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Aiming at the research on intelligent identification of caving coal and gangue, in order to provide a complete and effective vibration signal acquisition scheme of coal and gangue, an optimal layout strategy of tail beam sensors of caving coal hydraulic supports based on vibration characteristics of coal and gangue was proposed. Firstly, the modal analysis of the tail beam model was carried out, extracting the vibration mode matrix,and the effective independent method was used to select the measuring points. Secondly, the vibration signals of coal falling and gangue falling at the corresponding primary measuring points from the tail beam test bench were obtained, and the feature extraction was carried out. Thirdly, the extracted features were visualized by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding(t-SNE) dimensionality reduction, and five features which were sensitive to the distinction between coal and gangue signals were selected as target features. Finally, the probability density functions of target features were estimated by the kernel density estimation method. The K-L(Kullback-Leibler) divergence was used to evaluate the approximation between combined signal of each measuring point and the complete signal and the difference between characteristics of coal and gangue. The evaluation indexes of coal and gangue vibration signals were constructed. Combined with Fisher information matrix criterion, a comprehensive evaluation index was formed to determine the optimal scheme of tail beam sensor arrangement. The results show that the sensor arrangement scheme determined by this method not only reduces the number of sensors on the basis of satisfying modal observability, but also makes the measured vibration signals have better coal gangue difference and information integrity.

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YANG Shanguo, E-mail:
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针对放顶煤煤矸智能识别研究,为提供完整且有效的煤矸振动信号采集方案,提出了一种基于煤矸振动特性的放顶煤液压支架尾梁传感器优化布置策略。首先,对尾梁模型进行模态分析,提取振型矩阵,利用有效独立法初选测点;其次,获取尾梁试验台相应初选测点的落煤和落矸振动信号,进行特征提取;然后,对所提取特征进行t分布式随机邻域嵌入(t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding,t-SNE)降维可视化,筛选出5个对落煤和落矸信号区分敏感的特征,并以此作为目标特征;最后,经核密度估计法估算目标特征的概率密度函数,利用K-L(Kullback-Leibler)散度评估各测点组合信号与完整信号的近似性和煤矸特征的差异性,构建煤矸振动信号评价指标,结合Fisher信息矩阵准则,形成综合评价指标,确定尾梁的传感器布置最优方案。结果表明,该方法在满足模态可观测性的基础上不仅减少了传感器数量,还使得所测振动信号具有更好的煤矸差异性和信息完整性。

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杨善国,男,1970年生,安徽安庆人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为智能矿山开采、声纹识别智能放煤、振动噪声分析与控制;E-mail:
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王瑶,女,1999年生,山西晋城人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为传感器优化布置;E-mail:

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王瑶,女,1999年生,山西晋城人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为传感器优化布置;E-mail:

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Journal of Vibration and Shock202140(4):155-163.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Optimal sensor placement of a gear box based on fault diagnosability, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241038875318087878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, awardId=52274162, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274162), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038875657826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, awardId=52274162, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52274162), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241038866405192598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241038866413581207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, companyId=1241038866405192598, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241038866421969816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, companyId=1241038866405192598, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国矿业大学 机电工程学院,徐州 221116)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241038866535216029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241038866547798942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, companyId=1241038866535216029, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Jiangsu Province and Education Ministry Co-sponsored 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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, companyId=1241038866744931237, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.智能采矿装备技术全国重点实验室,徐州 221116)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241038873027997824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Model of the bench and the finite element model of the tail beam, figureFileSmall=Eh+WPSJxIDXrAB0Nsdsxxg==, figureFileBig=0cS+eyY7W+gox+9Ub/oB5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038873229324426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=CN, label=图1, caption=试验台模型及尾梁有限元模型, figureFileSmall=Eh+WPSJxIDXrAB0Nsdsxxg==, figureFileBig=0cS+eyY7W+gox+9Ub/oB5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038873531314326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Modal vibration mode of the finite element model of the tail beam, figureFileSmall=WwTjpbfM16MNQ0Vs3KIE4A==, figureFileBig=UftcezLwSpNU4vvIzTPAcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038873690697883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=CN, label=图2, caption=尾梁有限元模型模态振型, figureFileSmall=WwTjpbfM16MNQ0Vs3KIE4A==, figureFileBig=UftcezLwSpNU4vvIzTPAcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038874001076384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Simulation bench of the top-coal caving, figureFileSmall=PuohcoGCm1o+QZ/Twr/Hog==, figureFileBig=4uyalvyYzsdjQOO+sD7DJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038874089156774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=CN, label=图3, caption=放顶煤模拟试验台, figureFileSmall=PuohcoGCm1o+QZ/Twr/Hog==, figureFileBig=4uyalvyYzsdjQOO+sD7DJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038874181431469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Location of the primary selection measurement point

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传感器位置编号Number of sensor positions12345678
对应模型节点编号Corresponding model node number7366381781714015
自由度方向Direction of degree of freedomZZZZZZZZ
), ArticleFig(id=1241038874416312495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

初选测点位置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器位置编号Number of sensor positions12345678
对应模型节点编号Corresponding model node number7366381781714015
自由度方向Direction of degree of freedomZZZZZZZZ
), ArticleFig(id=1241038874659582133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Each evaluation index corresponding to the combination of each number of measurement points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点数量Number of measurement points测点组合方案Combination scheme of measurement pointsf1f21f22f2f
171 063.730.044 9080.003 4900.024 1990.028 859
83 849.370.006 7050.003 6820.005 1940.022 056
42 541.650.012 8870.003 0890.007 9880.019 121
51 642.070.001 8260.003 9210.002 8730.010 066
24_71 297.800.043 1930.003 5130.023 3530.029 038
7_81 926.080.019 4840.003 8300.011 6570.020 094
4_82 703.280.004 7590.003 4960.004 1280.015 969
3_81 927.640.003 8330.003 7930.003 8130.012 257
34_7_81 806.660.024 5450.003 7590.014 1520.022 066
3_7_81 286.410.013 7790.003 9570.008 8680.014 503
3_4_7867.820.017 4400.003 7070.010 5740.014 375
2_7_81 284.820.009 3460.003 8810.006 6140.012 242
43_4_7_81 356.510.016 1340.003 8840.010 0090.015 951
2_4_7_81 355.280.010 0310.003 8380.006 9350.012 871
2_3_7_8965.520.009 0260.003 9560.006 4910.010 721
1_3_4_81 361.200.004 4000.003 9510.004 1760.010 138
52_3_4_7_81 085.470.009 1550.003 9140.006 5350.011 289
1_2_3_4_81 089.050.004 8290.003 9460.004 3870.009 158
3_4_5_7_81 086.000.004 0030.004 0520.004 0270.008 784
2_4_5_6_81 082.270.003 9470.003 9880.003 9680.008 708
62_3_4_5_7_8905.240.003 8790.004 0440.003 9610.007 926
1_2_4_5_6_8907.150.003 8410.003 9970.003 9190.007 892
1_2_3_4_6_8907.590.003 6090.004 0240.003 8170.007 792
2_3_4_5_6_8902.660.003 5980.004 0340.003 8160.007 770
71_2_3_4_5_6_8778.130.003 6530.004 0330.003 8430.007 251
1_2_3_4_5_7_8780.200.002 6990.004 0970.003 3980.006 815
1_2_4_5_6_7_8779.390.001 3230.003 9980.002 6610.006 075
1_3_4_5_6_7_8780.070.001 2020.004 0260.002 6140.006 031
), ArticleFig(id=1241038874907046071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038859253904110, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各数量测点组合对应各评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点数量Number of measurement points测点组合方案Combination scheme of measurement pointsf1f21f22f2f
171 063.730.044 9080.003 4900.024 1990.028 859
83 849.370.006 7050.003 6820.005 1940.022 056
42 541.650.012 8870.003 0890.007 9880.019 121
51 642.070.001 8260.003 9210.002 8730.010 066
24_71 297.800.043 1930.003 5130.023 3530.029 038
7_81 926.080.019 4840.003 8300.011 6570.020 094
4_82 703.280.004 7590.003 4960.004 1280.015 969
3_81 927.640.003 8330.003 7930.003 8130.012 257
34_7_81 806.660.024 5450.003 7590.014 1520.022 066
3_7_81 286.410.013 7790.003 9570.008 8680.014 503
3_4_7867.820.017 4400.003 7070.010 5740.014 375
2_7_81 284.820.009 3460.003 8810.006 6140.012 242
43_4_7_81 356.510.016 1340.003 8840.010 0090.015 951
2_4_7_81 355.280.010 0310.003 8380.006 9350.012 871
2_3_7_8965.520.009 0260.003 9560.006 4910.010 721
1_3_4_81 361.200.004 4000.003 9510.004 1760.010 138
52_3_4_7_81 085.470.009 1550.003 9140.006 5350.011 289
1_2_3_4_81 089.050.004 8290.003 9460.004 3870.009 158
3_4_5_7_81 086.000.004 0030.004 0520.004 0270.008 784
2_4_5_6_81 082.270.003 9470.003 9880.003 9680.008 708
62_3_4_5_7_8905.240.003 8790.004 0440.003 9610.007 926
1_2_4_5_6_8907.150.003 8410.003 9970.003 9190.007 892
1_2_3_4_6_8907.590.003 6090.004 0240.003 8170.007 792
2_3_4_5_6_8902.660.003 5980.004 0340.003 8160.007 770
71_2_3_4_5_6_8778.130.003 6530.004 0330.003 8430.007 251
1_2_3_4_5_7_8780.200.002 6990.004 0970.003 3980.006 815
1_2_4_5_6_7_8779.390.001 3230.003 9980.002 6610.006 075
1_3_4_5_6_7_8780.070.001 2020.004 0260.002 6140.006 031
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Value of the evaluation index corresponding to the optimal scheme in the combination of each number of measurement points

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测点数量Number of measurement points测点组合最佳方案Best combination scheme of measurement pointsfff1f2f
171 063.7291 063.7290.024 1990.028 859
24_72 595.6021 297.8010.023 3530.029 038
34_7_85 419.9701 806.6570.014 1520.022 066
43_4_7_85 426.0221 356.5050.010 0090.015 951
52_3_4_7_85 427.3681 085.4740.006 5350.011 289
62_3_4_5_7_85 431.424905.2370.003 9610.007 926
71_2_3_4_5_6_85 446.901778.1280.003 8430.007 251
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各数量测点组合最优方案对应的评价指标值

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测点数量Number of measurement points测点组合最佳方案Best combination scheme of measurement pointsfff1f2f
171 063.7291 063.7290.024 1990.028 859
24_72 595.6021 297.8010.023 3530.029 038
34_7_85 419.9701 806.6570.014 1520.022 066
43_4_7_85 426.0221 356.5050.010 0090.015 951
52_3_4_7_85 427.3681 085.4740.006 5350.011 289
62_3_4_5_7_85 431.424905.2370.003 9610.007 926
71_2_3_4_5_6_85 446.901778.1280.003 8430.007 251
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基于煤矸振动特性的放顶煤支架传感器优化布置策略研究
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王瑶 1 , 杨善国 1, 2, 3 , 吴明珂 1 , 孟彬 1 , 杨政 1 , 刘后广 1, 2, 3
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(1): 68-75
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(1): 68-75
基于煤矸振动特性的放顶煤支架传感器优化布置策略研究
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王瑶1 , 杨善国1, 2, 3 , 吴明珂1, 孟彬1, 杨政1, 刘后广1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国矿业大学 机电工程学院,徐州 221116
  • 2.江苏省矿山智能采掘装备协同创新中心,徐州 221116
  • 3.智能采矿装备技术全国重点实验室,徐州 221116
  • 王瑶,女,1999年生,山西晋城人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为传感器优化布置;E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨善国,男,1970年生,安徽安庆人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为智能矿山开采、声纹识别智能放煤、振动噪声分析与控制;E-mail:
Research on optimal arrangement strategy of top coal caving support sensors based on vibration characteristics of coal and gangue
Yao WANG1 , Shanguo YANG1, 2, 3 , Mingke WU1, Bin MENG1, Zheng YANG1, Houguang LIU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 2.Jiangsu Province and Education Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Intelligent Mining Equipment,Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 3.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mining Equipment Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.008
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针对放顶煤煤矸智能识别研究,为提供完整且有效的煤矸振动信号采集方案,提出了一种基于煤矸振动特性的放顶煤液压支架尾梁传感器优化布置策略。首先,对尾梁模型进行模态分析,提取振型矩阵,利用有效独立法初选测点;其次,获取尾梁试验台相应初选测点的落煤和落矸振动信号,进行特征提取;然后,对所提取特征进行t分布式随机邻域嵌入(t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding,t-SNE)降维可视化,筛选出5个对落煤和落矸信号区分敏感的特征,并以此作为目标特征;最后,经核密度估计法估算目标特征的概率密度函数,利用K-L(Kullback-Leibler)散度评估各测点组合信号与完整信号的近似性和煤矸特征的差异性,构建煤矸振动信号评价指标,结合Fisher信息矩阵准则,形成综合评价指标,确定尾梁的传感器布置最优方案。结果表明,该方法在满足模态可观测性的基础上不仅减少了传感器数量,还使得所测振动信号具有更好的煤矸差异性和信息完整性。

放顶煤  /  振动信号  /  传感器优化布置  /  液压支架尾梁  /  有效独立法  /  K-L散度

Aiming at the research on intelligent identification of caving coal and gangue, in order to provide a complete and effective vibration signal acquisition scheme of coal and gangue, an optimal layout strategy of tail beam sensors of caving coal hydraulic supports based on vibration characteristics of coal and gangue was proposed. Firstly, the modal analysis of the tail beam model was carried out, extracting the vibration mode matrix,and the effective independent method was used to select the measuring points. Secondly, the vibration signals of coal falling and gangue falling at the corresponding primary measuring points from the tail beam test bench were obtained, and the feature extraction was carried out. Thirdly, the extracted features were visualized by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding(t-SNE) dimensionality reduction, and five features which were sensitive to the distinction between coal and gangue signals were selected as target features. Finally, the probability density functions of target features were estimated by the kernel density estimation method. The K-L(Kullback-Leibler) divergence was used to evaluate the approximation between combined signal of each measuring point and the complete signal and the difference between characteristics of coal and gangue. The evaluation indexes of coal and gangue vibration signals were constructed. Combined with Fisher information matrix criterion, a comprehensive evaluation index was formed to determine the optimal scheme of tail beam sensor arrangement. The results show that the sensor arrangement scheme determined by this method not only reduces the number of sensors on the basis of satisfying modal observability, but also makes the measured vibration signals have better coal gangue difference and information integrity.

Top coal caving  /  Vibration signal  /  Optimal sensor placement  /  Hydraulic support tail beam  /  Effective independence method  /  K-L divergence
王瑶, 杨善国, 吴明珂, 孟彬, 杨政, 刘后广. 基于煤矸振动特性的放顶煤支架传感器优化布置策略研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (1) : 68 -75 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.008
Yao WANG, Shanguo YANG, Mingke WU, Bin MENG, Zheng YANG, Houguang LIU. Research on optimal arrangement strategy of top coal caving support sensors based on vibration characteristics of coal and gangue[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (1) : 68 -75 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.008
放顶煤采煤法是如今煤矿开采厚煤层的主要技术之一[1]。到目前为止,这一技术仍需要人工控制放煤过程,严重制约了综放工作面的智能化发展。为实现智能化精准放煤,相关学者利用伽马射线、雷达探测、红外探测、图像识别和振动分析开展了煤矸精准识别研究[2-4]。其中,煤矸振动信号识别因其设备安装简单、成本低且识别率高,得到广泛的研究。
近年来,相关学者对煤矸振动信号识别方法展开了大量研究。WANG等[5-6]对煤矸振动信号进行经验模态分解后提取能量、峭度、波峰因子等特征,将特征向量输入反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络进行煤矸识别研究。刘伟等[7-9]对比顶煤下落与煤矸混放两种工况下振动信号的时频特征参数,确定了方差和峭度对工况变化较为敏感且稳定性好,可以作为煤矸识别的特征,并建立识别模型,进行煤矸识别。薛光辉等[10]94-96分析不同工况下实测数据特征指标变化情况,证明方差、偏度指标与峭度指标对工况变化敏感且可以作为顶煤放落程度的判断依据。马英[11]40-42通过试验得出煤块与砂岩两者冲击信号能量值区别度大,确定了能量特征上煤矸差异的可辨识性。ZHANG等[12]对振动信号提取了能量、峭度、偏度、方差和边际能谱分段能量比等特征,融合不同特征并使用深度置信网络进行垮落煤矸模式识别,确定了用于煤矸识别的最优特征。窦希杰[13]使用主成分分析法对能量、能量矩、峭度和奇异值进行了降维可视化处理,验证这四种特征区分不同工况信号的有效性。尽管这些方法取得了较高的识别精度,然而,受限于工作面噪声的干扰,这些基于单传感器的方法往往不能很好地用来处理耦合信号。
为了实现更高精度煤矸垮落信号的识别,采用多振动传感器的方法在近年来被证明能有效降低噪声干扰。彭彬森等[14]使用多传感器技术改进的深度残差神经网络进行齿轮箱故障诊断,与单传感器相比,改进后的诊断模型在不同信噪比下诊断精度均高于单传感器且抗噪能力更强。李松柏等[15]构建了基于多振动传感器信号信息融合的齿轮故障诊断模型,相比单传感器模型,其具有更高的诊断准确率和抗干扰能力以及一定的容错性。张杰[16]针对单一传感器数据受噪声干扰严重、难以准确估计轨道高低不平顺值的问题,提出基于多源传感器数据融合的轨道高低不平顺检测方法,在降低噪声干扰的同时有效提高了检测精度。尽管这些方法在旋转机构故障诊断中展现出极好的性能,但是与这些环境不同,放煤工作面往往伴随极强的信号非均衡性。
优化多传感器的布置可以有效降低多振动传感器在煤矸垮落信号识别中的不稳定性。对于煤矸垮落信号的获取,薛光辉等[10]96明确了尾梁更适合作为振动传感器的安装位置。马英[11]42通过对比尾梁腹板处与侧面的煤矸振动信号,得出前者更能实时精准地反映尾梁受煤矸冲击的真实情况,进一步缩小了尾梁传感器布置的考虑范围。但受制于现实作业环境、设备费用和技术条件等因素,研究人员难以测量尾梁结构的全部响应数据。为了应用有限的传感器获取尽可能完整的尾梁振动信号,给煤矸精准识别研究提供有效的数据支撑,需要对放顶煤液压支架尾梁传感器进行优化布置。
传感器优化布置包括数量优化和位置优化。其中数量优化目前还没有比较通用的标准[17]。针对传感器数量优化,杨海峰等[18]提出使用局部散射矩阵确定结构损伤检测中传感器布置的极限间距,并将其应用于桥梁结构Benchmark模型的传感器优化布置中,实现了传感器数量和位置的组合优化。针对传感器位置优化,人们提出了很多方法,如有效独立法[19]、模态动能法[20]、模态置信度法[21]、有效独立-改进模态应变能法[22]、有效独立-总位移法[23]等。然而,这些方法研究大多关注被测结构的模态观测性,对传感器采集信号的有效性研究较少。刘臻等[24-25]从实测的齿轮箱运行状态信号出发,将故障可诊断性应用于传感器优化布置中,确定的传感器布置方案不仅能反映齿轮箱的模态信息,还能对可能出现的故障实现识别与分离。
对于液压支架尾梁传感器布置而言,传感器获取的振动信号主要用于煤矸识别研究,传感器的布置不仅要实现振动数据的完整获取,还要使获取的煤矸信号在特征分类中具有很好的差异性。
因此,本文以获取完整且特征差异明显的煤矸振动信号为目标,进行放顶煤液压支架尾梁传感器优化布置策略研究。首先,利用K-L(Kullback-Leibler)散度构建煤矸振动信号的差异性评价指标和测点信号与完整信号间的近似性评价指标,结合Fisher信息矩阵指标,组成综合评价指标;然后,通过有效独立法对尾梁初选测点,试验获取对应位置的煤矸振动信号;最后,分析试验数据各测点组合的评价指标,确定最优传感器布置方案。本文将尾梁传感器布置有效性加入传感器选择的评价指标中,为后续煤矸振动信号识别研究的数据采样提供了一定的参考价值。
有效独立法是指基于模态矩阵各阶向量的独立性,通过迭代不断删除对目标模态独立性贡献较小的自由度,保留贡献度较大的自由度,从而确定传感器布置结果。
首先,根据目标模态矩阵构建Fisher信息矩阵,为
式中,Φ为模态振型矩阵。
然后,构造有效独立分配矩阵,为
矩阵E中对角线上的每一个值都代表与之对应的自由度对目标模态线性独立向量的贡献,取值在0~1。当其接近于1时,表示该值对应自由度对模态矩阵线性独立性贡献很大,应当保留;当其接近于0时,表示该值对应自由度对模态矩阵线性独立性贡献很小,应当删除。最后,不断迭代,直至达到预设传感器数目。
核密度估计是一种用于估计概率密度函数的非参数检验方法,此处用核密度对煤矸信号的目标特征进行密度函数估计。试验数据经重叠采样后提取目标特征。取一组目标特征数据{a1a2a3,…,an},其服从密度函数fa)的分布,则fa)的核密度估计为
式中,为带宽;为核函数。文中选用高斯核函数:
根据信息论,煤矸振动信号的差异性和近似性可由K-L散度实现有效度量。K-L散度表达式为
式中,Px)、Ox)为两个不同的概率分布。
由于K-L散度的不对称性,落煤与落矸信号特征之间的差异程度可表示为
式中,j为目标特征序号;i为自由度组合,由原始全部自由度进行排列组合而成;mijgij分别为对应i组传感器所获的煤和矸振动信号中目标特征j的概率分布。Dij的取值范围为0~∞,当两者信号特征完全相同时,Dij为0;两者信号特征差异越大,Dij取值越大。
某测点组合的传感器所测信号特征与全部测点信号特征之间的近似程度可表示为
式中,Mj为全部测点所获落煤信号中的目标特征j的概率分布;Gj为全部测点所获落矸信号中的目标特征j的概率分布。Sij的取值范围为0~∞,当两者信号特征完全不同时,Sij为∞;信号越完整,两者信号特征越近似,Sij取值越小,直至完全相同时取值为0。
传感器布置方案的评价指标有模态保证准则、振型矩阵的条件数指标、模态动能指标、Fisher信息矩阵指标和模态可视化程度指标等。本文依据研究对象特点,选用Fisher信息矩阵指标,结合煤矸振动信号评价指标,构建综合评价指标对尾梁传感器布置方案进行评价。
Fisher信息矩阵用以评估测点得到的相应信息包含多少结构信息,是由广义坐标估计偏差的最小协方差矩阵所定义的。Fisher信息矩阵指标定义为Q的Frobenius范数,表示为
式中,Φi为第i组自由度组合的模态矩阵;Qi为第i组自由度组合的Fisher信息矩阵。ffi)取值越大,传感器布置得越好。随着传感器数量的增加,获取到更多的信息,Fisher信息矩阵行列式的值不断增加,对应指标值也越高。考虑到传感器数量的影响,将评价指标转化为
式中,k为第i组自由度组合的自由度数量。
振动信号评价指标由差异性指标和近似性指标两部分构成,当差异性较大且近似性较小时,传感器布置得更好。将两者进行归一化处理,差异性指标f21可表示为
为统一综合评价指标最大化,近似性指标f22应用Sij的倒数,表示为
将振动信号评价指标定义为两者的平均值,即
为避免某个评价指标信息被淹没,对以上两种评价指标进行归一化处理并求和,可得综合评价指标函数的表达式为
式中,fi)为传感器测点组合各项评价指标的综合体现。若综合评价指标越大,则说明测点组合的各项评价准则都表现得越好,传感器布置越合理。
本文以ZF8200/17/35型液压支架的尾梁为研究对象,按1∶5的比例缩小,构建试验台,建立有限元模型,进行仿真分析,选取初步的传感器布置方案。
构建放顶煤试验台模型,并依此建立尾梁有限元模型,如图1所示。
尾梁模型选用shell 181单元,单元厚度取6 mm,材料为Q690钢,弹性模量为2.0×1011 Pa,泊松比为0.29,密度为7 900 kg/m3图1(b)中,根据模型装配情况,对尾梁上侧螺栓连接处节点施加全自由度约束,同时对尾梁板中两个固定支撑的节点施加全自由度约束。因此,尾梁模型为单边固支且受内部对称两点约束的板。
该有限元模型共有436个节点,对其中191个节点限制全部自由度。选取前4阶弹性模态作为目标模态,各阶模态振型如图2所示。
将与煤矸集中接触的尾梁节点[图1(b)中规则正方形单元的节点]作为初始的待选传感器布点,提取节点对应自由度的模态振型矩阵。遍历计算全部待选自由度对应的有效独立分配矩阵E,对E中对角线上的每一个值进行排序,剔除最小值及其对应自由度。重新计算E,排序并剔除最小值及其自由度直至达到目标传感器数目。
根据实际试验条件,本文选取8个自由度作为初选测点,进行试验台传感器布置。由有效独立法选出的8个自由度分别对应8个节点,具体初选测点位置如表1所示。
依照三维模型1∶1搭建试验台,根据初选测点布置传感器,如图3所示。试验选用东华1A110E型单轴加速度传感器采集煤矸振动信号,并通过磁吸方式固定于试验台尾梁上。使用MI-7008D型数据采集仪记录数据。
本文模拟落煤和落矸两种工况,每种工况进行15组重复试验。首先,在试验开始前称取煤块40 kg,置于试验台尾梁板和掩护梁板上方;然后,数据采集仪采集信号,试验台尾梁下方的缺口开启,上方煤块下落,对尾梁产生冲击,实现激励,直至全部落下,结束信号采集;最后,将缺口关闭,收集落下的煤块,再次置于试验台上。如此重复15次后,对40 kg矸石碎块进行同样的试验。
为充实试验样本,对采集到的煤矸振动信号进行截取。令截取窗口为0.2 s,滑移步长为0.02 s,对采集的信号进行重叠采样,最终得到1 788个落煤振动信号数据样本和1 561个落矸振动信号数据样本。
根据前人对煤矸振动信号的研究,在各信号数据样本中提取常用特征,即能量、能量矩、峭度、裕度因子、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差、频率均值、波形因子和奇异值。利用t分布式随机邻域嵌入(t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding,t-SNE)降维可视化,筛选出其中对煤矸区分较敏感的前5种特征,即能量、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差和奇异值,并将其作为研究的目标特征。
为了在初选测点中选出尾梁传感器的最优布置,对初选的8个测点进行排列组合,提取各组合煤矸信号的目标特征,利用核密度估计法估算组合特征的概率分布,计算评价指标。由于测点排列组合数量较多,不便全部展示,所以仅列出各数量测点组合中综合评价指标最好的前4个测点组合方案,如表2所示。
表2可以看出,差异性指标f21在不同测点数量和不同测点组合中的表现均具有较大的波动性。但是,近似性指标f22却相对平稳,基本保持在0.003 5~0.004 1。因此,振动信号评价指标f2在测点组合间的变化趋势与差异性指标f21大体相同。这一现象表明,根据振动信号评价指标选取传感器布置方案,在一定程度上是依靠差异性指标进行选取的。这一现象符合传感器布置用于煤矸识别研究的初衷;近似性指标特点也说明了传感器获取的信号之间存在着信息冗余,不应布置过多传感器。
各数量测点组合的最优方案与对应评价指标如表3所示。随着传感器数量的增加,Fisher信息矩阵指标ff也逐渐增大,但超过3个传感器时增幅明显变缓,说明至少需要3个传感器才能获取足够反映结构模态信息的数据。考虑传感器数量的评价指标f1在3个传感器时取到最大值,说明在各测点方案中,这3个测点4_7_8的组合方案可以用相对最少的传感器数量得到相对最多的结构信息。煤矸振动信号评价指标f2随着传感器数量的增加逐渐减小,其中,最佳单测点7与二测点最佳组合4_7之间的变化趋势和六测点最佳组合与七测点最佳组合之间的变化趋势都相对平缓。综合评价指标f在二测点最佳组合4_7处取得最大值,之后随着传感器数量增加而逐渐降低。
最优测点组合的选取原则是在满足模态可观测性的基础上,应用尽可能少的传感器,使测得的信号具有很好的煤矸差异性和信息完整性。结合表2f1列和表3fff1两列可以看出,当传感器数量≤2时,各测点组合的数据相差较大,从实际应用角度考虑,若其中一个发生故障,结构的模态可观测性具有极大的不稳定性;当传感器数量≥5时,各测点组合的数据差异极小,任一组合都具有很好的模态可观测性。但在3或4个测点时能满足模态可观测性的现实前提下,不选择边际成本高的更多测点组合。因此,在3个测点和4个测点组合中,根据煤矸振动信号评价指标选取最优测点组合。由表2可以看出,在f22相差不大的条件下,4_7_8的f21f2f指标数据均远高于其他组合。因此,综合分析后,选用测点组合4_7_8作为尾梁传感器最优布置方案。此外,4_7_8组合相比其他组合对全局信号拥有更稳定的感知能力,若实际应用中某一测点的传感器失效,另外两测点对煤矸振动信号的获取依然具有良好的表现性。
本文基于煤矸振动特性,构建综合评价指标,对放顶煤液压支架尾梁传感器进行优化布置研究,得出以下结论:
1)煤矸振动信号评价指标的应用,在稳定模态信息获取的基础上降低了传感器信息的冗余度,同时使测点的选取倾向于所获煤矸信号特征差异性大的位置。
2)测点组合4_7_8作为本文尾梁结构的最佳传感器布置方案。不仅该测点组合满足结构的模态可观测性要求,而且所采集信号呈现出的明显差异性有助于后续煤矸识别的开展。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52274162)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.008
  • 接收时间:2024-05-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-13
  • 修回日期:2024-06-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274162)
国家自然科学基金项目(52274162)
作者信息
    1.中国矿业大学 机电工程学院,徐州 221116
    2.江苏省矿山智能采掘装备协同创新中心,徐州 221116
    3.智能采矿装备技术全国重点实验室,徐州 221116

通讯作者:

杨善国,男,1970年生,安徽安庆人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为智能矿山开采、声纹识别智能放煤、振动噪声分析与控制;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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