Article(id=1241038855541945022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678464000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-11, revisedDate=1688572800000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773816320548, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773816320548, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773816320548, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773816320548, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241038854333985467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773816320260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819065926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241050370550591873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241050370554786178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241038854333985467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=134, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241038855822963393, articleId=1241038855541945022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Fatigue analysis and optimization of transverse stailizer bar link based on measured load spectrum, columnId=1241038855537750717, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Fatigue·Damage·Fracture·Failure Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve fatigue fracture problem of the transverse stabilizer bar link of a pickup truck, taking the measured load spectrum as support, the fatigue analysis and structural improvement of bar link was carried out based on multi-body dynamics load decomposition method. The load spectrum acquisition test of stabilizer bar link was carried out, and the correlation analysis between sensor signals was conducted, and the validity of the collected signals was verified. Through the kinematics compliance(KC) test, the accuracy of suspension dynamics model was verified, by using virtual iteration method, the accuracy of the vehicle dynamic model is verified by the measured load spectrum signal as excitation. The critical load of bar link was obtained by means of multi-body dynamics load decomposition method, compression rod instability theory method and bench test method respectively, the strength of link was checked and compared with the measured load value, and the accuracy of the three methods was evaluated. The results show that multi-body dynamics load decomposition method can accurately predict the critical load, the bench test method have some errors, and the the compression rod instability theory cannot be directly used for strength check of link. Fatigue simulation and optimization of link were carried out by combining nominal stress method and load spectrum of multi-body dynamics decomposition. The fatigue mileage predicted by simulation is 12 143 km, the relative error value with real life is 14%, which proves validity of simulation method. The structural improvement of the dangerous part of link body port eliminates stress concentration of it, and makes the design life of link meet the service requirements.

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DU Jian, E-mail:
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为解决某皮卡车横向稳定杆连杆疲劳断裂问题,以实测载荷谱为数据支撑,基于多体动力学载荷分解法进行连杆疲劳分析与结构改进。开展稳定杆连杆载荷谱采集试验,进行传感器信号之间的关联分析,验证了采集信号的有效性。通过悬架运动学与柔顺性(Kinematics Compliance,KC)试验,校验了悬架系统动力学模型传力的准确性,采用虚拟迭代法,以实测载荷谱信号为激励,验证了整车动态模型的精度。对比运用多体动力学载荷分解法、压杆失稳理论法、台架试验法3种方法分别获取连杆的临界载荷,对连杆强度进行校核,并与连杆实测载荷值进行对比,对3种方法准确性进行评价。结果表明,多体动力学载荷分解法能精准地预测连杆的临界载荷,而台架试验法结果存在一定误差,压杆失稳理论不能直接用于连杆的强度校核。结合名义应力法与多体动力学分解的载荷谱对连杆开展疲劳仿真与优化,仿真预测连杆疲劳里程数为12 143 km,与真实寿命相对误差值为14%,证明了仿真方法的有效性,对连杆杆身端口危险部位进行结构改进,消除了连杆应力集中现象,使连杆设计寿命满足使用要求。

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杜建,男,1989年生,江苏宿迁人,工程师;主要研究方向为车辆动力学数值仿真与耐久性能开发;E-mail:
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刘志雷,男,1990年生,河北邯郸人,讲师;主要研究方向为底盘动力学数值仿真与耐久性能分析;E-mail:

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刘志雷,男,1990年生,河北邯郸人,讲师;主要研究方向为底盘动力学数值仿真与耐久性能分析;E-mail:

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刘志雷,男,1990年生,河北邯郸人,讲师;主要研究方向为底盘动力学数值仿真与耐久性能分析;E-mail:

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Description of sensor selection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通道统计
Channel
statistics
传感器名称
Sensor name
测量参数
Measurement parameter
单位
Unit
2连杆轴向力
Axial force of the connecting rod
轴向力
Axial force Z
N
24轮心六分力
Wheel center six-component force
纵向力
Longitudinal force Fx
N
侧向力
Lateral force Fy
N
垂向力
Vertical force Fz
N
倾翻力矩
Overturning moment Mx
N·m
制动力矩
Braking moment My
N·m
横摆力矩
Yaw moment Mz
N·m
30加速度
Acceleration
轮心加速度
Wheel center acceleration a
9.8 m/s2
车架加速度
Body acceleration aT
4位移
Displacement
前、后弹簧位移
Displacement of front and
rear springs D
mm
1GPS行驶轨迹
Driving track
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传感器选配说明

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通道统计
Channel
statistics
传感器名称
Sensor name
测量参数
Measurement parameter
单位
Unit
2连杆轴向力
Axial force of the connecting rod
轴向力
Axial force Z
N
24轮心六分力
Wheel center six-component force
纵向力
Longitudinal force Fx
N
侧向力
Lateral force Fy
N
垂向力
Vertical force Fz
N
倾翻力矩
Overturning moment Mx
N·m
制动力矩
Braking moment My
N·m
横摆力矩
Yaw moment Mz
N·m
30加速度
Acceleration
轮心加速度
Wheel center acceleration a
9.8 m/s2
车架加速度
Body acceleration aT
4位移
Displacement
前、后弹簧位移
Displacement of front and
rear springs D
mm
1GPS行驶轨迹
Driving track
), ArticleFig(id=1241038885237617061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Intensified road collection speed and durability specification cycle number at the test site

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道路名称
Road name
凸块路
Bump road
路沿冲击
Curb-shock
右侧倾斜车道
Rights lope lane
井盖路
Manhole
cover road
路障
Barrier
大石铺装路
Cobblestone road
振动路1
Vibration road 1
规则长波路
Regular
longwave road
比利时路
Belgium road
碎石路
Gravel road
循环次数
Cycles
504504504504504504504504504504
车速
Speed/(km/h)
25404040102040202530
道路名称
Road name
浅滩
Shore
长波路
Longwave road
搓板路
Washboard road
扭曲路
Twist road
铁轨路
Railway road
振动路3
Vibration road 3
弹跳坑
Bump pit
左侧倾斜车道
Left slope lane
振动路2
Vibration road 2
坑洼A
Pit-A
循环次数
Cycles
5045045045041 0081 0081 0081 5121 5121 512
车速
Speed/(km/h)
3020405404040404040
), ArticleFig(id=1241038885367640487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验场强化道路采集车速与耐久规范循环数

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道路名称
Road name
凸块路
Bump road
路沿冲击
Curb-shock
右侧倾斜车道
Rights lope lane
井盖路
Manhole
cover road
路障
Barrier
大石铺装路
Cobblestone road
振动路1
Vibration road 1
规则长波路
Regular
longwave road
比利时路
Belgium road
碎石路
Gravel road
循环次数
Cycles
504504504504504504504504504504
车速
Speed/(km/h)
25404040102040202530
道路名称
Road name
浅滩
Shore
长波路
Longwave road
搓板路
Washboard road
扭曲路
Twist road
铁轨路
Railway road
振动路3
Vibration road 3
弹跳坑
Bump pit
左侧倾斜车道
Left slope lane
振动路2
Vibration road 2
坑洼A
Pit-A
循环次数
Cycles
5045045045041 0081 0081 0081 5121 5121 512
车速
Speed/(km/h)
3020405404040404040
), ArticleFig(id=1241038886948893098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison between simulation value and test value of main response index under roll condition

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响应指标
Response indicator
试验值
Test value
仿真值
Simulation value
相对误差
Relative error/%
侧倾前束
Roll toe
3.74.213.5
侧倾外倾
Roll camber
-90-944.4
侧倾中心高度
Roll center height
42444.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241038887045362092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

侧倾工况主响应指标仿真值与试验值对比

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响应指标
Response indicator
试验值
Test value
仿真值
Simulation value
相对误差
Relative error/%
侧倾前束
Roll toe
3.74.213.5
侧倾外倾
Roll camber
-90-944.4
侧倾中心高度
Roll center height
42444.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241038887116665265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Bench test results

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样品编号
Sample number
试验结果
Test result/N
样品编号
Sample number
试验结果
Test result/N
1520.66535.5
2515.47517.8
35388536.8
4523.59532.6
5545.610528.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241038887414460850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

台架试验结果

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样品编号
Sample number
试验结果
Test result/N
样品编号
Sample number
试验结果
Test result/N
1520.66535.5
2515.47517.8
35388536.8
4523.59532.6
5545.610528.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241038887578038711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Multi-body dynamics load extraction of the limit load of the left and right links of the vehicle front suspension

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道路名称
Road
name
凸块路
Bump road
路沿冲击
Curb-shock
右侧倾斜车道
Right slope
lane
井盖路
Manhole road cover
路障
Barrier
大石铺装
Cobblestone road
振动路1
Vibration road 1
规则长波路
Regular
longwave road
比利时路
Belgium road
碎石路
Gravel road
GLF/N91.9286.1384.6176.855222200.683.420091.9
GRF/N-97.1-264-334.8-173-41-210.8-184.3-92.8-198.4-97.1
道路名称
Road
name
浅滩
Shore
长波路
Longwave road
搓板路
Washboard road
扭曲路
Twist road
铁轨路
Railway road
振动路3
Vibration road 3
弹跳坑
Bump pit
左侧倾斜道
Left slope
lane
振动路2
Vibration road 2
坑洼A
Pit-A
GLF/N198.6126.4122.427466251.1244.3145.5227.7152.3
GRF/N-188.9-120.5-121.5-248.7-75-218.7-220-119.3-205.6-153
), ArticleFig(id=1241038887821308348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

多体动力学载荷提取车辆前悬架左、右连杆极限载荷

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道路名称
Road
name
凸块路
Bump road
路沿冲击
Curb-shock
右侧倾斜车道
Right slope
lane
井盖路
Manhole road cover
路障
Barrier
大石铺装
Cobblestone road
振动路1
Vibration road 1
规则长波路
Regular
longwave road
比利时路
Belgium road
碎石路
Gravel road
GLF/N91.9286.1384.6176.855222200.683.420091.9
GRF/N-97.1-264-334.8-173-41-210.8-184.3-92.8-198.4-97.1
道路名称
Road
name
浅滩
Shore
长波路
Longwave road
搓板路
Washboard road
扭曲路
Twist road
铁轨路
Railway road
振动路3
Vibration road 3
弹跳坑
Bump pit
左侧倾斜道
Left slope
lane
振动路2
Vibration road 2
坑洼A
Pit-A
GLF/N198.6126.4122.427466251.1244.3145.5227.7152.3
GRF/N-188.9-120.5-121.5-248.7-75-218.7-220-119.3-205.6-153
), ArticleFig(id=1241038887980691906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparison results of three methods for extracting critical load of the connecting rod

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方法名称
Method name
临界载荷
Critical load /N
实车测试载
荷值
Measured load value /N
对比实车测试
值安全系数
Safety factor
compared to measured test values
多体动力学载荷分解法
Multibody dynamics load decomposition method
384.61
压杆失稳理论法
Theoretical method of buckling of compression
bar
8803822.3
台架试验法
Bench test method
529.51.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241038888416899523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

3种方法提取连杆临界载荷对比结果

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方法名称
Method name
临界载荷
Critical load /N
实车测试载
荷值
Measured load value /N
对比实车测试
值安全系数
Safety factor
compared to measured test values
多体动力学载荷分解法
Multibody dynamics load decomposition method
384.61
压杆失稳理论法
Theoretical method of buckling of compression
bar
8803822.3
台架试验法
Bench test method
529.51.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241038888643391943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Dangerous node data statistics of the connecting rod

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险部位
Dangerous part
疲劳仿真寿命里程
Fatigue simulation
life mileage/km
试验寿命里程
Test life
mileage/km
相对误差
Relative error/%
杆身下部端口
Lower port of the rod body
12 14314 12414
), ArticleFig(id=1241038888781803979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

连杆危险节点数据统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危险部位
Dangerous part
疲劳仿真寿命里程
Fatigue simulation
life mileage/km
试验寿命里程
Test life
mileage/km
相对误差
Relative error/%
杆身下部端口
Lower port of the rod body
12 14314 12414
), ArticleFig(id=1241038888936993228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Deformation of the connecting rod with different diameters under extreme loads

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编号
Number
连杆直径
Link diameter/mm
变形量
Deformation /mm
1106.5
2152.5
3200.043
), ArticleFig(id=1241038889150902735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855541945022, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同直径下的连杆在极值载荷下的变形量

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编号
Number
连杆直径
Link diameter/mm
变形量
Deformation /mm
1106.5
2152.5
3200.043
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基于实测载荷谱的横向稳定杆连杆疲劳分析与优化
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刘志雷 1, 3 , 杜建 2, 3 , 韩杰 3
机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025,47(1): 134-145
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机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025, 47(1): 134-145
基于实测载荷谱的横向稳定杆连杆疲劳分析与优化
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刘志雷1, 3 , 杜建2, 3 , 韩杰3
作者信息
  • 1.河北工业职业技术大学,石家庄 050091
  • 2.三一重机试验检测中心,昆山 215300
  • 3.燕山大学 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,秦皇岛 066004
  • 刘志雷,男,1990年生,河北邯郸人,讲师;主要研究方向为底盘动力学数值仿真与耐久性能分析;E-mail:

通讯作者:

杜建,男,1989年生,江苏宿迁人,工程师;主要研究方向为车辆动力学数值仿真与耐久性能开发;E-mail:
Fatigue analysis and optimization of transverse stailizer bar link based on measured load spectrum
Zhilei LIU1, 3 , Jian DU2, 3 , Jie HAN3
Affiliations
  • 1.Hebei Vocational University of Industry and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
  • 2.Test Center, SANY Heavy Machine Co., Ltd., Kunshan 215300, China
  • 3.Hebei Key Laboratory of Special Delivery Equipment, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.015
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为解决某皮卡车横向稳定杆连杆疲劳断裂问题,以实测载荷谱为数据支撑,基于多体动力学载荷分解法进行连杆疲劳分析与结构改进。开展稳定杆连杆载荷谱采集试验,进行传感器信号之间的关联分析,验证了采集信号的有效性。通过悬架运动学与柔顺性(Kinematics Compliance,KC)试验,校验了悬架系统动力学模型传力的准确性,采用虚拟迭代法,以实测载荷谱信号为激励,验证了整车动态模型的精度。对比运用多体动力学载荷分解法、压杆失稳理论法、台架试验法3种方法分别获取连杆的临界载荷,对连杆强度进行校核,并与连杆实测载荷值进行对比,对3种方法准确性进行评价。结果表明,多体动力学载荷分解法能精准地预测连杆的临界载荷,而台架试验法结果存在一定误差,压杆失稳理论不能直接用于连杆的强度校核。结合名义应力法与多体动力学分解的载荷谱对连杆开展疲劳仿真与优化,仿真预测连杆疲劳里程数为12 143 km,与真实寿命相对误差值为14%,证明了仿真方法的有效性,对连杆杆身端口危险部位进行结构改进,消除了连杆应力集中现象,使连杆设计寿命满足使用要求。

载荷谱  /  多体动力学  /  虚拟迭代  /  疲劳损伤

In order to solve fatigue fracture problem of the transverse stabilizer bar link of a pickup truck, taking the measured load spectrum as support, the fatigue analysis and structural improvement of bar link was carried out based on multi-body dynamics load decomposition method. The load spectrum acquisition test of stabilizer bar link was carried out, and the correlation analysis between sensor signals was conducted, and the validity of the collected signals was verified. Through the kinematics compliance(KC) test, the accuracy of suspension dynamics model was verified, by using virtual iteration method, the accuracy of the vehicle dynamic model is verified by the measured load spectrum signal as excitation. The critical load of bar link was obtained by means of multi-body dynamics load decomposition method, compression rod instability theory method and bench test method respectively, the strength of link was checked and compared with the measured load value, and the accuracy of the three methods was evaluated. The results show that multi-body dynamics load decomposition method can accurately predict the critical load, the bench test method have some errors, and the the compression rod instability theory cannot be directly used for strength check of link. Fatigue simulation and optimization of link were carried out by combining nominal stress method and load spectrum of multi-body dynamics decomposition. The fatigue mileage predicted by simulation is 12 143 km, the relative error value with real life is 14%, which proves validity of simulation method. The structural improvement of the dangerous part of link body port eliminates stress concentration of it, and makes the design life of link meet the service requirements.

Load spectrum  /  Multi-body dynamics  /  Virtual iteration  /  Fatigue damage
刘志雷, 杜建, 韩杰. 基于实测载荷谱的横向稳定杆连杆疲劳分析与优化. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (1) : 134 -145 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.015
Zhilei LIU, Jian DU, Jie HAN. Fatigue analysis and optimization of transverse stailizer bar link based on measured load spectrum[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (1) : 134 -145 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.015
汽车稳定杆可抵抗车辆转向时产生的车身侧倾,提升悬架的侧倾角刚度,改善车辆行驶平顺性与操作稳定性。连杆作为稳定杆子系统重要的组成部件,在受扭变形会承受两端球铰交变载荷作用,极易发生疲劳断裂失效,进而影响悬架整体性能[1-2]
国内外学者与研究机构一般采用台架试验法[3]、压杆失稳理论法[4]及多体动力学载荷分解法3种方法获取稳定杆连杆边界载荷,并对其进行结构性能分析。竺福清等[5]使用台架试验法对连杆一端进行约束,在另一端通过液压作动装置施加载荷对构件进行疲劳分析,发现车辆启动力矩过大引起了连杆疲劳失效。徐国权[6]采用规则正弦位移激励谱对稳定杆进行台架试验,验证构件疲劳耐久性能。但是,台架试验法与压杆失稳理论公式[7]均简化了构件边界条件,将连杆视为理想压杆,受力状态与实际存在较大误差。为了提前预测产品结构疲劳寿命,许期英等[8]采用多体动力学载荷分解法通过搭建悬架子系统模型来获取稳定杆的极限工况边界载荷,对稳定杆进行强度与疲劳性能校核,但是未进一步对悬架多体模型传力特性进行研究,且未深入分析连杆装配于整车时的实际承载状态。目前对车辆底盘件疲劳性能进行评估的方法有等效结构应力法[9]355-362、热点应力法[10]和名义应力法[11]。等效结构应力法与热点应力法主要针对构件焊接特性进行分析,名义应力法可以快速有效地对构件母材开展疲劳损伤分析。
基于以上原因,本文以某型皮卡车前悬稳定杆连杆为研究对象,悬架各部件组件如图1所示。在试验场开展连杆载荷谱采集试验,为分解连杆载荷提供数据输入;考虑稳定杆连杆为非理想压杆,以悬架子系统模型与整车多体动力学模型为载体,获取连杆各方向载荷,通过悬架运动学与柔顺性(Kinematics Compliance,KC)试验验证悬架系统静态传力的准确性,采用虚拟迭代法结合实测试验场载荷谱数据解算连杆疲劳服役载荷谱,进一步复现了连杆在整车道路试验场真实受力状态;对比分析多体动力学载荷分解法、台架试验法、压杆失稳理论法3种方法下的连杆边界载荷与实测载荷的差异,由此评判3种分析方法的准确性,并对连杆结构设计强度进行评价;最后,基于名义应力法对稳定杆连杆开展疲劳寿命预测,与杆件真实寿命进行对比,并对连杆结构进行优化改进。优化方案在整车道路试验中得到了有效性验证,解决了横向稳定杆连杆断裂故障。
载荷谱是开展构件疲劳分析的基础,设计试验并开展强化道路载荷谱采集工作。试验车型为某品牌皮卡,前悬架为双横臂式独立悬架,后悬架为钢板弹簧式非独立悬架,满载质量为3 200 kg,前后轴载荷分配比为2∶3。本次依据试验场20 000 km车辆耐久分析规范,开展试验车载荷谱采集工作。并进行信号有效性分析验证采集信号的有效性。
将车轮六分力传感器安装在试验车前后车轮上,同时在轮毂中心与车架处放置三向加速度传感器,在前后悬架减震弹簧上、下限位块处配置拉线式位移传感器,具体安装位置如图2所示。
为了采集连杆真实载荷谱数据,需要在杆身粘贴单向应变片(图3),杆身应变片布置如图4所示,在轴向布置R1R3测点,在径向布置R2R4测点,组成惠斯通全桥线路,该线路可自动抵消应变片电阻温度的影响,无须配置温度补偿片,且消除了弯曲对连杆的影响。连杆待测应变ε由轴向拉压应变εp与弯曲应变εj组成:
式中,υ为材料泊松比。根据式(1)~式(6)计算稳定杆连杆的拉压应变为
在室内台架上,将连杆标定为二力杆轴向力传感器,建立连杆轴向力与输出应变之间的标定系数,左前连杆标定系数如图5所示。
进行目标车道路载荷谱采集试验之前需要校准安装传感器的灵敏度,确保采集数据的准确性,采用eDAQ型通道数据采集仪对试验信号进行实时采集,传感器选配、测定参数以及测试通道数量如表1所示。根据试验场底盘零部件耐久性试验行驶规范,规划载荷谱采集试验可行性方案,测试工况包括20种强化道路,如表2所示。在强化道路试验开始前,按照车辆满载要求进行配重,利用举升机装置对试验车进行举升,通过采集软件对试验车辆上的传感器实行平衡清零操作。为保证采集数据量能够满足仿真与后期台架试验需求,本次试验采样频率设置为1 024 Hz,同时进行3次循环强化道路采集试验,由于各强化道路之间有较多过渡无损伤路面,需要对各个强化道路进行分割,处理后的比利时路下连杆的实测载荷谱数据如图6所示。
由于数据采集设备的系统误差以及测试时受外界环境的干扰等,实测载荷谱信号个别通道会出现漂移和不合理的奇异值,所以,对原始数据要进行预处理与有效性核查,才能够应用于后续的连杆疲劳仿真分析。
图7中左前轮、右前轮位移信号关于坐标轴对称且有均匀的相位差,且幅值上也一致,符合左、右前轮过扭曲路时的特征,验证了实测信号的可靠性。
根据高频强化道路激励下的车架加速度二次积分减去轮毂轴头加速度二次积分得到的位移信号和位移传感器采集的位移信号相比较,可以检验该加速度信号和位移信号的相关性[9]355-362,在nCode中操作流程如图8所示。图9展示了凸块路工况下左前车架加速度与轮毂轴头加速度进行相关积分处理,与实测左前弹簧位移信号基本保持重合,再次验证了采集数据的准确性。
本文以整车多体动力学模型为载体,分解出稳定杆连杆仿真载荷谱数据,在Adams CAR模块中搭建整车多体动力学模型,由前悬子系统、后悬架子系统、车身子系统、转向子系统及车轮六分力子系统构成。在进行整车模型精度对标之前,需要设计悬架KC试验,与目标车前悬架子系统模型进行对标,悬架子系统模型的搭建,需要获取零部件之间的运动副空间坐标点参数、部件质量惯量参数以及力学性能参数,如弹簧位移刚度、悬置橡胶刚度及阻尼参数等[12],这些参数主要依靠测试进行获得,实测下控制臂衬套曲线如图10所示,由建模参数搭建出悬架子系统模型如图11所示。为了验证稳定杆子系统的准确性,设计悬架KC侧倾试验(图12),将试验值与仿真值进行对比,验证模型的准确性,其中悬架的侧倾刚度曲线对比结果如图13所示。图13表明仿真曲线与试验曲线趋近一致,证明了前悬架稳定杆子系统模型的准确性。同时输出侧倾试验与仿真工况下的侧倾前束、侧倾外倾及侧倾中心高度等响应指标,如表3所示。由表3可知,仿真值较试验值误差小于13.5%,再次说明了悬架子系统模型的精度满足使用要求。
采用虚拟迭代法对目标车模型(图14)进行仿真求解。在软件中设置白噪声信号加载整机模型进行计算,获取模型传递函数F和逆函数F-1。在模型中建立各种类型虚拟传感器请求,包括轮心六分力、轮心三向加速度、车架三向加速度、前螺旋弹簧位移、后钢板弹簧位移信号等。在进行每个强化道路的虚拟迭代计算后,对比仿真信号与实测信号的误差值,若精度达不到使用要求,则修正式(8)中增益系数c;若仿真结果与试验结果误差较小,则模型计算已收敛,输出仿真结果[13]
式中,vn+1为第n+1次迭代信号;vn为第n次迭代信号;c为增益系数;F-1为系统逆函数;xdesired为目标信号;xn为第n次迭代响应信号。
本文选用经过7次迭代的比利时强化道路激励下的左前轮心垂向加速度与左后轮心垂向加速度对比信号,从加速度的整体信号与局部放大信号的比对结果可知,仿真曲线与试验曲线重合度良好,如图15~图16所示。且选用的六分力信号、加速度信号、弹簧位移信号的仿真值与试验值的相对损伤值在0.5~2之间,满足工程项目精度要求[14],如图17所示,其中,LF、RF、LR、RR下标分别代表左前、右前、左后、右后传感器布置位置。通过虚拟迭代法计算比利时路的对标结果表明,本次建立的整车多体动力学模型精度满足部件载荷分解使用要求,输出该路面下的连杆承载的3个方向的动态虚拟载荷谱,如图18所示。由图18可以看出,连杆并非仅存在杆件轴向(垂向)的受力,在径向(纵向与侧向)也存在较大的载荷的影响。
研究受压杆件承载能力问题,其大小不仅取决于刚度与强度,还取决于杆件在受载时,能够保持原有平衡状态的能力。杆件维持原有平衡状态的能力称为杆件的稳定性,有压力存在时,杆件平衡状态发生突然变化,杆件此时处于失稳(屈曲)状态[15]
工程上把无偏心轴向受压的均匀直杆称为理想压杆。为了简化分析理想压杆问题,得到可用的工程简明设计计算式,在确定理想压杆临界力时,进行了如下简化:剪切变形的影响忽略不计,且不考虑受力时杆件的轴向变形。
理想压杆临界力欧拉公式为
式中,Pcr为临界压力;E为压杆材料的弹性模量;I为压杆横截面的形心主惯性矩,如果杆件两端截面约束不同截面位置,I取压杆截面最小形心主惯性矩;μ为压杆长度系数,反映了不同约束条件对压杆临界力的影响;l为压杆两约束端间的长度。本文根据临界力欧拉公式及连杆尺寸计算出临界载荷为880 N。
试制10根稳定杆连杆用于台架试验。试验时,为模拟整车的装配方式,将连杆两端进行铰接,放置于材料拉伸试验台架上,使用15 mm/min的速度沿轴向对连杆加载,直至杆件发生屈服,记录此时临界状态的载荷,如表4所示。对10根试件台架试验结果取均值,得到连杆临界载荷为529.5 N。
采用多体动力学载荷分解法提取试验场20种强化道路工况下的车辆前悬架左前连杆(GLF)与右前连杆(GRF)极值载荷,提取结果如表5所示。由表5可知,最大临界载荷出现在右侧倾斜车道行驶工况,数值为384.6 N。
实车状态下的连杆在试验场道路试验中,发生连杆被压弯的状态,与连杆在台架测试及压杆失稳状态保持一致,均处于临界状态,如图19所示。故将3种方法下的连杆临界载荷结果与实车测试结果进行比对,如表6所示。由表6可知,3种方法中,多体动力学载荷分解方法精度最高,与实测值基本保持一致,即10 mm杆径为该车型稳定杆连杆的临界尺寸,无设计安全余量;而相同情况下,失稳理论法和台架试验法校核结果均未能预测出该杆径下的稳定杆连杆有弯曲风险。这是由于压杆失稳理论法将连杆视为理想压杆,且连杆处于微弯状态[16],仅承受压缩载荷,所以压杆失稳理论法与实际存在较大误差,不能用于连杆的强度校核。台架试验法载荷加载位置与实车测试保持一致,但在试验中,杆件仅处于受压状态,与实际状态存在差异,故其对比结果存在一定误差。
试验车前稳定杆连杆在试验场进行强化道路试验时,发生断裂,如图20所示。失效样件断口有明显贝纹线和海滩波纹,判定连杆失效形式属于疲劳失效范畴[17]
为了分析连杆断裂原因,本文根据疲劳分析要求,建立稳定杆连杆的有限元模型(图21),模型网格平均尺寸为5 mm,杆体与端头均采用2 mm网格尺寸进行细化处理,采用体单元与壳单元混合建模。其中,连杆本体建模采用六面体单元,两端连接部件采用壳单元进行建模。
本文基于名义应力法对连杆进行疲劳分析与优化。名义应力法是一种基于材料力学理论,确定分析部件名义应力谱,参考材料S-N曲线,根据疲劳损伤累积准则进行疲劳寿命计算的一种方法,在车辆领域中使用较为广泛。根据连杆单位载荷作用下的应力场和连接点处的载荷-时间历程,在疲劳分析商用软件nCode中利用该方法对连杆分别进行疲劳寿命预测,计算流程如图22所示。
本文采用惯性释放法,在Hyperworks软件的Nastran模块中,求解连杆的单位载荷应力场结果。惯性释放就是使用结构的惯性力来平衡外力。没有对模型中的连杆结构进行约束,分析时假设结构处于一种“静态”的平衡状态,软件对模型节点自动设置6个自由度的虚支座。针对该支座,模型首先计算在外力作用下单元节点在每个方向下的加速度,然后将加速度转化为惯性力反向施加到每个节点上,构建一个平衡力系(支座反力等于0),由此求解得到位移可描述为所有节点相对于该支座的相对运动。在连杆与减震器支架连接点、稳定杆本体连接点处,设置reb2单元连接连杆端头衬套单元形成主节点,在主节点上设置12个单位载荷对连杆有限元模型进行静力学加载,如图23所示。最后采用惯性释放法求解单位载荷下的应力场结果,生成op2格式结果文件,在nCode软件中点击FEINput,进行有限元结果文件的导入。
前文已采用虚拟迭代法,以整机多体动力学模型为载体,分解出各类型强化道路下的连杆动态载荷-时间历程数据,在nCode软件中,点击S-N疲劳计算设置中的Edit Load Mapping,对连杆12个单位载荷作用下各通道应力场结果与载荷-时间历程数据进行映射关联。
在nCode软件中,点击S-N疲劳设置中的Edit Material Mapping,根据母材的材料类型、缺口等级、截面形状、承载方式的不同,量化表征待分析构件的疲劳强度等级,根据疲劳等级“对号入座”挑选对应的连杆材料S-N曲线。本次分析的连杆材料采用20#钢材料,材料屈服强度≥245 MPa,抗拉强度≥410 MPa,采用疲劳试验装置(图24),测试获取连杆真实材料S-N曲线,如图25所示。对于疲劳分析存活率的设置,存活率越大,构件的寿命越小,对应结构的损伤就越大。由于连杆属于新开发产品,无法直接获取零部件存活率数值,只能通过相关的材料耐久性试验定义存活率水平。然后,通过相关的修正系数应用到具体的结构上,一般情况下默认取计算中值(50%存活率)水平性能参数作为基本输入,计算出疲劳寿命与构件平均试验寿命进行比较。考虑到结构件平均应力、结构板厚、温度等相关因素的影响,根据疲劳修正准则,对名义应力谱及材料S-N曲线进行必要的修正,在软件中采用Goodman法修正平均应力的影响[18]
对稳定杆连杆进行各类型强化道路激励下疲劳损伤计算,生成各强化道路下的连杆疲劳损伤结果文件,根据Miner线性疲劳损伤累积准则[19]和20 000 km强化道路耐久循环数要求(表2),在Hyperview后处理软件中,将各工况下的疲劳结果以hyp文件格式按照耐久循环次数进行线性叠加,即可完成连杆总损伤的计算。
仿真结果表明,连杆最大损伤发生在杆身下部端头位置,疲劳损伤值为1.647,与连杆道路试验开裂部位相同,疲劳损伤云图如图26所示。统计连杆疲劳仿真寿命里程,并与道路试验结果进行对比,如表7所示。由7可知,结合名义应力法与多体动力学载荷分解法预测连杆疲劳寿命里程为12 143 km,统计3辆试验车6根连杆的道路试验下构件平均寿命里程为14 124 km,连杆仿真寿命与试验真实寿命相对误差为14%,证明了仿真方法的准确性。
最后,对连杆危险部位进行结构改进,取消连杆下部端部缩口位置,改进方案如图27所示。取右侧倾斜道路工况极值载荷对连杆改进前后结构进行静态强度对比仿真分析,结果如图28所示,结构改进前连杆的仿真应力为197 MPa,仿真预测连杆危险部位为下部端部缩口位置,该部位缩口结构造成了结构存在应力集中现象;改进后,仿真应力下降为50 MPa,最大应力部位为连杆杆身靠上端处。采用疲劳仿真技术,对结构改进前后连杆进行对比分析,改进后的连杆较改进前疲劳损伤值从1.647降低为2.92×10-9图29),寿命提升明显,达到了产品寿命设计要求,且最后通过试验场强化道路试验验证了改进方案的有效性。
由于汽车试验场强化道路存在扭曲路和倾斜道路,该道路工况属于极限验证工况范畴,导致车辆悬架左右轮高程保持不同,连杆在通过上述两种道路时都存在压弯情况。为此,本文通过增加连杆直径来解决此问题。由上文分析可知,右侧倾斜道路工况临界极值载荷最大,且连杆在此工况下发生压弯现象,故取右侧倾斜道路工况下的极值载荷对不同直径下的连杆有限元模型进行加载,求解不同直径的连杆变形量,统计仿真结果如表8所示。由表8可知,在其他条件不变的情况下,连杆的直径增大,连杆的横截面积随之增大,连杆变形量逐渐减小,连杆的稳定性也随之增强,3种不同直径的连杆中,编号3直径为20 mm的连杆抗弯性能最好,变形量仅为0.014 mm,可满足产品使用要求,故选用该直径的连杆作为最终选型,来避免连杆发生压弯现象。
本文综合采用载荷谱采集技术、虚拟迭代法、多体动力学载荷分解法、名义应力法对稳定杆连杆开展疲劳仿真与优化分析,得到如下结论:
1)通过信号对称性和相关性校验,证明采集的试验场数据的有效性。悬架KC试验中侧倾工况的响应指标表明,悬架子系统模型的误差小于13.5%;采用虚拟迭代法复现比利时强化道路工况,经过7次虚拟迭代,信号的相对损伤值满足工程实际要求0.5~2值域间,验证了动态整车多体动力学模型的准确性。
2)3种临界载荷方法对比结果表明,多体动力学载荷分解法精度高于压杆理论法与台架试验法,能够精准地预测连杆的临界载荷;而台架试验法与失稳理论法将连杆视为理想压杆,且仅承受压缩载荷,与实测载荷值存在一定误差。
3)对连杆进行疲劳仿真,仿真预测连杆危险部位为杆身下部端头位置,与连杆道路试验开裂位置相同,仿真预测连杆疲劳寿命里程为12 143 km,与连杆真实寿命里程14 124 km的相对误差为14%,证明了仿真方法的准确性。对连杆进行结构优化,在右侧倾斜道路行驶工况下,连杆应力从197 MPa下降为50 MPa,疲劳损伤值从1.647下降为2.92×10-9,降幅明显,满足产品设计要求,且通过道路试验验证了改进方案的有效性。为防止连杆在道路试验中发生压弯现象,将杆身直径从10 mm增大至20 mm,使连杆变形量从6.5 mm减小至0.043 mm,满足产品使用要求。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51775481)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.015
  • 接收时间:2023-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-11
  • 修回日期:2023-07-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51775481)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51775481)
作者信息
    1.河北工业职业技术大学,石家庄 050091
    2.三一重机试验检测中心,昆山 215300
    3.燕山大学 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,秦皇岛 066004

通讯作者:

杜建,男,1989年生,江苏宿迁人,工程师;主要研究方向为车辆动力学数值仿真与耐久性能开发;E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jxqd/CN/10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.015
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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