es为基体材料的弹性模量;ρ*为相对密度,定义为点阵结构体积与材料体积之比,ρ*=V结构 /V材料[40]β为相对密度指数。当β=1时,点阵结构为拉伸主导,当β=2时,点阵结构为弯曲主导[41]
对于本文的3类体素结构,改变梁截面宽度即改变结构的相对密度,图14为3类体素的相对弹性模量与相对密度之间的关系,横坐标与纵坐标均用对数表示。以n=10的刚性点阵结构的模拟结果为例,相对密度指数β=1.068,呈线性趋势,因此可以验证刚性体素为拉伸主导点阵结构。
柔性体素几何外形参数包括梁截面宽度、S形梁宽度和S形梁高度。在研究梁截面宽度的影响时,S形梁宽度和高度分别固定为W=0.07LH=0.2L,梁截面宽度t=0.5~4.5 mm,增量为1 mm;在研究S形梁高度影响时,S形梁宽度和梁截面宽度固定,分别为W=0.05Lt=2.5 mm,S形梁高度H=0.1L~0.2L,增量为0.05L,如图15(a)所示;研究S形梁宽度影响时,S形梁高度和梁截面宽度固定,分别为H=0.2Lt=2.5 mm,S形梁宽度W=0.05L~0.09L,增量为0.02L,如图15(b)所示。
图16反映了S形梁高度对柔性体素变形特征的影响。由图16(a)、图16(b)可知,随着S形梁高度的增大,不同体素数目下柔性晶格的应力-应变曲线变形趋势基本一致。由此表明,柔性体素的S形梁高度对其变形方式有较大的影响。即通过改变S形梁的高度即可改变柔性体素的变形特征。
图16(c)、图16(d)分别分析了S形梁高度对柔性体素弹性模量与泊松比的影响。由图16(c)、图16(d)可以看出,随着S形梁高度的增加,弹性模量与泊松比均呈减小趋势。进一步表明增加S形梁高度可提高柔性体素的变形能力。此外,当S形梁高度较高时,柔性体素的弹性模量在各体素数目下均保持一致。其原因是柔性体素中的S形梁可以看作“弹簧”,当“弹簧”并联时,其“弹簧”有效刚度为K=K1+K2+K3+…+KnK为并联后“弹簧”的刚度系数;K1K2K3,…,Kn分别为每个“弹簧”的刚度系数)。在该模型中,随着“弹簧”数目的增加,其有效面积也在增加,且“弹簧”数目与有效面积均与其单边体素数目的平方成正比。因此,不同体素数目下柔性体素的弹性模量基本一致。
同时,对柔性点阵结构的相对模量与相对密度间的关系进行分析计算,如图14所示。以W=0.07LH=0.2L、n=10的模型为例,计算得到相对密度指数β=1.895。与刚性点阵结构所示的线性相关相比,该类点阵结构显示出近似二次相关,这表明虽然柔性体素属于拉伸主导晶格,但其变形方式主要以弯曲变形为主。
图17分别为S形梁宽度及梁截面宽度对柔性体素变形特征的影响。结果表明,柔性体素的弹性模量受S形梁宽度和梁截面宽度的影响较大。增大S形梁的宽度和减小梁截面宽度均会导致弹性模量的降低,提高结构的变形能力。其原因是S形梁宽度越大、梁截面宽度越小,S形梁的弯曲相比拉伸更占主导地位;而柔性体素的泊松比基本不受S形梁宽度和梁截面大小的影响。
同理,本文进一步分析了柔性体素的变形特征。对柔性体素施加10 mm位移,变形特征图如图18所示。图18(b)中Δx、ΔP1θ分别为单侧横向变形值、梁轴向长度、梁变形弯曲角度。并将不同S形梁高度下Δx、ΔP1θ值与同一梁截面宽度下的刚性体素对比,如表3所示。实际上,刚性体素是S形梁高度为0L时的一种特例。随着S形梁高度由0L增加到0.2L,其Δx由3.83 mm减小到2.75 mm、ΔP1从-0.42 mm变化到-1.27 mm、其θ角由10.24°减小到9.07°。由此可看出,柔性体素主要通过平面S形梁在轴向的缩短和弯曲来承受外部载荷,在设计时可通过改变S形梁高度来调控柔性体素的变形特性。
扩张体素包括内凹深度和梁截面宽度2个变形参数。研究内凹深度的影响时,将梁截面宽度固定t=2.5 mm,内凹深度d=0.2L~0.4L,增量为0.1L,如图19(a)所示;研究梁截面宽度的影响时,将内凹深度固定d=0.3L,梁截面宽度t=0.5~4.5 mm,增量为1 mm。
图19(b)、图19(c)反映了不同内凹深度对扩张体素弹性模量和泊松比的影响。当内凹深度为0.2L时,其弹性模量最终稳定在0.18 MPa;当内凹深度为0.4L时,其弹性模量最终稳定在0.08 MPa。结果表明,随着内凹深度的增加,其弹性模量降低,即其刚性降低;且随着体素数目的增加,其弹性模量均呈现先增加后稳定的趋势。此外,当n=1时,泊松比随着内凹深度的增加而增大;对于n大于1的点阵结构,泊松比随着内凹深度d的增加而减小。其原因是边界效应会导致单个体素的泊松比变化趋势相反;当体素数目较多时,随着内凹深度d的减小,连杆长度P1也随之减小。较短的连杆会导致折叠角处弯曲变形较小,刚性占主导地位。因此,导致整体结构的有效刚度较高,柔性较低。
图20(a)、图20(b)分别为梁截面宽度对扩张体素弹性模量和泊松比的影响。由图20可知,随着梁截面宽度的增大,弹性模量与泊松比均呈增加趋势;较小的梁截面宽度会使扩张点阵结构更易产生弯曲变形。以d=0.3Ln=10的模型为例,计算其相对密度指数β=1.963。该体素的相对模量与相对密度同样显示出近似二次相关,这表明扩张体素也属于以弯曲变形为主的拉伸主导型晶格。
为进一步了解扩张体素的变形特征,本文对单个扩张体素在压缩载荷下的变形特征进行分析,如图21所示。图21(b)θ1θ2、Δx、ΔP1分别为扩张体素的两个折叠转角、单侧横向变形、连杆长度值。当梁截面宽度t=2.5 mm时,对不同内凹深度下的单个扩张体素施加10 mm压缩位移,其θ1θ2、Δx、ΔP1值分别如表4所示。与前两种体素有所不同,负泊松比结构在轴向压缩载荷下,横向也会压缩。不同内凹深度下θ1θ2角变形前均为125°,变形后均存在不同程度的减小,而ΔP1基本保持不变。综上所述,扩张体素主要通过面外梁和面内梁在节点处类“弹簧”的弯曲来实现变形和承载,且可以通过改变内凹深度d来控制体素的负泊松比特性。
为了验证其有限元计算结果的准确性,并观察对比各体素的变形特征,进行力学性能表征实验研究。
为了保证打印精度,本文采用低压立体光固化技术(Low Force Stereolithography,LFS),该技术的特点是打印过程中施加在零件上的剥离力较小,可以简化支撑,利于移除。具体地,3D打印机型号为Form 3L,该打印仪器的水平精度为25 µm,轴向精度为25~300 µm。每次打印完成后需要后处理,首先需在无水乙醇(质量分数≥99.7%)中将模型清洗20~30 min;然后放入配套的固化机(Form Crue L)中,在60 ℃下固化1 h。
本文对由3种基础体素装配的点阵结构进行单轴压缩实验并分析其应力-应变曲线。实验中采用最大载荷为1 t的WDW-10型电子万能试验机,该试验机在实验过程中可实时显示力-位移的实验曲线。在实验开始前,对模型以及试验机进行对中处理。实验应变速率为1 mm/min,每个点阵结构重复3组实验,每次实验完成后均卸载静置10 min,使模型尽可能恢复到加载前状态。
图22分别为当梁截面宽度t=2.5 mm时、体素数目n=1~3时,刚性体素的变形前、后的实验图对比图及应力-应变曲线示意图。表5为刚性点阵结构的实验、模拟的弹性模量的数值对比;弹性模量均定义为线弹性变形阶段应力与应变的比值,实验值对3次实验结果取平均。图23为当S形梁宽度W=0.07L、S形梁高度H=0.2L、梁截面宽度t=2.5 mm、体素数目n=1~3时,柔性体素的变形前、后的实验图及应力-应变曲线示意图。表6为柔性点阵结构实验、模拟的弹性模量数值对比。图24为当内凹深度d=0.3L、梁截面宽度t=2.5 mm、体素数目n=1~3时,扩张体素的变形前、后的实验图及应力-应变曲线示意图。表7为扩张点阵结构实验、模拟的弹性模量数值对比。
分析各体素下应力-应变曲线,可以观察到以下3个现象:①部分模型的应力-应变曲线结果显示,在模型还未产生应变时,已产生接触应力;②所有模型的应力-应变曲线中均可看出在第2次和第3次加载时,应力-应变中会先出现一段平台期;③随着实验次数的增加,平台期的增量逐渐减小。
通过观察和分析实验件,得出以下解释。现象①产生的原因是支撑拆卸后表面未打磨光滑,导致在未施加位移时已产生部分应力;现象②产生的原因是在第1次压缩完成后,虽然有静置处理,但模型中的装配间隙已无法恢复,导致后两次实验初始压缩时无载荷响应;现象③产生的原因是随着压缩次数的增加,装配间隙逐渐稳定,导致平台期的增量逐渐减小。
此外,本文将3次实验结果取平均值,计算其弹性模量。结果表明,模拟数据与实验数据趋势基本一致,但是在数值上有较大差别,模拟数据均比实验数据高一个数量级。该问题主要与材料特性、固化工艺等有关。例如,本文选取的Durable V2工程树脂材料,是典型的光敏树脂材料。使用该材料生产的零件具有精度高、表面质量好及成型速度快等优点。然而,光敏树脂在使用过程中仍存在一些问题,如成本高、存储稳定性差[42-43]等,长期不使用的光敏树脂易硬化;其次,光敏树脂固化成型后的零件力学性能并不稳定,其固化效率及放置时间均会对零件力学性能产生较大影响。固化效率的差异会导致同一批次的体素元件具有不同的弹性模量;在本文中,受打印机尺寸限制,实验样件由多批次打印完成,而固化后放置时间的差异导致不同批次的体素也具有不同的弹性模量。此外,实验中部分体素连接出现松动和脱落,且不同的体素表面的平整度差异较大,导致体素内部出现了装配应力,也会对实验结果产生影响。
针对增材制造成型工艺尺寸、精度、成本难以协调和点阵结构力学性能分布单一等问题,提出了基于可逆装配连接方式的力学超材料结构及3种基础体素的结构形式,并通过参数化分析方法对3类体素的几何特征参数与力学性能之间的影响进行了详细分析。得出以下结论:
1)几何非线性效应对体素力学性能影响较大,在各体素的模拟计算中均应考虑几何非线性效应。
2)3种体素中刚性体素弹性模量最高,整体呈现为正泊松比特性。这类体素通过直梁的拉伸或压缩抵抗外部载荷,其相对模量与相对密度成线性相关,是拉伸主导型体素。
3)柔性体素弹性模量比刚性体素低一个数量级,泊松比可依据S形梁高度进行调整。其主要通过S形梁的轴向缩短和少量弯曲响应外部载荷;且相对模量与相对密度成二次相关,即柔性体素属于拉伸主导晶格,但其变形方式主要以弯曲变形为主。
4)扩张体素的弹性模量与柔性体素数量级相当,整体呈现负泊松比特性。该类体素通过面外梁和面内梁在节点处类“弹簧”的弯曲来实现变形和承载;相对模量与相对密度成二次相关,是以弯曲变形为主的拉伸主导型晶格。
5)3种体素在刚度和泊松比的力学性能方面差异较大,可以作为复杂点阵系统的基础体素,未来可通过对体素分布序列的优化,满足不同应用场景需求下的力学性能分布。
6)实验数据与模拟数据趋势一致,但模拟数据均比实验数据基本高一个数量级。其原因是光敏树脂固化成型后的零件力学性能并不稳定,其固化效率及固化后放置时间均会对零件力学性能产生较大影响。
  • 领先创新力基金项目(BYST-LXCX-22-054)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.011
  • 接收时间:2023-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-08
  • 修回日期:2023-04-22
基金
Leading Innovation Fund(BYST-LXCX-22-054)
领先创新力基金项目(BYST-LXCX-22-054)
作者信息
    1.中国飞机强度研究所 强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,西安 710065
    2.北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100191

通讯作者:

王志刚,男,1989年生,江西抚州人,博士研究生,工程师;主要研究方向为智能材料与结构设计、可变体飞机结构设计;E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jxqd/CN/10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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