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Considering the uncertainty associated with structural boundary conditions, a method for modifying the boundary constraint static model of beam structures was proposed based on the homotopy stochastic finite element method.The overall modification of both the beam body elements and boundary elements was achieved using uncertain static measurement data. By employing the static condensation method, computational degrees of freedom were ensured to match measured degrees of freedom. Regularization methods were applied to mitigate ill-conditioned solutions in modification equations for stochastic models. The probabilistic residual minimization method enables optimal selection of homotopy coefficients, ensured accurate identification of boundary constraints and precise overall modification. Finally, simulations on variable-section concrete beams and static loading tests on aluminum alloy beams were conducted to verify the effectiveness of this approach.

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WU Zhifeng, E-mail:
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考虑到结构边界条件的不确定性,基于同伦随机有限元方法,提出了一种梁结构边界约束静力模型修正方法。基于不确定的静力测量数据,实现了梁身单元与边界单元的整体修正。静力凝聚方法能够保证计算自由度与测量自由度相匹配。正则化方法可以减少随机模型修正方程病态解的问题。概率残差最小化法实现同伦系数的最优选择,保证了边界约束的精确识别和整体修正的精度。最后,通过变截面混凝土梁数值算例和铝合金梁的静力加载试验,验证了该方法的有效性。

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吴志峰(通信作者),男,1990年生,湖北武汉人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为随机模型修正;E-mail:
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胡建伟,男,1988年生,湖北黄冈人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为地下结构的健康监测;E-mail:

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胡建伟,男,1988年生,湖北黄冈人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为地下结构的健康监测;E-mail:

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胡建伟,男,1988年生,湖北黄冈人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为地下结构的健康监测;E-mail:

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Reduction rate of element bending stiffness

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单元编号
Element number
123456
刚度折减率
Reduction rate
0.10.150.10.150.10.2
单元编号
Element number
789101112
刚度折减率
Reduction rate
0.10.150.10.150.10.2
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单元抗弯刚度折减率

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单元编号
Element number
123456
刚度折减率
Reduction rate
0.10.150.10.150.10.2
单元编号
Element number
789101112
刚度折减率
Reduction rate
0.10.150.10.150.10.2
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Mean value and coefficient of variation of test beam nodal deflection at F=30 N

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节点编号
Node number
23456
均值
Mean value/m
-4.48×10-7-1.24×10-6-1.52×10-6-1.17×10-6-4.33×10-6
变异系数
Coefficient of variation
0.018 40.025 10.041 20.027 30.020 1
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F=30 N荷载下试验梁节点测量挠度的均值与变异系数

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节点编号
Node number
23456
均值
Mean value/m
-4.48×10-7-1.24×10-6-1.52×10-6-1.17×10-6-4.33×10-6
变异系数
Coefficient of variation
0.018 40.025 10.041 20.027 30.020 1
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基于同伦随机有限元方法的梁结构边界约束静力模型修正
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胡建伟 1 , 祁灿 2, 4 , 朱礼平 3, 4 , 吴志峰 4, 5 , 黄斌 4 , 陈学龙 1, 4
机械强度 | 设计·计算 2025,47(2): 138-146
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机械强度 | 设计·计算 2025, 47(2): 138-146
基于同伦随机有限元方法的梁结构边界约束静力模型修正
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胡建伟1 , 祁灿2, 4, 朱礼平3, 4, 吴志峰4, 5 , 黄斌4, 陈学龙1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.中冶武勘工程技术有限公司,武汉 430080
  • 2.中国葛洲坝集团电力有限责任公司,宜昌 443002
  • 3.中冶南方武汉建筑设计有限公司,武汉 430000
  • 4.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070
  • 5.华中科技大学 土木与水利工程学院,武汉 430074
  • 胡建伟,男,1988年生,湖北黄冈人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为地下结构的健康监测;E-mail:

通讯作者:

吴志峰(通信作者),男,1990年生,湖北武汉人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为随机模型修正;E-mail:
Boundary constraint static model modification of beam structure based on homotopy stochastic finite element method
Jianwei HU1 , Can QI2, 4, Liping ZHU3, 4, Zhifeng WU4, 5 , Bin HUANG4, Xuelong CHEN1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.WSGRI Engineering & Surveying Incorporation Limited, Wuhan 430080, China
  • 2.China Gezhouba Group Corporation of Power Company, Yichang 443002, China
  • 3.WISDRI Wuhan Architecture Design Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430000, China
  • 4.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 5.School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.017
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考虑到结构边界条件的不确定性,基于同伦随机有限元方法,提出了一种梁结构边界约束静力模型修正方法。基于不确定的静力测量数据,实现了梁身单元与边界单元的整体修正。静力凝聚方法能够保证计算自由度与测量自由度相匹配。正则化方法可以减少随机模型修正方程病态解的问题。概率残差最小化法实现同伦系数的最优选择,保证了边界约束的精确识别和整体修正的精度。最后,通过变截面混凝土梁数值算例和铝合金梁的静力加载试验,验证了该方法的有效性。

同伦随机有限元  /  边界约束  /  模型修正  /  静力测量误差  /  静力凝聚

Considering the uncertainty associated with structural boundary conditions, a method for modifying the boundary constraint static model of beam structures was proposed based on the homotopy stochastic finite element method.The overall modification of both the beam body elements and boundary elements was achieved using uncertain static measurement data. By employing the static condensation method, computational degrees of freedom were ensured to match measured degrees of freedom. Regularization methods were applied to mitigate ill-conditioned solutions in modification equations for stochastic models. The probabilistic residual minimization method enables optimal selection of homotopy coefficients, ensured accurate identification of boundary constraints and precise overall modification. Finally, simulations on variable-section concrete beams and static loading tests on aluminum alloy beams were conducted to verify the effectiveness of this approach.

Homotopy stochastic finite element  /  Boundary constraint  /  Model modification  /  Static measurement error  /  Static condensation
胡建伟, 祁灿, 朱礼平, 吴志峰, 黄斌, 陈学龙. 基于同伦随机有限元方法的梁结构边界约束静力模型修正. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (2) : 138 -146 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.017
Jianwei HU, Can QI, Liping ZHU, Zhifeng WU, Bin HUANG, Xuelong CHEN. Boundary constraint static model modification of beam structure based on homotopy stochastic finite element method[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (2) : 138 -146 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.017
基于有限元分析的桥梁健康监测与检测对于识别桥梁状态至关重要[1]。一个足够精确的有限元模型能够提高状态识别的准确性。然而,建模过程中边界约束处的理想假定和过度简化是导致建模误差的关键因素。一般将其假定为简支或固支,但实际情况大多是介于二者之间的,属于半刚性。过分简化边界约束有时远大于质量、刚度对修正模型精度的影响[2-3]。边界条件难以精确模拟,边界处的响应难以通过传感器测得。因此,如何准确模拟结构边界约束在模型修正中具有重要意义。
对于结构边界条件的研究,大致可归纳为以下3种思路:①研究模拟边界约束的弹簧刚度与动静力特性之间的关系。PARK等[4-5]通过灵敏度分析得到弹簧常数与桥梁响应之间的关系,并利用测量响应估计边界约束刚度。并且,通过分析桥梁的转角与挠度、转动弹簧刚度间的关系,进而利用神经网络方法识别边界条件。KIM等[6]进一步选用可考虑非线性的神经网络方法进行边界约束识别。②将边界约束的影响考虑进理论公式。黄斌等[7]使用摄动法将随机微分方程及其边界条件转化为确定形式,推导了其统计特征值的二阶摄动近似表达。张妃二等[8]利用模糊随机变量建立了模糊随机边界元代数方程,通过λ水平截集得到随机区间方程,应用区间数分解和小参数摄动理论计算了应力统计特征、结构破坏概率和可靠度。蔡永昌等[9]在无单元伽辽金法中实现准确施加位移边界和材料不连续性条件。李英超等[10]使用子结构校正因子法进行边界条件修正,仅用低阶的有限实测频率实现对杆系结构边界条件的修正。WANG等[11]将连接灵活性和边界条件的模型修正和参数估计纳入交叉模型交叉模态方法。③调整模型中模拟边界约束的弹簧刚度参数来使目标函数最小化。SHI等[12]提出了一种利用模态参数修正桥梁边界条件的方法,成功修正了附加扭转约束刚度。邹向农等[13]基于现场动载测试结果,运用响应面法考虑边界约束条件,进行了悬索桥有限元模型修正。秦仙蓉等[14]将边界条件不确定性引入塔机有限元模型中,并利用二次响应面法对有限元模型进行修正。邬晓敬等[15]利用试验模态参数,基于遗传算法的多目标优化方法,并结合模态试验和计算模态分析,准确获取了有限元模型的边界约束信息。
然而,上述大部分研究只识别了边界约束而没有进行结构的整体修正,即使实现了整体修正也未考虑测量误差变异性等随机因素的影响。于是,本文针对边界约束识别问题,基于同伦随机有限元方法,将结构参数和测量误差考虑为随机变量,建立了考虑边界约束的静力随机模型修正方程。通过弹簧单元来模拟边界约束,将约束附加刚度叠加边界单元对应约束自由度的刚度分量。使用静力凝聚解决测量信息不完备的问题。为避免求解模型修正方程时的不适定性问题,选择使用了Tikhonov正则化方法。利用概率残差最小化方法进行同伦方法中辅助参数h的选择。最后,通过变截面混凝土梁的数值算例和铝合金梁的静力加载试验来验证该方法的可行性。
假设一个结构具有N个自由度,在静力荷载F0作用下,初始静力平衡方程为
式中,K0N×N维的结构初始整体刚度矩阵;x0为初始位移向量。将结构初始整体刚度矩阵分块可写成:
式中,a表示非边界自由度;b表示为边界自由度。
式中,为边界自由度对应的刚度;为边界单元在约束自由度上的刚度分量;为约束附加刚度。对于一个任意约束边界的梁,本文采用弹簧单元模拟附加约束。
为了方便建模,在平面外一般将边界约束设置为完全约束,在平面内,参考有限元中处理约束的方法,将边界单元的弹簧系数取为,耦合项。即边界节点处自由度对应元素乘上刚度系数ΘnΘrΘvΘvr,且ΘnΘrΘvΘvr∈[0,∞),当值为0时,表示无约束;当为∞时,表示完全约束。实际中不可能存在完全约束的情况,其值按梁本身刚度来选取合适值。
对于有限元模型,整体刚度的变化视为单元刚度的变化组合,即
式中,n为结构单元总数;β0i为第i个单元修正因子;Ki为第i个单元刚度矩阵的N×N维扩展矩阵。
修正后的刚度矩阵Km
考虑到模型修正的过程中仅加载一次,则
式中,xm为测量的位移向量。
将式(1)、式(6)联立求解,得
令Δx=x0-xm,则式(7)为
式中,L=[K1xm  K2xm …  Knxm];S=K0Δxβ0为由β0i(i=1,2,…,n)组成的向量。
考虑到假设的模型与实际结构之间存在差异,将静力数据的测量误差视为随机变量,则
式中,xm0xm的均值部分;l为引起测量误差的随机变量个数;ηi为独立随机变量;xmiηi的伴随向量。
假定ηi为完全相关的,即ηi=η。同时由于修正因子受到实际测量信息的影响,则修正因子也可视为随机变量η的函数,将其表示为βi(i=1,2,…,l)。
将式(9)代入式(7),同时假定xmi=xm1(i=1,2,…,l),则
式(10)为一个考虑边界约束的静力随机模型修正方程。
有限元模型修正通常使用结构的实际测量数据,旨在使修正后的有限元模型所计算的响应能够与实际结构的响应相匹配。由于实际测量的测量信息不足,实测数据会有一定的缺失,并且会对模型修正的效果产生一定的影响。为了使测量自由度与计算自由度相匹配。本文选择通过静力凝聚来解决实测数据缺失的问题。
对于结构的修正,K0可以写成分块矩阵,即
式中,K0ssK0tsK0对于未测量自由度的子矩阵;K0stK0tt为与测量自由度相关的子矩阵;F0s为与未测量自由度对应的力向量;F0t为与测量自由度对应的力向量。忽略梁的轴向变形,一个节点有两个自由度,把转角位移和竖向位移分别视为未测量自由度和测量自由度的位移向量。
将力向量F0s假定为零向量,代入式(11)得
式中,K0t表示与K0的测量自由度匹配的刚度矩阵,
同理,Km可凝聚为
式中,KmssKmts分别为Km对于未测量自由度的子矩阵;KmttKmst为与测量自由度对应的子矩阵。
KmssKmtsKmttKmst表示为式(5)的形式后代入式(13)中,则
式中,KittKitsKissKist为与第i个修正单元相关的扩展刚度矩阵Ki的子矩阵。
将式(14)对修正因子β0i求偏导,则
将式(6)、式(12)代入式(15)的1阶泰勒展开式,得
式中,xmt为测量位移向量,
假定xmtη的函数,可表示为xmt0+ηxmt1,则用βi(i=1,2,…,n)替换β0i,式(16)可写为
式中,xmt0xmt的均值;xmt1η的伴随向量。
为构造β的同伦形变方程,式(17)写为
式中,β=[β1β2,…,βn]TS0=K0txm0S1=K0txm1
为利用同伦方法,将方程构造成以下形式:
式中,p为嵌入参数,p∈[0,1],h≠0。Γ(ηhp)表示关于参数hp的函数,为β对应的同伦构造。
将向量函数Γ(ηhp)进行麦克劳林展开,如
式中,Γ[m](ηh,0)表示当p=0时,Γ(ηhp)对pm阶偏导。
求得Γ(ηhp)的一阶形变方程为
式中,Γ[1]中的符号Γ为Γ(ηhp)。当p=0,式(21)写为
由推导可知,L0β0-K0x0+S0=0。求解式(22)得
式中,
p=0将零阶形变方程对pm阶偏导数,2~4阶的表达形式如下:
式中,Γ[2]、Γ[3]、Γ[4]中的符号Γ为Γ(ηhp);
按上述步骤可求出当p=0时函数Γ(ηhp)对pm阶偏导数。因此,假定p=1时,β的同伦级数解为
式中,λgk(h)(k=1,2,…,g)表示为
式(29)中的辅助参数h对同伦级数解的收敛效率有较大影响。为了得到最优的h值,我们一般使用样本点法。但样本点法选择的h值对样本点的取值范围较为敏感,且选取的样本点强烈依赖于经验,也就导致了所选取的h值不太稳定。为了避免人为选择的h值不合适造成的准确性损失,本文使用了一种概率残差最小化方法[16]来求解本模型修正方法中同伦级数解的h值。
假设同伦算子方程的精确解为β(η),β(g),i(η)为精确解β(η)对应的同伦级数近似解。近似解与精确解之间必然会存在残余误差,则在整个定义域内的累积误差为
式中,ζ(η)为随机输入的联合概率密度函数,可以看作是不同概率分布对应的样本的权重。y可以取1,2,…等正整数。
对于精确解来说,有
式中,‖•‖表示向量的范数;O为样本数量。如果采用近似解来替代精确解,则有
从等式可以看出,当θ越接近0的时候,(L0+η(O)L1)β(g),i(η(O))和(K0tx0t-S0-η(O)S1)之间差值的y次幂的期望会越趋向于0。因此RResp越小,近似解的精确度就越高。
n个相互独立的随机变量ηii=1,2,…,n的样本区间为[cidi],i=1,2,…,n;概率密度函数为i=1,2,…,n。则其累积的残余误差可写为
将随机修正因子的同伦级数展开代入式(33),则
为找到使同伦级数解的收敛效率最快的h值,定义如下表达式
此时引入2范数来确定h值,使RResp(h)的2范数最小时对应的h值即为最优解h*
Tikhonov正则化是现今使用得最为广泛的一种正则化方法,其求解效率十分高。于是本文先使用Tikhonov正则化方法,建立式(8)的最小化目标函数为
式中,φ为由L曲线准则所确定的正则化参数。
根据奇异值截断,可得β0的正则化解为
式中,wivi分别为矩阵的第i个奇异值、左奇异向量和右奇异向量。
对于修正后的刚度矩阵,结构的修正位移应满足下式:
式中,xm为结构的修正位移向量,且为随机变量ηi的函数;β1iβ2i、…、βki分别为向量β1β2、…、βk的第i个单元。
考虑一个混凝土变截面单跨梁,如图1所示。假定梁的初始有限元模型的弹性模量E=28 GPa,截面尺寸为0.15 m×0.3 m,0.15 m×0.4 m,梁总长为1.9 m。将梁划分为12个欧拉-伯努利梁单元。外力作用于第5、9号节点,大小均为5 000 N。假定两侧的弹簧系数Θv1=10,Θv2=10。除去两支座处的位移,其余节点位移的测量误差均假定为服从贝塔分布。
由于梁的模型与实际情况之间存在一定误差,则假定每个单元的刚度均产生折减,其折减的值如表1所示。为了模拟测量挠度的不确定性从小变大,假定测量误差的变异系数Ccov分别为0.10和0.30。用同伦方法(Homotopy Stochastic Finite Element Based Structural Static Model Updating Method With Boundary Conditions,HSMUMB)和蒙特卡洛方法(Monte-Carlo Simulation,MCS)对其进行修正。MCS方法是一种通过随机抽样来估计复杂系统的行为或计算某些量的统计特性的方法,是对确定性修正结果的重复抽样,一般认为最接近于真实值,故可作为其他随机方法的参考值。对于MCS方法,用105个样本模拟测量误差,并与二阶摄动方法(Second-order Perturbation with Regularization Based Model Updating with Boundary Conditons,SPRMB)进行比较。为了展示本方法整体修正的效果,分别选取边界单元和梁身单元的修正结果。图2展示了梁单元修正因子的均值和均方差,图3图4分别展示了第1和第8单元的修正因子概率密度函数。
图2(a)、图2(c)可以看出,在变异系数Ccov为0.1时,HSMUMB方法、SPRMB方法与MCS方法的修正结果都比较接近。HSMUMB方法其均值和均方差的相对误差均在0.2%和2%以内。但随着测量误差变异性增大,由图2(b)、图2(d)可知,SPRMB方法修正结果的均值与MCS方法的相对误差最小有28.5%,而HSMUMB方法的均值与MCS方法相对误差明显要小,最小相对误差保证在8.2%。对于均方差部分,HSMUMB方法与MCS方法的相对误差在7.3%,而SPRMB方法与MCS方法的相对误差在68%~252%。
图3图4的第1和第8单元修正因子的概率密度函数的曲线也可以看出,在变异系数Ccov为0.1的时候,SPRMB方法还能与MCS方法有着较好的吻合,但当变异系数变Ccov为0.3的时候,SPRMB方法就已经产生了严重的偏移,而HSMUMB方法还是能与MCS方法有较高的拟合度。因此,综合图2的结果,HSMUMB方法比SPRMB方法的精度更高。
为了证明模型的有效性,将单元修正因子代回到公式中计算出节点修正后的挠度。图5展示了挠度的均值和均方差,由图5可以看出,当变异系数较小的时候,SPRMB方法和MCS方法计算出的节点挠度均值和均方差基本一致,但随着变异系数变大之后,其也产生了差异。这一结果清晰地表明,HSMUMB方法在变异系数较大时的优越性。图6图7展示了第5和第12节点挠度的概率密度函数。从图6图7则更加清晰地看出,变异系数变大之后,SPRMB方法产生了严重的偏移,而HSMUMB方法仍然还有着较高的吻合度。
铝合金梁的加载试验如图8(a)、图8(b)所示,铝合金梁的材料参数:铝合金梁的长度为1.2 m;截面面积为0.1 m×0.008 m。将铝合金梁沿纵向划分为6个单元,每个单元的长度为0.2 m。考虑到右侧支座处存在搭接长度,则6号单元的计算长度为0.19 m,铝合金梁的弹性模量为66 GPa。试验铝合金梁的有限元模型由6个梁单元和7个节点构成,如图8(c)所示。在梁的三分点处通过悬挂砝码进行加载。测量节点位移的测量误差假定为贝塔分布,利用本文所提出的方法对铝合金梁初始模型进行修正。
为了模拟铝合金梁的刚度变化,试验前对铝合金梁进行处理,将梁的第2和第5单元左右各切掉15%和20%左右的铝合金条,使第2单元和第5单元的刚度人为地减少了30%和40%,铝合金梁刚度折减的单元不连续。将铝合金梁两端用螺栓和重物固定好后,将螺栓拧松几圈,模拟半刚性的情况。在两侧加载点施加载荷。试验过程中只有3个激光位移传感器,于是对铝合金梁进行分批测量,以获得5个测量节点的挠度信息。使用激光位移传感器进行测量时,取每次加载时挠度稳定后一段时间内的平均值作为一次挠度的响应值,卸载然后再重复加载。用15组挠度数据作为试验数据的样本集。在铝合金梁的静力加载试验过程中,所使用的激光位移传感器不能进行节点转角的测量,只能测得竖向位移即挠度变化,于是在进行模型修正时需要通过静力凝聚来缩减自由度。加载力为30 N时,铝合金梁节点挠度的测量数据如表2所示。
利用HSMUMB方法对梁进行修正,得到的区域修正因子统计值如图9所示。将所得到的修正因子的值代回公式可得到修正后试验梁节点的均值和均方差结果,节点挠度统计值如图10所示。
通过修正之后的修正结果可知,Θv1=8.07,Θv2=8.24。结果也表明了,修正后模型节点的挠度均值和均方差与实测的结果基本保持一致。而修正因子也与实际折减的结果相近,验证了HSMUMB方法的有效性。
通过上述理论推导、数值算例和加载试验验证,可以得到如下结论:
1)在模型修正中过分简化边界约束造成的影响不可忽略。
2)针对该问题,基于现有研究,本文提出了一种基于同伦随机有限元方法的梁结构边界约束的静力模型修正方法。将结构参数和测量误差考虑为随机变量,建立了考虑边界约束的随机有限元模型修正方程。利用静力凝聚方法将未测量自由度消除,最后使用正则化算法减少了随机模型修正方程病态解的出现。
3)变截面梁的数值算例表明,该方法在变异系数较大时仍能有较好的修正效果。
4)铝合金梁的静力加载试验验证了本方法的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51978545)
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.017
  • 接收时间:2024-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-19
  • 修回日期:2024-10-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51978545)
国家自然科学基金(51978545)
作者信息
    1.中冶武勘工程技术有限公司,武汉 430080
    2.中国葛洲坝集团电力有限责任公司,宜昌 443002
    3.中冶南方武汉建筑设计有限公司,武汉 430000
    4.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070
    5.华中科技大学 土木与水利工程学院,武汉 430074

通讯作者:

吴志峰(通信作者),男,1990年生,湖北武汉人,博士,助理研究员;主要研究方向为随机模型修正;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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