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Aiming at the issues of under-maintenance or over-maintenance in preventive maintenance of DSA200 type pantograph, a method was proposed to optimize inspection and maintenance parameters by using pantograph failure data.Firstly, the failure datas of the pantograph components were analyzed by using graph parameter method, which failure time distribution models were fitted.The failure datas were preliminarily determined to obey the exponential distribution, and the Bartlett value method was further used to verify the validity of the failure data obey exponential distribution.Secondly, based on the structure and working characteristics of pantographs, a reliability block diagram model with pantograph components in series was constructed.According to the characteristics of constant failure rate of pantograph components, the failure rate of pantographs was obtained.Thirdly, the minimum cost model of preventive maintenance and replacement of pantographs was established, and the optimal preventive maintenance interval and the optimal number of spare parts were obtained.Finally, the structure importance, probability importance and critical importance of pantograph components were analyzed by using fault tree analysis method, and the failure probability of pantograph and the key components in inspection and maintenance were obtained.The optimized pantograph inspection and maintenance parameters can provide scientific reference for maintenance personnel to improve their maintenance level and reduce maintenance costs.

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MAO Yongwen, E-mail:
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针对DSA200型受电弓预防维修存在欠维修或过维修问题,提出一种利用受电弓失效数据来优化检查维修参数的方法。首先,利用图参数法对受电弓部件失效数据进行分析,拟合失效时间分布模型,初步判定失效数据服从指数分布,进一步采用Bartlett值法,验证失效数据服从指数分布的有效性;其次,基于受电弓组成结构和工作特性,构建受电弓为各部件串联的可靠性框图模型,根据受电弓部件具有恒定失效率特征,得出受电弓失效率;再次,建立受电弓预防性维修和更换最小费用模型,得到受电弓最优预防性维修的间隔时间和最优备件数量;最后,利用故障树分析法,分析受电弓部件的结构重要度、概率重要度和关键重要度,得出受电弓故障概率及检查维修中重点关注的部件。优化后的受电弓检查维修参数能够为检修人员提升维修水平和降低维修成本提供科学参考。

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毛永文,男,1984年生,甘肃武威人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为铁道机车车辆可靠性分析;E-mail:

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毛永文,男,1984年生,甘肃武威人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为铁道机车车辆可靠性分析;E-mail:

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China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241029744209220512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, companyId=1241029744192443292, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.兰州交通大学 机电工程学院,兰州 730070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241029747392696346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=DSA200 type pantograph, figureFileSmall=LfEbcoX0krD8QoeHV0Hweg==, figureFileBig=kz4W5U3bRXvOteJ9sTCepQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029747497553950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=CN, label=图1, caption=DSA200型受电弓, figureFileSmall=LfEbcoX0krD8QoeHV0Hweg==, figureFileBig=kz4W5U3bRXvOteJ9sTCepQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029747682103338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Weibull distribution diagram of failure time of the airbag cylinder, figureFileSmall=YoUNgIQtpnTqIFDZFyRQ4A==, figureFileBig=z47NbvyznRx23KOSKwJOsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029747753406511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=CN, label=图2, caption=气囊式气缸失效时间威布尔分布概要图, figureFileSmall=YoUNgIQtpnTqIFDZFyRQ4A==, figureFileBig=z47NbvyznRx23KOSKwJOsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029747837292596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Exponential distribution diagram of failure time of the airbag cylinder, figureFileSmall=9+AldXZXA7nzw30ZBx5Big==, figureFileBig=fLhFd9uc9vPtLP13BAI08Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029747942150201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=CN, label=图3, 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Statistics of failure time of the airbag cylinder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
Serial number
失效时间
Failure time t/h
序号
Serial number
失效时间
Failure time t/h
序号
Serial number
失效时间
Failure time t/h
序号
Serial number
失效时间
Failure time t/h
11 98082 04315743221 291
21 014921016336231 243
312 420108 023171 985248 106
4754116 037186 700258 144
52 921128891912 815
67 224131 440203 071
75101411 460213 520
), ArticleFig(id=1241029750576173183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

气囊式气缸失效时间统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
Serial number
失效时间
Failure time t/h
序号
Serial number
失效时间
Failure time t/h
序号
Serial number
失效时间
Failure time t/h
序号
Serial number
失效时间
Failure time t/h
11 98082 04315743221 291
21 014921016336231 243
312 420108 023171 985248 106
4754116 037186 700258 144
52 921128891912 815
67 224131 440203 071
75101411 460213 520
), ArticleFig(id=1241029750660059270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Failure time distribution of DSA200 type pantograph components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
失效类型
Failure type
失效部件
Failed component
失效数
Number of failures
失效时间分布
Failure time distribution
失效时间
Failure time t/h
A:气源控制装置失效
A:Failure of air source control device
(1)空气过滤器 Air filter71
(2)节流阀 Throttle valve50指数分布 Exponential distribution7.14×10-4
(3)压力开关 Pressure switch101
(4)安全阀 Safety valve31
B:升弓装置失效
B:Failure of pantograph lifting device
(1)导盘 Guide disc71指数分布 Exponential distribution10.3×10-4
(2)气囊式气缸 Airbag cylinder25指数分布2 Exponential distribution23.571×10-4
(3)钢索 Steel cable59指数分布 Exponential distribution8.333×10-4
C:弓头部分失效
C:Failure of pantograph head
(1)滑板 Slide plate46指数分布2 Exponential distribution26.66×10-4
(2)滑板框架 Slide plate frame33指数分布2 Exponential distribution24.640×10-4
(3)弹簧盒 Spring box37指数分布2 Exponential distribution25.319×10-4
(4)羊角 Horn51
D:空气管路失效
D:Air pipeline failure
(1)绝缘软管 Insulating hose121
(2)接头 Joint83指数分布 Exponential distribution11.746×10-4
E:铰链机构失效
E:Hinge mechanism failure
(1)推杆 Push rod86指数分布 Exponential distribution12.5×10-4
(2)上部导框 Upper guide frame57指数分布 Exponential distribution8.33×10-4
(3)下臂杆 Lower arm69指数分布 Exponential distribution9.756×10-4
(4)平衡杆 Stabilizer bar61
(5)中间铰链座 Middle hinge seat111
F:控制电路失效
F:Control circuit failure
(1)继电器 Relay91
(2)分流导线 Shunt wire31
(3)传感器 Sensor71
), ArticleFig(id=1241029750790082698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

DSA200型受电弓组件的失效时间分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
失效类型
Failure type
失效部件
Failed component
失效数
Number of failures
失效时间分布
Failure time distribution
失效时间
Failure time t/h
A:气源控制装置失效
A:Failure of air source control device
(1)空气过滤器 Air filter71
(2)节流阀 Throttle valve50指数分布 Exponential distribution7.14×10-4
(3)压力开关 Pressure switch101
(4)安全阀 Safety valve31
B:升弓装置失效
B:Failure of pantograph lifting device
(1)导盘 Guide disc71指数分布 Exponential distribution10.3×10-4
(2)气囊式气缸 Airbag cylinder25指数分布2 Exponential distribution23.571×10-4
(3)钢索 Steel cable59指数分布 Exponential distribution8.333×10-4
C:弓头部分失效
C:Failure of pantograph head
(1)滑板 Slide plate46指数分布2 Exponential distribution26.66×10-4
(2)滑板框架 Slide plate frame33指数分布2 Exponential distribution24.640×10-4
(3)弹簧盒 Spring box37指数分布2 Exponential distribution25.319×10-4
(4)羊角 Horn51
D:空气管路失效
D:Air pipeline failure
(1)绝缘软管 Insulating hose121
(2)接头 Joint83指数分布 Exponential distribution11.746×10-4
E:铰链机构失效
E:Hinge mechanism failure
(1)推杆 Push rod86指数分布 Exponential distribution12.5×10-4
(2)上部导框 Upper guide frame57指数分布 Exponential distribution8.33×10-4
(3)下臂杆 Lower arm69指数分布 Exponential distribution9.756×10-4
(4)平衡杆 Stabilizer bar61
(5)中间铰链座 Middle hinge seat111
F:控制电路失效
F:Control circuit failure
(1)继电器 Relay91
(2)分流导线 Shunt wire31
(3)传感器 Sensor71
), ArticleFig(id=1241029750907523215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Intermediate and top events of DSA200 type pantograph

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事件代码
Event code
事件名称
Event name
事件代码
Event code
事件名称
Event name
T受电弓状态异常
Abnormal pantograph status
A6铰链机构故障
Hinge mechanism failure
A1机械故障
Mechanical failure
A7气源控制装置故障
Air source control device malfunction
A2气路故障
Air circuit failure
A8空气管路故障
Air pipeline failure
A3电路故障
Circuit failure
A9升弓装置框架开裂
Pantograph frame cracking
A4升弓装置故障
Pantograph lifting device malfunction
A10弓头部分机械故障
Mechanical failure of pantograph head
A5弓头部分故障
Failure of pantograph head
A11气路控制开关失效
Air circuit control switch failure
), ArticleFig(id=1241029751016575124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

DSA200型受电弓中间事件及顶事件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事件代码
Event code
事件名称
Event name
事件代码
Event code
事件名称
Event name
T受电弓状态异常
Abnormal pantograph status
A6铰链机构故障
Hinge mechanism failure
A1机械故障
Mechanical failure
A7气源控制装置故障
Air source control device malfunction
A2气路故障
Air circuit failure
A8空气管路故障
Air pipeline failure
A3电路故障
Circuit failure
A9升弓装置框架开裂
Pantograph frame cracking
A4升弓装置故障
Pantograph lifting device malfunction
A10弓头部分机械故障
Mechanical failure of pantograph head
A5弓头部分故障
Failure of pantograph head
A11气路控制开关失效
Air circuit control switch failure
), ArticleFig(id=1241029751083683993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Bottom event and its failure probability of DSA200 type pantograph

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事件代码
Event code
事件名称
Event name
故障概率
Probability of failure
X1导盘故障
Guide disc failure
0.008 8
X2钢索断股
Broken strand of steel cable
0.003 1
X3气囊式气缸漏气
Airbag cylinder leakage
0.007 4
X4滑板损坏
Sliding plate failure
0.005 7
X5弹簧失效
Spring failure
0.004 1
X6滑板框架裂纹
Cracks on the sliding plate frame
0.004 6
X7羊角断裂
Rupture of horn
0.000 6
X8推杆故障
Push rod malfunction
0.010 7
X9上部导框断裂
Upper guide frame broken
0.007 1
X10下臂杆故障
Lower arm malfunction
0.008 6
X11平衡杆故障
Balance bar malfunction
0.000 7
X12中间铰链故障
Middle hinge failure
0.001 4
X13节流阀故障
Throttle valve malfunction
0.000 9
X14空气过滤器失效
Air filter failure
0.006 2
X15压力开关失效
Pressure switch failure
0.001 2
X16安全阀失效
Safety valve failure
0.000 4
X17绝缘软管开裂漏气
Air leakage from insulation hose
0.001 5
X18管路接头松动漏气
Pipeline joint leakage
0.010 3
X19继电器故障
Relay failure
0.001 1
X20分流导线断股
Broken strand of shunt wire
0.000 4
X21传感器失效
Sensor failure
0.000 9
), ArticleFig(id=1241029751146598559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

DSA200型受电弓底事件及其故障概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事件代码
Event code
事件名称
Event name
故障概率
Probability of failure
X1导盘故障
Guide disc failure
0.008 8
X2钢索断股
Broken strand of steel cable
0.003 1
X3气囊式气缸漏气
Airbag cylinder leakage
0.007 4
X4滑板损坏
Sliding plate failure
0.005 7
X5弹簧失效
Spring failure
0.004 1
X6滑板框架裂纹
Cracks on the sliding plate frame
0.004 6
X7羊角断裂
Rupture of horn
0.000 6
X8推杆故障
Push rod malfunction
0.010 7
X9上部导框断裂
Upper guide frame broken
0.007 1
X10下臂杆故障
Lower arm malfunction
0.008 6
X11平衡杆故障
Balance bar malfunction
0.000 7
X12中间铰链故障
Middle hinge failure
0.001 4
X13节流阀故障
Throttle valve malfunction
0.000 9
X14空气过滤器失效
Air filter failure
0.006 2
X15压力开关失效
Pressure switch failure
0.001 2
X16安全阀失效
Safety valve failure
0.000 4
X17绝缘软管开裂漏气
Air leakage from insulation hose
0.001 5
X18管路接头松动漏气
Pipeline joint leakage
0.010 3
X19继电器故障
Relay failure
0.001 1
X20分流导线断股
Broken strand of shunt wire
0.000 4
X21传感器失效
Sensor failure
0.000 9
), ArticleFig(id=1241029751222096035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Bottom event importance

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底事件
Bottom event
结构重要度
Structural importance
概率重要度
Probability importance
关键重要度
Criticality importance
X10.500 03.1×10-34.5×10-4
X20.500 08.8×10-34.5×10-4
X31.000 01.000 00.121 7
X41.000 01.000 00.093 8
X51.000 01.000 00.067 4
X60.500 00.6×10-34.5×10-5
X70.500 04.6×10-34.5×10-5
X81.000 01.000 00.175 9
X91.000 01.000 00.116 8
X101.000 01.000 00.141 4
X111.000 01.000 00.011 5
X121.000 01.000 00.023 0
X131.000 01.000 00.014 8
X140.250 04.8×10-75×10-8
X150.250 02.48×10-65×10-8
X160.250 07.44×10-65×10-8
X171.000 01.000 00.024 7
X181.000 01.000 00.169 4
X191.000 01.000 00.018 1
X201.000 01.000 00.006 6
X211.000 01.000 00.014 8
), ArticleFig(id=1241029751293399207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731705999762, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

底事件重要度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底事件
Bottom event
结构重要度
Structural importance
概率重要度
Probability importance
关键重要度
Criticality importance
X10.500 03.1×10-34.5×10-4
X20.500 08.8×10-34.5×10-4
X31.000 01.000 00.121 7
X41.000 01.000 00.093 8
X51.000 01.000 00.067 4
X60.500 00.6×10-34.5×10-5
X70.500 04.6×10-34.5×10-5
X81.000 01.000 00.175 9
X91.000 01.000 00.116 8
X101.000 01.000 00.141 4
X111.000 01.000 00.011 5
X121.000 01.000 00.023 0
X131.000 01.000 00.014 8
X140.250 04.8×10-75×10-8
X150.250 02.48×10-65×10-8
X160.250 07.44×10-65×10-8
X171.000 01.000 00.024 7
X181.000 01.000 00.169 4
X191.000 01.000 00.018 1
X201.000 01.000 00.006 6
X211.000 01.000 00.014 8
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基于可靠性分析的DSA200型受电弓检修参数优化研究
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毛永文 1, 2 , 李勇 3
机械强度 | 优化·可靠性 2025,47(2): 103-110
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机械强度 | 优化·可靠性 2025, 47(2): 103-110
基于可靠性分析的DSA200型受电弓检修参数优化研究
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毛永文1, 2 , 李勇3
作者信息
  • 1.四川铁道职业学院 机车车辆学院,成都 611732
  • 2.中国科学技术大学 信息科学技术学院,合肥 230026
  • 3.兰州交通大学 机电工程学院,兰州 730070
  • 毛永文,男,1984年生,甘肃武威人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为铁道机车车辆可靠性分析;E-mail:

Research on maintenance parameter optimization of DSA200 type pantograph based on reliability analysis
Yongwen MAO1, 2 , Yong LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Locomotive and Vehicle, Sichuan Railway College, Chengdu 611732, China
  • 2.School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • 3.School of Mechatronic Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.013
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针对DSA200型受电弓预防维修存在欠维修或过维修问题,提出一种利用受电弓失效数据来优化检查维修参数的方法。首先,利用图参数法对受电弓部件失效数据进行分析,拟合失效时间分布模型,初步判定失效数据服从指数分布,进一步采用Bartlett值法,验证失效数据服从指数分布的有效性;其次,基于受电弓组成结构和工作特性,构建受电弓为各部件串联的可靠性框图模型,根据受电弓部件具有恒定失效率特征,得出受电弓失效率;再次,建立受电弓预防性维修和更换最小费用模型,得到受电弓最优预防性维修的间隔时间和最优备件数量;最后,利用故障树分析法,分析受电弓部件的结构重要度、概率重要度和关键重要度,得出受电弓故障概率及检查维修中重点关注的部件。优化后的受电弓检查维修参数能够为检修人员提升维修水平和降低维修成本提供科学参考。

DSA200型受电弓  /  指数分布  /  检修间隔时间  /  备件数量  /  故障树分析法

Aiming at the issues of under-maintenance or over-maintenance in preventive maintenance of DSA200 type pantograph, a method was proposed to optimize inspection and maintenance parameters by using pantograph failure data.Firstly, the failure datas of the pantograph components were analyzed by using graph parameter method, which failure time distribution models were fitted.The failure datas were preliminarily determined to obey the exponential distribution, and the Bartlett value method was further used to verify the validity of the failure data obey exponential distribution.Secondly, based on the structure and working characteristics of pantographs, a reliability block diagram model with pantograph components in series was constructed.According to the characteristics of constant failure rate of pantograph components, the failure rate of pantographs was obtained.Thirdly, the minimum cost model of preventive maintenance and replacement of pantographs was established, and the optimal preventive maintenance interval and the optimal number of spare parts were obtained.Finally, the structure importance, probability importance and critical importance of pantograph components were analyzed by using fault tree analysis method, and the failure probability of pantograph and the key components in inspection and maintenance were obtained.The optimized pantograph inspection and maintenance parameters can provide scientific reference for maintenance personnel to improve their maintenance level and reduce maintenance costs.

DSA200 type pantograph  /  Exponential distribution  /  Maintenance interval  /  Number of spare parts  /  Fault tree analysis method
毛永文, 李勇. 基于可靠性分析的DSA200型受电弓检修参数优化研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (2) : 103 -110 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.013
Yongwen MAO, Yong LI. Research on maintenance parameter optimization of DSA200 type pantograph based on reliability analysis[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (2) : 103 -110 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.013
目前,电力机车受电弓的维修仍然是根据走行里程或运行时间进行预防性维修,这种基于经验的维修方法,必然会出现欠维修或过维修的情况。因此需要基于可靠性原理,深入分析受电弓各部件故障维修数据,找出部件失效规律,进而可以实施以可靠度为指标的预防性维修[1]。受电弓故障或失效,就意味着电力机车无法获得电能,从而使电力机车被迫停车。因此,受电弓的可靠性是保证列车安全运行的重要条件[2]。可靠性指“产品在规定条件下和规定时间内,完成规定功能的能力”[3]。受电弓在使用过程中受力复杂,曾多次出现受电弓滑板过度磨耗[4]、受电弓框架裂纹[5]等问题。针对受电弓或其组件失效的问题,霍肖伟等[6]101-106提出了可靠性评估方法,李兴运等[7]提出基于T-S模糊故障树的可靠性分析方法,薛康等[8]提出最小二乘法分析受电弓故障数据,宫琦等[9]提出受电弓故障模式综合评判法,齐金平等[10]提出超椭球贝叶斯网络评估方法。林平等[11-12]对受电弓止挡、受电弓弓头等部件单独展开可靠性计算。通过文献查阅发现,目前国内专家对受电弓可靠性研究主要集中在两个方面:一是研究如何利用受电弓及其组件故障数据进行可靠性分析,建立可靠度函数;二是探究受电弓更为有效的可靠性评估方法。对于受电弓重点部件管理、最优检查维修间隔时间、最优备品备件数量等具体问题研究较少。
目前,受电弓检修规程按照运行时间长度来安排检修内容,其中C1检修周期为3个月;C2检修周期为6个月;C3检修周期为1年;C4检修周期为3年;C5检修周期为6年;C6检修周期为12年[6]101-106。受电弓各检修周期和检修内容的安排主要基于经验,因此必然会出现欠维修或过维修的情况。欠维修会使受电弓具有安全隐患,甚至造成机车事故;过维修会导致不必要的人力、物力、财力的投入,使受电弓整体维修费用增加。另外,目前受电弓备件以“安全、够用”为原则,没有清晰的数量要求,通常准备五六套。备件过少会使待修机车经历不必要的停机;备件过多,会导致不必要的备件库存费用。为此,以可靠性为基础、以降低检查维修费用为目标,优化受电弓检修周期、备件数量等参数,可以为检查维修人员提升检修保障效率和降低维修成本提供科学依据。
针对以上问题,利用DSA200型受电弓组件故障维修数据,拟合受电弓组件失效概率分布,构建受电弓组件可靠性框图模型,计算受电弓可靠度。建立受电弓预防性维修和更换的最小费用模型,计算受电弓最优预防性维修的间隔时间、维修间隔中的最优备件数量,实现降低总维修费用的目标。并利用故障树分析法,分析各组成部件故障概率及重要度,指出受电弓检查维修需要重点关注的部件,达到提高维修效率的目的。
DSA200型受电弓是我国交流传动货运机车HXD2型电力机车使用的一种从接触网获取电能的重要电气部件。当受电弓升起时,其滑板与接触网导线直接接触,从接触网导线上受取电流,并将其通过车顶母线传送至机车内部,供机车使用。由于受电弓极其重要,所以当受电弓故障时,机车会选择降下故障受电弓,升起备用受电弓,继续维持机车运行。通常不会在故障的情况下继续使用受电弓,除非备用受电弓也失效了。受电弓通过绝缘子安装在电力机车的车顶上,是一种铰接式的机械构件,主要由碳滑板、弓头、上臂杆、下臂杆、上导杆、下导杆、升弓装置、气源控制装置、底架等部件组成。DSA200型受电弓如图1所示。
从某机务段经营的19台HXD2型电力机车为期10年的维修记录中可以看出,影响电力机车运行的故障记录共8 023条,其中涉及受电弓及其组件的故障数占电力机车部件所有故障数的近8.5%。按照故障在一次工作中出现的同一部件或是设备的间歇性故障或多次报警,只记录1次故障的统计原则,整理后获得气囊式气缸有效的故障数据为25条,如表1所示。
通过设备失效数据的整理分析,可以初步确定失效数据的分布规律,为可靠性指标的定量评价提供基础和方向[13]。在置信度为95%的精度下,采用极大似然估计法对气囊式气缸失效数据进行概率分布拟合。图2~图5是气缸失效数据对应4种分布的概要图,图6是气缸失效数据不同分布的概率图。图6中,Anderson-Darling(AD)值越少,表示分布与数据似合得越好。概要图的纵坐标中,ft)为概率密度函数;ut)为分布函数;st)为生存函数;gt)为故障函数。横坐标中,t为时间,单位为h。概要图可以反映气囊式气缸失效时间的概率密度函数、生存函数、故障函数等。
根据图6,气囊式气缸失效时间数据拟合的威布尔分布、正态分布、指数分布、最小极值分布的AD值,分别为1.020、2.046、1.010、2.250,其中指数分布的AD值最小,表示指数分布与气囊式气缸失效时间数据拟合度最高。因此,可以初步得出结论:气囊式气缸失效时间规律符合指数分布规律。
采用Bartlett值可以检验失效数据是否服从指数分布,其统计量可以表示为
式中,r为统计过程中气缸的失效数;T为所有失效气缸的失效时间之和,Brr-1个自由度的x2分布统计量。如果Br的值落入置信度为100(1-α)%的双侧x2检验的两个极值之间,就不能拒绝失效模型为指数分布的假设。下界极值为,上界极值为
通过式(1)检验气囊式气缸失效数据分布模型的有效性:
在置信度为95%的情况下,通过查阅x2临界值表,α=0.10时双侧检验的临界值为
由于13.848 4<23.93<36.415 1,所以进一步证明B25不能拒绝气囊式气缸失效样本服从指数分布的假设。
按照此失效数据分析方法,逐一分析受电弓其他组成部件的失效时间分布规律,如表2所示。表2给出了受电弓失效类型、失效部件、失效数、失效时间分布及根据失效数据估计的失效时间。
根据为期10年统计的DSA200型受电弓检查维修数据,受电弓故障更换零部件的平均费用为1 500元/h,而预防性更换的费用为800元/h。受电弓备件短缺或多余造成费用的惩罚函数为3.5。据此确定DSA200型受电弓最优预防性维修时间间隔和维修间隔时间中的最优备件数量。
依据DSA200型受电弓具体组成部件失效数据(表2),舍弃不常出现失效的部件,建立受电弓串联性质的可靠性框图,如图7所示。图7中A2表示气源控制装置的节流阀(表2),其他部件编号以此类推。
由于受电弓由若干具有恒定失效率的部件组成,在时间t的可靠度表示为
式中,Rt)为受电弓可靠度;n为受电弓组成部件失效数;λi为受电弓组成部件失效率。
利用式(2)建立受电弓的可靠度表达式,为
DSA200型受电弓可靠度函数如图8所示。
由于受电弓具有恒定失效率,故受电弓的失效率可根据式(2)直接得到
受电弓正常运行直至失效,根据不同失效情况,失效部件被更换或维修恢复到最初的运行水平,这个过程是更新过程。对于一个失效率λ为常数的部件,在时间段[0,tp]内该部件的更新函数的渐进解可以表示为
式中,Mtp)为在受电弓预防维修周期内的更新函数;tp为受电弓预防维修周期。
由式(3)可得到其预防性维修周期内的更新函数:
对于指数分布,分布函数的期望和标准差可以表示为
式中,μ为指数分布函数的期望。
式中,σ为指数分布函数的标准差。
根据式(4)、式(5)可以计算出指数分布的期望和方差分别为μ=1/8.831×10-3σ=1/7.799×10-5
对应的预防性维修周期内的预计故障数方差的渐近解,可以通过故障时间分布期望与标准差的函数表示为
式中,Ntp)为预防维修周期内的预计故障数。
受电弓预防性维修周期内预计故障数的方差,根据式(6)得
机械系统零部件定时维修、更换是最简单的预防性维修与更换策略。使用该策略在预防性维修周期内总预计费用,可以表示为
式中,cp为受电弓预防性维修或更换的费用;cf为受电弓故障更换的费用。
预防性维修周期内总预计费用,利用式(7)得
当维修周期内备件短缺和多余时,将会引起不必要的费用,该费用称为惩罚费用,最优预防性维修周期与备件短缺或多余导致的惩罚费用是函数关系,用ρ来表示。
对于给定的ρ,最优预防性维修周期长度可表示为
式中,为受电弓最优预防性维修周期。
利用式(8),可得到受电弓最优预防性维修周期时间间隔为
预防性维修周期开始时的最优备件数量可通过∂CT/∂tp=0获得,即
式中,CT为受电弓检查维修总费用;L为受电弓备件数量,即
式中,L*指受电弓最优备件数量。式(10)表明在预防性维修周期中最优备件数量必须等于预计的维修(故障)数。
利用式(10),可得到受电弓最优备件数量为
故障树分析法是将系统故障的原因,由总体至部分,按照树形结构自上而下按层细化的分析方法[14]。从受电弓结构入手,分析其故障原因。将受电弓系统故障分为机械故障、气路故障和电路故障。机械故障主要表现在机械结构上,即组成部件的损坏和部件之间的作用关系破坏。气路故障主要表现在受电弓升降弓时出现无法充排气或压缩空气泄露的情况。电路故障主要表现在电路器件、导线损坏致使控制电路失效的情况。具体顶事件、中间事件,如表3所示。根据DSA200型受电弓组成结构及工作原理,以及受电弓故障就须换弓运行,不得带“病”使用的原则,采用演绎法构建DSA200型受电弓故障树,如图9所示。
表2可知,受电弓组件故障次数,结合维修基地10年中统计的8 023件故障记录,可推算出受电弓组件发生故障的概率,具体底事件及其故障发生概率,如表4所示。
根据图9,利用下行法求故障树的最小割集为
故障树各个最小割集中彼此没有重复的底事件,所以顶事件发生的概率表达式为
式中,P为故障树顶事件发生的概率;NG为故障树最小割集数;m为最小割集序数;j为顶事件序数;XjGm表示第j个底事件属于第m个最小割集;qjj=1,2,3,…,21)为底事件的发生概率。
通过式(11)可得顶事件发生的概率为P=0.060 8。
结构重要度是指不考虑底事件自身发生的概率,仅从结构上分析各个底事件对顶事件发生所产生的影响程度[15]139-142。由于故障树底事件较多,采用最小割集进行结构重要度分析,底事件结构重要度表达式为
式中,I1(j)为底事件结构重要度的近似判别值;nj为底事件xj所在最小割集中所包含的底事件数目。
概率重要度是指底事件发生概率引起顶事件发生概率的变化程度[15]142-143。底事件的概率重要度表达式为
式中,I2(j)为底事件xj的概率重要度。
关键重要度是指从敏感度和自身发生概率大小两个角度衡量底事件的重要程度[15]143-144。底事件关键重要度表达式为
式中,I3(j)为底事件xj的关键重要度。
利用式(12)~式(14)所计算出的底事件结构重要度、概率重要度、关键重要度,如表5所示。
表5可知,检修人员针对受电弓设备的检查维修工作,从底事件位置结构重要度和底事件故障概率对受电弓的影响程度看,检修人员应重点关注气囊式气缸、滑板、弹簧、推杆、上部导框、下臂杆、平衡杆、中间铰链、节流阀、绝缘软管、管路接头、继电器、电路导线、传感器等部件。从受电弓故障的敏感性来看,气囊式气缸和管路接头的检查是重中之重。检修人员以此为参考,严守检修流程和标准,确保检修工作“不漏项、不缺项,有顺序、有重点”。
结合DSA200型受电弓为期10年的维修统计数据,基于预防维修和更换最小费用模型,优化了受电弓检修参数,利用故障树分析法对受电弓组件重要度进行了分析,得出如下结论:
1)DSA200型受电弓各部件失效时间服从指数分布函数,整个受电弓的失效率为8.831×10-3
2)DSA200型受电弓最优检查维修的时间间隔为1 414 h,最优备件数量为2套。
3)DSA200型受电弓故障概率为0.068 0,检修人员应在检查维修中重点关注气囊式气缸、滑板、弹簧、推杆、上部导框、下臂杆、平衡杆、中间铰链、节流阀、绝缘软管、管路接头、继电器、电路导线、传感器等部件。
  • 四川铁道职业学院2022年度校级科研项目(202212001)
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.013
  • 接收时间:2023-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-15
  • 修回日期:2023-07-02
基金
2022 School-Level Scientific Research Project of Sichuan Railway College(202212001)
四川铁道职业学院2022年度校级科研项目(202212001)
作者信息
    1.四川铁道职业学院 机车车辆学院,成都 611732
    2.中国科学技术大学 信息科学技术学院,合肥 230026
    3.兰州交通大学 机电工程学院,兰州 730070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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