Article(id=1241038857601339393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681488000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-15, revisedDate=1683561600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773816321039, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773816321039, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773816321039, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773816321039, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241038854333985467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773816320260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819065926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050370550591873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050370554786178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=20, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241038859186786315, articleId=1241038857601339393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Study on torsional vibration characteristics of compressor flexible rotors considering contact clearance, columnId=1228282191914926752, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The torsional vibration of reciprocating compressor crankshaft system can cause major problems such as burnt bearings and shaft fracture. In order to understand the torsional vibration response of the compressor rotor system, a torsional vibration mechanics solution method for the flexible rotor system of the compressor considering the bushing-pin collision clearance and the oil film clearance of the crankshaft-bearing was proposed, which provided a new idea and method to avoid the natural frequency of the crankshaft system. Based on the multi-body dynamics and Hertz contact theory,the torsional dynamic response of the crankshaft system with collision clearance was solved. The results show that the torsional vibration amplitude of the 4th column crank pin is the largest, the torsional angular displacement amplitude is 0.051°, and the dynamic angular velocity peak value is 156.026 rad/s. Based on this, the crankshaft-bearing oil film clearance was considered, the oil film pressure of sliding bearings was calculated by the finite difference method and the over-relaxation iterative method, and the dynamic characteristic coefficients of bearings were solved according to pressure perturbation method. The effects of the bushing-pin collision clearance and the crankshaft-bearing oil film clearance on the dynamic response of the crankshaft system were comprehensively considered in the modal analysis of the crankshaft system under preload. The resonance of the crankshaft with and without oil film clearances was compared. The results show that the natural frequencies of the 3rd and 8th orders of the crankshaft system decreases by 44.64% and 21.23%, and when considering the reduction of the resonant speed point of the crankshaft with comprehensive clearance in the same speed range, the 2nd order critical speed is reduced by 38.55%, and the probability of resonance increases.

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HUANG Zhiqiang, E-mail:
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往复式压缩机曲轴系扭振会引起烧瓦及轴系断裂等重大问题,为掌握压缩机转子系统扭振响应,提出了一种考虑衬套-销轴碰撞间隙、曲轴-轴承油膜间隙的压缩机柔性转子系统扭振动力学求解方法,为避开曲轴系固有频率提供了一种新的思路及方法。基于多体动力学理论以及Hertz接触理论,求解了含碰撞间隙下曲轴系扭振动力学响应,分析表明,曲轴系第4列曲柄销的扭振幅值最大,扭转角位移幅值为0.051°,动态角速度峰值为156.026 rad/s。基于此,考虑了曲轴-轴承油膜间隙,利用有限差分法及超松弛迭代法计算滑动轴承油膜压力,并通过压力扰动法求解轴承动态特性系数,综合考虑衬套-销轴碰撞间隙和曲轴-轴承油膜间隙对曲轴系动态响应的影响,开展了考虑预应力下的曲轴系模态分析,并对比分析了考虑油膜间隙和不考虑油膜间隙下曲轴系的共振情况。结果表明,考虑油膜间隙后曲轴系第3、8阶固有频率分别降低了44.64%、21.23%,且在同一转速范围带内,考虑综合间隙下曲轴系共振转速点减少,2阶临界转速降低了38.55%,共振的概率增大。

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黄志强,男,1968年生,四川眉山人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为石油装备振动分析与控制研究等;E-mail:

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黄志强,男,1968年生,四川眉山人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为石油装备振动分析与控制研究等;E-mail:

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黄志强,男,1968年生,四川眉山人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为石油装备振动分析与控制研究等;E-mail:

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C.:American Petroleum Institute,2007:13-14., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241038884696543881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, awardId=22GJHZ0284, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(22GJHZ0284), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038884927230605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, awardId=22GJHZ0284, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技计划项目(22GJHZ0284), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038885065642641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, awardId=SXHZ048, language=EN, fundingSource=Nanchong City & Southwest Petroleum University Science and Technology Strategic Cooperation Special Fund(SXHZ048), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038885141140118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, 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ArticleFig(id=1241038881802474071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=CN, label=图12, caption=考虑油膜间隙下有预应力的曲轴系Campbell图, figureFileSmall=ev5EUrvOnLwCAeHjJ1EU2Q==, figureFileBig=GBCyjLKi3dRC7kTeBE5o5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038881857000027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Technical parameters of the compressor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameter值 Value
角速度 Angular velocity ω/(r/min)1 486
活塞行程 Piston stroke x0/mm88.9
进-排气压力 Intake-exhaust pressure p/MPa4.0~7.5
轴功率 Shaft power P/kW485
碰撞间隙 Collision clearance c1/mm0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1241038882070909537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

压缩机技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameter值 Value
角速度 Angular velocity ω/(r/min)1 486
活塞行程 Piston stroke x0/mm88.9
进-排气压力 Intake-exhaust pressure p/MPa4.0~7.5
轴功率 Shaft power P/kW485
碰撞间隙 Collision clearance c1/mm0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1241038882330956392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Material properties of crankshaft components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零部件 Parts密度 Density
ρ/(kg/m3)
泊松比
Poisson’s ratio ν
弹性模量 Elastic modulus E/GPa
轴承 Bearing8 7000.37110
曲轴 Crankshaft、连杆 Connecting rod7 8500.28212
衬套 Bushing8 7600.3295
十字头销 Crosshead pin7 8700.254207
电动机轴 Motor shaft7 8900.269209
联轴器 Coupler7 8600.28211
其余 Others7 8500.3200
), ArticleFig(id=1241038882494534252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

曲轴系关键零部件材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零部件 Parts密度 Density
ρ/(kg/m3)
泊松比
Poisson’s ratio ν
弹性模量 Elastic modulus E/GPa
轴承 Bearing8 7000.37110
曲轴 Crankshaft、连杆 Connecting rod7 8500.28212
衬套 Bushing8 7600.3295
十字头销 Crosshead pin7 8700.254207
电动机轴 Motor shaft7 8900.269209
联轴器 Coupler7 8600.28211
其余 Others7 8500.3200
), ArticleFig(id=1241038882641334898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of sliding bearings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameter值 Value
轴承宽度 Bearing width L/mm48.2
轴承内径Bearing inner diameter D/mm89
偏心率Eccentricity εe0.6
间隙Clearance c'/mm0.05
轴颈转速Neck speed n/(r/min)1 486
润滑油黏度Lubricating oil viscosity η/(Pa·s)0.018
轴承载荷 Bearing load W/kN280
), ArticleFig(id=1241038882754581108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

滑动轴承参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameter值 Value
轴承宽度 Bearing width L/mm48.2
轴承内径Bearing inner diameter D/mm89
偏心率Eccentricity εe0.6
间隙Clearance c'/mm0.05
轴颈转速Neck speed n/(r/min)1 486
润滑油黏度Lubricating oil viscosity η/(Pa·s)0.018
轴承载荷 Bearing load W/kN280
), ArticleFig(id=1241038882892993142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Dynamic characteristic coefficient of sliding bearing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无量纲油膜刚度
Dimensionaless oil film stiffness Kij

Value
无量纲油膜阻尼
Dimensionaless oil film damping Cij

Value
Kxx1.213Cxx2.469
Kxy-2.700Cxy2.138
Kyx1.090Cyx2.257
Kyy3.556Cyy6.297
), ArticleFig(id=1241038883194983033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

滑动轴承动态特性系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无量纲油膜刚度
Dimensionaless oil film stiffness Kij

Value
无量纲油膜阻尼
Dimensionaless oil film damping Cij

Value
Kxx1.213Cxx2.469
Kxy-2.700Cxy2.138
Kyx1.090Cyx2.257
Kyy3.556Cyy6.297
), ArticleFig(id=1241038883308229245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Equivalent parameters of components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等效部件
Equivalent part
等效质量
Equivalent mass/kg
等效转动惯量
Equivalent moment of inertia/(kg·m2)
平衡环
Balance ring
90.24
旋转部件
Rotating parts
挡风圈
Windshield ring
14.90.4
外风扇
External fan
230.7
内风扇 Inner fan28.21.1
连杆大头
Rod big-end
5.770.011 4
连杆小头
Rod small-end
2.89
往复部件
Reciprocation parts
活塞组件
Piston assembly
15.920.028 3
十字头
Crosshead
7.33
十字头销
Crosshead pin
2.45
), ArticleFig(id=1241038883442446978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

部件等效参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等效部件
Equivalent part
等效质量
Equivalent mass/kg
等效转动惯量
Equivalent moment of inertia/(kg·m2)
平衡环
Balance ring
90.24
旋转部件
Rotating parts
挡风圈
Windshield ring
14.90.4
外风扇
External fan
230.7
内风扇 Inner fan28.21.1
连杆大头
Rod big-end
5.770.011 4
连杆小头
Rod small-end
2.89
往复部件
Reciprocation parts
活塞组件
Piston assembly
15.920.028 3
十字头
Crosshead
7.33
十字头销
Crosshead pin
2.45
), ArticleFig(id=1241038883769602692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Resonance frequency range

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阶次
Order
固有频率
Natural frequency f0/Hz
驱动频率 Driving frequency f1/Hz±5%范围
±5% range/Hz
163.5724.7723.53~26.01
290.2049.5347.06~52.02
390.2074.370.59~78.26
4148.9299.0794.13~104.03
5148.93123.83117.66~130.04
6183.5148.6141.17~156.03
7183.5173.37164.72~182.06
8264.18198.13188.25~208.07
9222.9211.78~234.08
10247.77235.32~260.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241038884461662855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038857601339393, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

共振频率范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次
Order
固有频率
Natural frequency f0/Hz
驱动频率 Driving frequency f1/Hz±5%范围
±5% range/Hz
163.5724.7723.53~26.01
290.2049.5347.06~52.02
390.2074.370.59~78.26
4148.9299.0794.13~104.03
5148.93123.83117.66~130.04
6183.5148.6141.17~156.03
7183.5173.37164.72~182.06
8264.18198.13188.25~208.07
9222.9211.78~234.08
10247.77235.32~260.09
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考虑接触间隙的压缩机柔性转子扭振特性研究
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黄志强 , 王杰 , 李涛 , 李刚 , 王硕 , 母德全
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(1): 20-30
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(1): 20-30
考虑接触间隙的压缩机柔性转子扭振特性研究
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黄志强 , 王杰, 李涛, 李刚, 王硕, 母德全
作者信息
  • 西南石油大学 机电工程学院,成都 610500
  • 黄志强,男,1968年生,四川眉山人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为石油装备振动分析与控制研究等;E-mail:

Study on torsional vibration characteristics of compressor flexible rotors considering contact clearance
Zhiqiang HUANG , Jie WANG, Tao LI, Gang LI, Shuo WANG, Dequan MU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.003
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往复式压缩机曲轴系扭振会引起烧瓦及轴系断裂等重大问题,为掌握压缩机转子系统扭振响应,提出了一种考虑衬套-销轴碰撞间隙、曲轴-轴承油膜间隙的压缩机柔性转子系统扭振动力学求解方法,为避开曲轴系固有频率提供了一种新的思路及方法。基于多体动力学理论以及Hertz接触理论,求解了含碰撞间隙下曲轴系扭振动力学响应,分析表明,曲轴系第4列曲柄销的扭振幅值最大,扭转角位移幅值为0.051°,动态角速度峰值为156.026 rad/s。基于此,考虑了曲轴-轴承油膜间隙,利用有限差分法及超松弛迭代法计算滑动轴承油膜压力,并通过压力扰动法求解轴承动态特性系数,综合考虑衬套-销轴碰撞间隙和曲轴-轴承油膜间隙对曲轴系动态响应的影响,开展了考虑预应力下的曲轴系模态分析,并对比分析了考虑油膜间隙和不考虑油膜间隙下曲轴系的共振情况。结果表明,考虑油膜间隙后曲轴系第3、8阶固有频率分别降低了44.64%、21.23%,且在同一转速范围带内,考虑综合间隙下曲轴系共振转速点减少,2阶临界转速降低了38.55%,共振的概率增大。

往复压缩机  /  碰撞间隙  /  油膜间隙  /  刚柔耦合  /  曲轴扭振  /  共振

The torsional vibration of reciprocating compressor crankshaft system can cause major problems such as burnt bearings and shaft fracture. In order to understand the torsional vibration response of the compressor rotor system, a torsional vibration mechanics solution method for the flexible rotor system of the compressor considering the bushing-pin collision clearance and the oil film clearance of the crankshaft-bearing was proposed, which provided a new idea and method to avoid the natural frequency of the crankshaft system. Based on the multi-body dynamics and Hertz contact theory,the torsional dynamic response of the crankshaft system with collision clearance was solved. The results show that the torsional vibration amplitude of the 4th column crank pin is the largest, the torsional angular displacement amplitude is 0.051°, and the dynamic angular velocity peak value is 156.026 rad/s. Based on this, the crankshaft-bearing oil film clearance was considered, the oil film pressure of sliding bearings was calculated by the finite difference method and the over-relaxation iterative method, and the dynamic characteristic coefficients of bearings were solved according to pressure perturbation method. The effects of the bushing-pin collision clearance and the crankshaft-bearing oil film clearance on the dynamic response of the crankshaft system were comprehensively considered in the modal analysis of the crankshaft system under preload. The resonance of the crankshaft with and without oil film clearances was compared. The results show that the natural frequencies of the 3rd and 8th orders of the crankshaft system decreases by 44.64% and 21.23%, and when considering the reduction of the resonant speed point of the crankshaft with comprehensive clearance in the same speed range, the 2nd order critical speed is reduced by 38.55%, and the probability of resonance increases.

Reciprocating compressor  /  Collision clearance  /  Oil film clearance  /  Rigid-flexible coupling  /  Crankshaft torsional vibration  /  Resonance
黄志强, 王杰, 李涛, 李刚, 王硕, 母德全. 考虑接触间隙的压缩机柔性转子扭振特性研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (1) : 20 -30 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.003
Zhiqiang HUANG, Jie WANG, Tao LI, Gang LI, Shuo WANG, Dequan MU. Study on torsional vibration characteristics of compressor flexible rotors considering contact clearance[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (1) : 20 -30 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.003
往复式压缩机(图1)作为增压输送、差压开采的关键设备,广泛应用于天然气行业,而压缩机曲轴系存在扭振现象,易导致烧瓦、连接螺栓脱落甚至轴系断裂等问题,制约着往复式压缩机向高速、多列的方向发展。由于加工精度、磨损等问题,压缩机曲轴系不可避免地存在间隙,使得压缩机运行后轴系运动副发生频繁的接触碰撞,加剧了轴系的扭振现象,影响压缩机运动精度及动力性能[1]。因此,研究接触间隙对曲轴系扭振的影响,不仅可以更准确地探究轴系扭振特性,还能帮助识别潜在的扭振问题,对于优化压缩机设计、提高运行效率以及保障压缩机安全稳定运行具有重要意义。
大量学者开展了考虑间隙对机构的动态特性的影响研究[2-5]。赵刚练等[6]171-176研究了考虑圆柱铰接间隙下的多刚体机构的动力学行为,证明间隙对机构的影响不容忽视。ZHAO等[7]考虑机器人机械臂关节间隙,建立了含间隙的机械臂系统动力学方程,并采用库仑摩擦考虑摩擦效应,结果表明,间隙导致关节接触力增大,影响了机械臂控制系统的精度。丁健等[8]9-13基于一种非线性混合碰撞力模型和改进了的Coulomb摩擦力模型,研究了间隙运动副对曲柄滑块机构的动态特性影响,所得结论与国外实验研究较为吻合,证明了方法的可靠性。王旭鹏等[9]74-78建立了一种改进的非线性法向碰撞力模型,并研究了间隙值对曲柄滑块机构动力学响应的影响规律。郭嘉楠等[10]132-139考虑曲柄滑块机构的旋转铰间隙,并计入了接触面形貌的影响,分析了碰撞速度、恢复系数及粗糙度等因素对接触碰撞力的影响规律,并与其他文献结果对比,表明其模型能较为全面地反映机构的动力学特性。刘福才等[11]240-246研究了不同重力环境下含间隙曲柄摇杆机构的旋转铰质心运动特性,结果表明间隙越大,旋转铰质心运动受影响越大。张树培等[12]建立了球铰间隙间的非线性接触碰撞力模型,对比了解析法与有限元法的碰撞力模型,结果表明,该模型可以准确描述球窝在碰撞中的变形以及能力损失。
上述学者研究了间隙对机构动力学响应的影响,但未考虑构件的柔性,结果与实际情况有一定差别。除此之外,也有不少学者考虑了机构的柔性[13]375-385[14][15]297-307[16],开展考虑间隙对机构的动态特性研究。BAUCHAU等[17]提出了一种非线性柔性多体系统中带间隙关节的综合建模方法。基于此考虑了曲柄滑块机构的铰接间隙,研究间隙及润滑对柔性多体系统的动态响应。结果表明,结构的柔性对接触力影响较大,润滑对结构的影响较小。KHEMILI等[18]882-898研究了平面柔性曲柄滑块间隙机构的动力学行为,在考虑连杆柔性后,冲击力、滑块加速度及转矩等均有所减小,并结合试验验证了仿真结果的准确性。李金玉[19]6-78考虑了曲柄滑块机构的运动副间隙,建立运动副空间间隙模型,采用理论和试验相结合的方法,开展了考虑连杆柔性下间隙对机构运动特性的影响研究,验证了考虑运动副间隙的多体系统动力学模型的正确性。郑恩来等[20]106-120考虑了高速压力机多连杆机构曲轴和轴承的间隙,采用LANKARANI和NIKRAVESH接触力模型,求解了含润滑间隙的柔性连杆机构动态响应,并结合试验验证了方法的正确性。
除此之外,也有学者考虑了轴承间隙下油膜刚度和阻尼等参数对转子系统的振动稳定性的影响研究[21-23]。陈坤旭等[24]采用有限差分法及超松弛迭代法求解了滑动轴承油膜压力,基于此研究了不同轴承间隙下动态特性系数对转子系统的响应规律。结果表明,调整轴承半径间隙,可以有效减小转子的不平衡振动。魏维等[25]采用有限差分法,求解滑动轴承油膜压力,基于此采用压力扰动法求解轴承动态特性系数,开展了轴承间隙对轴承刚度、阻尼以及转子失稳情况的影响研究。结果表明,减小轴承间隙、增大宽度可以提高转子-轴承系统稳定性。王本宏等[26]以大型水泵转子系统为研究对象,开展了滑动轴承油膜刚度对转子动力学特性的影响研究,结果表明,交叉刚度对转子系统的稳定性影响较大。但未考虑油膜间隙对结构固有频率的影响并将之运用于曲轴系扭振的研究之中。
上述研究表明,运动间隙以及机构柔性均对机构的运动精度及动态响应影响较大,但上述研究对象大多针对简单的平面运动机构,考虑接触间隙对柔性转子系统结构固有频率及扭振的相关影响研究鲜有报道。因此,考虑压缩机曲轴系的衬套-销轴空间圆柱铰间隙,开展碰撞间隙产生的不稳定碰撞力对曲轴系动态响应的影响研究,综合考虑衬套-销轴碰撞间隙、曲轴-轴承油膜间隙,开展接触间隙对曲轴系临界转速的影响规律研究,并判断轴系的共振情况,为压缩机曲轴系避开共振区间、保障稳定运行提供理论依据。
考虑曲轴系中连杆衬套及十字头销接触间隙,间隙系统初始构型为间隙转动关节的衬套与销轴中心重合的位置;当发生碰撞接触时,碰撞插入深度为δ,如图2所示,碰撞接触点为Q,连杆衬套孔半径为r1,销轴半径为r2
根据图2得,间隙模型各矢量关系为
式中,δ为半径间隙;Sk为轴心在动坐标系PiPj中的位置向量;为衬套与销轴的相对碰撞速度;n为单位法向向量;为碰撞点在惯性坐标系O中的位置向量;A为动坐标系PiPj与相对惯性坐标系O的变换矩阵;vtvn为接触面的切向和法向速度。
考虑Hertz接触力及接触碰撞时产生的能量损失,因此间隙接触碰撞力模型采用L-N非线性弹簧阻尼力模型[27],碰撞接触力为
弹簧恢复力为
其中,接触刚度系数K[10]132-139[11]240-246[20]106-120可表示为
并采用Hunt-Crossely模型[28]计算轴套与销轴接触碰撞过程的阻尼力为
式中,C为广义阻尼系数,N·s/m;为初始相对碰撞速度,m/s;ε为材料碰撞恢复系数,取值0.9[8]9-13m为金属表面的力指数,取值1.5[13]375-385
考虑到两物体接触沿切向的相对滑动速度,采用修正的Coloumb摩擦力[6]171-176[29]描述曲柄销间隙处的摩擦力Ff ,为
式中,v1v0分别为衬套和销轴之间相对切向速度的上、下限;μf为动摩擦因数;cd为动态修正因子;vt为切向接触速度;va为相对切向接触速度。
考虑曲轴-轴承油膜间隙,建立径向滑动轴承动力学模型,如图3所示,轴瓦孔径为R,轴颈半径为r,在外载荷FC的作用下,轴颈中心与轴瓦中心存在偏心距e,偏位角为φ,油膜厚度为h
由余弦定理及几何关系可知,任意位置下轴瓦名义油膜厚度[30]
式中,εe为偏心率,εe=e/cc为轴承间隙,c=R-r
在一定假设条件下,可得径向滑动轴承的静态雷诺方程的无量纲形式[31]81-89
式(9)为2阶非线性偏微分方程,由于轴瓦结构相对简单,为保证精度及效率,采用有限差分法对轴瓦进行场域离散,环向网格数为60,轴向网格为40,采用松弛迭代法求解出静态雷诺方程下轴瓦的油膜压力分布,其中雷诺边界条件为
考虑微小位移、速度的扰动,非定常运动雷诺方程的无量纲形式为
将式(11)按H=H0xsin θycos θ展开,忽略高阶小量,可得扰动压力微分方程[31]81-89
式中,L为有效长度;P为油膜压力;η为油膜黏度;θ为轴颈圆周角坐标;z为轴向方向的坐标;ω为轴颈角速度;x'、y'为速度扰动量。
结合压力扰动法,在油膜区间积分求解轴瓦无量纲动态特性系数为
建立广义坐标系,曲轴系的位置用笛卡儿坐标l=(xyz)及反映刚性曲轴系方位的欧拉角ψ=(φθϕ)来表示,模态坐标用q=(q1q2,…,qKmTKm为模态坐标数)表示,则柔性体的广义坐标为
对于频繁接触碰撞间隙的变拓扑多体系统,接触状态处于不断变化之中,引入阶跃函数μδ),将约束力FC表示为
将碰撞接触力作为广义外力引入动力学模型,采用Lagrange乘子法建立考虑运动副间隙的弹性曲轴系多体动力学控制方程[32]122-127[33],为
式中,ξ为柔性曲轴系的有限单元节点对应的广义坐标向量及其对时间的1、2阶导数;M为柔性曲轴系的质量矩阵;K为柔性曲轴系的广义刚度矩阵;C为柔性曲轴系的广义阻尼矩阵;Φξ为系统约束方程的雅可比矩阵;λ为拉格朗日乘子列阵;Φξt)为理想铰接约束方程;Q为柔性曲轴系的广义力矩阵;FC为笛卡儿广义坐标ξ的广义接触力。
往复式压缩机技术参数如1表所示。
忽略油孔、螺栓孔等结构,建立并简化曲轴系的三维模型如图4所示。
曲轴系关键零部件材料属性如表2所示。
曲轴的柔性对轴系的振动响应影响较大,采用Ansys APDL对曲轴存在运动副连接的位置建立刚性区域,采用Lanczos法获得模态中性文件[34-35],导入Adams建立刚柔耦合多体动力学仿真模型,对电动机转子添加转速,对活塞两侧施加气体力,同时采用冲击函数对衬套-销轴间施加碰撞接触力,完成刚柔耦合多体动力学仿真模型的建立。
根据所建立的曲轴系柔性模型,对含间隙的曲轴系刚柔耦合动力学模型开展仿真计算,忽略初始迭代误差后,提取并分析轴系第2周期的动力学响应。
图5对比了刚性铰接、柔性铰接以及柔性间隙3种连接形式,其中,刚性铰接位移幅值-673.58 mm,柔性铰接位移幅值为-673.6 mm,柔性间隙位移幅值为-673.57 mm,3种连接形式下活塞的位移、速度时域曲线的变化情况基本吻合,但由于间隙的存在,柔性间隙形式下的位移幅值偏大,与刚性铰接模型的位移幅值差为0.028 mm,在间隙容许度0.08 mm之内;刚性铰接形式下活塞速度曲线表现平稳,柔性铰接形式与柔性间隙形式下活塞速度曲线的相位均比刚性铰接形式下更较前,但柔性铰接形式下力的传导更好,活塞速度曲线波动最大,幅值为7.064 m/s,由于间隙的存在,柔性间隙形式下活塞速度曲线在达到峰值后还存在二次冲击,产生第2个波峰;在活塞加速度曲线中,柔性铰接及刚性铰接形式下加速度变化比较平稳,幅值分别为1 301.8、1 297.8 m/s2,而柔性间隙形式下在波峰和波谷处发生了非线性振荡,这是由于此时活塞运动到极限位置,间隙碰撞力最大导致,这种变化规律与文献[18]882-898、文献[19]6-78中的试验变化规律基本一致;在速度-加速度相图中,刚性铰接形式下的曲线光滑无波动,表现出理想的运动状态,柔性铰接形式下曲线略有波动,而柔性间隙模型下的相图具有明显的非线性特性,线条波动较大,证明了碰撞间隙的存在会影响曲轴系运动的稳定性。
分析图6可知,4列连杆衬套质心轨迹在XY面的映射形状都大致呈椭圆形,从映射曲线的初始位置来看,衬套1与衬套2的映射形状比较类似,而衬套3与衬套4的映射形状更类似,这是因为衬套1和衬套2、衬套3和衬套4的布置关系分别处在相对曲轴主轴颈段对称布置的第1、2列曲柄连杆机构上。
衬套1在X向轨迹的位移最大,为88.906 4 mm,衬套3在Y向轨迹的位移最大,为0.053 9 mm。在考虑0.04 mm的半径间隙下,衬套质心轨迹在压缩方向即X向的总位移均在88.98 mm以内,在重力方向即Y向的总位移不超过0.08 mm,均未超过间隙的总容许量。因此,考虑碰撞间隙后的压缩机曲轴系运动规律符合实际情况。
图7(a)所示为曲轴4列曲柄销段扭转角位移的时域变化曲线。由图7(a)可知,整体呈现周期性二波峰状态,在时间为0.011 s时首次出现最大波峰,此时曲轴旋转了90°左右,第1、2列活塞处于最远行程位置,各曲柄销峰值分别为-0.050°、-0.031°、0.037°、0.051°;在时间为0.031 s左右出现第2个峰值,此时曲轴旋转了270°左右,第1、2列活塞处于最近行程位置,各曲柄销峰值分别为-0.030°、-0.019°、0.022°、0.031°。其中,曲轴第1、2列曲柄销的变化趋势一致,第3、4列曲柄销的变化趋势一致,且第1、4列曲柄销扭转角位移最大,但方向相反,说明第1、4列曲柄销的不稳定程度更高。
将第1、4列曲柄销的扭转角位移求差,对相对扭转角位移进行快速傅里叶变换,绘制前10个幅值频率对应的频幅特性曲线,对比分析含间隙与不含间隙两种情况下的相对扭振角位移频幅特性,如图7(b)所示。两者由多个频率成分构成,除去频率为0的恒量,均在50、100、150、200 Hz左右出现峰值,前4个非零频率对应幅值占比均达到85%以上,且频率越高,幅值越小,表明低阶频率对轴系角位移影响较大。相比无间隙的情况下,考虑间隙后曲轴系前10个频率成分对应的扭转角位移幅值有所增大,证明碰撞间隙对曲轴系扭转角位移的频幅特性具有一定影响。
分析图8可知,曲轴系表现出转速的协同不匹配性。其中,图8(a)所示为主轴颈各轴段的角速度波动情况,各主轴颈轴段角速度波动的变化趋势基本一致。第1列主轴颈靠近联轴器端,转速基本稳定在155.6 rad/s;第4列主轴颈转速波动范围最广,最大幅值为156.026 rad/s,比第1列增大了0.27%,可知第4列主轴颈的振动情况最剧烈,这与第2.3.3节的结论一致。
图8(b)为考虑碰撞间隙与不考虑间隙两种情况下第4列主轴颈角速度波动与第1列主轴颈角速度波动之差对应的频谱图。由图8(b)可知,两种情况下均在50、100、150、200 Hz处出现幅值,且前4个非零频率对应幅值占比均达到66%以上,同样呈现出频率越高,幅值越小的变化趋势;考虑间隙后曲轴系扭转角位移幅值整体上均高于不含间隙情况下的幅值,表明碰撞间隙对曲轴系扭转角位移的频幅特性具有一定影响。
由前述分析可知,间隙整体上增大了轴系扭转角位移及角速度幅值,加剧了轴系的低频振动,影响着曲轴系的运动精度和受力稳定性。为了准确分析曲轴系低阶共振的情况,开展考虑间隙影响下曲轴系的共振情况尤为重要。
文献[9]74-78、文献[15]297-307、文献[32]122-127指出,间隙以及零件的柔性对运动系统的受力以及运动精度具有较大影响。在模态分析中,曲轴所受载荷会转化为预应力,影响曲轴系的结构刚度及变形,从而改变曲轴系的固有频率,因此开展考虑预应力的曲轴系模态分析具有实际意义[36-37]。基于前述分析,在考虑衬套-销轴碰撞间隙的基础上,结合有限元法和有限差分法,计入曲轴-轴承油膜间隙,开展综合间隙对曲轴系临界转速的影响规律研究。
滑动轴承的油膜刚度及阻尼影响着曲轴系的稳定性,对轴承动态特性系数的求解是准确分析曲轴系扭振响应的基础。滑动轴承参数如表3所示。
根据第1.2节理论分析,基于Matlab采用有限差分法及超松弛迭代法求解轴承油膜压力,然后采用压力扰动法求解滑动轴承动态特性系数,如表4所示。
为保证仿真效率,将活塞、活塞杆、十字头、连杆小头等往复部件进行等效简化[38-39],除此之外,电动机转子上各安装的部件(如平衡环、挡风圈、内风扇、外风扇等)也影响着曲轴系的扭转特性,将其等效质量及等效转动惯量施加到曲柄销的惯性节点上,具体等效参数如表5所示。
然后将考虑衬套-销轴碰撞间隙下的曲柄销载荷及电动机输入转矩施加给简化后的曲轴系,并对主轴承位置施加油膜刚度及阻尼,完成轴承支撑,建立预应力模态仿真模型。
由于低阶模态对结构的振动影响较大,所以,对曲轴进行前8阶的考虑油膜间隙(含综合间隙)和不考虑油膜间隙(仅含碰撞间隙)的有预应力模态分析。其中,考虑油膜间隙的前8阶模态信息及振型如图9图10所示。
图10可知,从振型来看,曲轴系第1、6阶振型相同,而其余阶数下都具有一定差别。其中,不考虑油膜间隙时,曲轴系前8阶振型有扭转和弯曲两种形式,且扭转振型占比75%,为主要振动形式,这是由于支撑刚度较大,所以发生弯曲和横向振动的可能性较小。考虑油膜间隙后,曲轴系前8阶振型有扭转、弯曲及弯扭3种形式,且弯扭振型占比75%,为主要振动形式,这是由于油膜的支撑作用,降低了曲轴系的支撑刚度,增加了曲轴系发生弯扭变形的概率,这也更加符合工程实际。
从频率来看,同样有曲轴系第1、6阶固有频率基本相同,而其余阶数下都具有一定差别,且在第3、8阶固有频率相差最大,分别为72.8、71.24 Hz。整体来看,考虑油膜间隙后,曲轴系固有频率有所降低,可知间隙对曲轴系低阶模态具有较大影响。
往复式压缩机曲轴系驱动电动机的基频为24.77 Hz,根据API 618标准[40]规定可知,曲轴系的扭转固有频率(Torsional Natural Frequency,TNF)不应该落入运行转速的10%以内,也不应在10倍及10倍以下转速任何倍数的5%以内。因此,轴系前8阶固有频率以及驱动频率1~10倍±5%的频率范围如表6所示。
表6可知,第4、5阶固有频率落入了6倍驱动频率的5%范围内,轴系易发生共振,且由于图7(b)图8(b)频域分析中的50、100、150、200 Hz的频率峰值落入了第2、4、6、8倍的驱动频率5%范围内,也解释了第2.3.3节及第2.3.4节中频谱图出现峰值的原因。基于此,绘制压缩机曲轴系Campbell图,如图11图12所示。
图11图12中,横线表示临界转速,斜线为共振转速,当两线相交点处于工作转速1 486 r/min的上下10%范围内时,轴系发生共振。对比图11图12可知,在同一转速范围内,不考虑曲轴-轴承的油膜间隙时,曲轴共振转速点有6个,且分布较为集中;而考虑曲轴-轴承的油膜间隙后,曲轴系的共振转速点相对减少,但分布更广。在低阶下曲轴系发生2阶弯扭共振,第2阶临界转速相比不考虑油膜间隙时降低了38.55%;在高阶下发生8阶扭转共振,第8阶临界转速相比不考虑油膜间隙时增大了21.92%,故考虑油膜间隙后曲轴系的共振范围更广,发生共振的概率更大。因此,得到与常规考虑的调整结构参数、增设减振器等不一样的避振措施,即可以考虑通过合理调整接触间隙使曲轴系避开共振区间。
针对高速往复式压缩机曲轴系统,考虑了衬套-销轴碰撞间隙、曲轴-轴承油膜间隙两种形式下的接触间隙,基于Hertz接触理论及多体动力学理论,开展了考虑接触间隙的压缩机柔性转子系统扭振特性研究,主要内容及结论如下:
1)建立了含碰撞间隙的压缩机曲轴系刚柔耦合多体动力学模型,开展了考虑碰撞间隙的曲轴系受迫振动响应分析,分析得知曲轴系运动规律符合要求,且第4列曲柄振动响应最为剧烈,扭转角位移幅值为0.051°,角速度幅值为156.026 rad/s,曲轴系统的转速协同性、匹配性差。
2)基于碰撞间隙的求解结果,计入曲轴-轴承油膜间隙对曲轴系动态响应的影响,通过有限差分法和超松弛迭代法,求解轴承油膜压力,并基于压力扰动法求解了轴承油膜刚度和阻尼。
3)综合考虑了衬套-销轴碰撞间隙和曲轴-轴承油膜间隙,开展了考虑预应力下的曲轴系模态分析,对比分析了考虑油膜间隙和不考虑油膜间隙下曲轴系的共振情况。结果表明,在同一转速范围带内,考虑油膜间隙下的曲轴系支撑刚度降低,共振转速点减少,但共振阶次更高,第2阶临界转速相比不考虑油膜间隙时降低了38.55%,而第8阶临界转速相比不考虑油膜间隙时增大了21.92%,临界转速范围更广,共振概率加大。研究结果为避免曲轴系发生共振提供了一种新的思路。
  • 四川省科技计划项目(22GJHZ0284)
  • 南充市与西南石油大学科技战略合作专项基金项目(SXHZ048)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.003
  • 接收时间:2023-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-15
  • 修回日期:2023-05-09
基金
Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(22GJHZ0284)
四川省科技计划项目(22GJHZ0284)
Nanchong City & Southwest Petroleum University Science and Technology Strategic Cooperation Special Fund(SXHZ048)
南充市与西南石油大学科技战略合作专项基金项目(SXHZ048)
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    西南石油大学 机电工程学院,成都 610500
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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