Article(id=1241029728933573424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241029724655383270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673366400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-11, revisedDate=1678032000000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773814144595, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773814144595, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773814144595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814144595, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241029724655383270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773814143575, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840259815, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241139264176574915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241029724655383270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241139264176574916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241029724655383270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=120, endPage=129, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241029729227174716, articleId=1241029728933573424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Research on structural design of 5 MW vertical axis wind turbine, columnId=1241029728077935367, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Optimization∙Reliability, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vertical axis wind turbines have gradually become a research hotspot due to their ease of scalability, but the research involving structural aspects is relatively limited.Therefore, a blade and strut composite layup design solution was proposed to meet the structural performance requirements.The computational fluid dynamics method was used to obtain the aerodynamic loads under extreme environments and loaded them onto the wind turbine surface.The finite element method was used to perform the statics and modal analysis.The results show that the proposed wind turbine blade, strut, and tower have sufficient safety under extreme loads.The maximum displacement is located at the top of the blade trailing edge, the maximum stress is located at the connection between the tower and the strut, and the maximum strain is located at the blade web in contact with the strut; the vertical axis wind turbine wind wheel still has strong torsional load characteristics under the windward condition; the wind turbine operating frequency is less than the wind turbine first-order natural frequency, and its relative difference exceeds 10%.The wind turbine will not resonate under rated conditions.

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MIAO Weipao, E-mail:
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垂直轴风力机因其易大型化优势逐渐成为研究热点,但涉及结构方面的研究较为有限。因此,以5 MW垂直轴风力机为研究对象,提出了满足结构性能需求的叶片及支撑杆复合材料铺层设计方案。通过计算流体力学方法获得极端环境下气动载荷并加载至风力机表面,利用有限元方法对其进行静力学及模态分析。结果表明,提出的风力机叶片、支撑杆及塔架等主要结构部件在极端载荷下有足够的安全性,其最大位移位于叶片尾缘顶部,最大应力位于塔架与支撑杆连接处,最大应变位于与支撑杆接触的叶片腹板;停机迎风状态下垂直轴风力机风轮仍存在较强的扭转载荷特征;风轮工作频率小于风力机1阶固有频率,且其相对差超过10%,风轮在额定条件下不会发生共振。

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缪维跑(通信作者),男,1990年生,浙江温州人,讲师;主要研究方向为风力机流固耦合及优化;E-mail:
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朱海波,男,1999年生,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

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unstructuredReference=GUO Chao.Research on modal analysis of large wind turbine[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University,2020:42.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Research on modal analysis of large wind turbine, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241029747866661546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, awardId=51976131; 52006148; 52106262, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976131; 52006148; 52106262), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241029747946353325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, awardId=51976131; 52006148; 52106262, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51976131; 52006148; 52106262), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241029738391728396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241029738400117005, 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Main parameters of 5 MW VAWT

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参数
Parameter

Value
参数
Parameter

Value
额定功率
Rated power/MW
5最优尖速比
Optimal tip speed ratio λ
3.140
额定风速
Rated wind speed/(m/s)
13叶片弦长
Chord length of blade c/m
6.357
额定转速
Rated speed/(rad/s)
8叶片高度
Blade height H/m
127.144
切入风速
Cut-in wind speed/(m/s)
3.5风轮直径
Wind turbine diameter D/m
97.872
切出风速
Cut-out wind speed/(m/s)
25塔架高度
Tower height HT/m
113.567
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746226688597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

5 MW VAWT主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter

Value
参数
Parameter

Value
额定功率
Rated power/MW
5最优尖速比
Optimal tip speed ratio λ
3.140
额定风速
Rated wind speed/(m/s)
13叶片弦长
Chord length of blade c/m
6.357
额定转速
Rated speed/(rad/s)
8叶片高度
Blade height H/m
127.144
切入风速
Cut-in wind speed/(m/s)
3.5风轮直径
Wind turbine diameter D/m
97.872
切出风速
Cut-out wind speed/(m/s)
25塔架高度
Tower height HT/m
113.567
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746335740509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mechanical properties of blade materials

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材料Materialρ/(kg/m3)tply/mmE1/GPaE2/GPaE3/GPaG12/GPaG13/GPaG23/GPaν12ν13ν23
单向轴玻璃纤维
Unidirectional(UD) glass fiber
1 9000.534314144.54.320.30.10.1
双向交叉玻璃纤维
Bi-directional cross ply(BIAX) glass fiber
1 9000.531312119.5220.60.20.2
芯材Core material2003.1250.250.250.250.0850.0850.0850.350.350.35
粘合层Nexus1 6780.3817.587.587.584440.30.30.3
胶衣Gelcoat1 2350.3813.443.443.441.381.381.380.30.30.3
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材料的力学性能

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材料Materialρ/(kg/m3)tply/mmE1/GPaE2/GPaE3/GPaG12/GPaG13/GPaG23/GPaν12ν13ν23
单向轴玻璃纤维
Unidirectional(UD) glass fiber
1 9000.534314144.54.320.30.10.1
双向交叉玻璃纤维
Bi-directional cross ply(BIAX) glass fiber
1 9000.531312119.5220.60.20.2
芯材Core material2003.1250.250.250.250.0850.0850.0850.350.350.35
粘合层Nexus1 6780.3817.587.587.584440.30.30.3
胶衣Gelcoat1 2350.3813.443.443.441.381.381.380.30.30.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746532872807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Ultimate strength properties of the GFRP and core material

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材料MaterialSt,1St,2St,3Sc,1Sc,2Sc,3S12S13S23
芯材Core material7.17.17.14.84.84.83.53.53.5
单向轴玻璃纤维UD glass fiber9144242525121123363510
双向交叉玻璃纤维BIAX glass fiber150150401501505701443839
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GFRP和芯材的极限强度特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料MaterialSt,1St,2St,3Sc,1Sc,2Sc,3S12S13S23
芯材Core material7.17.17.14.84.84.83.53.53.5
单向轴玻璃纤维UD glass fiber9144242525121123363510
双向交叉玻璃纤维BIAX glass fiber150150401501505701443839
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746704839278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Blade section lay-up details and wall thickness

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截面
Section
双向交叉玻璃纤维
BIAX glass fiber
单向轴玻璃纤维
UD glass fiber
芯材
Core material
粘合层
Nexus
胶衣
Gelcoat
厚度
Thickness/mm
前缘
Leading edge
15118.712
主梁
Spar cap
163651143.947
尾缘
Trailing edge
1651124.867
剪切腹板
Shear web
36534.705
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746813891187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

叶片截面铺设层数和壁厚

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
截面
Section
双向交叉玻璃纤维
BIAX glass fiber
单向轴玻璃纤维
UD glass fiber
芯材
Core material
粘合层
Nexus
胶衣
Gelcoat
厚度
Thickness/mm
前缘
Leading edge
15118.712
主梁
Spar cap
163651143.947
尾缘
Trailing edge
1651124.867
剪切腹板
Shear web
36534.705
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746910360185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Material safety factors

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影响因素Influence factor值Value
材料老化 Aging effect C1x1.35
温度影响 Temperature effect C2x1.10
制作工艺 Manufacturing method C3x1.10
层合板固化 Laminate curing C4x1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241029746977469054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

材料安全系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素Influence factor值Value
材料老化 Aging effect C1x1.35
温度影响 Temperature effect C2x1.10
制作工艺 Manufacturing method C3x1.10
层合板固化 Laminate curing C4x1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241029747052966534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Allowable tensile and compressive material strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
εt,1/10-3εt,2/10-3εt,3/10-3εc,1/10-3εc,2/10-3εc,3/10-3
单向轴玻璃纤维
UD glass fiber
9.6401.3611.361-5.537-3.920-3.984
双向交叉玻璃纤维
BIAX glass fiber
5.2235.6691.649-5.223-5.669-23.624
芯材
Core material
12.88012.88012.880-8.770-8.770-8.707
), ArticleFig(id=1241029747157824137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

材料允许的拉伸和压缩应变

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
Material
εt,1/10-3εt,2/10-3εt,3/10-3εc,1/10-3εc,2/10-3εc,3/10-3
单向轴玻璃纤维
UD glass fiber
9.6401.3611.361-5.537-3.920-3.984
双向交叉玻璃纤维
BIAX glass fiber
5.2235.6691.649-5.223-5.669-23.624
芯材
Core material
12.88012.88012.880-8.770-8.770-8.707
), ArticleFig(id=1241029747245904524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

IEC wind turbine design classes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数ParametersClass IClass ⅡClass ⅢClass Ⅳ
平均风速
Average wind speed
108.57.56
参考风速
Reference wind speed
5042.537.530
50年一遇台风
50-year wind gust speed
7059.552.542
), ArticleFig(id=1241029747338179218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

IEC风力机设计等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数ParametersClass IClass ⅡClass ⅢClass Ⅳ
平均风速
Average wind speed
108.57.56
参考风速
Reference wind speed
5042.537.530
50年一遇台风
50-year wind gust speed
7059.552.542
), ArticleFig(id=1241029747455619733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Wind turbine natural frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数
Modal order
固有频率
Natural frequency /Hz
10.179 25
20.186 05
30.221 27
40.308 41
50.369 63
60.389 61
70.397 64
80.497 72
), ArticleFig(id=1241029747556283033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

风力机固有频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数
Modal order
固有频率
Natural frequency /Hz
10.179 25
20.186 05
30.221 27
40.308 41
50.369 63
60.389 61
70.397 64
80.497 72
), ArticleFig(id=1241029747640169114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Relative difference between the natural frequency and the operating frequency of the wind turbine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数
Modal order
固有频率
Natural frequency /Hz
风轮工作频率
Wind turbine operating frequency /Hz
相对差
Relative difference /%
共振风险
Resonance risk
10.179 250.13334.774否No
20.186 050.13339.887否No
30.221 270.13366.368否No
40.308 410.133131.887否No
50.369 630.133177.917否No
60.389 610.133192.940否No
70.397 640.133198.977否No
80.499 7720.133275.768否No
), ArticleFig(id=1241029747719860896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728933573424, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

固有频率与风轮工作频率的相对差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数
Modal order
固有频率
Natural frequency /Hz
风轮工作频率
Wind turbine operating frequency /Hz
相对差
Relative difference /%
共振风险
Resonance risk
10.179 250.13334.774否No
20.186 050.13339.887否No
30.221 270.13366.368否No
40.308 410.133131.887否No
50.369 630.133177.917否No
60.389 610.133192.940否No
70.397 640.133198.977否No
80.499 7720.133275.768否No
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朱海波 , 缪维跑 , 李春 , 王海生 , 岳敏楠
机械强度 | 设计·计算 2025,47(2): 120-129
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机械强度 | 设计·计算 2025, 47(2): 120-129
5 MW垂直轴风力机结构设计研究
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朱海波 , 缪维跑 , 李春, 王海生, 岳敏楠
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093
  • 朱海波,男,1999年生,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

通讯作者:

缪维跑(通信作者),男,1990年生,浙江温州人,讲师;主要研究方向为风力机流固耦合及优化;E-mail:
Research on structural design of 5 MW vertical axis wind turbine
Haibo ZHU , Weipao MIAO , Chun LI, Haisheng WANG, Minnan YUE
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.015
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垂直轴风力机因其易大型化优势逐渐成为研究热点,但涉及结构方面的研究较为有限。因此,以5 MW垂直轴风力机为研究对象,提出了满足结构性能需求的叶片及支撑杆复合材料铺层设计方案。通过计算流体力学方法获得极端环境下气动载荷并加载至风力机表面,利用有限元方法对其进行静力学及模态分析。结果表明,提出的风力机叶片、支撑杆及塔架等主要结构部件在极端载荷下有足够的安全性,其最大位移位于叶片尾缘顶部,最大应力位于塔架与支撑杆连接处,最大应变位于与支撑杆接触的叶片腹板;停机迎风状态下垂直轴风力机风轮仍存在较强的扭转载荷特征;风轮工作频率小于风力机1阶固有频率,且其相对差超过10%,风轮在额定条件下不会发生共振。

垂直轴风力机  /  叶片  /  复合材料  /  结构设计  /  有限元分析

Vertical axis wind turbines have gradually become a research hotspot due to their ease of scalability, but the research involving structural aspects is relatively limited.Therefore, a blade and strut composite layup design solution was proposed to meet the structural performance requirements.The computational fluid dynamics method was used to obtain the aerodynamic loads under extreme environments and loaded them onto the wind turbine surface.The finite element method was used to perform the statics and modal analysis.The results show that the proposed wind turbine blade, strut, and tower have sufficient safety under extreme loads.The maximum displacement is located at the top of the blade trailing edge, the maximum stress is located at the connection between the tower and the strut, and the maximum strain is located at the blade web in contact with the strut; the vertical axis wind turbine wind wheel still has strong torsional load characteristics under the windward condition; the wind turbine operating frequency is less than the wind turbine first-order natural frequency, and its relative difference exceeds 10%.The wind turbine will not resonate under rated conditions.

Vertical axis wind turbine  /  Blade  /  Composite  /  Structure design  /  Finite element analysis
朱海波, 缪维跑, 李春, 王海生, 岳敏楠. 5 MW垂直轴风力机结构设计研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (2) : 120 -129 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.015
Haibo ZHU, Weipao MIAO, Chun LI, Haisheng WANG, Minnan YUE. Research on structural design of 5 MW vertical axis wind turbine[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (2) : 120 -129 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.015
风能因储量大、无污染、可再生、安全可靠及分布辽阔等优点受到广泛关注[1]。目前,风力发电已成为一种成熟且可持续的发电方式。预计2060年,我国风电装机容量将达到25亿千瓦,占全国电源装机总量的31.2%[2]
风力机按照转轴与风向相对位置可分为水平轴风力机(Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine,HAWT)和垂直轴风力机(Vertical Axis Wind Turbine,VAWT)。虽然HAWT是目前市场的主流机型,但HAWT大型化发展带来的成本收益已逐渐接近瓶颈[3]。因此VAWT凭借其结构简单、无偏航装置及安装成本低等易于大型化的优势,近年来逐渐成为全球研究者关注的热点[4-5]
然而,目前对于VAWT的研究主要聚焦于提升其空气动力学性能[6],涉及VAWT结构性能方面的研究较为有限。风力机叶片作为主要能量转换部件,其结构性能将直接影响风力机服役寿命与发电效率[7]。复合材料因具有比强度高、比刚度大、密度低及抗疲劳磨损等优点而广泛应用于风力机叶片的制造[8]。HAWT经过多年发展,在复合材料叶片方面已积累较多经验,如:MOUHSINE等[9]根据翼型特性计算最佳叶片形状,通过翼型构型提高风力机叶片的可靠性,为建立精确的三维HAWT叶片提供基础;周里群等[10]将软件Ansys与Matlab结合,以分块/分段方法为叶片设置铺层材料,提出了一套叶片在极限载荷工况下结构强度分析方法;张立等[11]基于NX二次开发建立风力机叶片几何模型,结合铺层设计分析了主梁铺层角度对叶片结构特性影响。
受益于HAWT复合材料叶片的研究,近年来学者们逐渐尝试将相关技术应用于VAWT结构特性研究。SERALATHAN等[12]对小型Savonius风力机进行结构静力分析,分析在不同载荷下最大主应力、剪应力及总变形等特性。BROWN等[13]设计和加工了一款0.85 m小型VAWT热塑性复合材料叶片,提出一种预测叶片固有频率及结构性能的有限元建模方法,通过结构与固有频率分析验证该叶片的合理性。CASTRO等[14]使用Fique和环氧树脂复合材料设计一种VAWT叶片,运用有限元方法求解应力分布,确定Fique-环氧树脂是一种可替代玻璃纤维的可行材料。WANG等[15]基于有限元分析(Finite Element Analysis,FEA)与遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)模型,开发了VAWT叶片结构优化模型,可用于确定复合材料叶片的最佳铺层结构,优化后的叶片最大压应力与材料允许值接近。HAND等[16]102858提出了一款5 MW垂直轴风力机叶片结构性能分析,验证了其在极端环境下的载荷特征。赵斌等[17]采用有限元分析方法,对适用于西藏地区的聚风型直线翼垂直轴风力机进行结构分析。结果表明,该风力机强度满足要求,运行安全可靠。研究结果为聚风型直线翼垂直轴风力机在高寒高海拔地区应用提供基础。张旭等[18]采用响应面法建立主梁结构参数与叶片的质量、最大应力的响应面模型,利用遗传算法优化额定工况下主梁的结构参数,并分析优化前后叶片的最大位移、应力和应变变化规律。结果表明,优化后的结构性能参数均得到明显提高。
尽管已有学者开展了VAWT结构性能的研究,但多数针对小尺寸风力机,少数大型VAWT研究也仅考虑了单叶片性能。随着风力机的大型化发展,兆瓦级VAWT需综合考虑叶片与其他部件间的相互作用以确定整机结构性能。为此,本文通过三维建模软件NX建立H型5 MW垂直轴风力机模型,提出叶片与支撑杆的铺层方案及塔架结构属性,采用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法获取气动载荷并加载至有限元模型进行分析,以验证整体结构的可靠性。
目前常见的VAWT以双叶片、三叶片和少部分四叶片机型为主。双叶片风力机因其高经济性及低叶片振动特性而应用较广,故本文采用H型双叶片VAWT。鉴于尚未有公开的大型VAWT完整数据,故借鉴文献[19]中大型5 MW VAWT几何外形与尺寸参数,其主要参数如表1所示。
塔架截面取圆截面,直径DT=3.935 m。H型叶片通过4个支撑杆与塔架连接。利用三维建模软件NX构建该风力机的几何模型,如图1所示。
叶片翼型采用DU06-W-200,其最大厚度为0.2cc为弦长),外倾角β=2°。该翼型为CLAESSENS[20]针对VAWT流动特性而设计的专用翼型,其空气动力学性能优于采用NACA0018翼型的VAWT。
风力机叶片高度H=127.144 m,弦长c=6.357 m,叶片底部距地面HBot=10 m。为保证其强度和刚度,叶片内部布置一对腹板,分别置于弦长15%与50%处,主梁处使用梁帽结构。叶片内部结构如图2所示。
支撑杆用于连接风力机叶片和塔架,传递叶片转矩至发电设备。AHMADI-BALOUTAKI等[21]研究表明,两支撑杆位置分别位于叶片长度的0.21H和0.79H处时有利于减小叶片的最大应力,故本文支撑杆同样安装于此处。由于VAWT的支撑杆受力形式与HAWT叶片类似,均为悬臂梁结构且离风轮中心越远气动力越大,因此支撑杆几何截面构型参考了HAWT叶片形式,即:支撑杆根部采用圆形截面与塔架连接以提高根部强度;随风轮半径增加,支撑杆截面逐渐由圆形向相对厚度较薄的对称翼型过渡,以降低支撑杆带来的直接和间接气动阻力[22];最大弦线位置位于r/R=0.28(r为任意半径位置,R为风轮半径);支撑杆尖端采用弦长为0.5c的NACA0026翼型与叶片相连;支撑杆与叶片连接点距离叶片前缘S=0.25c。支撑杆各截面外形见图1(b)
风力机叶片不仅要满足疲劳、强度及刚度等要求,同时应具有质量轻、材料来源丰富及结构设计灵活等优点[23]。本文借鉴文献[16]102858对5 MW垂直轴风力机叶片的铺层方案,利用有限元软件Abaqus的复合材料模块对叶片进行铺层设计。
铺层所用材料的力学性能如表2所示[24-25]。其中,ρ为密度;tply为单层材料厚度;E为弹性模量;G为剪切模量;ν为泊松比。玻璃纤维增强聚合物(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer,GFRP)和芯材的拉伸强度、压缩强度和剪切强度见表3
叶片内部及铺层结构如图3所示,根据腹板相对位置将叶片沿弦向分为前缘、主梁及尾缘。叶片主梁为主要承载构件,因此采用箱形梁结构,与工字梁相比,其抗扭转能力更佳。叶片前缘、尾缘及腹板的无支撑部分,采用夹芯结构,以确保叶片在运行过程中的稳定性。为了避免叶片受到有害气体及水蒸气的侵蚀,叶片外表面铺设一层抗老化且抗腐蚀的胶衣以延长叶片使用寿命[26]
本文建立并铺层后的叶片总质量为64 390 kg,参考叶片质量为64 227.2 kg,两者偏差仅为0.25%,故可认为叶片复合材料铺层方案较为合理。表4为叶片各部分铺设细节与壁厚。
鉴于目前尚无公开支撑杆的铺层方案,本文提出一种完整的支撑杆铺层方案。该方案参考NREL 5 MW风力机叶片铺层设计,将支撑杆沿纵向分割为不同区域,在保证叶片强度及刚度前提下,尽可能降低叶片质量。
由于支撑杆弦向跨度较宽,最高可达6.5 m,考虑到支撑杆为空心薄壁复合结构,为保证支撑杆受载时气动外形不发生变化,提高其稳定性,在支撑杆腹腔内添加双腹板。与叶片类似,支撑杆同样沿弦向分为前缘、主梁及尾缘三部分。主梁需要足够的整体刚度以防止支撑杆发生大变形。单向轴玻璃纤维具有良好的轴向受力性能,可提供主要的抗弯强度,故主梁主要由单向轴玻璃纤维构成。前缘与尾缘部分的主要材料为GRFP;支撑杆表面及腹板采用对称夹芯结构,均以芯材为核心。由于支撑杆根部为应力集中区域,故在根部增铺双向交叉玻璃纤维,以减少根部的变形和应力。支撑杆最外层铺设胶衣,以保护结构层材料免受外界环境介质侵蚀,减少生产制造产生的粗糙度问题,降低支撑杆阻力。支撑杆铺层截面厚度如图4所示。
塔架的主要作用是支撑叶片和支撑杆,在正常运转情况下会受到气动载荷引起的弯矩作用以及风轮转动时产生的转矩。塔架根部所受的弯矩最大,容易发生断裂破坏情况。考虑到其承压性及强度要求,塔架材料选用合金钢40Cr,塔架截面选用圆形钢管,外径DT=4 m,厚度δ=0.03 m,塔架与支撑杆连接处厚度取0.04 m。
复合材料叶片存在多种失效形式,为简化分析,此处仅考虑单材料的失效特征,即载荷产生的拉伸和压缩应变不得超过材料的允许应变,即
式中,εt,allowεc,allow分别为材料允许拉伸和压缩应变。工程上通常以极端环境下的载荷特性及安全系数简化地判定材料允许载荷:
式中,εt,ultεc,ult分别为材料的极限拉伸和压缩应变;fs为材料的安全系数。
德国劳氏船级社(Germanischer Lloyd,GL)规定了风力机叶片的材料安全系数[27]表5所示为用于极限强度分析的部分安全系数。
用于极限强度设计的部分安全系数由式(5)得出
式中,fM0=1.35;Cix为材料老化、温度、制作工艺及固化层压板造成的影响因子。据计算,复合材料风力机叶片的材料安全系数fs=2.205。表6为材料允许的拉伸应变和压缩应变。
根据IEC标准[28]39-40对HAWT定义的极端载荷为参考,以VAWT停机且叶片外侧面正对来流风向为最危险的情况,从而分析风力机在极端环境下的气动载荷及结构响应。
本文基于CFD方法求解VAWT表面气动载荷,采用STAR-CCM+进行计算。计算域的边界条件如图5所示,进口边界为速度进口,出口为压力出口,底部表面为粗糙壁面,其余为对称平面。以风轮直径DD=97.872 m)为基准,叶片距计算域进口、出口分别为3D和5D,计算域宽、高分别为10D和4D
进口边界条件参考台风登陆时的参数,湍流强度取台风特有的高湍流强度值0.16,进口速度采用国标[29]定义的稳态台风风切变模型。风切变受到地形和地理位置的影响,而在台风环境下,剧烈的上下对流特性导致风切变更复杂,风切变变化呈指数形式,为
式中,Vz为不同高度风速;z为海拔高度;zref为参考高度,取值参考同量级NREL 5 MW参考高度,90 m;Vref为参考高度风速,在风力机设计中通常取轮毂高度处的风速,表7为IEC风力机的设计等级[28]39-40,取50年一遇的极端台风条件作为参考风速70 m/s;γ为风切变指数,其影响速度剖面随高度变化,指数越小速度剖面变化越小。IEC标准为保守设计,将极端风况的风切变指数γ定义为0.2,而国家标准的台风模型考虑了台风特性后将风切变指数定义为0.11,此处取国标值0.11。
出口边界为压力出口,由于台风为低压气旋,故将出口压力设定为低于正常标准大气压的950 Pa。地面边界粗糙高度取10 m。图6为流场网格划分情况。
在工程应用上,雷诺时均(Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes,RANS)法凭借较低的计算资源要求和较好的计算精度而被工程界广泛使用。研究表明,剪应力输运(Shear Stress Transport,SST) k-ω湍流模型在风力机气动性能模拟方面具有较好效果,可预测压力引起的翼型流动分离[30],故采用SST k-ω湍流模型。
数值计算采用隐式非定常算法(Implicit Unsteady),时间步长为0.001 s,时间离散使用2阶格式,压力速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法。载荷求解后取平均值,通过单向流固耦合方法将其施加至复合材料有限元模型表面,对其进行结构响应计算。
塔架底部采用完全固定约束,支撑杆与塔架之间及叶片与支撑杆之间通过绑定约束连接。文献[16]102858仅在叶片上施加载荷,在叶片上支撑杆对应位置采用固定约束,这种加载方式没有考虑到叶片与支撑杆之间的相互作用。本文考虑风力机整体结构,在风力机整体表面施加载荷,叶片及塔架的载荷利用CFD计算极端环境下的风载荷,以IEC 61400-1标准[28]39-40中定义50年一遇的70 m/s风速,通过Abaqus的.input数据文件与STAR-CCM+的场映射实现压力场和位移场的数据传递。此外还考虑了风力机自身重力载荷。
叶片及支撑杆网格采用结构化正交四边形网格,网格单元类型为S4R,经网格无关性验证后,表面全局尺寸取0.5 m,最终叶片网格节点数为10 455,网格单元数为10 922,支撑杆网格总数为6 532。塔架全局尺寸取0.5 m,网格单元类型为S4R,网格总数为10 514。VAWT网格划分如图7所示。
线性静力学分析(Lines Static Analysis,LSA)是指分析在特定载荷(包括集中力、表面力和牵引力等)作用下发生结构变形的情况,其中结构的惯性与阻尼通常为0。由经典理论力学可知物体的动力学通用方程[31]
式中,M为质量矩阵;C为阻尼矩阵;K为刚度矩阵;x″为加速度矢量;x'为速度矢量;x为位移矢量;F(t)为力矢量。
在线性静力结构分析中,由于所有物理量均不随时间变化,于是便得到线性静力方程为
式中,F为静力载荷,不随时间变化。在线性静力分析中,假设K为连续定常矩阵,同时,所使用材料需满足线性弹性材料及小变形理论。
模态是结构的固有属性。主要用于确定设计结构或机器零部件的振动特性——固有频率和振型,使结构设计避免共振或以特定频率进行振动[32]
结构动力学方程如式(7)所示。对于模态分析,外力作用为0,即F(t)=0,考虑结构固有特性时一般忽略阻尼作用,因此C=0,故式(7)化简为
结构的自由振动在振动力学中被定义为简谐振动,即式(9)的解的形式为
式中,X为模态形状;ω为结构固有频率,rad/s;t为时间,s。
联立式(9)与式(10)可得
θ=w2,则式(11)存在非零解的充分必要条件为其系数矩阵行列式等于零,即
式(12)即为平台系统广义特征方程,是λn次代数方程。由式(12)可得
求解式(13)即可得到叶片模态形状X和固有频率ωi
本文采用Abaqus求解结构响应,为确保铺层方案的正确性,参照文献[16]102858的方法,通过静力学分析对单叶片进行验证分析。根据在一定宽径比下叶片阻力系数的经验关系式[33],得出当叶片长径比H/c为20,风速为70 m/s,攻角为90°时,阻力系数为1.468,计算得到的叶片阻力为4.808 MN,将该阻力施加到叶片表面;在叶片与支撑杆连接处施加固定约束。叶片结构的载荷施加情况如图8所示。
计算结果如图9所示。由图9(a)可得,最大的变形位置在叶片中部,最大变形是2.94 m,约为叶片总长度的2.31%。图9(b)为叶片表面的纵向应变。由图9(b)可知,叶片中部的尾缘一侧存在明显压缩应变区域。应变分布云图与参考文献[16]102858相近,且参考文献[16]102858的单叶片最大位移量为2.9 m,与其偏差仅为1.3%,从而证明了叶片结构设计的合理性。
通过流固耦合加载方式,计算极限风载荷下风力机的位移及应力-应变云图,如图10~图12所示。
图10可知,在极限风速下,迎风向(图10左侧)的叶片位移较大,最大位移位于叶片顶部,约4.158 m,为叶片长度的3.27%。在重力作用下,支撑杆向下位移,最大变形处位于支撑杆与叶片连接处,约3.655 m。由位移俯视图可知,尽管风力机此时处于停机状态,但叶片在风载荷作用下仍可产生一定升力,其分量使风力机产生旋转的趋势。此扭转力矩将作用于支撑杆根部,若支撑杆与传递转矩的转轴连接,则该转矩还将传递至风轮刹车,这是以往单叶片分析[16]102858无法考虑的载荷特征。若设计者采用简化的加载方式或风力机模型,则结构分析时应将此扭转载荷考虑其中。
图11可知,风力机最大应力出现在塔架与支撑杆连接部位,最大应力约为507.4 MPa,塔架材料为合金钢40Cr,其屈服极限为785 MPa,安全系数取1.5。其结构许用应力为[σ]=524 MPa,静力学分析结果中,最大应力σm=507.4 MPa,由于σm<[σ],故塔架结构在极限风载荷下符合安全要求。
通过Abaqus复合材料模块建模及后处理可获得每块层合板的结构响应,从而便于准确分析不同层合板的应变分布和层与层间的相互作用。对叶片最大应变区域进行分析,如图12所示。由图12(a)可知,叶片腹板部位发生最大应变,约为1.507×10-3。腹板部位的材料为单向轴玻璃纤维和芯材;图12(b)为不同层合板应变分布图,逐层分析腹板层合板可知,最大应变位于叶片腹板与支撑杆接触部位,腹板最大应变处层合板数为41层,材料为单向轴玻璃纤维,其展向应变ε1=-1.5×10-3,其绝对值小于εc,1,弦向应变ε2=2.8×10-3<εt,2,均小于材料的许用应变(表2)。因此,本文所采用复合材料铺层方式具有较高准确性。
高阶模态对响应的贡献较小,加上阻尼效应,导致高阶部分的阻尼较快,一般而言,前几阶的振动特性具有更高的实际工程意义[34]。本文采用Lanczos模态分析法计算5 MW VAWT的模态特征,其固有频率结果如表8所示。前8阶模态振型如图13所示。
图13分析可知,VAWT 1阶振型以摆振为主,2阶为挥舞变形,3阶、4阶振型为扭转变形,5阶振型支撑杆为挥舞变形且叶片出现多处弯曲变形,6阶振型为扭转变形,7阶为摆振与扭转变形耦合振动形式,8阶为叶片挥舞变形。
风轮工作频率为
式中,n为风轮额定转速,r/min。
固有频率与风轮工作频率的相对差为
式中,fi为机组各阶固有频率,Hz。
通常认为当机组的各阶固有频率是风轮工作频率的1~3倍,且相对差超过10%,则满足安全标准,不存在风轮与塔筒的共振隐患[35]。机组固有频率与风轮工作频率对比结果如表9所示。
表9分析可知,风力机在额定转速时,机组的各阶固有频率均大于风轮工作频率,且其相对差超过10%,因此共振风险较低,证明本文设计的VAWT结构特性安全稳定。
针对大型垂直轴风力机结构性能研究不足的现状,提出了一套5 MW VAWT完整的叶片/支撑杆复合材料铺层及塔架结构设计方案,通过流固耦合方法将风力机表面气动力分布映射至有限元模型,从而进行了静力学分析和模态分析。结论如下:
1)本文提出的支撑杆铺层方案通过静力学分析验证了其结构强度,证明了该方案的可靠性。
2)在极端载荷下,风力机叶片、支撑杆及塔架等主要结构部件的位移变形均在可承受范围内;最大应力位于塔架与支撑杆连接处,最大应力σm=507.4 MPa,最大应变位于叶片腹板处,约为1.507×10-3。最大应力与最大应变均在材料允许强度范围内。此外,研究还发现停机状态下迎风风轮仍存在较强的扭转载荷,这是以往因模型简化而忽略的特征。
3)通过分析固有频率以及振型可知,风轮工作频率(0.133 Hz)小于风力机1阶固有频率(0.179 25 Hz),且其相对差超过10%,风轮在额定条件下不会发生共振,证明了VAWT结构设计的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51976131; 52006148; 52106262)
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.015
  • 接收时间:2023-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-11
  • 修回日期:2023-03-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976131; 52006148; 52106262)
国家自然科学基金项目(51976131; 52006148; 52106262)
作者信息
    上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093

通讯作者:

缪维跑(通信作者),男,1990年生,浙江温州人,讲师;主要研究方向为风力机流固耦合及优化;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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