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In order to investigate the relation between abrasion and crack initiation in the welded zone of rails and axle weight and friction coefficient, through the field measurement of a large number of uneven weld zones, two kinds of typical weld zone uneven data were fitted, and two kinds of typical uneven wheel-rail contact finite element models of upper convex and lower concave weld zones were established. Combined with the friction work model and Archard wear theory, the maximum wear cross section of the welded zone was predicted, and the crack initiation life of the welded zone was predicted based on the Jiang-Sehitoglu model. It is found that with the increase of axle load, the abrasion rate of both the upper convex and lower concave weld zone increases, and the abrasion rate of the upper convex weld zone increases significantly when the axle load reaches 16 t, while the abrasion rate of the lower concave weld zone increases significantly when the axle load reaches 18 t. When the friction coefficient increases from 0.2 to 0.35, the maximal abrasion amount of the two types of weld zones of the upper convex and the lower concave is 1.93 mm and 1.08 mm, respectively. The abrasion rate of the upper convex type increases significantly at a friction coefficient of 0.3, while the abrasion rate of the lower concave type increases significantly at a coefficient of 0.35. When the axle load increases from 12 t to 18 t, the service life of the upper convex weld zone decreases less, while the service life of the lower concave weld zone decreases more. In addition, when the friction coefficient is increased from 0.2 to 0.35, its effect on the service life of the upper convex weld zone is significantly smaller than that of the axle load (12-18 t). However, when the friction coefficient is increased from 0.2 to 0.35, the effect on the service life of the lower concave weld zone is comparable to that of the axle load (12-18 t). The results show that with the increase of axle load and friction coefficient, the influence of concave irregularity on the life of rail welding zone is more significant. In the process of engineering maintenance, we should pay attention to the appearance of concave welding zone and mark and repair it in time.

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LIN Fengtao, E-mail:
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为探究钢轨焊接区的磨耗及裂纹萌生与轴重及摩擦因数的关系,通过对大量不平顺焊接区的实地测量,拟合了两种典型焊接区的不平顺数据,建立了上凸和下凹两类典型焊接区不平顺轮轨接触的有限元模型。结合摩擦功模型和Archard磨耗理论,对焊接区最大磨耗截面进行预测,基于Jiang-Sehitoglu模型对焊接区裂纹萌生寿命进行预测。发现随着轴重的增加,上凸及下凹焊接区的磨耗速率均增大;且轴重达到16 t时上凸型焊接区磨耗速率显著增大,而下凹型焊接区在轴重达到18 t时磨耗速率显著增大;摩擦因数从0.2增加到0.35,上凸和下凹两类焊接区最大磨耗量分别为1.93 mm、1.08 mm;且上凸型焊接区磨耗速率在摩擦因数为0.3时显著增大,而下凹型焊接区磨耗速率在摩擦因数为0.35时显著增大。轴重从12 t增加到18 t,上凸型焊接区服役寿命的衰减幅度较小,而下凹型焊接区服役寿命衰减幅度较大。此外,当摩擦因数从0.2增加至0.35时,其对上凸型焊接区服役寿命的影响明显小于轴重(12~18 t)的影响。然而,当摩擦因数从0.2增加至0.35时,其对下凹型焊接区服役寿命的影响与轴重(12~18 t)的影响相当。结果表明,随着轴重和摩擦因数的增加,对钢轨焊接区下凹型不平顺的寿命影响更加显著;在工务维护过程中,应着重关注下凹型焊接区的出现并及时标记和修复。

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林凤涛,男,1977年生,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为轮轨关系及列车运维新技术;E-mial:

谭荣凯,男,1990年生,江西丰城人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为轨道车辆关键部件服役性能;E-mail:

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林凤涛,男,1977年生,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为轮轨关系及列车运维新技术;E-mial:

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林凤涛,男,1977年生,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为轮轨关系及列车运维新技术;E-mial:

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谭荣凯,男,1990年生,江西丰城人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为轨道车辆关键部件服役性能;E-mail:

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Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures200023(1):19-32., articleTitle=A fatigue criterion for general multiaxial loading, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241038879122321716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855265120955, awardId=52065021, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52065021), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038879239762234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855265120955, awardId=52065021, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52065021), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038879399145788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855265120955, awardId=S2021GDKX1442, language=EN, fundingSource=Jiangxi “Double Thousand Plan” Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project(S2021GDKX1442), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241038879554335038, 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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855265120955, language=CN, label=图11, caption=焊接区裂纹萌生寿命, figureFileSmall=yv5l8ZnYopNXGnDxrZMiHw==, figureFileBig=1WX5DoNCHYOTkFnvsvnNag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241038878111494425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855265120955, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of materials under the rail

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材料
Material
泊松比
Poisson ratio
密度
Density/(kg/m3)
弹性模量
Elasticity modulus/GPa
轨道板
Track board
0.32.5×1030.2
CA砂浆层
CA mortar layer
0.31.8×10324
道床Roadbed0.32.7×10335
), ArticleFig(id=1241038878245712156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855265120955, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轨下材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
泊松比
Poisson ratio
密度
Density/(kg/m3)
弹性模量
Elasticity modulus/GPa
轨道板
Track board
0.32.5×1030.2
CA砂浆层
CA mortar layer
0.31.8×10324
道床Roadbed0.32.7×10335
), ArticleFig(id=1241038878472204574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241038855265120955, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Rail material parameters

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材料
Material
泊松比
Poisson ratio
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
弹性模量
Elasticity modulus /GPa
母材Base metal0.3524206
热影响区
Heat affected zone
0.3464206
焊缝区Weld area0.3460206
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钢轨材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
泊松比
Poisson ratio
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
弹性模量
Elasticity modulus /GPa
母材Base metal0.3524206
热影响区
Heat affected zone
0.3464206
焊缝区Weld area0.3460206
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Rail fatigue material parameters

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参数Parameterbc
值Value-0.108 4-0.550 11 0150.509 4
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钢轨疲劳材料参数

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参数Parameterbc
值Value-0.108 4-0.550 11 0150.509 4
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钢轨不平顺焊接区的磨耗及裂纹萌生预测
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林凤涛 1, 2, 3 , 王子旭 2, 3, 4 , 谭荣凯 1, 2, 3 , 张子豪 5 , 杜瑞廷 2, 3 , 史志勤 2, 3
机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025,47(1): 146-154
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机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025, 47(1): 146-154
钢轨不平顺焊接区的磨耗及裂纹萌生预测
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林凤涛1, 2, 3 , 王子旭2, 3, 4, 谭荣凯1, 2, 3 , 张子豪5, 杜瑞廷2, 3, 史志勤2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.华东交通大学 轨道交通基础设施性能监测与保障国家重点实验室,南昌 330013
  • 2.华东交通大学 载运工具与装备教育部重点实验室,南昌 330013
  • 3.机车车辆智能运维铁路行业重点实验室,南昌 330013
  • 4.中国铁路西安局集团有限公司西安机务段,西安 710000
  • 5.中国铁路太原局集团有限公司,太原 030013
  • 林凤涛,男,1977年生,内蒙古赤峰人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为轮轨关系及列车运维新技术;E-mial:

    谭荣凯,男,1990年生,江西丰城人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为轨道车辆关键部件服役性能;E-mail:

Wear and crack initiation prediction of rail irregularity welding zone
Fengtao LIN1, 2, 3 , Zixu WANG2, 3, 4, Rongkai TAN1, 2, 3 , Zihao ZHANG5, Ruiting DU2, 3, Zhiqin SHI2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring and Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Conveyance and Equipment of Ministry of Education, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Railway Industry of Intelligent Operation and Maintenance for Locomotive Vehicle, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 4.Xi’an Locomotive Depot, China Railway Xi’an Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710000, China
  • 5.China Railway Taiyuan Group Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030013, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.016
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为探究钢轨焊接区的磨耗及裂纹萌生与轴重及摩擦因数的关系,通过对大量不平顺焊接区的实地测量,拟合了两种典型焊接区的不平顺数据,建立了上凸和下凹两类典型焊接区不平顺轮轨接触的有限元模型。结合摩擦功模型和Archard磨耗理论,对焊接区最大磨耗截面进行预测,基于Jiang-Sehitoglu模型对焊接区裂纹萌生寿命进行预测。发现随着轴重的增加,上凸及下凹焊接区的磨耗速率均增大;且轴重达到16 t时上凸型焊接区磨耗速率显著增大,而下凹型焊接区在轴重达到18 t时磨耗速率显著增大;摩擦因数从0.2增加到0.35,上凸和下凹两类焊接区最大磨耗量分别为1.93 mm、1.08 mm;且上凸型焊接区磨耗速率在摩擦因数为0.3时显著增大,而下凹型焊接区磨耗速率在摩擦因数为0.35时显著增大。轴重从12 t增加到18 t,上凸型焊接区服役寿命的衰减幅度较小,而下凹型焊接区服役寿命衰减幅度较大。此外,当摩擦因数从0.2增加至0.35时,其对上凸型焊接区服役寿命的影响明显小于轴重(12~18 t)的影响。然而,当摩擦因数从0.2增加至0.35时,其对下凹型焊接区服役寿命的影响与轴重(12~18 t)的影响相当。结果表明,随着轴重和摩擦因数的增加,对钢轨焊接区下凹型不平顺的寿命影响更加显著;在工务维护过程中,应着重关注下凹型焊接区的出现并及时标记和修复。

铁道工程  /  轮轨关系  /  磨耗预测  /  裂纹萌生预测

In order to investigate the relation between abrasion and crack initiation in the welded zone of rails and axle weight and friction coefficient, through the field measurement of a large number of uneven weld zones, two kinds of typical weld zone uneven data were fitted, and two kinds of typical uneven wheel-rail contact finite element models of upper convex and lower concave weld zones were established. Combined with the friction work model and Archard wear theory, the maximum wear cross section of the welded zone was predicted, and the crack initiation life of the welded zone was predicted based on the Jiang-Sehitoglu model. It is found that with the increase of axle load, the abrasion rate of both the upper convex and lower concave weld zone increases, and the abrasion rate of the upper convex weld zone increases significantly when the axle load reaches 16 t, while the abrasion rate of the lower concave weld zone increases significantly when the axle load reaches 18 t. When the friction coefficient increases from 0.2 to 0.35, the maximal abrasion amount of the two types of weld zones of the upper convex and the lower concave is 1.93 mm and 1.08 mm, respectively. The abrasion rate of the upper convex type increases significantly at a friction coefficient of 0.3, while the abrasion rate of the lower concave type increases significantly at a coefficient of 0.35. When the axle load increases from 12 t to 18 t, the service life of the upper convex weld zone decreases less, while the service life of the lower concave weld zone decreases more. In addition, when the friction coefficient is increased from 0.2 to 0.35, its effect on the service life of the upper convex weld zone is significantly smaller than that of the axle load (12-18 t). However, when the friction coefficient is increased from 0.2 to 0.35, the effect on the service life of the lower concave weld zone is comparable to that of the axle load (12-18 t). The results show that with the increase of axle load and friction coefficient, the influence of concave irregularity on the life of rail welding zone is more significant. In the process of engineering maintenance, we should pay attention to the appearance of concave welding zone and mark and repair it in time.

Railway engineering  /  Wheel-rail relation  /  Wear prediction  /  Crack initiation prediction
林凤涛, 王子旭, 谭荣凯, 张子豪, 杜瑞廷, 史志勤. 钢轨不平顺焊接区的磨耗及裂纹萌生预测. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (1) : 146 -154 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.016
Fengtao LIN, Zixu WANG, Rongkai TAN, Zihao ZHANG, Ruiting DU, Zhiqin SHI. Wear and crack initiation prediction of rail irregularity welding zone[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (1) : 146 -154 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.016
随着中国高速铁路的迅猛发展,无缝钢轨作为确保动车组行驶平稳性的关键,在高速铁路的建设中被广泛使用。然而,钢轨焊接区是钢轨损坏的多发地带。由于钢轨母材与焊接材料存在性能差异以及精度偏差,钢轨焊接接头不平顺度可超过普通钢轨10 dB以上,而焊接区接头不平顺会引起轮轨冲击加剧[1-3],导致钢轨磨耗加剧,影响钢轨的服役周期[4-7];较大的轮轨冲击还会降低车辆运行的平稳性,危及行车安全。
国内外开展了大量有关焊接区磨损的研究,大量实测数据表明,焊接区的磨耗速度远大于正常区域[8]。向鹏程等[9]利用冲击磨损试验机对钢轨焊接接头进行冲击试验,得到焊接接头磨损程度与钢轨硬度成正相关,硬度越低,冲击深度和磨损体积越大。MA等[10]通过仿真和试验研究,发现钢轨焊接接头的残余应力较大,会加快焊接接头的磨损速度。李霞等[11]运用Kalker三维非赫兹滚动接触模型和材料磨损模型对地铁钢轨凹型焊接接头波磨初期演化过程进行仿真,仿真结果与实测结果基本吻合。黄彩虹等[12]55-62运用Archard磨耗理论基于实测数据预测了轮轨磨耗后廓形的演变以及磨耗量的变化动态。由于Kalker三维非赫兹滚动接触模型和Archard磨耗理论只对单一硬度值进行表征计算,不能很好地反映不同屈服强度下的磨耗差异现象。为了准确预测轮轨磨耗,LEWIS等[13]设计了一种磨耗函数,将摩擦功进行精细处理,通过对比实际测量数据,验证了该磨耗函数的计算结果具有很高的准确性。然而,目前对钢轨焊接区磨耗预测的研究比较少,因此结合上述方法对钢轨焊接区磨耗进行预测是很有必要的。
对于钢轨焊接区的裂纹萌生寿命问题,国内外专家展开了大量的研究。在疲劳仿真试验中发现,材料不均匀的位置易出现疲劳裂纹,缩短钢轨的使用寿命[14],钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命会随钢轨硬度的提高而延长[15]。DENG等[16]基于Jiang-Sehitoglu疲劳损伤模型,深入探究了在不同干湿条件下,轮轨接触关系对钢轨裂纹萌生寿命的影响。李伟等[17]采用Jiang-Sehitoglu疲劳损伤模型计算非稳态载荷条件下轮轨接触状态的残余应力,分析钢轨疲劳萌生寿命。RIBEAUCOURT等[18]通过Jiang-Sehitoglu疲劳损伤模型预测钢轨的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命,与现场实测数据相比误差较小,验证了Jiang-Sehitoglu疲劳损伤模型的可靠性。由于焊接区材料的复杂性和硬度的变化,焊接区的裂纹萌生寿命与普通钢轨的裂纹萌生寿命产生差异,因此基于Jiang-Sehitoglu疲劳损伤模型对钢轨焊接区进行裂纹萌生寿命预测存在必要性。
由于钢轨焊接区材料的差异性以及硬度变化的复杂性,焊接区的磨耗发展和服役寿命与钢轨母材不同。依据铁路相关标准,焊接区低踏量大于0.3 mm即为重伤,但该标准安全裕度较高,实际运营线路中存在大量欠打磨焊缝。因此,针对欠打磨焊缝进行磨耗和服役寿命预测是非常有必要性的。本文对某线路大量欠打磨焊缝进行测量。由于钢轨焊接区材料属性和表面轮廓的差异性,焊接区内磨耗分布呈现非均匀磨耗,即钢轨各个横截面处磨耗量有较大差异,故基于Archard磨耗理论确定焊接接头磨耗速率最大截面,以节省大量计算时间,提高计算效率,再运用摩擦功理论对焊接接头磨耗速率最大截面磨耗进行预测[19]104-111,基于Jiang-Sehitoglu疲劳损伤模型对裂纹萌生寿命进行计算,为钢轨焊接区养护维修提供技术支持。
列车行驶过程中,轮轨接触的同时存在两种运动形式,即纵向滚动及相对滑动。假定车轮在接触斑内的滑动为局部轻微滑动,可简化为
式中,N为接触区域法向受力;k为磨耗因数;a为接触斑长半轴长度;b为接触斑短半轴长度;H为材料硬度;ξ为纵向蠕滑率;φ为横向蠕滑率;η为自旋蠕滑率。
通过理想条件假定并结合实际工况[19]108,轮轨接触的相对位置满足的正态分布规律为
式中,s为轮轨横向位置;μ为数学期望;σ为标准差。
接触斑摩擦功为单个接触点力与位移的乘积,即
式中,Wij为摩擦功;Fij为切向力;Sij为相对位移。
将不同横移量的接触斑摩擦功按照正态分布函数叠加,即
式中,轮对不同横移量下的接触次数定义为n1n2n3,…,nmn为磨耗总次数;W为累计磨耗量矩阵;Pm为不同横移量下的摩擦功矩阵;m ∈ [-8,8]。
利用Archard磨损模型[12]58[20]计算钢轨焊接区表面的磨损量,即
式中,Vw为材料磨耗体积;l为轮轨接触位置的相对位移。
根据上述假设,通过钢轨焊接接头时,对中位置(横移量为0时)出现频率最多。通过Archard磨损模型,结合正态分布,计算车轮在不同横移量下通过焊接区的瞬时磨损量。对焊接区的磨耗情况进行纵向筛选,确定钢轨焊接区最大磨耗值截面。基于有限元得到该截面法向压应力和节点相对运动速度,最后计算该截面摩擦功分布情况,从而实现对钢轨不平顺焊接区的磨耗预测。
钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展分为裂纹萌生与裂纹扩展两个阶段。在钢轨的总寿命中,裂纹萌生阶段占据了相当大的比例。裂纹通常在接触区域应力集中的表面萌生。JIANG等[21]38-49提出的多轴疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测模型参考了能量密度和临界平面法,能较准确地考虑到这一因素。该预测模型提出了一种新的损伤参量——Jiang-Sehitoglu损伤参量[22],损伤参量计算式为
式中,PF为损伤参量;σmax为裂纹面最大法向应力;Δε为裂纹面正应变幅值;j为材料常数,取值为0.2;Δτ为裂纹面剪应力幅值;Δγ为裂纹面上剪应变幅值。
疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测计算式为
式中,为最大损伤参量;为拉伸疲劳强度系数;E为弹性模量;Nf为疲劳裂纹萌生寿命,寿命Nf结合了SWT(Smith-Watsoh-Topper)准则;为拉伸疲劳强度系数;B为疲劳强度指数;c为疲劳延性指数。
由式(10)可得,损伤参量最大值,通过提取有限元计算结果中两方向上的应力分量σij与应变分量εij,再通过式(13)可将坐标转换为任意截面的应力分量与应变分量,如图1所示。其中,xyz为有限元坐标系,x'y'z'为任意截面坐标系。
选取LMA型轮缘踏面和标准CN60钢轨廓形建立有限元轮轨接触模型。为缩减计算时间,选择单边轮轨模型,轨道模型全长为12 m,车轮设置为刚体,钢轨轨头设置为弹塑性材料,轨腰及轨底设置为线弹性材料。使用车轮中心点代替车轴,依据UIC510-5标准施加载荷工况,并约束车轮横向自由度,钢轨与轨道板采用21组弹簧阻尼单元连接以等效弹簧扣件,弹簧刚度为25 kN/mm、阻尼系数为900 N·s/mm。轨道板与CA砂浆层、CA砂浆层与道床均约束横向和纵向自由度,钢轨下材料主要参数如表1所示。
钢轨焊接区设置在钢轨11.2 m处,以减弱轮轨力波动。设置车轮前进速度为55 m/s,在车轮中心添加127.9 rad/s的初始角速度,轨底坡坡率为1/40,计算步长为2 mm,轮缘远离轨距角为正位移,轮缘靠近轨距角为负位移。轮轨接触模型采用C3D8R六面体单元,轮轨模型网格全局尺寸设置为10 mm,并细化轮轨接触面及钢轨轨头顶面局部尺寸(1 mm),如图2所示。泊松比为0.3,弹性模量为206 GPa,强化模量为21 GPa。
选取滚动接触显式算法,接触面法向关系定义为“硬”接触,切向关系采用库仑摩擦模型,接触关系之间定义为“小滑移”,接触滑动容差设置为0.1,保证计算分析过程中收敛。
通过有限元分析,车轮滚过平顺钢轨的轮轨垂向力如图3所示。根据ZHAO[23]的研究结果,当轮轨垂向力的波动幅值除以轮对的静轴重小于10%时,即可认为车辆达到稳态。通过有限元结果可知,随着距离的增加,轮轨垂向力波动逐渐减缓。由图3可知,在0.17~0.20 s,即在钢轨9.4~11.2 m时,轴重12 t时的最大波动幅值除以轮对的静轴重约为4.21%,轮轨垂向力在75 kN附近波动;轴重18 t时的最大波动幅值除以轮对的静轴重约为3.17%,轮轨垂向力在112 kN附近波动。这均与施加的载荷工况相吻合,表明所建模型可以进行下一步的分析计算。
根据焊接区形态,将焊接区分为上凸型不平顺和下凹型不平顺,不平顺最大幅值为0.4 mm。基于余弦谐波叠合不平顺模型[24-25]
式中,Zt为激扰位移;f为不平顺波深;f1f2分别为长波和短波不平顺幅值;L为不平顺长波波长;λ为不平顺短波波长;v为行车速度。
将某线路实测的欠打磨钢轨焊接接头大量上凸不平顺及下凹不平顺焊接区波深、波长和幅值等数据依据平均值原则代入式(14),拟合出典型上凸型不平顺和下凹型不平顺幅值数据,如图4所示。将焊接接头前后部分的区域定义为热影响区。根据实际钢轨及焊接区硬度的测量结果及文献[26]所述,将热影响区和焊接区的宽度分别定义为10 mm和30 mm,焊缝区起始位置设置在距钢轨末端750 mm处。提取该区域表面节点坐标,利用Matlab软件批量修改选定区域网格节点坐标,构建焊接区上凸型及下凹型不平顺模型,如图5所示。参照文献[27]的研究结果,钢轨各区域材料参数如表2所示。
通过对实测钢轨接触光带的分析,并结合文献[19]108的研究结果,轮轨接触横向相对位置变化符合正态分布概率,且在对中位置(横移量为0时)为正态分布概率函数曲线的波峰,即μ=0对σ=[0,20]区间的值进行试算,σ=8时与实测数据最相符,即可代入式(2)计算,得到车轮不同横移量下轮轨接触次数的概率,如图6所示。
基于轮轨接触有限元模型,计算得到钢轨焊接区表面磨损速率。由图6所示的不同横移量的通过概率分布,将不同横移量下接触斑瞬时磨耗速率,叠加得到车轮通过上凸型及下凹型钢轨焊缝不平顺时瞬态磨损速率(图7)。根据Archard理论,仅在滑移区产生轮轨磨耗。
图7(a)、图7(b)可知,车轮通过上凸型不平顺时,在焊接区域横向16 mm、纵向25 mm处的瞬时磨损速率最大,达到3.04×10-4 mm/s。在接触斑内黏着区,钢轨纵向磨耗速率变化较小,但也呈现出不均匀磨耗;横向磨耗速率变化比较符合正态分布函数。
图7(c)、图7(d)可知,车轮通过下凹型不平顺时,在轮轨对中位置,即焊接区横向20 mm、纵向25 mm处的瞬时磨损速率最大,达到3.04×10-4 mm/s。在接触斑内黏着区,相较于上凸型不平顺焊接区,钢轨纵向磨耗速率变化较大,但磨耗程度较为均匀;横向磨耗速率变化比较符合正态分布函数。
总体来说,上凸型不平顺和下凹型不平顺焊接区磨损较大的区域均出现在轮轨对中位置接触斑中心处,并随着轮轨横移位置的偏移,磨耗速率逐渐降低。
综上所述,选择两类焊接区沿钢轨纵向25 mm处为磨耗预测分析的截面位置,截取磨耗速率最大的钢轨焊接区截面节点进行摩擦力分析。
通过实测线路每日列车经过次数可知,钢轨通过车轮次数n约为1.0×108。基于反推法选择与实测钢轨廓形较为接近的K[19]108,取值为2.7×10-9。根据式(3)~式(6),将上凸型和下凹型焊接区磨耗预测截面各节点的摩擦功叠加,得出截面摩擦功总和,如图8所示。
图9(a)可知,不同轴重通过上凸型焊接区的过程中,车轮经过次数设置为2.7×107,摩擦因数为0.3,随着轴重的增加,钢轨磨耗深度逐渐增加,磨耗特征趋势变化不大。12 t轴重时磨耗深度为0.71 mm,14 t轴重时磨耗深度为0.82 mm,16 t轴重时磨耗深度为1.18 mm,18 t轴重时磨耗深度为1.33 mm。从12 t开始,每增加2 t轴重,磨耗深度增长率依次为5.5%、43.9%、12.7%。当轴重从14 t增加至16 t时,磨耗深度变化率显著增加。不同轴重下钢轨焊接区磨耗位置稳定在钢轨内侧[-5,-25] mm处。
图9(b)可知,不同轴重通过下凹型焊接区的过程中,车轮经过次数设置为2.7×107,摩擦因数为0.3,随着轴重的增加,钢轨磨耗深度逐渐增加,磨耗特征趋势变化不大。12 t轴重时磨耗深度为0.44 mm,14 t轴重时磨耗深度为0.57 mm,16 t轴重时磨耗深度为0.65 mm,18 t轴重时磨耗深度为0.96 mm。从12 t开始,每增加2 t轴重,磨耗深度增长率依次为29.5%、14.0%、47.7%。当轴重从16 t增加至18 t时,磨耗深度变化率显著增加。不同轴重下钢轨焊接区磨耗位置稳定在钢轨内侧[5,20] mm处。当轴重小于16 t时,磨耗深度主要集中在-10 mm;轴重大于16 t时,磨耗深度向-5 mm处偏移。相较于上凸型焊接区,下凹型焊接区磨耗深度整体偏小,且在大轴重时有明显突变。
在摩擦因数对钢轨上凸型焊接区磨耗深度的影响分析中,车轮经过次数设置为2.7×107,轴重为16 t。由图10(a)可知,钢轨磨耗深度随摩擦因数的增加而增加,磨耗特征趋势变化不大。摩擦因数为0.2时磨耗深度为0.67 mm、摩擦因数为0.25时磨耗深度为0.74 mm、摩擦因数为0.3时磨耗深度为1.19 mm、摩擦因数为0.35时磨耗深度为1.93 mm。当摩擦因数从0.25增加至0.35时,磨耗深度变化率显著增加。不同摩擦因数下钢轨焊接区磨耗位置稳定在钢轨内侧[-25,-5] mm处。
在摩擦因数对钢轨下凹型焊接区磨耗深度的影响分析中,车轮经过次数设置为2.7×107,轴重为16 t。由图10(b)可知,钢轨磨耗深度随摩擦因数的增加而增加,磨耗特征趋势变化不大。摩擦因数为0.2时磨耗深度为0.60 mm,摩擦因数为0.25时磨耗深度为0.61 mm,摩擦因数为0.3时磨耗深度为0.66 mm,摩擦因数为0.35时磨耗深度为1.08 mm。当磨耗深度变化率在摩擦因数从0.3增加至0.35时显著增大。摩擦因数小于0.3时,磨耗位置稳定在钢轨内侧[-30,0] mm处;当摩擦因数大于0.3时,磨耗位置向钢轨内侧[-35,-5] mm处偏移,钢轨最大磨耗位置从钢轨内侧-10 mm处偏移至-17 mm处。
通过模型计算,得到不同轴重及摩擦因数的疲劳损伤因子后,即可获得上凸型焊接区与下凹型焊接区钢轨的裂纹萌生预测值。由于Jiang-Sehitoglu寿命预测模型[式(10)]涉及的相关材料参数需要大量的钢轨焊接区和热影响区屈服应力试验获得,获取难度较高。因此,本文参考JIANG等[21]38-49[28]研究结果,相关材料参数如表3所示。
不同轴重及摩擦因数对钢轨上凸型不平顺焊接区裂纹萌生的影响如图11(a)所示。在摩擦因数为0.35时,轴重从小到大,上凸型焊接区的裂纹萌生寿命分别为6.16×105、5.44×105、4.41×105、3.78×105;在轴重为18 t时,摩擦因数从小到大,上凸型焊接区的裂纹萌生寿命分别为5.40×105、5.12×105、4.19×105、3.78×105。在轴重为16 t时,摩擦因数从0.20增大到0.35(每次增加0.05),钢轨的裂纹萌生寿命衰减幅度依次为10.2%、5.0%、11.0%;在摩擦因数为0.30时,轴重从12 t增大到18 t(每次增加2 t),钢轨的裂纹萌生寿命衰减幅度依次为18.2%、13.5%、15.5%。由此可以看出,摩擦因数对于上凸型焊接区的影响小于轴重对于裂纹萌生寿命的影响。
不同轴重及摩擦因数对钢轨下凹型不平顺焊接区裂纹萌生的影响如图11(b)所示。在摩擦因数为0.35时,轴重从小到大,下凹型焊接区的裂纹萌生寿命分别为21.84×105、7.22×105、6.26×105、3.51×105;在轴重为18 t时,摩擦因数从小到大,下凹型焊接区的裂纹萌生寿命分别为9.20×105、5.66×105、5.34×105、3.51×105。在轴重为16 t时,摩擦因数从0.20增大到0.35(每次增加0.05),钢轨的裂纹萌生寿命衰减幅度依次为31.3%、35.6%、31.2%;在摩擦因数为0.30时,轴重从12 t增大到18 t(每次增加2 t),钢轨的裂纹萌生寿命衰减幅度依次为44.7%、36.0%、41.3%。由此可以看出,摩擦因数和轴重对于下凹型焊接区的裂纹萌生寿命均有影响。
对于小轴重小摩擦因数时下凹区裂纹出现次数远大于上凸区,而大轴重大摩擦因数时下凹区服役寿命小于上凸区的现象,其可能的原因是分析过程中没有考虑通过次数对焊接区磨损状况的影响。在小轴重小摩擦因数下,轮对每次都会冲击硬度有所欠缺的上凸型焊接区,所以缩短了上凸区服役寿命;在大轴重大摩擦因数下,轮对经过下凹区时会产生较大的压应力,导致下凹区服役寿命衰减幅度明显下降。
基于有限元分析,利用Archard模型并结合摩擦功理论以及Jiang-Sehitoglu寿命预测模型,对钢轨的两种典型焊接区不平顺的磨耗和服役寿命进行了预测,得出以下结论:
1)轴重从12 t增加至18 t,上凸区磨耗量最大增幅区间在[14,16] t,磨耗增长率为43.9%;下凹区磨耗量最大增幅区间在[16,18] t,磨耗增长率为47.7%。
2)随着摩擦因数的增大,当其达到0.30时,上凸区磨耗速率显著增大,增幅为37.8%;达到0.35时,下凹区磨耗速率显著增大,增幅为38.9%。
3)随着轴重和摩擦因数的增大,上凸区裂纹萌生寿命衰减幅度较小,但也有明显衰减。为确保线路正常运行,应及时对较大轴重和较大摩擦因数的钢轨焊接区进行维护。
4)随着轴重和摩擦因数的增大,下凹区裂纹萌生寿命衰减幅度较大。相较于上凸型焊接区,在工务维护过程中应着重关注下凹型焊接区裂纹的出现,并及时标记和修复。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52065021)
  • 江西省双千计划科技创新领军人才项目(S2021GDKX1442)
  • 江西省主要学科与技术领军人才培养计划项目(20213BCJL22040)
  • 江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ210641)
  • 载运工具与装备教育部重点实验室自主课题(KLCEZ202210)
  • 江西省研究生创新专项资金项目(YC2022-s479)
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2025年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.01.016
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
  • 修回日期:2024-02-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52065021)
国家自然科学基金项目(52065021)
Jiangxi “Double Thousand Plan” Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project(S2021GDKX1442)
江西省双千计划科技创新领军人才项目(S2021GDKX1442)
Jiangxi Province Major Disciplines and Technology Leading Personnel Training Program(20213BCJL22040)
江西省主要学科与技术领军人才培养计划项目(20213BCJL22040)
Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Research Project(GJJ210641)
江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ210641)
Independent Project of Key Laboratory of Conveyance and Equipment of Ministry of Education(KLCEZ202210)
载运工具与装备教育部重点实验室自主课题(KLCEZ202210)
Jiangxi Graduate Student Innovation Special Fund Project(YC2022-s479)
江西省研究生创新专项资金项目(YC2022-s479)
作者信息
    1.华东交通大学 轨道交通基础设施性能监测与保障国家重点实验室,南昌 330013
    2.华东交通大学 载运工具与装备教育部重点实验室,南昌 330013
    3.机车车辆智能运维铁路行业重点实验室,南昌 330013
    4.中国铁路西安局集团有限公司西安机务段,西安 710000
    5.中国铁路太原局集团有限公司,太原 030013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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