Article(id=1241038855952986819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681142400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-11, revisedDate=1689868800000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773816320645, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773816320645, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773816320645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773816320645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241038854333985467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773816320260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819065926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050370550591873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050370554786178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=113, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241038856376611524, articleId=1241038855952986819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Study on constraint of mixed mode crack and failure assessment diagram of pressure-bearing structure, columnId=1241038855537750717, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Fatigue·Damage·Fracture·Failure Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The crack tip constraint and failure assessment diagram (FAD) in both plate specimen and pipe structure were studied to find out the compatibility and correlation of between the sample and piple. Based on the finite element method,constraints at crack tip of central cracked plate (CCP) specimen and cracked pressure pipe were obtained. It was found that crack tip constraint of CCP specimen under uniaxial loading is better matched with thick-walled pipeline under axial tensile loading, while CCP specimen under biaxial loading is better matched with thin-walled pipeline under internal pressure. In addition,the failure assessment diagram of CCP specimen and pipeline were obtained. It was found that FAD of CCP specimen is less related with thickness, when the thickness of pipe is within the range of thick wall or thin wall; was also pointed out that stress parallel to the crack direction increases the failure assessment curve(FAC) of the structure. Finally, it is found that FAC of the central crack plate specimen is higher than that of the pressure bearing pipeline, for the two structures with the same constraint level,and crack tip mixed mode degree and loading mode. That is, it is unsafe to use FAD of CCP specimen to evaluate pipeline.

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MIAO Xinting, E-mail:
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围绕平板试样和管道结构的裂尖拘束度以及失效评定图(Failure Assessment Diagram,FAD)进行研究,旨在探明试样和管道之间的适配性和关联性。基于有限元法获得了中心裂纹板(Central Cracked Plate,CCP)试样以及含裂纹承压管道裂尖的拘束度,发现单轴加载作用下的CCP试样裂尖拘束度与轴向拉载荷作用下的厚壁管道较匹配,而双轴载荷作用下的CCP试样与内压作用下的薄壁管道较匹配。此外,获得了CCP试样和管道结构的FAD,发现CCP试样的FAD受厚度的影响较小;指出平行于裂纹方向的应力是使得结构的失效评定曲线(Failure Assessment Curve,FAC)提高的主要因素。最后,发现具有相同拘束度水平、裂尖复合程度以及加载方式的两种结构,CCP试样的FAC高于承压管道的FAC,即采用CCP试样的FAD评定管道结构是不安全的。

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缪新婷,女,1991年生,江苏东台人,博士研究生,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构完整性与可靠性;E-mail:

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缪新婷,女,1991年生,江苏东台人,博士研究生,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构完整性与可靠性;E-mail:

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articleId=1241038855952986819, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameter of constraints at different crack inclination angles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样
Specimen
载荷类型
Loading type
厚度
Thickness/mm
基于有限元解的拘束度参数
Constraints parameter based on FEM solution T'
基于式(1)的拘束度参数
Constraints parameter based on equation (1) T
30°60°90°30°60°90°
CCP试样
CCP specimen
η=01-120.8-70.7135.0+∞
2-128.1-74.0133.6+∞-123.2-72.3133.5+∞
4-130.7-78.6133.0+∞
η=0.51-55.8-27.957.8139.9
2-63.0-34.252.4132.7-63.5-34.852.8132.9
4-65.8-39.347.8129.2
承压管道
Pressure pipe
拉伸载荷
Tensile load
0.4-37.2-43.6104.0+∞
0.6-45.0-52.6108.7+∞
0.8-47.2-54.9111.1+∞
2.0-118.9-69.7118.5+∞
2.5-123.6-72.6122.6+∞
内压
Inner pressure
0.4138.378.821.4-3.2
0.6129.463.85.9-22
0.8121.359.1-6.5-33.7
2.083.935.5-25.3-165.3
2.566.524.8-137.7-156.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241038879009075501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855952986819, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同裂纹倾斜角下的拘束度参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样
Specimen
载荷类型
Loading type
厚度
Thickness/mm
基于有限元解的拘束度参数
Constraints parameter based on FEM solution T'
基于式(1)的拘束度参数
Constraints parameter based on equation (1) T
30°60°90°30°60°90°
CCP试样
CCP specimen
η=01-120.8-70.7135.0+∞
2-128.1-74.0133.6+∞-123.2-72.3133.5+∞
4-130.7-78.6133.0+∞
η=0.51-55.8-27.957.8139.9
2-63.0-34.252.4132.7-63.5-34.852.8132.9
4-65.8-39.347.8129.2
承压管道
Pressure pipe
拉伸载荷
Tensile load
0.4-37.2-43.6104.0+∞
0.6-45.0-52.6108.7+∞
0.8-47.2-54.9111.1+∞
2.0-118.9-69.7118.5+∞
2.5-123.6-72.6122.6+∞
内压
Inner pressure
0.4138.378.821.4-3.2
0.6129.463.85.9-22
0.8121.359.1-6.5-33.7
2.083.935.5-25.3-165.3
2.566.524.8-137.7-156.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241038879101350195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855952986819, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Summary of parameters of each part

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Figure
部分
Part
裂纹类型
Crack type
复合程度K/(K+K+K)
Mixed degree K/(K+K+K)
加载形式
Loading type
拘束度水平T'
Constraint level T'
Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
0单轴加载(η=0,TL)
Uniaxial loading(η=0,TL)
-120,-40 ()
5(a)Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
0单轴加载(η=0,TL)
Uniaxial loading(η=0,TL)
+∞ ()
Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型
Ⅰ-Ⅱ mixed mode
0.22~0.36单轴加载(η=0,TL)
Uniaxial loading(η=0,TL)
-75左右(
Around the value of -75 ()
Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
0双轴加载(η=0.5,IP)
Biaxial loading(η=0.5,IP)
不相同 ()
Different ()
5(b)Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
0双轴加载(η=0.5,IP)
Biaxial loading(η=0.5,IP)
不相同 ()
Different ()
V
I
I-II复合型
I-II mixed mode
0.2~0.3双轴加载(η=0.5,IP)
Biaxial loading(η=0.5,IP)
50左右 ()
Around the value of 50 ()
), ArticleFig(id=1241038879202013497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855952986819, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各部分参数情况汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Figure
部分
Part
裂纹类型
Crack type
复合程度K/(K+K+K)
Mixed degree K/(K+K+K)
加载形式
Loading type
拘束度水平T'
Constraint level T'
Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
0单轴加载(η=0,TL)
Uniaxial loading(η=0,TL)
-120,-40 ()
5(a)Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
0单轴加载(η=0,TL)
Uniaxial loading(η=0,TL)
+∞ ()
Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型
Ⅰ-Ⅱ mixed mode
0.22~0.36单轴加载(η=0,TL)
Uniaxial loading(η=0,TL)
-75左右(
Around the value of -75 ()
Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
0双轴加载(η=0.5,IP)
Biaxial loading(η=0.5,IP)
不相同 ()
Different ()
5(b)Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
0双轴加载(η=0.5,IP)
Biaxial loading(η=0.5,IP)
不相同 ()
Different ()
V
I
I-II复合型
I-II mixed mode
0.2~0.3双轴加载(η=0.5,IP)
Biaxial loading(η=0.5,IP)
50左右 ()
Around the value of 50 ()
), ArticleFig(id=1241038879403340093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855952986819, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparative analysis schemes of FADs of CCP specimens and pipeline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号-图号
Serial number-figure number
加载方式
Loading type
裂纹
Crack
拘束度水平
Constraint level
研究对象
Research object
1-图10(a)
1-Fig.10(a)
单轴(S)
Uniaxial loading (S)
Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
CCP,η=0 , β=0°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,TL,β'=0°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
CCP,η=0, β=90°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,TL,β'=90°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
2-图10(b)
2-Fig.10(b)
单轴(S)
Uniaxial loading (S)
Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型
Ⅰ-Ⅱ mixed mode
CCP,η=0 , β=30°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,TL,β'=30°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
3-图10(c)
3-Fig.10(c)
双轴(D)
Biaxial loading (D)
Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
CCP,η=0.5 , β=0°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,IP,β'=90°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
CCP,η=0.5, β=90°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,IP,β'=0°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
4-图10(d)
4-Fig.10(d)
双轴(D)
Biaxial loading (D)
Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型
Ⅰ-Ⅱ mixed mode
CCP,η=0.5 , β=0°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,IP,β'=0°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
), ArticleFig(id=1241038879562723649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855952986819, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CCP试样和管道结构FAD的比较分析方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号-图号
Serial number-figure number
加载方式
Loading type
裂纹
Crack
拘束度水平
Constraint level
研究对象
Research object
1-图10(a)
1-Fig.10(a)
单轴(S)
Uniaxial loading (S)
Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
CCP,η=0 , β=0°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,TL,β'=0°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
CCP,η=0, β=90°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,TL,β'=90°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
2-图10(b)
2-Fig.10(b)
单轴(S)
Uniaxial loading (S)
Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型
Ⅰ-Ⅱ mixed mode
CCP,η=0 , β=30°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,TL,β'=30°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
3-图10(c)
3-Fig.10(c)
双轴(D)
Biaxial loading (D)
Ⅰ型
Mode Ⅰ
CCP,η=0.5 , β=0°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,IP,β'=90°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
CCP,η=0.5, β=90°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,IP,β'=0°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
4-图10(d)
4-Fig.10(d)
双轴(D)
Biaxial loading (D)
Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型
Ⅰ-Ⅱ mixed mode
CCP,η=0.5 , β=0°, t∈[1.0 , 4.0]mm
pipe,IP,β'=0°, t∈[0.4 , 2.5]mm
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复合型裂纹拘束度及其承压结构失效评定图研究
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缪新婷 1, 2 , 刘国旭 1 , 张锦波 1 , 彭剑 1, 2 , 别锋锋 1, 2
机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025,47(1): 113-122
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机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025, 47(1): 113-122
复合型裂纹拘束度及其承压结构失效评定图研究
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缪新婷1, 2 , 刘国旭1, 张锦波1, 彭剑1, 2, 别锋锋1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.常州大学 机械与轨道交通学院,常州 213164
  • 2.常州大学 江苏省绿色过程装备重点实验室,常州 213164
  • 缪新婷,女,1991年生,江苏东台人,博士研究生,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构完整性与可靠性;E-mail:

Study on constraint of mixed mode crack and failure assessment diagram of pressure-bearing structure
Xinting MIAO1, 2 , Guoxu LIU1, Jinbo ZHANG1, Jian PENG1, 2, Fengfeng BIE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
  • 2.Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Process Equipment, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.013
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围绕平板试样和管道结构的裂尖拘束度以及失效评定图(Failure Assessment Diagram,FAD)进行研究,旨在探明试样和管道之间的适配性和关联性。基于有限元法获得了中心裂纹板(Central Cracked Plate,CCP)试样以及含裂纹承压管道裂尖的拘束度,发现单轴加载作用下的CCP试样裂尖拘束度与轴向拉载荷作用下的厚壁管道较匹配,而双轴载荷作用下的CCP试样与内压作用下的薄壁管道较匹配。此外,获得了CCP试样和管道结构的FAD,发现CCP试样的FAD受厚度的影响较小;指出平行于裂纹方向的应力是使得结构的失效评定曲线(Failure Assessment Curve,FAC)提高的主要因素。最后,发现具有相同拘束度水平、裂尖复合程度以及加载方式的两种结构,CCP试样的FAC高于承压管道的FAC,即采用CCP试样的FAD评定管道结构是不安全的。

复合型裂纹  /  拘束度  /  失效评定图  /  承压结构

The crack tip constraint and failure assessment diagram (FAD) in both plate specimen and pipe structure were studied to find out the compatibility and correlation of between the sample and piple. Based on the finite element method,constraints at crack tip of central cracked plate (CCP) specimen and cracked pressure pipe were obtained. It was found that crack tip constraint of CCP specimen under uniaxial loading is better matched with thick-walled pipeline under axial tensile loading, while CCP specimen under biaxial loading is better matched with thin-walled pipeline under internal pressure. In addition,the failure assessment diagram of CCP specimen and pipeline were obtained. It was found that FAD of CCP specimen is less related with thickness, when the thickness of pipe is within the range of thick wall or thin wall; was also pointed out that stress parallel to the crack direction increases the failure assessment curve(FAC) of the structure. Finally, it is found that FAC of the central crack plate specimen is higher than that of the pressure bearing pipeline, for the two structures with the same constraint level,and crack tip mixed mode degree and loading mode. That is, it is unsafe to use FAD of CCP specimen to evaluate pipeline.

Mixed mode crack  /  Constraint  /  Failure assessment diagram  /  Pressure structure
缪新婷, 刘国旭, 张锦波, 彭剑, 别锋锋. 复合型裂纹拘束度及其承压结构失效评定图研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (1) : 113 -122 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.013
Xinting MIAO, Guoxu LIU, Jinbo ZHANG, Jian PENG, Fengfeng BIE. Study on constraint of mixed mode crack and failure assessment diagram of pressure-bearing structure[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (1) : 113 -122 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.013
压力容器、压力管道等承压类设备不仅是石油化工、核电、冶金等工业领域中的常用设备,同时也是极易发生重大事故的特殊设备。承压设备在投入使用之前不可避免地存在一些结构缺陷,缺陷的存在以及设备苛刻的使用条件等因素使得承压设备的断裂破坏事故不断增多,因此承压设备的安全一直备受学者的关注[1-2]。钛材料比强度高、耐腐蚀性能好,同时具有较强的断裂韧性,克服了普通材料在比强度与断裂韧性上不可兼得的缺点[3]1308-1314。在化工装备工业中,工业纯钛TA2凭借良好的耐蚀性能和可加工变形性能应用普遍[4]109-114。因此,为了保证承压设备的安全性,对工业纯钛的断裂行为进行系统的研究很有必要。
拘束度作为裂尖状态的表征参数,是准确关联实验室试样与工程结构的桥梁[3]1308-1314;其可以看作是结构对裂纹尖端区材料塑性变形的阻碍,是影响材料断裂行为的重要因素。自20世纪80年代后期以来,断裂力学理论界对裂尖拘束度的定量化进行了广泛的研究,发展出了K-T[4]109-114J-Q[5]J-A2[6]296-307[7]J-TZ[8]K-T-TZ[9]等双/多参数断裂力学理论以及面内面外联合拘束度Ap参数理论[6]296-307T应力表示为平行于裂纹方向的应力,其大小对Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹尖端场有影响[10],可作为线弹性或小范围屈服下Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹的拘束度参数。对于双轴载荷作用下的中心裂纹板(Central Cracked Plate,CCP)试样(力的分解如图1所示[11]),根据T应力的定义则可求得T应力的计算式[式(1)]。MIAO等[12][13]103042经过系统研究得出Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹面内拘束度存在的原因有:Ⅰ型分量加载方式不同;双轴/多轴载荷作用下平行于裂纹面的应力所引起的拘束度不同。此外,WU等[14]40-51采用三维有限元法研究了高温条件下周向表面裂纹的承压管道的拘束度和蠕变裂纹萌生问题,发现拘束度越高的裂纹前沿位置,应力水平越高,蠕变裂纹首先发生的危险性越大。王良军等[15]89-95研究了拘束对管道焊缝应力的影响,发现管道残余应力随着拘束度的上升而增大,拘束水平对焊接残余应力的影响尤为明显。
失效评定图(Failure Assessment Diagram,FAD)作为一种含缺陷结构的安全评定方法,由于其简便又不失安全的特点而被工程界广泛采用,许多评定标准和规范都将其作为含缺陷承压管道安全评定的工程方法,现已被列入国内外多个含缺陷结构的失效评定中,如CEGB/R6[16]3-104、SINTAP[17]、BS7910[18]、API579[19]、FITNET[20]、GB/T 19624—2004[21]。且CEGB/R6规范[16]3-104已引入考虑拘束度效应的FAD评价方法。针对基于拘束度参数T应力和Q的断裂评定,国内外已经进行了一些研究。WANG等[22]研究了采用两个统一约束参数ApAd对含有半椭圆周向内表面裂纹的裂纹管道韧性断裂进行约束的FAD评价方法,发现基于ApAd两个统一约束参数,可以实现基于拘束的裂纹管道韧性断裂的统一FAD评估。WANG等[23]基于Ramberg-Osgood模型,结合拉伸试验要求,建立了基于应力-应变曲线的FAD曲线,能够满足X52-X100管道缺陷的精确评定要求,为管道和环焊缝缺陷评定提供便利和参考。CICERO等[24]针对结构部件断裂的评定方法进行了综述,并对比分析了欧洲FITNET Fitness-for-Service(FFS)和日本International Standardization of Fracture Toughness Evaluation Procedure for Fracture Assessment of Steel Structure(IST)两种纳入拘束度的评定方法的优劣以及局限性。JIN等[25]的结果表明对于低拘束度浅裂纹试样,传统的BS7910选择1方法给出了保守的评价结果,而纳入拘束度的FAD评定结果较为准确,与试验结果接近。MU等[26]则将面内面外统一拘束度参数AP纳入FAD中,建立基于Ap参数的失效评定曲线(Failure Assessment Curve,FAC)。
以上FAC的研究主要围绕I型裂纹,关于复合型裂纹FAC的研究相对较少。因此,本文将围绕含复合型裂纹的试样及管道结构,对其裂尖拘束度及其FAD进行研究,旨在探明双轴载荷、裂纹复合程度的影响,以及管道裂纹裂尖拘束度与双轴载荷作用下CCP的匹配程度。
为研究复合型裂纹拘束度的影响因素,以及平板试样与管道结构之间拘束度的匹配程度,本文以双轴载荷作用下的CCP以及含裂纹的管道结构(Pipe)为研究对象,CCP和管道结构形状及尺寸分别如图2(a)、图2(b)所示。其中,CCP试样的长度和宽度均为2WW取值为20 mm;厚度为B,本文涉及到的试样厚度B有1、2、4 mm;裂纹长度为2a,为避免边界条件的影响,裂纹长度取a/W,取值为0.2;裂纹面与试样底边的倾斜角为β,本文涉及到的倾斜角β有0°、30°、60°和90°,其中0°、90°为Ⅰ型裂纹,30°、60°为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹,角度越大,Ⅱ型裂纹的比例越高。CCP试样端部施加拉伸应力载荷,其中,沿x轴方向的应力定义为Px,沿y轴方向的应力定义为Py,两个方向的应力比Px/Py定义为ηη取值为0、0.5。
管道结构的有限元模型如图3所示。RiRo分别为管道的内、外径;t为管道壁厚,t=Ro-Ri。管道外径Ro固定取值为8 mm,为研究管道壁厚t的影响,内径Ri分别取值为5.5、6.0、7.2、7.4、7.6 mm,共5种厚度。其中,内径Ri在5.5~6.0 mm时的管道为厚壁管道,内径Ri在7.2~7.6 mm时的管道为薄壁管道。将管道长度L取值为100 mm,该长度可有效避免边界条件对裂尖状态的影响。裂纹长度以裂纹前沿半径方向的夹角2φ表示,2φ取值为30°。为保证管道裂纹的倾斜程度与CCP试样一致,将管道裂纹与环向的夹角定义为β',同样取值为0°、30°、60°、90°。其中,0°为管道环向裂纹,90°为管道轴向裂纹,此两种裂纹形式均为Ⅰ型裂纹;30°、60°的管道裂纹裂尖为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型状态,且倾斜角度越大,Ⅱ型裂纹的比例越高。管道结构考虑两种加载方式,一种为拉伸载荷(Tensile Loading,TL),即在管道端部施加拉伸载荷;一种为内压载荷(Inner Pressure,IP),除管道内壁处的内压载荷之外,在端部还需施加由内压产生的拉应力。
本文CCP试样和管道结构使用的材料均采用化工装备行业广泛应用的工业纯钛材料TA2,其材料属性参考文献[11],弹性模量E为118 GPa,泊松比ν为0.34,屈服强度为357 MPa,抗拉强度为570 MPa,延伸率为32%。
本文主要使用Abaqus有限元软件进行CCP试样、管道裂纹拘束度以及FAD的研究。由于CCP试样和管道结构的非对称性,需要分别建立全模型进行研究,建立的有限元网格模型如图3(a)、图3(b)所示。CCP试样端部施加拉应力载荷PxPy,试样端部中心处除受力方向(Px对应x方向,Py对应y方向)其余方向均固定,管道结构端部施加全约束,另一端施加轴向拉伸载荷,或管道内壁施加内压载荷。图3中,有限元模型的裂尖网格采用楔形网格并进行细化,裂尖最小采网格尺寸为0.01 mm,CCP试样和管道壁的网格分十等份,单元类型为线性减缩积分三维单元C3D8R。该网格模型可准确模拟I型以及I-II复合型裂纹裂尖的变形行为[14]40-51[15]89-95
本文采用线弹性T应力作为CCP试样和管道裂尖的拘束度参数,并基于有限元法采用交互作用积分法[27]计算裂尖T应力。对于三维几何结构,由于存在厚度的三维效应,沿厚度方向的断裂参数不一致(断裂参数沿厚度方向逐渐减小,最小值出现在自由表面)[13]103042,所以本文T应力的分析均取裂纹前沿厚度方向上的平均值。以内压载荷作用下的管道(pipe-IP)为例,其T-J曲线如图4(a)所示;T应力与成单调线性关系,如图4(b)所示;其余加载情况(CCP试样的单轴、双轴拉伸载荷以及管道试样的轴向拉伸载荷),曲线与图4基本一致。
基于这一现象,定义无量纲参数,该无量纲参数与裂尖载荷水平无关,可作为裂尖拘束度的定量表示参数。由于本文不考虑裂纹长度的影响(a/W尽量小,以避免边界条件的影响),因此a取值为单位长度1 mm。计算获得新的拘束度参数T',具体数值如表1所示。由表可以看出,T应力与CCP试样及管道结构的壁厚相关,特别是内压作用下的管道结构,裂尖拘束度受壁厚的影响较大。此外,表中还归纳了基于式(1)的理论解,总体而言CCP试样的有限元解和理论解吻合度较高,验证了所提有限元方法的准确性。
基于表1中的拘束度参数T',图5给出了裂尖拘束度参数T'关于裂尖复合程度[K/(K+K+K)]的关系曲线,同时将CCP试样和管道结构的裂尖拘束度参量进行对比分析。由图5可知,CCP试样裂尖拘束度T'随着K分量的增大逐渐增大,并且载荷比η越大,拘束度T'越高。结合T应力的定义,产生这种现象的原因为平行于裂纹方向的应力σxx越高,拘束度T'越高;其根本原因就是平行于裂纹方向的应力可以有效降低裂纹的张开变形。
管道的裂尖拘束度与管道壁厚、加载方式以及裂尖复合程度相关,主要表现为平行于裂纹方向的应力σxx越高,拘束度T'越高。在轴向拉伸载荷作用下的薄壁管道裂尖拘束度要高于厚壁管道,并且薄壁管道裂尖拘束度受管道壁厚的影响较小,而在内压载荷作用下的管道裂纹受壁厚的影响则较大。
单轴加载作用下(即η=0)的CCP试样以及拉伸载荷作用下(TL)的厚壁管道,两者裂尖都呈现Ⅰ型裂纹状态,裂尖拘束度曲线接近;两者结构裂尖的拘束度随着裂尖K分量的增大逐渐增大。双轴加载作用下(即η=0.5)的CCP试样以及内压载荷作用下(IP)的薄壁管道,两者裂尖均呈现Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹状态,裂尖拘束度曲线接近;两者结构裂尖的拘束度随着K分量的增加逐渐增加;但在裂纹倾斜角为30°和60°时,两者裂尖的复合程度有一定的差别,这主要是由CCP试样和管道试样在结构形状上的差别所引起的。
在上述研究分析的基础上,将图5中的CCP试样和管道结构分成6个部分进行比较分析。这6个部分所包含的点分别具有近似的复合程度、加载形式或者拘束度水平,各部分所包含点的参数情况如表2所示。为方便表述,将不同部分对应的拘束度分别定义为。具体分析将在本文第4节中进行阐述。
第3次修订的CEGB R6[14]40-51提供了建立FAC的3种选择,分别简称为选择1曲线、选择2曲线、选择3曲线,并提出了评定含缺陷结构的3种分析方法。其中,选择3曲线是在材料、结构尺寸、缺陷尺寸和加载方式确定下的FAC,该方法基于有限元计算的J积分,精度最高。因此,本文的FAC采用基于选择3曲线的构建方法。其具体方法为
式中,Lr为载荷比;截断线为载荷比的最大临界值。计算式分别为
式中,σf为单轴向流变应力;σy为单轴0.2%屈服应力;P为实际载荷;P0为以σy为基础的塑性极限载荷。
由于断裂参量存在厚度方向的三维效应[15]89-95,本文CCP试样的J积分取厚度方向的平均值作为FAD的纵坐标;试样的极限载荷值参照ASME标准[28]77-80,基于两倍弹性斜率法获得。将裂尖J积分以及极限载荷代入式(2)即可获得FAD。图6给出了载荷比η=0和η=0.5作用下裂尖复合程度以及试样厚度对FAD的影响规律,其中Kr为(Je/J12。对于单轴加载作用下的CCP试样,除β=90°的情况(裂尖无张开应力,试样的失效为极限载荷主导),裂尖的复合程度和试样厚度对试样的FAD影响不大。对于η=0.5作用下的CCP试样,在加载的前期,倾斜角越大,FAC越高;而在加载的后期,倾斜角越大,FAC越低。这主要与裂尖不同加载阶段的受力和变形相关。
图7为双轴载荷比η对CCP试样FAD的影响。对于β=0°的CCP试样[图7(a)],其裂尖呈现为Ⅰ型裂纹状态;η=0.5作用下的FAC高于单轴η=0作用下的FAC。这一现象说明对于Ⅰ型裂纹,平行于裂纹方向的应力σxx可以有效降低结构的风险程度(需注意,结构的安全性还需进一步结合断裂韧性及极限载荷综合考量)。这主要是因为应力σxx可降低由张开应力引起的张开变形,而该变形是引起裂纹产生Ⅰ型断裂失效的主要原因。对于复合型载荷(β=30°)[图7(b)],同样表现为应力比越高,FAC越高,结构越安全。基于式(1)可知,裂尖的σxx随着应力比的增加逐渐增加,因此复合型裂纹FAD中,应力比越高,结构越安全的试验现象也与存在应力σxx相关。对于β=90°的CCP试样[图7(c)],随着加载比例η的增大,FAC逐渐下降;当β=90°,η=0时,试样由极限载荷主导,裂尖不产生张开位移;随着垂直于裂纹方向的力逐渐增大,裂尖产生张开位移,逐渐由极限载荷主导转为极限载荷和裂尖J积分共同主导。
同理,为考虑管道结构的三维效应,本文中FAD中涉及到的J积分均取值为壁厚方向J积分的平均值;参照ASME标准[28]77-80,基于两倍弹性斜率法获得了含裂纹管道的极限载荷[15]89-95。管道壁厚及加载类型对承压管道FAD的影响如图8所示,具体表现为:倾斜角β'=0°时呈现Ⅰ型加载方式,内压作用下的管道FAC高于拉伸载荷作用下的FAC;倾斜角β'=60°和90°时,呈现Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型加载方式,内压作用下的管道FAC先高于拉伸载荷FAC,然后逐渐变为低于拉伸载荷作用下的FAC。产生这种现象的原因是内压载荷作用下的管道裂尖随着β'的增加平行于裂纹方向的σxxT'逐渐降低,而拉伸载荷作用下的管道裂纹随着β'的增加σxxT'逐渐增加。拉伸载荷作用下管道的FAD与壁厚t的相关性随着β'的增大逐渐减小,内压作用下管道的FAD与壁厚t的相关性则随着β'的增大逐渐增大,这同样是受平行于裂纹方向的应力σxx的影响;当σxx增大或者结构趋近于极限载荷主导时,FAD与壁厚t的相关性变小。此外,当管道FAD与壁厚相关时,主要表现为:若为薄壁管道(0.4 mm≤t≤0.8 mm)及厚壁管道(2.0 mm≤t≤2.5 mm),主要为薄壁管道与厚壁管道的影响;而当管道壁厚处在薄壁/厚壁范围之间,即0.8 mm≤t≤2.0 mm时,壁厚的影响则很小。
图9(a)为裂纹倾斜角β'对拉伸载荷作用下管道FAD的影响规律图。其中,β'=90°的管道为极限载荷主导,其FAC位于最上方;而其余管道的FAC则位于下方,各曲线之间差距不明显。图9(b)为裂纹倾斜角β'对内压载荷作用下管道FAD的影响规律图。可以看到FAC随裂纹倾斜角β'的增大逐渐降低,这主要是因为裂纹倾斜角β'越大,平行于裂纹方向的应力σxx越高,进而裂纹张开应力降低,结构的危险系数降低。
根据以上研究分析发现,平行于裂纹方向的应力σxx是双轴载荷作用下影响拘束度T'的主要原因,并且平行于裂纹方向的应力σxx在一定情况下可以有效降低结构的危险程度。为探讨CCP试样和管道结构的FAD之间的关联和区别,以及裂尖拘束度对FAD的影响,本节将通过CCP试样与承压管道的FAD进行对比分析,具体方案如表3所示,共分别进行4组对比分析。对比过程中确保裂尖复合型程度、加载方式相同(单、双轴)或者拘束度水平相同。
基于表3的方案,图10为具有相同裂尖分量、相同载荷形式,以及相同裂尖拘束度的试样和管道结构的对比图。可以看到,对于I型裂纹或者Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹,CCP试样的FAC均高于管道结构的FAC,这意味着采用CCP试样的FAC评定管道结构是不安全的。通过图10(c)可发现,当拘束度T'较高时(),管道结构和平板试样的FAC之间差异较小。特别是当T'趋于+∞时[图10(a)],管道结构和CCP试样的FAD几乎一致;这主要是因为裂尖无张开应力,此时完全由极限载荷主导。以上现象说明,当裂尖拘束度较低时,即使结构裂尖的拘束度一致,结构的FAD仍与结构的具体形状相关;而当裂尖拘束度较高时,由于裂尖张开力较小,结构主要为极限载荷主导,其FAD与结构形状的相关性较小。
此外还需注意,薄壁管道和厚壁管道的FAD受壁厚的影响不同;结构的FAD与壁厚和结构形状等均相关,其中结构形状的影响要大于壁厚的影响。
本文围绕含裂纹的平板试样和管道结构,对其裂尖拘束度以及FAD进行了系统地研究,获得了裂尖拘束度以及FAD的影响因素及变化规律,同时研究了平板试样和管道结构两者的适配性及关联性,主要研究结论如下:
1)在双轴载荷作用下,平行于裂纹方向的应力σxx是裂尖产生拘束度差异的主要因素。单轴加载作用下的CCP试样(η=0)的裂尖拘束度与拉伸载荷作用下的厚壁管道(t>0.8 mm)基本一致;而双轴加载作用下的CCP试样(η=0.5)的裂尖拘束度则与薄壁管道(t<0.8 mm)基本一致。
2)CCP试样和管道结构的FAD与裂尖复合程度、应力比以及试样厚度相关,主要表现为:单轴载荷作用下(除极限载荷主导的情况外),FAD与裂尖复合程度以及试样厚度的相关性较小。双轴加载作用下,Ⅱ型比例越高,FAC越高,结构越安全。即应力比越大,或平行于裂纹方向的应力越高,FAC越高。CCP试样FAD与壁厚相关性较小,而管道结构的FAD则与薄壁管道和厚壁管道的壁厚相关。
3)对于具有相同裂尖分量、相同载荷形式以及相同裂尖拘束度的CCP试样和管道结构,CCP试样的FAC均高于管道结构的FAC,即采用CCP试样的FAD评定管道结构是不安全的。当拘束度T'较高时,管道结构和CCP试样FAD之间的差异较小,其主要原因就是平行于裂纹面的应力降低了裂纹张开力,使得结构逐渐趋于极限载荷主导。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52105141; 52075050)
  • 江苏省高等学校基础科学(自然科学)项目(21KJB460002)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX24_1659)
  • 常州市科技计划项目(CJ20200080)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.013
  • 接收时间:2023-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-11
  • 修回日期:2023-07-21
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52105141; 52075050)
国家自然科学基金项目(52105141; 52075050)
Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(21KJB460002)
江苏省高等学校基础科学(自然科学)项目(21KJB460002)
Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(SJCX24_1659)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(SJCX24_1659)
Science and Technology Planproject of Changzhou(CJ20200080)
常州市科技计划项目(CJ20200080)
作者信息
    1.常州大学 机械与轨道交通学院,常州 213164
    2.常州大学 江苏省绿色过程装备重点实验室,常州 213164
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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