Article(id=1241029731349483921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241029724655383270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681660800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-17, revisedDate=1691424000000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773814145171, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773814145171, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773814145171, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814145171, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241029724655383270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773814143575, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840259815, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241139264176574915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241029724655383270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241139264176574916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241029724655383270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241029732628746653, articleId=1241029731349483921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Hybrid physical simulation and convolutional network for rack uprights bending damage prediction, columnId=1241029725523604201, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Fatigue∙Damage∙Fracture∙Failure Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accidental mechanical impacts such as forklifts may lead to serious degradation of the stability of industrial rack uprights.The finite element simulation model of the upright bending damage was established based on the physical test mechanism with five types of common upright in the industry as examples, and the analysis found that even a small impact deformation (1 mm) may lead to a decrease in the ultimate bearing capacity of the upright (maximum about 37%).Compared with other impacted positions, the bending damage at the prism made the upright stability decrease more significantly.Based on this, an intelligent prediction model of the bending damage state of the upright was established by physical simulation and convolutional neural network method.The results show that the residual load capacity values of the damaged upright obtained from the prediction model agree well with the finite element simulation data (the mean absolute percentage error is 5.99%) and can be used for rapid assessment of the bending damage performance of the rack upright.

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LÜ Zhijun, E-mail:
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叉车等意外机械撞击可能导致工业货架立柱的稳定性严重退化。以行业常见的5种型号立柱为例,基于物理试验机制建立了立柱弯曲损伤的有限元仿真模型,分析发现即使是小的冲击变形(1 mm)也可能导致立柱极限承载能力下降(最大约37%);相比其他受冲击位置,棱线处的弯曲损伤使得立柱稳定性下降更为显著。以此为基础,通过物理模拟和卷积神经网络方法,建立了立柱弯曲损伤状态的智能化预测模型。结果显示,该预测模型所得到的损伤立柱残余承载能力值与有限元仿真数据吻合良好(平均绝对百分比误差为5.99%),可用于指导货架立柱弯曲损伤性能的快速评估。

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吕志军(通信作者),男,1967年生,山西太原人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为智能制造、钢结构可靠性设计;E-mail:
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陈齐,男,2000年生,河南信阳人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为钢结构轻量化设计、可靠性设计;E-mail:

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陈齐,男,2000年生,河南信阳人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为钢结构轻量化设计、可靠性设计;E-mail:

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陈齐,男,2000年生,河南信阳人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为钢结构轻量化设计、可靠性设计;E-mail:

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Comparison between test and simulation results

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型号
Type
试验值
Test value /N
仿真值
Simulation value /N
误差
Error/%
M90A104 204.2105 9601.68
M100A139 643.9131 6305.74
M120A238 675.9254 9106.80
MAPE/%4.74
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仿真结果与试验结果比较

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型号
Type
试验值
Test value /N
仿真值
Simulation value /N
误差
Error/%
M90A104 204.2105 9601.68
M100A139 643.9131 6305.74
M120A238 675.9254 9106.80
MAPE/%4.74
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Residual deformation of the damaged upright

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型号
Type
刚体质量
Rigid mass/kg
碰撞位置
Collision location
变形
Deformation/mm
3 km/h5 km/h
M75100腹板Web4.5311.93
翼板Flange8.0916.94
棱线Prism12.2824.69
M90A200腹板Web7.2118.12
翼板Flange10.8422.49
棱线Prism11.3223.15
M100A300腹板Web5.5413.19
翼板Flange9.0420.62
棱线Prism11.2621.78
M100B400腹板Web6.6715.64
翼板Flange9.6220.63
棱线Prism13.4624.53
M120A500腹板Web6.6714.53
翼板Flange9.2521.55
棱线Prism12.6423.30
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746415424478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731349483921, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

受损立柱残余变形

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型号
Type
刚体质量
Rigid mass/kg
碰撞位置
Collision location
变形
Deformation/mm
3 km/h5 km/h
M75100腹板Web4.5311.93
翼板Flange8.0916.94
棱线Prism12.2824.69
M90A200腹板Web7.2118.12
翼板Flange10.8422.49
棱线Prism11.3223.15
M100A300腹板Web5.5413.19
翼板Flange9.0420.62
棱线Prism11.2621.78
M100B400腹板Web6.6715.64
翼板Flange9.6220.63
棱线Prism13.4624.53
M120A500腹板Web6.6714.53
翼板Flange9.2521.55
棱线Prism12.6423.30
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Allowable residual deformation of the upright

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项目Project指标Indicator/mm
横梁工作方向
Direction of rack beam
5
进梁方向
Direction of frame bracing
3
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746616751083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731349483921, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

立柱允许的残余变形量

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项目Project指标Indicator/mm
横梁工作方向
Direction of rack beam
5
进梁方向
Direction of frame bracing
3
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746700637168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731349483921, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Mapping relation of input and output parameters of the prediction model

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输入参数
Input parameter
输出参数
Output parameter
腹板宽度Web width残余极限承载力
Residual ultimate bearing capacity
立柱厚度 Upright thickness
翼缘宽度 Flange width
立柱开口大小 Upright opening size
折弯个数 Number of bends
变形位置 Deformation position
变形程度 Deformation degree
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746771940341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731349483921, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

预测模型的输入、输出参数映射关系

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输入参数
Input parameter
输出参数
Output parameter
腹板宽度Web width残余极限承载力
Residual ultimate bearing capacity
立柱厚度 Upright thickness
翼缘宽度 Flange width
立柱开口大小 Upright opening size
折弯个数 Number of bends
变形位置 Deformation position
变形程度 Deformation degree
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746855826426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029731349483921, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Model training and partial test results

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序号
Serial number
FEM/kNadam/kNrmsprop/kNsgdm/kN
1105.96117.88118.34-0.31
273.53375.9486.16-0.44
368.76766.1168.301.17
2946.92443.3245.23-0.23
3028.10734.1934.41-1.16
评价指标
Evaluation indicator
adamrmspropsgdm
MAE/kN4.655.7986.65
RMSE/kN6.358.5898.52
MAPE/%5.997.28100.10
R20.980.97-3.24
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模型训练及部分测试结果

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序号
Serial number
FEM/kNadam/kNrmsprop/kNsgdm/kN
1105.96117.88118.34-0.31
273.53375.9486.16-0.44
368.76766.1168.301.17
2946.92443.3245.23-0.23
3028.10734.1934.41-1.16
评价指标
Evaluation indicator
adamrmspropsgdm
MAE/kN4.655.7986.65
RMSE/kN6.358.5898.52
MAPE/%5.997.28100.10
R20.980.97-3.24
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物理模拟与卷积网络混合的货架立柱弯曲损伤预测
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陈齐 1 , 吕志军 1 , 褚铭 1 , 张啸 2 , 李宏亮 3
机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025,47(2): 19-27
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机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025, 47(2): 19-27
物理模拟与卷积网络混合的货架立柱弯曲损伤预测
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陈齐1 , 吕志军1 , 褚铭1, 张啸2, 李宏亮3
作者信息
  • 1.东华大学 机械工程学院,上海 201620
  • 2.万邦数字能源股份有限公司,常州 213161
  • 3.上海精星仓储设备工程有限公司,上海 201611
  • 陈齐,男,2000年生,河南信阳人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为钢结构轻量化设计、可靠性设计;E-mail:

通讯作者:

吕志军(通信作者),男,1967年生,山西太原人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为智能制造、钢结构可靠性设计;E-mail:
Hybrid physical simulation and convolutional network for rack uprights bending damage prediction
Qi CHEN1 , Zhijun LÜ1 , Ming CHU1, Xiao ZHANG2, Hongliang LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
  • 2.Wanbang Digital Energy Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213161, China
  • 3.Shanghai Jingxing Storage Equipment Engineering Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201611, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.003
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叉车等意外机械撞击可能导致工业货架立柱的稳定性严重退化。以行业常见的5种型号立柱为例,基于物理试验机制建立了立柱弯曲损伤的有限元仿真模型,分析发现即使是小的冲击变形(1 mm)也可能导致立柱极限承载能力下降(最大约37%);相比其他受冲击位置,棱线处的弯曲损伤使得立柱稳定性下降更为显著。以此为基础,通过物理模拟和卷积神经网络方法,建立了立柱弯曲损伤状态的智能化预测模型。结果显示,该预测模型所得到的损伤立柱残余承载能力值与有限元仿真数据吻合良好(平均绝对百分比误差为5.99%),可用于指导货架立柱弯曲损伤性能的快速评估。

货架立柱  /  有限元  /  弯曲损伤  /  卷积神经网络  /  稳定性

Accidental mechanical impacts such as forklifts may lead to serious degradation of the stability of industrial rack uprights.The finite element simulation model of the upright bending damage was established based on the physical test mechanism with five types of common upright in the industry as examples, and the analysis found that even a small impact deformation (1 mm) may lead to a decrease in the ultimate bearing capacity of the upright (maximum about 37%).Compared with other impacted positions, the bending damage at the prism made the upright stability decrease more significantly.Based on this, an intelligent prediction model of the bending damage state of the upright was established by physical simulation and convolutional neural network method.The results show that the residual load capacity values of the damaged upright obtained from the prediction model agree well with the finite element simulation data (the mean absolute percentage error is 5.99%) and can be used for rapid assessment of the bending damage performance of the rack upright.

Rack upright  /  Finite element  /  Bending damage  /  Convolutional neural network  /  Stability
陈齐, 吕志军, 褚铭, 张啸, 李宏亮. 物理模拟与卷积网络混合的货架立柱弯曲损伤预测. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (2) : 19 -27 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.003
Qi CHEN, Zhijun LÜ, Ming CHU, Xiao ZHANG, Hongliang LI. Hybrid physical simulation and convolutional network for rack uprights bending damage prediction[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (2) : 19 -27 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.003
形式多样、规模化生产以及安装便捷等方面的优势使得冷弯薄壁型钢在工程机械、输电塔架、航空航天、仓储物流等工业领域有着广泛的应用,尤其常用于密集仓储系统中高层工业货架的基础构件。立柱是钢结构货架中重要的支撑零件,密集仓储作业环境下叉车等意外撞击可能会使立柱产生不同程度的弯曲损伤,严重的会直接引发货架结构连续性倒塌,因此弯曲损伤立柱的残余性能分析对于高层工业货架的安全性评估具有重要的工程实践意义。
立柱失稳是高层工业货架面临的最为严重的失效模式之一,其中极限承载能力是货架立柱稳定性评估的重要技术指标。由于薄壁高强、截面大开口的结构特征,依据北美冷弯型钢结构设计规范[1]中直接强度法(Direct Strength Method,DSM)承载力设计公式无法直接计算出货架立柱的极限承载能力[2]。DE ALMEIDA NEIVA等[3]研究了仓储货架立柱受到轴向压缩时的行为,发现目前DSM预测的极限强度对于冷成型穿孔立柱可能并不安全。基于货架立柱承压试验,ELIAS等[4]对DSM方程进行了修正。
传统理论在分析薄壁开口构件内力时,通常采用弗拉索夫薄壁梁理论对开口截面薄壁构件弯曲应力进行分析[5]。张年文[6]认为,当薄壁开口梁的形变以扭转为主时,构件截面内的变形很小,可以满足弗拉索夫薄壁梁理论的刚周边假定。而弯曲受损立柱的屈曲行为相当复杂,难以满足刚周边假定要求的截面小变形条件,因此传统薄壁立柱稳定性解析计算模型难以应用[7]
BONADA等[8]275-285[9]开展了货架立柱施加偏心载荷试验,发现弯矩可导致立柱强度显著下降。WANG等[10]研究了在冲击载荷作用下的钢构件的剩余承载性能,认为冲击区的变形导致构件剩余承载性能下降明显。李发超等[11]研究了冲击载荷对冷弯薄壁钢构件极限承载力的影响,认为冲击载荷导致构件更容易发生失稳。澳大利亚标准AS 4084—2012[12]和国家标准GB/T 41514—2022[13]5-7提供了沿横梁工作方向和柱片进梁方向弯曲损伤的检测方法和最大形变指标,但立柱承载能力变化与损伤程度之间的关系并不明确。王恒等[14]研究了叉车撞击立柱两个方向后的货架动态响应(沿横梁工作方向和柱片进梁方向),发现撞击方向对货架损伤以及倒塌有明显影响。熊强[15]21-78使用有限元方法对叉车撞击立柱引发货架结构倒塌进行了分析(横梁工作方向)。目前针对叉车撞击货架后立柱构件弯曲损伤的相关研究和检测方法都基于上述标准所提供的两个方向(图1),对于更为普遍的立柱棱线弯曲损伤性能退化还缺乏深入研究。
虽然难以完全代替物理试验,但有限元方法(Finite Element Method,FEM)在模拟拥有复杂的几何形状和边界条件的工程问题时仍是一种可信赖的数值分析工具[16],其技术优势在于可以实现物理实验过程的数值模拟。KRISHNAN等[17-18]使用有限元方法研究了冷弯钢结构在地震和火灾作用下的动态响应,并指导工程设计和现场维修。不过有限元等数值分析方法面临着计算成本高、建模烦琐等问题。
借助机器学习,简化复杂的物理模型,提高计算分析效率的方法,在金属材料性能研究方面取得了积极进展[19-20]。聚焦于结构参数与极限承载力关系讨论,宋一铭等[21]提出了一种基于机器学习方法的立柱极限承载力预测模型。深度学习作为机器学习方法中的一个分支,近年来得到了广泛而深入的研究。相较于传统的机器学习方法,深度学习能够进行深层次的特征识别,可用来处理大规模的复杂任务[22]。本文以货架立柱为研究对象,结合物理模拟与深度学习方法建立立柱弯曲损伤状态预测模型,进而对弯曲损伤立柱的剩余承载能力进行预测,为仓储货架立柱检修与维护提供决策支持。
采用物理模拟与深度学习算法相结合的方法建立立柱弯曲损伤预测模型。图2所示为立柱弯曲损伤状态智能化预测模型。该模型由3部分模块组成。模块I通过使用有限元方法研究立柱弯曲损伤状态的特点,为后续建立预测模型奠定了基础。模块Ⅱ采用物理模拟数据并基于卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)建立立柱弯曲损伤状态预测模型,利用深度学习算法的特征提取能力,完成预测模型的训练。模块Ⅲ对预测结果进行评估,通过不断地调整参数优化预测模型,使得该模型具有更高的泛化性能,并通过实际算例加以验证。模型评价指标分别为均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)、平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(Mean Absolute Percentage Error,MAPE)和决定系数(R2)。
该模型综合了物理模拟和深度学习算法各自的优点,利用物理仿真模型对立柱弯曲损伤状态进行分析并收集数据,同时充分利用深度学习算法强大的特征提取能力,对立柱损伤状态进行快速预测。叉车等意外机械撞击货架立柱后,通过训练好的预测模型可以实现损伤立柱残余承载能力的快速评估,为货架立柱的安全维护提供决策依据。
根据欧盟标准[23]以及行业内的应用情况,选取5种较为常见型号的立柱作为研究对象,样件的截面型式如图3所示。
为建立立柱弯曲损伤物理模拟模型,需要先基于物理试验建立无损立柱极限承载性能的有限元模型,以验证有限元方法建模的有效性。借鉴文献[8]276-277的方法,对试样施加轴向压缩载荷,试验装置如图4(a)所示。立柱底端被固定,使得立柱只能沿轴向被压缩。固定在两端的钢球通过压板传递载荷给立柱,载荷从0逐渐增大,直到立柱发生屈曲失效,通过分析力传感器收集到的数据,最大值即为立柱的极限载荷。
依据上述方法并基于上海某物流设备企业相关试验数据,采用有限元分析方法建立立柱模型,如图5所示,对其进行非线性屈曲分析。
立柱材料性能参数:弹性模量为200 GPa,泊松比为0.3;网格大小为10 mm;根据试验,在B处限制3个平动自由度,在A处限制除压缩方向的2个平动自由度;在A处添加轴向载荷进行仿真。
选取3种型号的立柱,将仿真结果与试验结果进行比较(表1)。根据表1,有限元仿真模型与试验数据的MAPE为4.74%,从而验证了有限元仿真建模方法的有效性。
在仓储作业过程中,由于视野盲区或其他干扰因素的存在,叉车等物料搬运装置撞击货架事故时有发生。如图6所示,叉车会与立柱3个面发生碰撞,这里对M75~M120共5种型号在不同弯曲损伤状态下的薄壁钢立柱进行有限元非线性仿真分析,以得到立柱在损伤状态下残余的极限承载力。
为了解叉车撞击过程中立柱受力以及受损变形情况,选用M75~M120共5种型号立柱,对以上撞击模式中的立柱进行动力学分析。在有限元软件中,将叉车上的托盘货物简化为一个质量为100~500 kg的刚体;参照国家标准GB 4387—2008[24]中叉车在巷道中正常行驶的最大速度,这里设定刚体冲击速度为5 km/h,此时假设立柱顶部承受8 kN的恒定货载,限制其水平方向的自由度,同时下端固定。
选取M75型号的立柱,对上述碰撞模式中的立柱进行动力学分析,图7所示为M75型号立柱3种碰撞模式下的仿真模型。图8所示为3种碰撞模式下M75型号立柱弯曲变形的时程曲线,由于叉车撞击立柱是一个动态过程,立柱的变形曲线在剧烈震荡后逐渐趋于稳定。由图8可以看出,当冲击速度为5 km/h时,M75型号立柱棱线处受撞击时相对立柱腹板更容易产生变形。
考虑到叉车在存取货物时往往会降速,这里增设3 km/h分析工况[15]21-78表2所示为5种型号立柱在3种碰撞模式下的最大残余变形。数据显示,冲击速度对立柱残余变形有显著影响,当冲击速度由3 km/h增大到5 km/h时,立柱最大残余变形平均增大约116.54%;此外,相同冲击载荷下,棱线处相对其他部位更容易产生弯曲损伤(相较腹板和翼板,弯曲损伤平均增大了83.97%和26.87%)。
获得受损立柱残余的极限承载能力,主要分两步:首先,对预设的立柱受损部位施加不同程度的等效载荷;其次,对受冲击的立柱进行非线性屈曲分析。根据立柱受损实际情况以及立柱的对称性,等效载荷施加位置主要分为6种,包括中部腹板、中部翼板、中部棱线、下部腹板、下部翼板以及下部棱线。这里对M75~M120规格的5种型号立柱进行非线性屈曲分析,以承载能力最强的M120A型号立柱为例,边界条件设置如图9所示,首先在立柱中部和下部处分别施加6种相等的冲击载荷,随后对立柱沿轴向压缩。
图10显示了立柱屈曲状态(从左到右受损位置分别为腹板、翼板、棱线)。由图10可以发现,在冲击载荷大小相同的情况下,当腹板受损时,立柱在受损位置发生局部屈曲;当立柱腹板和棱线受损时,立柱发生扭转屈曲。
为获得M120A型号立柱在受到冲击载荷时残余的极限承载性能,需要对受冲击的立柱进行非线性屈曲分析。首先用等效静力模拟冲击使立柱产生形变,即对立柱受损位置施加一个等效静力,使得立柱发生塑性形变,此时立柱沿施加等效静力的方向的变形量即该立柱的冲击变形量;然后对立柱施加一个逐渐增大的轴向压载荷,使得立柱沿轴向屈曲变形10 mm,边界条件设置如图9所示。
图11所示为M120A型号立柱冲击变形量与残余极限承载力的关系曲线(备注:A1为下部腹板、B1为下部翼板、C1为下部棱线、A2为中部腹板、B2为中部翼板、C2为中部棱线)。结果显示,立柱中部腹板受损对极限承载力影响最小;立柱残余承载力随冲击变形量(受损程度)急剧下降,之后其下降幅度相对变小;立柱下部受损比中部受损对残余极限承载力的影响大;尽管M120A型号立柱的最大残余变形为23.30 mm(表2),但是当冲击变形量为15 mm时,立柱极限承载力下降70.9%~85.8%,此时受损立柱的稳定性已严重退化,无法正常使用。
根据相关标准[13]5-7中立柱片损伤检测方法相关内容,立柱损伤等级分为“黄色风险”“橙色风险”和“红色风险”。其中红色风险指立柱存在严重的变形破坏,不可继续使用。立柱片构件允许的残余变形量如表3所示,当残余变形大于表3中的指标时,标准[13]5-6建议应更换受损立柱。
图11可以发现,当冲击变形量为10 mm时,立柱极限承载力下降58.6%~79.8%,同时承载力下降曲线在冲击变形大于10 mm后逐渐趋于平缓,考虑到标准[13]5-7建议的立柱最大残余变形(5 mm)相对保守,因此这里预测模型中立柱的冲击变形量不超过表3中允许最大残余变形的2倍(10 mm),兼具一定的工程实践意义和学术研究价值。图12所示为M75~M100共4种型号立柱冲击变形量与残余的极限承载力关系曲线。
图11图12可以看出,小变形(1 mm)即可引起立柱极限承载力的大幅下降,下降幅度为15%~37%,其中M75和M90A型号最为明显;总体上5种型号立柱的承载力下降曲线随冲击变形的增大逐渐趋于平缓,当冲击变形为10 mm时,立柱承载力下降52.08%~87.32%;当同型号立柱受冲击面相同时,下部受损对立柱承载性能影响较大;中部腹板受损对立柱承载性能影响最小;对于M75和M90A型号立柱,翼板和棱线受损会导致承载性能显著下降,对于M100A和M100B型号立柱,下部腹板受损对承载性能影响最明显,而对于M120A型号立柱,只要下部受损就会导致承载性能显著下降;受冲击面对立柱残余承载力有一定影响,不同型号立柱有不同的薄弱面,但是5种型号立柱共同之处在于,当立柱棱线处受损时,立柱承载力下降相对最为明显(1 mm的变形可导致承载性能平均下降29.12%)。
卷积神经网络是一类包含卷积计算且具有深度结构的前馈神经,是深度学习的典型网络结构之一。典型的卷积神经网络结构如图13所示,可分为输入层、卷积层、激活函数、池化层和全连接层。
在货架立柱弯曲损伤状态智能化预测模型建立过程中,CNN的结构构造是非常关键的。
上述分析发现,影响立柱弯曲损伤的因素包括冲击变形位置、冲击变形程度、立柱几何参数。因此,将上述因素作为CNN输入层参数,残余极限承载力指数作为输出参数,建立预测模型输入、输出参数映射关系如表4所示。
针对本文所提出的需求,本节使用MatlabR2022中的深度学习工具箱(Deep Learning Toolbox)建立一个具有3个卷积层的CNN,网络结构及部分参数如下:
1)图像输入层:imageInputLayer函数,该输入层为一个通道,输入像素大小为7×1。
2)二维卷积层1:convolution2dLayer函数,卷积核大小为3×1,卷积核的个数为16。
3)批量归一化层1:batchNormalizationLayer函数。
4)创建ReLU函数:reluLayer函数。
5)二维卷积层2:convolution2dLayer函数,卷积核大小为3×1,卷积核的个数为32。
6)批量归一化层2:batchNormalizationLayer函数。
7)创建ReLU函数:reluLayer函数。
8)二维卷积层3:convolution2dLayer函数,卷积核大小为3×1,卷积核的个数为64。
9)批量归一化层3:batchNormalizationLayer函数。
10)创建ReLU函数:reluLayer函数。
11)Dropout层:dropoutLayer函数,随机将20%输入置零。
12)全连接层:fullyConnectedLayer函数,全连接层输出的个数为1。
13)回归层:regressionLayer函数,用于结果预测。
设计的CNN结构如图14所示。
使用上文建立的CNN预测模型,将数据分为两组,一组用于训练网络,一组用于测试模型误差。
基于上述360组立柱弯曲损伤数据(其中M75~M100型号共264组数据,M120A型号立柱共96组数据),建立货架立柱弯曲损伤状态预测模型。采用随机抽样法,将330组数据作为模型训练样本,30组数据作为测试样本。
使用trainingOptions函数作为参数配置函数,训练方法分别设置为adam、rmsprop、sgdm,初始学习效率为0.01,学习率减小因子为0.8。
图15所示为CNN模型预测分析的结果,表5所示为模型训练及测试结果汇总。
表5数据显示,相对sgdm和rmsprop训练方法,adam训练方法预测效果最好,平均绝对百分比误差为5.99%。
图16为adam算法的CNN训练图。经过训练和参数调整,基于物理模拟与深度学习混合的预测模型可以实现货架立柱弯曲损伤快速预测,从而能够替代复杂而又耗时的传统立柱弯曲损伤状态有限元分析方法。
通过数值分析的方法,研究了弯曲受损的立柱稳定性退化规律,得出结论如下:
1)即使是小的冲击变形(1 mm)也足以导致立柱承载性能显著下降,下降幅度为15%~37%。
2)相比较其他受冲击位置,棱线处更容易弯曲损伤且立柱稳定性下降更为明显(平均约30%),建议在相关标准制定、修订时予以考虑。
3)采用物理模拟和卷积神经网络混合方法建立了智能化预测模型,用于评估受损仓储货架立柱的弯曲损伤状态。案例分析显示,该预测模型残余极限承载能力值与有限元仿真数据吻合良好,可以为弯曲损伤货架立柱安全性能的快速评估提供一定参考。由于叉车意外撞击情况非常复杂,后续宜开展更多现场测试以期不断增强预测模型的适应性。
  • 上海市科委工程中心能力提升计划(17DZ2283800)
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.003
  • 接收时间:2023-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-17
  • 修回日期:2023-08-08
基金
Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Engineering Center Capacity Enhancement Program(17DZ2283800)
上海市科委工程中心能力提升计划(17DZ2283800)
作者信息
    1.东华大学 机械工程学院,上海 201620
    2.万邦数字能源股份有限公司,常州 213161
    3.上海精星仓储设备工程有限公司,上海 201611

通讯作者:

吕志军(通信作者),男,1967年生,山西太原人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为智能制造、钢结构可靠性设计;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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