Article(id=1241038856494052037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=1718035200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773816320775, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773816320775, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773816320775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773816320775, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241038854333985467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773816320260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819065926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050370550591873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050370554786178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241038856892510922, articleId=1241038856494052037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Numerical and test study on dynamic characteristics of the tail beam of top coal caving hydraulic supports, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to determine the sensitive vibration characteristic parameters of coal and gangue in the process of top coal caving and improve the intelligent identification accuracy of coal and gangue, the dynamic characteristics of the tail beam of the hydraulic support were studied. Firstly, the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model of top coal caving hydraulic support and coal gangue was established, and the vibration acceleration of the tail beam of the hydraulic support in the process of coal caving was calculated. Secondly, the acceleration response was decomposed by variational mode decomposition (VMD) to obtain the intrinsic mode function (IMF), and the time domain and frequency domain characteristics of each IMF component were analyzed. Thirdly, the t-distributed stochastic neighborhood embedding (t-SNE) method was used to reduce the dimension of these features, and the average silhouette coefficient (ASC) of different features was calculated. The vibration characteristics of the tail beam under the impact of coal gangue were compared and studied. Finally, the bench of the top coal caving hydraulic support was built to verify the calculation results of the model. The results show that the energy, singular value, mean frequency, peak frequency, spectral centroid and frequency variance in the IMF component of the vibration acceleration of the tail beam are sensitive to the characteristics of coal and gangue, which can be used as the characteristic parameters of the coal and gangue identification.

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YANG Shanguo, E-mail:
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为确定放顶煤过程中煤、矸敏感振动特征参数,提高煤矸智能识别精度,研究液压支架尾梁的动态特性。首先,建立放顶煤液压支架与煤矸的刚柔耦合动力学模型,计算放煤过程中液压支架尾梁的振动加速度;其次,利用变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD)对该加速度响应进行分解,得到固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF),并分析每个IMF分量的时域和频域特征;然后,采用t分布式随机邻域嵌入(t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding,t-SNE)方法对这些特征进行降维,并计算不同特征的平均轮廓系数(Average Silhouette Coefficient,ASC),对比研究了煤矸冲击下的尾梁振动特征;最后,搭建放顶煤液压支架试验台,对模型计算结果进行验证。结果表明,尾梁振动加速度IMF分量中的能量、奇异值、频率均值、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差对煤、矸特征较为敏感,可作为煤矸识别的特征参数。

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杨善国,男,1970年生,安徽安庆人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为智能矿山开采、声纹识别智能放煤、振动噪声分析与控制;E-mail:
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吴明珂,男,2000年生,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为煤矸识别;E-mail:

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吴明珂,男,2000年生,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为煤矸识别;E-mail:

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吴明珂,男,2000年生,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为煤矸识别;E-mail:

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Journal of Mechanical Strength202244(2):317-325.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Development of automated excitation auxiliary cutting similar experiment prototype and its mechanical experiment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241038876089839828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, awardId=52274162, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274162), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038876232446169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, awardId=52274162, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52274162), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038876316332253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, awardId=PAPD, language=EN, fundingSource=Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038876437967071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, awardId=PAPD, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241038864765219674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241038864773608283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, companyId=1241038864765219674, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241038864781996893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, companyId=1241038864765219674, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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figureFileSmall=W7sZWF3gAhZStkULhWaIhw==, figureFileBig=PnlYjp1XX3KAjUt8GlIhsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038870402363443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=CN, label=图1, caption=总体框架图, figureFileSmall=W7sZWF3gAhZStkULhWaIhw==, figureFileBig=PnlYjp1XX3KAjUt8GlIhsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038870792433730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Rigid-flexible coupling model of the caving coal hydraulic support, figureFileSmall=Xxq4rFWhvJGV1PG9wsnNrQ==, figureFileBig=M1A8GgdOZuklthruHuzlSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038870893097034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=CN, label=图2, caption=放顶煤液压支架刚柔耦合模型, figureFileSmall=Xxq4rFWhvJGV1PG9wsnNrQ==, figureFileBig=M1A8GgdOZuklthruHuzlSw==, tableContent=null), 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label=图7, caption=放顶煤试验台总体图, figureFileSmall=oHdwK4QO7dE1w2s8IX3EjA==, figureFileBig=3ozsZufdNR74ppQoM51lFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038873405485199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Acceleration curve of the tail beam obtained by the top coal caving test, figureFileSmall=BHGmHa0wOmlGPurqXK2Wzw==, figureFileBig=IfzJCZ9I6HqLYiuEtqADIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038873506148500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=CN, label=图8, caption=放顶煤试验得到的尾梁加速度曲线, figureFileSmall=BHGmHa0wOmlGPurqXK2Wzw==, figureFileBig=IfzJCZ9I6HqLYiuEtqADIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038873640366234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=t-SNE dimension reduction diagram of each feature after VMD decomposition of the test data, figureFileSmall=GNHCWUhByYVGNo3nrMFpjg==, figureFileBig=1JU+ehmaKnBkZ9QSRmJrbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038874001076383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=CN, label=图9, caption=试验数据VMD分解后各特征t-SNE降维图, figureFileSmall=GNHCWUhByYVGNo3nrMFpjg==, figureFileBig=1JU+ehmaKnBkZ9QSRmJrbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038874084962471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Particle bonding parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒黏结参数
Particle bonding parameter

Value
单位面积切向应力
Tangential stress per unit area/Pa
6.0×106
单位面积法向应力
Normal stress per unit area/Pa
2.0×107
单位面积切向刚度
Tangential stiffness per unit area/(N/m3
3.0×107
单位面积法向刚度
Normal stiffness per unit area/(N/m3
5.0×107
), ArticleFig(id=1241038874177237164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

颗粒黏结参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒黏结参数
Particle bonding parameter

Value
单位面积切向应力
Tangential stress per unit area/Pa
6.0×106
单位面积法向应力
Normal stress per unit area/Pa
2.0×107
单位面积切向刚度
Tangential stiffness per unit area/(N/m3
3.0×107
单位面积法向刚度
Normal stiffness per unit area/(N/m3
5.0×107
), ArticleFig(id=1241038874420506802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Particle mechanical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒类别
Particle type
密度
Density/(kg/m3
泊松比
Poisson’s ratio
剪切模量
Shear modulus/Pa
煤Coal1.5×1030.32×108
矸Gangue2.59×1030.1231.35×1010
), ArticleFig(id=1241038874655387827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

颗粒力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒类别
Particle type
密度
Density/(kg/m3
泊松比
Poisson’s ratio
剪切模量
Shear modulus/Pa
煤Coal1.5×1030.32×108
矸Gangue2.59×1030.1231.35×1010
), ArticleFig(id=1241038874911240375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Motion coefficient of particles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒恢复系数
Restitution coefficient of particles
颗粒静摩擦因
数Static friction coefficient of particles
颗粒动摩擦因
数Dynamic friction coefficient of particles
煤-煤Coal-Coal0.50.60.1
煤-矸Coal-Gangue0.50.60.05
矸-矸Gangue-Gangue0.50.650.1
煤-液压支架
Coal-Hydraulic support
0.50.40.1
矸-液压支架
Gangue-Hydraulic
support
0.50.40.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241038874986737854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

颗粒运动系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒恢复系数
Restitution coefficient of particles
颗粒静摩擦因
数Static friction coefficient of particles
颗粒动摩擦因
数Dynamic friction coefficient of particles
煤-煤Coal-Coal0.50.60.1
煤-矸Coal-Gangue0.50.60.05
矸-矸Gangue-Gangue0.50.650.1
煤-液压支架
Coal-Hydraulic support
0.50.40.1
矸-液压支架
Gangue-Hydraulic
support
0.50.40.1
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Average silhouette coefficient of the feature set of simulated vibration signals

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能量
Energy
能量矩
Energy moment
奇异值
Singular value
峰值因子
Crest factor
裕度因子
Margin factor
0.34-0.002 40.380.050.03
峭度
Kurtosis
频率均值
Mean frequency
峰值频率
Peak frequency
谱心频率
Frequency of spectral centroid
频率方差
Frequency variance
0.030.180.180.230.22
), ArticleFig(id=1241038875284533446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模拟振动信号特征集平均轮廓系数

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能量
Energy
能量矩
Energy moment
奇异值
Singular value
峰值因子
Crest factor
裕度因子
Margin factor
0.34-0.002 40.380.050.03
峭度
Kurtosis
频率均值
Mean frequency
峰值频率
Peak frequency
谱心频率
Frequency of spectral centroid
频率方差
Frequency variance
0.030.180.180.230.22
), ArticleFig(id=1241038875657826505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Average silhouette coefficient of the feature set of test vibration signals

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能量
Energy
能量矩
Energy moment
奇异值
Singular value
峰值因子Crest factor裕度因子
Margin factor
0.190.0010.210.040.03
峭度
Kurtosis
频率均值
Mean frequency
峰值频率
Peak frequency
谱心频率
Frequency of spectral centroid
频率方差
Frequency variance
0.040.170.180.220.21
), ArticleFig(id=1241038875905290447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038856494052037, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试验振动信号特征集平均轮廓系数

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能量
Energy
能量矩
Energy moment
奇异值
Singular value
峰值因子Crest factor裕度因子
Margin factor
0.190.0010.210.040.03
峭度
Kurtosis
频率均值
Mean frequency
峰值频率
Peak frequency
谱心频率
Frequency of spectral centroid
频率方差
Frequency variance
0.040.170.180.220.21
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放顶煤液压支架尾梁动态特性数值与试验研究
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吴明珂 1 , 杨善国 1, 2, 3 , 王瑶 1 , 孟彬 1 , 杨政 1 , 刘后广 1, 2, 3
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(1): 50-57
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(1): 50-57
放顶煤液压支架尾梁动态特性数值与试验研究
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吴明珂1 , 杨善国1, 2, 3 , 王瑶1, 孟彬1, 杨政1, 刘后广1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国矿业大学 机电工程学院,徐州 221116
  • 2.江苏省矿山智能采掘装备协同创新中心,徐州 221116
  • 3.智能采矿装备技术全国重点实验室,徐州 221116
  • 吴明珂,男,2000年生,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为煤矸识别;E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨善国,男,1970年生,安徽安庆人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为智能矿山开采、声纹识别智能放煤、振动噪声分析与控制;E-mail:
Numerical and test study on dynamic characteristics of the tail beam of top coal caving hydraulic supports
Mingke WU1 , Shanguo YANG1, 2, 3 , Yao WANG1, Bin MENG1, Zheng YANG1, Houguang LIU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 2.Jiangsu Province and Education Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Intelligent Mining Equipment, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 3.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mining Equipment Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.006
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为确定放顶煤过程中煤、矸敏感振动特征参数,提高煤矸智能识别精度,研究液压支架尾梁的动态特性。首先,建立放顶煤液压支架与煤矸的刚柔耦合动力学模型,计算放煤过程中液压支架尾梁的振动加速度;其次,利用变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD)对该加速度响应进行分解,得到固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF),并分析每个IMF分量的时域和频域特征;然后,采用t分布式随机邻域嵌入(t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding,t-SNE)方法对这些特征进行降维,并计算不同特征的平均轮廓系数(Average Silhouette Coefficient,ASC),对比研究了煤矸冲击下的尾梁振动特征;最后,搭建放顶煤液压支架试验台,对模型计算结果进行验证。结果表明,尾梁振动加速度IMF分量中的能量、奇异值、频率均值、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差对煤、矸特征较为敏感,可作为煤矸识别的特征参数。

放顶煤  /  煤矸识别  /  有限元法  /  离散元法  /  变分模态分解

In order to determine the sensitive vibration characteristic parameters of coal and gangue in the process of top coal caving and improve the intelligent identification accuracy of coal and gangue, the dynamic characteristics of the tail beam of the hydraulic support were studied. Firstly, the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model of top coal caving hydraulic support and coal gangue was established, and the vibration acceleration of the tail beam of the hydraulic support in the process of coal caving was calculated. Secondly, the acceleration response was decomposed by variational mode decomposition (VMD) to obtain the intrinsic mode function (IMF), and the time domain and frequency domain characteristics of each IMF component were analyzed. Thirdly, the t-distributed stochastic neighborhood embedding (t-SNE) method was used to reduce the dimension of these features, and the average silhouette coefficient (ASC) of different features was calculated. The vibration characteristics of the tail beam under the impact of coal gangue were compared and studied. Finally, the bench of the top coal caving hydraulic support was built to verify the calculation results of the model. The results show that the energy, singular value, mean frequency, peak frequency, spectral centroid and frequency variance in the IMF component of the vibration acceleration of the tail beam are sensitive to the characteristics of coal and gangue, which can be used as the characteristic parameters of the coal and gangue identification.

Top coal caving  /  Coal gangue identification  /  Finite element method  /  Discrete element method  /  Variational mode decomposition
吴明珂, 杨善国, 王瑶, 孟彬, 杨政, 刘后广. 放顶煤液压支架尾梁动态特性数值与试验研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (1) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.006
Mingke WU, Shanguo YANG, Yao WANG, Bin MENG, Zheng YANG, Houguang LIU. Numerical and test study on dynamic characteristics of the tail beam of top coal caving hydraulic supports[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (1) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.006
目前,综放开采技术已经成为我国开采厚煤层的主要方法,也是我国在世界煤炭开采行业的标志性技术[1]。在实际生产过程中,判断放煤口的含矸率是一个至关重要的环节,直接决定了放煤口的关闭时机。然而,现在这一判断过程大多依赖于工人的直觉和经验,综放工作面环境复杂、湿度高、粉尘多、照明不足,使得工人难以准确判断煤矸的混合情况。这种依赖人工判断的方式经常出现欠放和过放的问题。欠放不仅会降低煤炭的回采率,进而影响经济效益,还会增加采空区自然起火的风险,威胁生产安全;而过放则会使得大量矸石被采出,这不仅会降低煤炭的品质,还会增加后续分选处理的难度和成本。因此,实现综放开采自动化是我国煤炭开采必须攻克的关键问题[2]
煤矸的精准识别对实现综放开采自动化具有重要意义[3],为此,基于伽马射线法、雷达探测法、截割应力分析法、图像识别法、红外探测法、高光谱识别法等煤矸识别技术被提出。然而,上述方法存在着采集信号易受开采环境干扰、系统实现成本高等问题。基于液压支架振动信号的煤矸识别方法,具有低实现成本、信号易获取、不易受噪声干扰等优点,成为近几年的研究热点,其振动特征参数的确定是该煤矸识别方法的关键。
目前,研究放顶煤液压支架的振动动态特征主要基于井下实地采集的数据,利用信号处理方法或人工神经网络进行训练。然而,以上方法的有效性依赖于准确可靠的数据,特别是对于机器学习算法,需要大量数据样本的支持。同时,井下现场采样存在困难和风险,试验成本高,作业状况恶劣,环境繁杂。此外,顶煤的赋存条件、尾梁的放煤方式、刮板输送机的运动学参数、液压系统的渐变特征以及顶梁与顶板的相互作用等因素都会影响放顶煤过程[4]
为解决这一问题,ZHAO等[5]采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,基于离散元法-多柔体动力学(Discrete Element Method-Multi Flexible Body Dynamics,DEM-MFBD)双向耦合技术,模拟放顶煤支架放煤过程,获取放顶煤支架尾梁的振动信号,但未考虑颗粒大小及形状对模拟计算的影响。WAN等[6]基于LsDyna中离散元法(Discrete Element Method,DEM)和有限元法(Finite Element Method,FEM)的耦合方法,模拟了放煤全过程,建立了液压支架尾梁有限元模型和煤矸石颗粒离散元模型,但只指出,煤矸掺混阶段的振动信号特征和放煤阶段的振动信号特征有明显的上升趋势,无法作为煤矸识别的依据。
为此,本文构建了放顶煤液压支架-煤矸耦合动力学模型,分析了放顶煤过程中液压支架尾梁动态特性,提取了煤矸识别敏感特征参数并用试验台进行验证。首先,建立放顶煤液压支架与煤矸的刚柔耦合动力学模型,计算放煤过程中液压支架尾梁的振动加速度;其次,利用变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD)对该加速度响应进行分解,得到固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF),并分析每个IMF分量的时域和频域特征;然后,采用t分布式随机邻域嵌入(t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding,t-SNE)方法对这些特征进行降维,并计算不同特征的平均轮廓系数(Average Silhouette Coefficient,ASC),筛选出的煤矸识别敏感振动特征为能量、奇异值、频率均值、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差;最后,搭建放顶煤液压支架试验台,对模型计算结果进行验证。研究结果表明,模拟数据的动态特征与试验数据的动态特征保持一致,验证了模型建立的准确性。这一研究不仅降低了振动数据样本的获取难度,还对实现综放开采自动化具有至关重要的意义。
在模拟颗粒物理状态时,采用了Hertz-Mindlin黏结模型。该模型设定了一个以C为中心、r为半径的圆盘,其上分布着一系列刚度恒定的平行弹簧。这些弹簧模拟了煤岩颗粒间的接触行为,包括法向力Fn、切向力Ft以及力矩M的传递[7],并承受一定切向、法向方向的运动[8-10]。通过调整法向和切向黏结强度,颗粒实现了一定的拉伸和剪切承受能力。颗粒间的作用力超过黏结强度,就会导致黏结的破坏。
在进行降维处理时,使用t-SNE方法。这是一种基于概率模型的无监督学习算法,可以将高维数据映射到低维空间,使得数据点之间的相似性得到最大化。其基本思想是将高维空间中的数据点映射到低维空间,同时保持数据点之间的局部结构和全局结构的特征[11]。计算步骤如下[12]195-204
1)对于数据集中的每对数据点xixj,计算它们之间的相似度:
式中,σi为用于控制点xi的邻域大小的方差。
2)计算高维空间2个数据点xixj的联合概率密度:
3)初始化低维空间的样本数据Z(0)
4)基于自由度1维的t分布计算低维空间样本点的联合概率密度fij和梯度∂C/∂zi
式中,C为K-L散度(Kullback-Leibler Divergence)举例定义的代价函数,
5)更新输出:
式中,h为迭代次数;α为学习率;m为动量因子;∂C/∂Z为目标函数的梯度。
6)若满足迭代次数h,则停止迭代,否则返回步骤4)。
为了量化t-SNE得到的图形,引入了轮廓系数,这是评估聚类算法效果的常用指标之一。它结合了聚类的凝聚度和分离度,能够量化聚类结果的紧密度和分离度[13]。计算步骤如下[12]195-204
1)对于每个数据点i,计算它与同一簇内所有其他数据点的平均距离ai
2)对于每个数据点i,计算它与其他簇中所有数据点的平均距离bi,并选择其中最近的一个作为簇间相似度。
3)对于每个数据点i,计算其轮廓系数,定义为
轮廓系数接近于1,表示簇内数据点相似度高,不同簇之间的差异很大,聚类效果较好。轮廓系数接近于0,表示数据点在簇内的相似度与簇间的差异相当,可能是重叠的聚类或者不明显的聚类。轮廓系数接近于-1,表示数据点更适合分配到其他簇,不同簇之间的差异相比簇内差异更小,聚类效果较差。
总体框架如图1所示,具体步骤如下:
1)对模拟数据和试验数据进行变分模态分解,每个信号分解成8个IMF分量。
2)对于每个IMF分量,进行特征提取并构建数据集矩阵,其中每个特征的矩阵维度为8。
3)将每个特征的数据集矩阵使用t-SNE算法降维至二维空间。然后,计算每个二维特征数据集矩阵的ASC。ASC是评估特征在空间中聚类效果的指标。因此,如果ASC大于临界值0,则将特征归类为敏感特征;如果ASC小于临界值0,则将特征归类为非敏感特征。
4)对比模拟数据和试验数据分别得到的敏感特征,验证模型。
对放顶煤液压支架进行特征简化及合并,将原有零件合并为7个部件,分别为顶梁、底座、前连杆、后连杆、液压缸、掩护梁、尾梁[14]。构建出的放顶煤液压支架刚柔耦合模型如图2所示。
为了建立放顶煤液压支架的有限元仿真模型,首先,根据液压支架的实际工作原理,将底座相对于地面固定,并通过添加虚拟旋转副满足各部件之间的运动关系[15]。同时,在需要设置旋转副的部件之间建立不同标记点,并将各个标记点与轴孔上的相应点进行连接,以确保轴孔上的点都能受到适当的约束和压力[16]。将尾梁设为柔性体,其余部分设为刚体。将液压缸等效为弹簧。在分析与建模过程中,忽略尾梁千斤顶在尾梁自身重力或煤和矸石颗粒冲击力作用下液压油溢出导致的等效刚度变化[17]。同时,通过计算得到弹簧的等效刚度[18],设置弹簧阻尼系数为12 000。
煤和矸颗粒与材料部分参数设置如表1~表3所示。
颗粒的形状会显著影响下落运动情况[19],而放煤过程中存在着大量形状各异的煤和矸石,普通的圆形颗粒无法准确反映形状对其的影响。为准确模拟下落过程和颗粒之间的相互作用[20],对仿真中选用的颗粒大小和形状进行优化,依据试验用煤和矸石的大小、形状各建立了4种形状的颗粒,如图3所示。
在生成过程中确保4种形状的颗粒均占比25%,从而建立放顶煤液压支架的离散元仿真模型。
在模型中,尾梁上方到与顶梁平行的高度覆盖了一层煤,煤的上方再覆盖一层矸石,各4种煤和矸石颗粒都被限制在有限的空间内,共有8种颗粒,用不同的颜色表示。具体的耦合界面如图4所示。
设定总仿真时间为15 s,总步数设为1 500,设置绘图步长因子的大小为100,将求解步与报告步进行匹配。同时确保求解器在结束时间步数的时间点进行计算,并使动画步长和绘图步长匹配,计算之后得到150 000个数据点。
选取垂直于尾梁方向的一组加速度数据进行分析[21],并绘制加速度曲线,如图5所示。
将加速度数据划分为2段,分别为纯煤和纯矸阶段。进行变分模态分解,每个样本分解为8个IMF分量。将2个阶段的加速度数据分别以0.04 s为长度进行不重叠截取,每段包含100个点,获得1 100段数据。对各IMF分量进行特征提取,选取能量、能量矩、奇异值、峰值因子、裕度因子、峭度、频率均值、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差等10种特征,每个特征数据集的矩阵大小为8×1 100,并对其进行归一化处理,对不同特征使用t-SNE将它们降至二维,如图6所示。
对于每个二维特征数据集矩阵,计算其ASC值,并汇总于表4中。
表4可知,模拟振动信号敏感特征为能量、奇异值、频率均值、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差;非敏感特征为能量矩、峰值因子、裕度因子、峭度。由此可见,基于煤矸在尾梁上加速度得到的这些敏感特征更有助于煤矸识别。
为了进一步验证得到的结论,选用ZF8200/17/35型号的放顶煤液压支架,按照1∶5的比例进行等比例缩小[22],设计放煤滑移试验台模型。在新建立的模型中,顶梁、掩护梁和尾梁都以液压支架同型材料简化,即采用Q690的钢板。顶梁和掩护梁的等效钢板通过螺栓固定在型材上。试验台底部配备了地脚螺栓,可用于调平或保持特定的坡度。尾梁与掩护梁之间通过金属合页连接,位于金属合页前部的横梁上安装有弹簧阻尼器。在三块钢板上面垂直于地面的型材之间均配有透明亚克力板,可以清楚地观察放煤过程,也构成了煤和矸石存储的空间。在尾梁钢板与周围型材之间设置有开关,可以控制尾梁钢板开闭。如图7所示,整个试验系统由试验台、数据采集仪等组成。
进行试验前,确保煤和矸石的堆积与仿真一致。完成校准和准备好记录数据后,打开尾梁钢板与型材之间的开关,让煤和矸石开始滑落,同时开始记录振动信号。在煤和矸石完全掉落后,停止信号记录并命名保存数据。将掉落的煤和矸石分开,然后重复以上步骤进行多次试验。取单轴加速度的一组加速度曲线,如图8所示。
图8可以看出,试验得到的加速度曲线与仿真得到的加速度曲线(图5)存在差异。这主要因为试验台是基于实际放顶煤液压支架缩小至1/5制造的,由此引入了新的影响因素。其次,仿真所用煤和矸石形状与试验所用的存在差异,从而导致运动状态存在差异。同时,试验台尾梁材料与仿真材料可能存在区别,导致尾梁在受力时的变形和响应有所不同。此外,试验过程中煤或矸石的碎裂会改变其质量分布和形状,进一步加剧了两者之间的差异。
为了更深入地分析这些差异,将加速度数据划分为两段,即纯煤和纯矸阶段。进行变分模态分解,每个样本分解为8个IMF分量。将两个阶段的加速度数据分别以0.5 s为长度进行重叠截取,重叠率为0.7,每段包含12 800个点,共1 000段数据。对各IMF分量进行特征提取,选取能量、能量矩、奇异值、峰值因子、裕度因子、峭度、频率均值、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差等10种特征。每个特征数据集的矩阵大小均为8×1 100,并对其进行归一化处理,使用t-SNE将不同特征降至二维,如图9所示。对于每个二维特征数据集矩阵,计算其ASC值,并汇总于表5中。
表5可知,试验振动信号敏感特征为能量、奇异值、频率均值、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差,非敏感特征为能量矩、峰值因子、裕度因子、峭度。
虽然仿真结果与试验结果的ASC值差别明显,但通过分析发现,能量、奇异值、频率均值、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差等特征在两组结果中均表现出远大于其他4种特征的趋势。这表明,尽管细节上存在差异,但两组结果的总体趋势是一致的。模拟数据与试验数据的敏感特征与非敏感特征表现出一致性,且两者的数据趋势相吻合。这证明了基于煤矸在尾梁上加速度提取这些敏感特征对煤矸识别具有显著意义,也说明了所建立的模型具有准确性和可靠性。
本文基于有限元-离散元耦合方法建立了放顶煤液压支架与煤矸的耦合动力学模型,研究煤矸敏感振动特征;设计试验台,验证了模型分析结果的可靠性。得出以下结论:
1)对模拟得到的煤矸振动信号利用VMD分解和t-SNE降维,有效规避了虚假分量,减少了数据的冗余信息,并使用ASC指标筛选出能量、奇异值、频率均值、峰值频率、谱心频率、频率方差等敏感特征。
2)建立放顶煤试验台获取试验数据,证明了所建立的模型具有准确性和可靠性,不仅降低了振动数据样本的获取难度,还可丰富样本数量,对实现综放开采自动化具有至关重要的意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52274162)
  • 江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.006
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
  • 修回日期:2024-06-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274162)
国家自然科学基金项目(52274162)
Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)
作者信息
    1.中国矿业大学 机电工程学院,徐州 221116
    2.江苏省矿山智能采掘装备协同创新中心,徐州 221116
    3.智能采矿装备技术全国重点实验室,徐州 221116

通讯作者:

杨善国,男,1970年生,安徽安庆人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为智能矿山开采、声纹识别智能放煤、振动噪声分析与控制;E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jxqd/CN/10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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