Article(id=1241038858419228676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676908800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-21, revisedDate=1681660800000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773816321234, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773816321234, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773816321234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773816321234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241038854333985467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773816320260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819065926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050370550591873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050370554786178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=123, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241038859140648969, articleId=1241038858419228676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Study on wear of tapered roller bearing under different service conditions, columnId=1241038855537750717, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Fatigue·Damage·Fracture·Failure Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to clarify the influence of different working conditions on the wear of tapered roller bearings, the wear state of tapered roller bearings was carried out. A quasi-statics model of tapered roller bearings including roller balance equation and inner ring balance equation was established, and a wear depth calculation model suitable for wear analysis of tapered roller bearings was derived based on Archard wear theory. The wear distribution characteristics of bearing inner and outer raceways and roller elements under light load, medium load and heavy load conditions were comparative analyzed. The results show that the wear depths of the tapered roller and the inner/outer raceways on the contact line show bimodal distribution characteristics, and the wear distribution of the outer raceway is closely related to the positions of the rolling elements. For light load condition, the peak wear depth of bearing raceways and roller elements increases by 20% as bearing speed increases 25%, and for heavy load condition, the peak wear depth of bearing raceways and roller elements increases more than 17% as bearing load increases 16%. The comparison of bearing wear peaks under the three working conditions shows that the product of the equivalent load and the speed of the bearing is not the determining factor controlling bearing wear,and the load change has a significant impact on the bearing wear.

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ZHANG Yu, E-mail:
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为了明晰不同工况参数对圆锥滚子轴承磨损的影响规律,开展了圆锥滚子轴承磨损研究。建立了包含滚子平衡方程与内圈平衡方程的圆锥滚子轴承拟静力学模型,基于Archard磨损理论推导建立了适用于圆锥滚子轴承磨损分析的磨损深度计算模型;对比分析了轻载、中载和重载3种服役工况条件下,轴承内、外滚道和滚子的磨损分布特征。结果表明,圆锥滚子、内外滚道在接触线上的磨损深度均呈现双峰分布特征,外滚道磨损分布与滚动体位置密切相关;轻载工况下,轴承转速提高25%,轴承滚道与滚子磨损峰值提高20%;重载工况下,轴承载荷提高16%,轴承滚道与滚子磨损峰值提高17%以上。3种工况下轴承磨损峰值对比表明,轴承等效载荷与转速的乘积并非控制轴承磨损的决定因素,载荷变化对于轴承磨损有着较为显著的影响。

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张宇,男,1983年生,辽宁营口人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为轴承-齿轮-转子系统动力学、接触疲劳、机械系统可靠性;E-mail:

史小玉,女,1997年生,辽宁沈阳人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为轴的磨损与能耗;E-mail:

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张宇,男,1983年生,辽宁营口人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为轴承-齿轮-转子系统动力学、接触疲劳、机械系统可靠性;E-mail:

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史小玉,女,1997年生,辽宁沈阳人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为轴的磨损与能耗;E-mail:

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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part J:Journal of Engineering Tribology2009223(3):497-510., articleTitle=High-speed wear lifetime analysis of instrument ball bearings, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241038892506338011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, awardId=VCAME202105, language=EN, fundingSource=Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Vibration and Control of Aero-Propulsion System Ministry of Education(VCAME202105), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038892753801949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, awardId=VCAME202105, language=CN, fundingSource=航空动力装备振动与控制教育部重点实验室开放基金项目(VCAME202105), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038893013848798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, awardId=LJKZ0573, language=EN, fundingSource=Research Foundation of Educational Department of 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articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图1, caption=轴承坐标系, figureFileSmall=KrSjNML9ADAiDv7VPskKkg==, figureFileBig=nDpSiOgENJnwwno3T7HXwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038884461662856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Geometrical dimensions of the tapered roller bearing, figureFileSmall=D0D8MtLx3BJDBvWi+SJUXw==, figureFileBig=+8AzZgdOVB2B/iRDO8SsZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038884671378056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图2, caption=圆锥滚子轴承几何尺寸, figureFileSmall=D0D8MtLx3BJDBvWi+SJUXw==, figureFileBig=+8AzZgdOVB2B/iRDO8SsZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038884923036300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Force of the roller, figureFileSmall=Fm8uvpeK1MMZGxmh0Rbg6g==, figureFileBig=pSiWi5hlAqSW5ve9XxKUcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038885057254032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图3, caption=滚子受力, figureFileSmall=Fm8uvpeK1MMZGxmh0Rbg6g==, figureFileBig=pSiWi5hlAqSW5ve9XxKUcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038885141140115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of contact area between the roller and the raceway, figureFileSmall=UiCB/XyQBCLPmwMfj+XZYg==, figureFileBig=JU7lh5s/O5wEuaiftorXhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038885233414805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图4, caption=滚子与滚道接触区域示意图, figureFileSmall=UiCB/XyQBCLPmwMfj+XZYg==, figureFileBig=JU7lh5s/O5wEuaiftorXhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038885363438234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Foree analysis of the inner ring, figureFileSmall=pa2BFRlYhdCLLSJFDIIc3w==, figureFileBig=ktPIr82vxG8XXJVZbZy7FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038886948885148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图5, caption=内圈受力分析, figureFileSmall=pa2BFRlYhdCLLSJFDIIc3w==, figureFileBig=ktPIr82vxG8XXJVZbZy7FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038887045354144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Distribution of contact forces between rollers and inner,outer raceways and inner flanges(low load), figureFileSmall=WUS0hN6cDrEDwwTAxhLFDQ==, figureFileBig=Y4ijEYvKBjKNgkwjxX1myA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038887116657313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图6, caption=滚子与内外滚道、内圈挡边接触力分布(轻载), figureFileSmall=WUS0hN6cDrEDwwTAxhLFDQ==, figureFileBig=Y4ijEYvKBjKNgkwjxX1myA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038887406064291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Distribution of contact pressures along the roller length between rollers and raceways(pipe indicate the contact pressure between rollers and inner,outer raceways)(low load), figureFileSmall=DrePIFrJ33MVAyxew+FL3w==, figureFileBig=bfIaueWpfNOf+pXzsEzBXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038887573836453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图7, caption=滚子与滚道接触压力沿滚子长度分布(pipe分别为滚子与内、外滚道接触压力)(轻载), figureFileSmall=DrePIFrJ33MVAyxew+FL3w==, figureFileBig=bfIaueWpfNOf+pXzsEzBXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038887817106090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Sliding speeds between rollers and raceways with bearing speed (vive indicate sliding speeds between rullers and inner,outer raceways), figureFileSmall=OISgzl1V/Jrvh/Qw9i7jfQ==, figureFileBig=bprrWNmgOFgrKcsGoFhD/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038887976489644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图8, caption=滚子与内、外滚道滑动速度随轴承转速的变化规律(vive分别为滚子与内、外滚道滑动速度), figureFileSmall=OISgzl1V/Jrvh/Qw9i7jfQ==, figureFileBig=bprrWNmgOFgrKcsGoFhD/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038888416891568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Distribution of wear depth along the roller length(low load), figureFileSmall=f3g6tUZXkYvLtOmwx38vPw==, figureFileBig=xlxwz8kor2mx2h8fYhmEcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038888634995376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图9, caption=磨损深度沿滚子长度分布(轻载), figureFileSmall=f3g6tUZXkYvLtOmwx38vPw==, figureFileBig=xlxwz8kor2mx2h8fYhmEcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038888727270069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Distribution of contact forces between rollers and raceways,inner flanges(heavy load), figureFileSmall=Lby1GKe8tVeHb+LOGlZ/nw==, figureFileBig=Q/VDdQvYAHWIS3NzissLIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038888781796023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图10, caption=滚子与滚道、滚子与内圈挡边接触力分布(重载), figureFileSmall=Lby1GKe8tVeHb+LOGlZ/nw==, figureFileBig=Q/VDdQvYAHWIS3NzissLIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038888936985275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Distribution of contact pressures along the roller length between rollers and raceways(pipe indicate the contact pressure between rollings and inner,outer raceways)(heavy load), figureFileSmall=OKCaqq1uOYiXJe4JguweUQ==, figureFileBig=7VyZW4cY1HDntmTORybLYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038889150894781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图11, caption=滚子与滚道接触压力沿滚子长度分布(pipe分别为滚子与内、外滚道接触压力)(重载), figureFileSmall=OKCaqq1uOYiXJe4JguweUQ==, figureFileBig=7VyZW4cY1HDntmTORybLYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038889402553024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Sliding speed between rollers and raceways (vive indicate the sliding speeds between rollers and inner,outer raceways), figureFileSmall=XoZ7D4G1nI7h+C61IOGl1A==, figureFileBig=rJUdSE7aGrDD/bqZF00IvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038889494827715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图12, caption=滚子与滚道滑动速度(vive为滚子与内、外滚道滑动速度), figureFileSmall=XoZ7D4G1nI7h+C61IOGl1A==, figureFileBig=rJUdSE7aGrDD/bqZF00IvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038889578713796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Distribution of wear depth along the roller length(heavy load), figureFileSmall=q4OgxOc0oocRIOu+6WUTww==, figureFileBig=uWRTGS2yMmdDQgaucpXZAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038889696154313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=图13, caption=磨损深度沿滚子长度分布(重载), figureFileSmall=q4OgxOc0oocRIOu+6WUTww==, figureFileBig=uWRTGS2yMmdDQgaucpXZAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038889918452425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, 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Parameters of the bearing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameter数值 Value
轴承外圈直径Outer diameter d1 / mm80
轴承内圈直径Inner diameter d2 / mm35
滚子大端直径
Roller large end diameter D1 / mm
12.383
滚子小端直径
Roller small end diameter D2 / mm
10.847
滚子数量Number of rollers z14
滚子长度Roller length lw / mm22
滚子大端圆弧半径
Radius of roller end sphere Rs / mm
177.409
外滚道半锥角
Cup race half angle αe / (°)
11.51
内滚道半锥角
Cone race half angle αi / (°)
7.51
内圈挡边与竖直平面夹角
Flange opening angle αf / (°)
8.51
额定动载荷
Rated dynamic load Cr /N
99 000
), ArticleFig(id=1241038891709420243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轴承参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameter数值 Value
轴承外圈直径Outer diameter d1 / mm80
轴承内圈直径Inner diameter d2 / mm35
滚子大端直径
Roller large end diameter D1 / mm
12.383
滚子小端直径
Roller small end diameter D2 / mm
10.847
滚子数量Number of rollers z14
滚子长度Roller length lw / mm22
滚子大端圆弧半径
Radius of roller end sphere Rs / mm
177.409
外滚道半锥角
Cup race half angle αe / (°)
11.51
内滚道半锥角
Cone race half angle αi / (°)
7.51
内圈挡边与竖直平面夹角
Flange opening angle αf / (°)
8.51
额定动载荷
Rated dynamic load Cr /N
99 000
), ArticleFig(id=1241038891956884183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Bearing conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转速
Speed v/(r/min)
轴向载荷
Axial load Fa /N
径向载荷
Radial load Fr /N
等效载荷
Equivalent load/N
轻载
Light load
4 000
4 5002 5001 0005 162
5 000
中载
Medium load
3 0004 0002 0008 419
重载
Heavy load
1 5006 5003 00013 581
7 50017 086
7 00016 133
), ArticleFig(id=1241038892204348121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038858419228676, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

轴承工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转速
Speed v/(r/min)
轴向载荷
Axial load Fa /N
径向载荷
Radial load Fr /N
等效载荷
Equivalent load/N
轻载
Light load
4 000
4 5002 5001 0005 162
5 000
中载
Medium load
3 0004 0002 0008 419
重载
Heavy load
1 5006 5003 00013 581
7 50017 086
7 00016 133
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不同服役工况条件下圆锥滚子轴承磨损研究
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张宇 , 史小玉 , 田为松
机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025,47(1): 123-133
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机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025, 47(1): 123-133
不同服役工况条件下圆锥滚子轴承磨损研究
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张宇 , 史小玉 , 田为松
作者信息
  • 沈阳建筑大学 机械工程学院,沈阳 110168
  • 张宇,男,1983年生,辽宁营口人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为轴承-齿轮-转子系统动力学、接触疲劳、机械系统可靠性;E-mail:

    史小玉,女,1997年生,辽宁沈阳人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为轴的磨损与能耗;E-mail:

Study on wear of tapered roller bearing under different service conditions
Yu ZHANG , Xiaoyu SHI , Weisong TIAN
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.014
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为了明晰不同工况参数对圆锥滚子轴承磨损的影响规律,开展了圆锥滚子轴承磨损研究。建立了包含滚子平衡方程与内圈平衡方程的圆锥滚子轴承拟静力学模型,基于Archard磨损理论推导建立了适用于圆锥滚子轴承磨损分析的磨损深度计算模型;对比分析了轻载、中载和重载3种服役工况条件下,轴承内、外滚道和滚子的磨损分布特征。结果表明,圆锥滚子、内外滚道在接触线上的磨损深度均呈现双峰分布特征,外滚道磨损分布与滚动体位置密切相关;轻载工况下,轴承转速提高25%,轴承滚道与滚子磨损峰值提高20%;重载工况下,轴承载荷提高16%,轴承滚道与滚子磨损峰值提高17%以上。3种工况下轴承磨损峰值对比表明,轴承等效载荷与转速的乘积并非控制轴承磨损的决定因素,载荷变化对于轴承磨损有着较为显著的影响。

圆锥滚子轴承  /  磨损深度  /  接触压力  /  滑动速度  /  工况条件

In order to clarify the influence of different working conditions on the wear of tapered roller bearings, the wear state of tapered roller bearings was carried out. A quasi-statics model of tapered roller bearings including roller balance equation and inner ring balance equation was established, and a wear depth calculation model suitable for wear analysis of tapered roller bearings was derived based on Archard wear theory. The wear distribution characteristics of bearing inner and outer raceways and roller elements under light load, medium load and heavy load conditions were comparative analyzed. The results show that the wear depths of the tapered roller and the inner/outer raceways on the contact line show bimodal distribution characteristics, and the wear distribution of the outer raceway is closely related to the positions of the rolling elements. For light load condition, the peak wear depth of bearing raceways and roller elements increases by 20% as bearing speed increases 25%, and for heavy load condition, the peak wear depth of bearing raceways and roller elements increases more than 17% as bearing load increases 16%. The comparison of bearing wear peaks under the three working conditions shows that the product of the equivalent load and the speed of the bearing is not the determining factor controlling bearing wear,and the load change has a significant impact on the bearing wear.

Tapered roller bearing  /  Wear depth  /  Contact pressure  /  Sliding speed  /  Working condition
张宇, 史小玉, 田为松. 不同服役工况条件下圆锥滚子轴承磨损研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (1) : 123 -133 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.014
Yu ZHANG, Xiaoyu SHI, Weisong TIAN. Study on wear of tapered roller bearing under different service conditions[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (1) : 123 -133 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.014
圆锥滚子轴承是转子系统的关键组成部件,能够适用于各种复杂载荷工况,在各类旋转设备中广泛应用。磨损是滚动轴承失效的主要形式之一,显著影响滚动轴承的服役寿命。
关于轴承磨损,学者们开展了诸多有价值的研究工作。SHEN等[1]应用经典的Archard磨损模型[2]设计了磨损模拟程序,该程序可以用于分析球面滑动轴承的磨损特性。JANAKIRAMAN等[3]基于接触公式和Archard磨损方程,建立了点接触磨损模型,通过试验确定不同载荷、转速和润滑剂温度等因素下的磨损深度,研究表明润滑剂压力黏度系数对磨损影响最大。EL-THALJI等[4]对轴承磨损演化过程进行建模,该模型能够描述滚动轴承在整个磨损寿命期间内的磨损演化过程。卢建军等[5]对自润滑向心关节轴承摩擦磨损性能进行研究,并提供新的轴承服役寿命计算方法。张宇等[6]推导了角接触球轴承磨损深度模型,计算了轴承内外滚道的磨损深度,探究各种因素对主轴系统中球轴承磨损的影响规律。YANG等[7]研究了主轴系统中轴承套圈安装角偏移对角接触球轴承磨损的影响。刘良勇等[8]基于轴承拟静力学模型和磨损理论建立了轴承磨损寿命估算模型,研究表明,随着预紧力和沟道曲率半径增大,轴承磨损寿命先增大后减少。宁峰平等[9]基于拟静力学模型和磨损模型,分析轴承内圈不同角度位置的磨损状况随轴向力、径向力和磨损时间的演化规律。季春云等[10]以全因子设计的方法,研究在干摩擦条件下载荷与转速对摩擦因数及磨损量的影响,表明转速对摩擦因数的影响更为显著。
轴承磨损问题的研究吸引了学者们的广泛关注,但总体而言,大部分的工作主要集中于点接触轴承的磨损研究,对于线接触圆锥滚子轴承磨损研究还比较少。因此,对于圆锥滚子轴承磨损分布特征还缺乏比较深入的认知。为避免直母线形式的圆锥滚子端部与滚道接触应力集中导致的圆锥滚子轴承过早疲劳失效问题,圆锥滚子母线通常做修形处理,这导致滚子与滚道在接触线上的滚动速度不同,产生了相对滑动,在润滑不良的条件下,能够引起圆锥滚子轴承磨损的产生。圆锥滚子轴承的磨损,一方面增大了轴承的间隙,引起接触载荷重新分布,影响轴承运行状态;另一方面,滚子与滚道接触线较长,接触线上接触压力分布不均,这通常能够导致接触线上非均匀的磨损深度,进一步复杂化滚子与滚道的接触状态,必然对圆锥滚子轴承服役带来不利的影响。因此,开展圆锥滚子轴承磨损研究极其必要,是进一步开展磨损状态下轴承服役寿命与动态响应研究的基础。
本文针对圆锥滚子轴承在3种不同工况下的磨损问题开展系统的研究,探究磨损演化规律。为实现上述目的,首先,建立圆锥滚子轴承拟静力学模型和轴承滚道与滚子磨损深度计算模型;其次,基于拟静力学模型和磨损模型,研究了不同载荷和速度工况条件下圆锥滚子轴承滚子与滚道的接触压力、相对滑动速度和磨损深度分布特征,对比分析了不同工况参数对轴承磨损的影响规律;最后,给出了一些重要结论。
为了方便分析,假设在圆锥滚子轴承工作时轴承外圈固定、内圈转动。建立惯性坐标系(O,X,Y,Z),O为轴承内圈的几何中心,XY轴沿轴承的径向方向,Z轴与轴承轴线重合,如图1(a)所示。为每个滚子引入一个局部坐标系(ζ,ξ,η),其原点在滚子质心c处,ζ轴垂直于滚子中轴线,η轴沿滚子中轴线,ξ轴和η轴位于滚子所在的径向平面rOZ内,ζ轴由右手定则确定,如图1(b)所示。第j个滚子在轴承惯性坐标系中的角度位置用ψj来表示。
圆锥滚子轴承在外载荷F=(FxFyFzMxMyT作用下,内圈有5个自由度d=(δxδyδzβxβyT,其中(δx,δy,δz)为平移自由度,(βxβy)为转角自由度。不考虑滚子歪斜的情况下,每个滚子有3个自由度,分别为沿局部坐标系ξ轴和η轴的位移(uξuη)和沿ζ轴的转角θζu=(uξuηθζT
圆锥滚子轴承的主要尺寸参数,如图2所示。D1为滚子大端直径;D2为滚子小端直径;D'为滚子中心半径,D'=(D1+D2)/2;lw为滚子长度,Rs为滚子大端圆弧半径;αiαe分别为内、外滚道半锥角,ε=(αe-αi)/2,γ=(αe+αi)/2;αf为内圈挡边与竖直平面夹角;为滚子与内、外滚道接触线的几何中心;到轴承轴线的几何半径。
圆锥滚子轴承的拟静力学模型包括滚子平衡方程和内圈平衡方程。滚子平衡方程用于计算每个滚子的位移u=(uξuηθζ)T,内圈平衡方程用于计算内圈位移d=(δxδyδzβxβy)T
圆锥滚子轴承中,角位移ψj处滚子的受力如图3所示,包括内、外滚道接触力(QijQej)、力矩(MijMej)、内圈挡边接触力Qfj和惯性离心力与惯性力矩(FcjMgj)。
在局部坐标系下,第j个滚子的平衡方程可以表示为
下面逐个介绍式(1)中各载荷的计算方法。
将滚子与滚道接触线上的接触力向滚子母线中点位置简化,得到接触载荷Qi/e,j和力矩载荷Mi/e,j,采用切片法计算第j个滚子与滚道之间的接触载荷Qi/e,j。滚子与滚道沿滚子母线方向接触长度的最大值等于滚子母线长度,由于滚子修形的存在,实际接触长度可能小于滚子母线长度,为了计算方便,目前在分析中,沿滚子母线的总长度进行切片,如图4所示。很明显,可能存在靠近滚子端部位置的切片没有接触变形,接触压力为零,第j个滚子的接触力[11]623
式中,qi/e,jm为第j个滚子第m个切片的接触载荷;Δl为每片滚子长度;Ns为单个滚子上的切片总数,Ns=lwlKn为滚子与内、外滚道接触刚度系数,Kn=7.86×104lw(8/9),指数n=10/9;δi/e, jm为第j个滚子第m个切片与滚道的弹性接触变形[11]625,计算式为
式中,Vi/e, j为在滚子母线中点处滚子与内、外滚道之间的挤压变形,计算式为
式中,δin为内滚道上与滚子母线中点接触处沿垂直于滚子母线方向的位移量[按照式(5)计算];δen为外滚道上与滚子母线中点接触处沿垂直于滚子母线方向的位移量;δr,i/e为滚子与内、外滚道接触界面上滚子母线中点沿垂直于母线方向的位移量[按照式(6)计算],在本文分析中,轴承外滚道固定,δen=0。
式(3)中,为滚道相对第j个滚子的转角在第m个切片位置处产生的挤压位移。其中,为第m个切片在y''轴中的坐标,θi为内滚道相对滚子的转角,θe为滚子相对外滚道的转角,两者分别计算为
式(3)中,cm为在滚子第m切片上修形量,在目前研究中,认为滚子采用对数修形方式,使用Lundberg对数修形曲线[12],每片滚子的修形量计算式为
式中,f1f2均为修形参数,根据对数修形优化方法[13],本文中的修形参数参考值为f1=1.8,f2=0.997。
按照式(3)计算获得滚子与滚道的接触变形之后代入式(2),即可计算获得第j滚子与滚道之间的接触载荷Qi/e, j
力矩载荷Mi/e, j
滚子与内圈挡边之间的接触力Qfj
式中,Kf为滚子大端圆弧面与内圈挡边接触点的接触刚度系数;指数δfz为滚子大端圆弧面与内圈挡边接触弹性变形,按照式(12)计算。
式中,δfin为在内圈挡边与滚子大端圆弧面接触点处内圈挡边沿滚子大端圆弧面法线方向的位移;δfr为与δfin相同方向的滚子位移。两者的计算式分别为
滚子的惯性离心力与惯性力矩分别为
式中,d'为轴承节圆直径,d1d2分别为轴承内、外圈直径;M为滚子质量;J为滚子转动惯量;ωbjωcj分别为滚子自转角速度和滚子绕轴承轴线的公转角速度。
轴承内圈所受的外力与滚子作用在内圈上的载荷构成平衡力系,如图5所示。内圈的平衡方程为
经典的Archard磨损理论建立了磨损表面的磨损体积dV与接触力dQ、磨损滑动距离dL以及磨损系数k之间的关系,即
式中,p为接触点压力分布;dA为接触压力作用面积;v为接触点滑动速度;dt为滑动时间;k为磨损系数,k=K/H,其中K为无量纲磨损系数;H为材料硬度,目前的分析中,假设圆锥滚子轴承处于边界润滑状态,则K=1.77×10-8[14];硬度H一般按照3倍的材料屈服极限计算,轴承钢屈服极限取1 667 MPa,H=5 001 MPa,因此,k=3.54×10-12 MPa-1
将式(18)两端除以作用面积dA,则得到磨损深度dh的计算表达式为
则单位时间内,磨损表面一点处的磨损深度为
为了分析滚子与滚道间接触区域的磨损变化,需要得到接触区域上的接触压力和滑动速度分布,接触区域如图4所示。根据Hertz接触理论,第j个滚子与滚道接触区域上第m个切片处法向接触压力为
式中,bi/e, m为接触界面的短半轴;qi/e, jm为滚子与滚道之间法向作用力。
为避免圆锥滚子端部与滚道之间出现接触应力集中现象,滚子母线通常做修形处理,这导致滚子与滚道接触线上的滚动速度不同,产生相对滑动。滚子的运动包括绕轴承轴线的公转和绕滚子自身轴线的自转。以保持架为参考系,滚子仅存在自转角速度ωb[按照式(22)计算],内圈存在相对保持架的角速度ωi-ωc,其中,ωi为轴承内圈绝对角度,ωc为保持架角速度[按照公式(23)计算];外圈存在相对保持架的角速度ωe-ωc,其中,ωe为轴承外圈绝对角速度,在目前的研究中,轴承外圈保持不动,ωe=0。
忽略挤压变形对滚子与滚道滚动速度的影响,结合图2图4,内滚道上第j个滚子位置处第m个切片表面的线速度大小为
外滚道上第m个切片表面的线速度大小为
在式(24)和式(25)中,分别是滚子与内、外滚道接触线的几何中心到轴承轴线的几何半径,即
j个滚子第m个切片表面的线速度大小为
基于式(24)~式(26),第j个滚子与内、外滚道接触区域第m个切片位置处的滑动速度为
根据式(18)和图4,若轴承工作总时间为T,第j个滚子与内、外滚道在第m个切片上产生的磨损体积为
内、外滚道在滚子第m切片上的磨损面积,分别为
在圆锥滚子轴承运行过程中,内滚道上与轴承轴线距离相同的点构成的圆周上,经历的载荷历程是一致的,因此发生均匀磨损,即内滚道上相同序号的切片磨损深度是相同的,每一片的磨损面积为这一片的圆周长度与其宽度的乘积,因此磨损深度为所有滚子在该片磨损面积上产生的磨损体积[按式(28)计算]与磨损面积[按式(29)计算]的比值,即
式中,z为滚子数目。
对于固定不转的外滚道,处于不同角位置处的滚子与外滚道接触力不同,因此,外滚道上不同滚子角位置处即使序号相同的切片,磨损深度也是不同的。基于式(28)和式(30),外滚道上第j个滚子所在位置角处,第m个切片的磨损深度为
由于轴承中所有滚子经历的载荷历程是一样的,因此所有滚子的磨损分布特征是相同的,但对于任何一个滚子在不同切片位置处的磨损深度是不同的,滚子上第m个切片的磨损深度为
式中,Srm为所有滚子第m个切片对应的圆周面积之和,计算式为
在目前轴承的磨损研究中,考虑轻载、中载和重载3种载荷工况。轻载工况下,轴承的径向载荷和轴向载荷分别为1 000、2 500 N,转速分别取4 000、4 500、5 000 r/min,等效载荷为5 162 N;中载工况下,轴承径向载荷和轴向载荷分别为2 000 N和4 000 N,转速取3 000 r/min,等效载荷为8 419 N;重载工况下,轴承径向载荷保持3 000 N不变,轴向载荷分别取6 500、7 000、7 500 N,转速为1 500 r/min,等效载荷分别为13 581、16 133、17 086 N。
圆锥滚子轴承的几何参数如表1所示,对应的载荷与速度条件如表2所示。在目前的分析中,将滚子与滚道的总接触长度切割成1 001切片,Ns=1 001。
在第3.2和第3.3节,分别对轻载工况与重载工况轴承滚动体与滚道接触力、接触压力以及滑动速度结果进行了分析,而对中载工况时的结果没有展示。这主要是由于中载工况时,上述3类结果处于轻载工况与重载工况结果之间,为了避免文章的冗长,这里对其省略,仅在第3.4节对3种载荷工况下的磨损分布进行了对比分析。
轻载工况下,外载荷为Fa=2 500 N、Fr=1 000 N,轴承转速分别取4 000、4 500、5 000 r/min,圆锥滚子轴承滚子与滚道接触力分布、滚子与内圈挡边接触力分布随轴承转速的变化规律如图6所示。由图6可以看出,轴向载荷和径向载荷联合作用导致滚子与滚道接触力以及滚子与挡边接触力随着滚子角位置的变化而变化;3种速度条件下,由于滚子的离心力较小且相差不大,滚子与外滚道接触力仅仅略微大于滚子与内滚道接触力,这也导致滚子与内圈挡边接触力随轴承转速变化微弱。
图7给出了外载荷为Fa=2 500 N,Fr=1 000 N,轴承转速分别取4 000、4 500、50 00 r/min,滚子角位置分别为0°和180°两位置处,沿接触线方向滚子与内、外滚道接触压力分布随轴承转速的变化规律。由图7可知,处于0°位置角处滚子与滚道接触力最大,180°位置角处的滚子与滚道接触力最小,因此0°位置角处的接触压力峰值也显著大于180°位置角处接触压力峰值。图7中接触压力是偏态分布,表明两位置处的滚子受到挤压情况存在差异,0°位置角处的滚子最大挤压位置在滚子母线中点的右侧,即靠近滚子小端;180°位置角处的滚子最大挤压位置在滚子母线中点的左侧,即靠近滚子大端,这主要是因为存在径向载荷导致内圈倾斜造成的。由于滚子离心力较小,滚子与内、外滚道接触压力的峰值相差不大。
图8给出外载荷为Fa=2 500 N、Fr=1 000 N,轴承转速分别取4 000、4 500、5 000 r/min,轴承滚子与滚道滑动速度随轴承转速的变化规律。在目前的分析中,忽略滚子接触变形对滑动速度的影响,假设滚子母线中点与滚道接触处滑动速度为0。由图8可以看出,随着轴承转速的升高,滑动速度增大,滚子同一圆周上的点与内、外滚道接触处的滑动速度相等,滚子与内、外滚道沿接触线上的滑动速度关于滚子母线中点对称分布,由于修形的存在越靠近滚子端部滑动速度越大。
图9给出了外载荷为Fa=2 500 N,Fr=1 000 N,轴承转速分别取4 000、4 500、5 000 r/min,轴承滚子与内、外滚道接触线上各点处的磨损深度随轴承转速的变化规律。如第2节所述,对于内滚道,相同半径的圆周上,磨损深度相等;对于滚子,相同半径的圆周上,磨损深度也是相等的;而对于外滚道,磨损深度与滚子位置角密切相关,因此这里给出了滚子位置角为0°和180°两处外滚道的磨损深度。由于内圈倾斜导致滚子的倾斜引起轴承内、外滚道以及滚子沿接触线的磨损深度关于滚子母线中点(内、外滚道和滚子在母线中点处的磨损深度均为0)非对称分布,无论内、外滚道或者滚子,在滚子母线中点两侧各存在一个磨损深度的峰值,相比较而言内滚道和滚子的双峰差距较小,而外滚道磨损双峰差距较大。这主要是由于外滚道的磨损与滚子的位置角密切相关,不同滚子位置角处,滚子与滚道间的相对倾斜角和接触力均不同导致的。图6中,0°和180°位置角处,滚子与滚道接触力分别为最大值和最小值,在这两处,滚子的倾斜角也为所有滚子倾斜角的极值。这导致了外滚道磨损深度分布的显著差异,在0°和180°位置角处,外滚道的磨损深度最大峰值分别靠近滚子的小端一侧和大端一侧,且磨损深度第一峰值分别达到第二峰值的2.5倍(0°位置角)和2倍(180°位置角)以上。
对比轴承内、外滚道和滚子的磨损深度可以看出,轴承内滚道磨损峰值显著大于滚子上的磨损峰值,即内滚道相比于滚子的磨损更为严重。而外滚道上的磨损程度主要取决于滚子的位置角,在0°位置角处,滚子与滚道接触力较大,这导致外滚道磨损深度的最大值达到内滚道上的磨损深度峰值的1.3倍以上,而在180°位置角处,外滚道磨损深度峰值仅为内滚道磨损峰值的70%左右。
图9可以看出,转速的提高引起圆锥滚子轴承内、外滚道和滚子磨损深度的增大,比如转速从4 000 r/min提高到5 000 r/min,转速提高25 %,轴承内、外滚道和滚子磨损深度的峰值基本提高了20%以上。这主要是由于转速提高导致滚子与滚道之间滑动速度提高造成的。
图10给出了重载工况下,径向载荷Fr=3 000 N,轴承转速1 500 r/min,轴向载荷分别取6 500、7 000、7 500 N时,圆锥滚子轴承中滚子与滚道、滚子与挡边之间接触力随轴向载荷变化规律。由图10可以看出,轴承轴向载荷的增加导致滚子与滚道接触力、滚子与挡边接触力增加。轴向载荷从6 500 N提高到7 500 N,在位置角ψ=0°时,滚子与内滚道接触力增加12.76 %,滚子与外滚道接触力增加12.76 %,滚子大端与内滚道挡边接触力增加12.74 %;在位置角ψ=180°时,滚子与内滚道接力增加18.85 %,滚子与外滚道接触力增加18.84 %,滚子大端与内滚道挡边接触力增加18.80 %,外载荷导致受载较小的滚子接触力提高更显著。滚子接触力的增大导致了接触压力的提升,如图11所示。
图11所示为重载工况下,径向载荷Fr=3 000 N,轴承转速1 500 r/min,轴向载荷分别取6 500、7 000、7 500 N时,滚子角位置分别为0°和180°两位置处,沿接触线方向滚子与内、外滚道接触压力分布随轴承转速的变化规律。3种轴向载荷工况下,滚子与滚道的接触长度几乎与滚子母线长度相等,均大于轻载时接触线长度,但总体而言,3种轴向载荷工况下滚子端部接触压力较小,表明接触变形较小,滚子修形降低了滚子端部接触压力,有助于减弱应力集中。
重载工况下,滚子与滚道的滑动速度在接触线上分布,如图12所示,轴承转速为1 500 r/min。重载工况下,滚子与滚道的滑动速度分布与轻载工况滑动速度分布是一致的,由于轴承转速较小,滑动速度显著小于轻载工况下的结果(图8)。
重载工况下,径向载荷Fr=3 000 N,轴承转速为1 500 r/min,轴向载荷分别取6 500、7 000、7 500 N时,轴承滚子与滚道在接触线上的磨损深度分布随轴向载荷的变化规律如图13所示。由图13可以看出,接触线上的磨损深度随着轴承载荷的增加而增大,且越靠近磨损深度峰值位置,磨损深度的差距越明显,轴向载荷从6 500 N增加到7 500 N,轴向载荷增加15%,磨损峰值提高达到17%以上;相比于轻载工况时的磨损结果(图9),重载工况下,磨损峰值更大且峰值位置更靠近滚子端部。
图14给出了轻载、中载和重载工况下,轴承滚道与滚子在接触线上磨损深度分布。由式(20)可以看出,磨损深度与接触压力、滑动速度密切相关。因此,对3种载荷工况下,轴承的等效载荷与转速进行了乘积处理,以Qn值表示,分析其与轴承磨损的关系。在本节的分析中,轻载工况下,轴承载荷Fa=2 500 N、Fr=1 000 N,转速为4 500 r/min;中载工况下,轴承载荷Fa=4 000 N、Fr=2 000 N,转速为3 000 r/min;重载工况下,轴承载荷Fa=6 500 N、Fr=3 000 N,转速为1 500 r/min。轻载、中载和重载3种工况下,轴承等效载荷分别为5 162、8 419、13 581 N,计算得到Qn值分别为2.3×107 、2.5×107 、2.0×107 N·r/min。
对比3种工况对应的Qn值可以看出,重载工况下Qn值最小,中载工况下Qn值最大,轻载工况下Qn值居中。由图14可以看出,重载工况下轴承滚道和滚动体的磨损峰值最大,中载工况下磨损峰值略小于重载工况下的结果,轻载工况下的磨损峰值最小。磨损峰值与Qn值并非单调关系,这充分体现出轴承磨损与Qn值关系的复杂性,Qn值不能作为判断轴承磨损程度的唯一标准。
图14可以看出,重载工况和中载工况下轴承内、外滚道和滚动体的磨损峰值显著大于轻载工况下的磨损峰值;通过细致比较可以看出,重载工况和中载工况下轴承转速较小,仅仅分别为轻载工况下轴承转速的1/3和2/3,而两种工况对应的等效载荷分别约为轻载工况对应等效载荷的2.6倍和1.6倍。重载工况和中载工况下轴承磨损峰值显著大于轻载工况下磨损峰值的现象暗示了轴承等效载荷对于轴承磨损有着较为显著的影响。
上述分析表明,轴承载荷、转速和Qn值与轴承磨损关系较为复杂,值得深入研究,这将是今后工作的重点。
基于圆锥滚子轴承拟静力学模型和轴承磨损模型,开展了重载、中载和轻载3种载荷工况条件下轴承磨损研究。得到主要结论如下:
1)无论何种载荷工况,滚子、内外滚道在接触线上的磨损深度均呈现双峰分布形式,磨损峰值较为靠近滚子的两个端部。
2)外载荷导致轴承内圈和滚子倾斜,引起部分滚动体外滚道上磨损深度分布沿接触线呈现显著的非对称特征。
3)轻载工况下,轴承转速提高25%,轴承内外滚道和滚子磨损深度峰值提高20%;重载工况下,轴向载荷提高15%,轴承滚道和滚子磨损深度峰值提高17%以上。
4) 3种载荷工况下轴承磨损结果对比表明,轴承等效载荷和转速的乘积与轴承磨损峰值呈现非单调关系,轴承等效载荷对于轴承磨损有较为显著的影响。
  • 航空动力装备振动与控制教育部重点实验室开放基金项目(VCAME202105)
  • 辽宁省教育厅科学研究经费项目(LJKZ0573)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51975388)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.014
  • 接收时间:2023-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-21
  • 修回日期:2023-04-17
基金
Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Vibration and Control of Aero-Propulsion System Ministry of Education(VCAME202105)
航空动力装备振动与控制教育部重点实验室开放基金项目(VCAME202105)
Research Foundation of Educational Department of Liaoning Province(LJKZ0573)
辽宁省教育厅科学研究经费项目(LJKZ0573)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51975388)
国家自然科学基金项目(51975388)
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    沈阳建筑大学 机械工程学院,沈阳 110168
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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