Article(id=1241029728157627147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241029724655383270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689868800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-21, revisedDate=1694102400000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773814144409, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773814144409, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773814144409, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773814144409, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241029724655383270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773814143575, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773840259815, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241139264176574915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241029724655383270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241139264176574916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1241029724655383270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=111, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241029728480588570, articleId=1241029728157627147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Carbon fiber and glass fiber mixed design and structural performance analysis for large wind turbine blade, columnId=1241029728077935367, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Optimization∙Reliability, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon fiber is increasingly used to replace conventional glass fiber in layup designs of large wind turbine blades to improve their structural strength, but the high cost of carbon fibers makes it difficult to cover the entire area of the blade.Therefore, the research of the influence of mixing ratio and relative position of carbon fibers and glass fibers on the structural performance of the blade can help to obtain higher performance and lower cost wind turbine blades.The proportion of carbon fibers and glass fibers in the corresponding position of the main beam of the blade and the relative position of layup were adjusted by Ansys software.And the structural statics, modal and buckling analyses were conducted by using a combination of computational fluid dynamic method and finite element method.The results show that the performance of the blade main beam using carbon fibers and glass fibers mixed layer can be similar to that of carbon fiber blades.When the carbon fibers near the tip of the blade can improve the blade first-order modal and buckling factors. When it is close to the root of the blade has less impact on the blade maximum stress and strain.Under the premise of ensuring the blade stability and anti-resonance performance, when the carbon fibers and glass fibers layup ratio is 3∶1 and the carbon fibers are close to the root of the blade, the overall performance of the blade is better.

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MIAO Weipao, E-mail:
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为提高大型风力机叶片结构强度,已逐渐使用碳纤维材料替代传统玻璃钢纤维应用于铺层设计中,但碳纤维高昂的制造成本使其难以覆盖叶片整体区域。因此,研究叶片碳-玻纤维铺层材料混掺比例及相对位置对结构性能的影响有助于获得高性能、低成本的风力机叶片。通过Ansys软件调整叶片主梁对应位置的碳纤维和玻璃钢材料比例与铺设相对位置,并采用计算流体力学方法与有限元方法相结合的方式对其进行结构静力学、模态及屈曲分析。结果表明,叶片主梁使用碳纤维与玻璃钢纤维混掺铺层可获得与纯碳纤维叶片相近的性能表现;当碳纤维接近叶尖时,可提高叶片1阶模态和屈曲因子;而当碳纤维接近叶根时,对叶片最大应力应变方面的影响较小;在确保叶片稳定及抗共振性能的前提下,当碳纤维与玻璃钢纤维铺层比例为3∶1且碳纤维接近叶根时,叶片综合性能最佳。

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缪维跑(通信作者),男,1990年生,浙江温州人,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为风力机流固耦合问题及优化设计;E-mail:
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范士杰,男,1998年生,河南汝州人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

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范士杰,男,1998年生,河南汝州人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

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范士杰,男,1998年生,河南汝州人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

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pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=43, authorNames=National Technical Committee for Standardization of Wind Machinery, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Technical Committee for Standardization of Wind Machinery.Rotor blades of wind turbine generator system:GB/T 25383—2010[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2011:13.(In Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241029743454253561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, awardId=51976131; 52006148; 52106262, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976131; 52006148; 52106262), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241029743655580159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, awardId=51976131; 52006148; 52106262, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51976131; 52006148; 52106262), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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corresponding to different mesh sizes, figureFileSmall=hcdyCDJOTozghvTck4B58Q==, figureFileBig=CAk2KMtmnWJE3pHDiYREGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029738995708215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同网格尺寸对应叶片最大应力值与1阶屈曲因子, figureFileSmall=hcdyCDJOTozghvTck4B58Q==, figureFileBig=CAk2KMtmnWJE3pHDiYREGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029739079594303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=1st order buckling modal of the blade at different mesh scales, figureFileSmall=y5hGhisQLQMSpMFnwdIpMQ==, figureFileBig=JcfFpOROCpxPJceR7uiZCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029739155091780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同网格尺度下叶片1阶屈曲模态, figureFileSmall=y5hGhisQLQMSpMFnwdIpMQ==, 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caption=叶片最大应力与应变, figureFileSmall=R2RUj0PHb/QsKVefHrGB1w==, figureFileBig=IfRroClkIPTa2sUzgDgFKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029741944304036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Tip displacement nephogram of the blade, figureFileSmall=UCZoomMJlflk1cYXh7lngQ==, figureFileBig=euHhedJbNhAYB/ao13ufuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029742116270507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=CN, label=图14, caption=叶片叶尖位移云图, figureFileSmall=UCZoomMJlflk1cYXh7lngQ==, figureFileBig=euHhedJbNhAYB/ao13ufuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029742195962288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Buckling modal and eigenvalue of the blades under the rated wind speed, figureFileSmall=vGyu+BNFI7ASdqRqCPUK/Q==, figureFileBig=lX1dCjbytVg9F4CC4WLZrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029742338568631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=CN, label=图15, caption=额定风速下叶片屈曲模态及特征值, figureFileSmall=vGyu+BNFI7ASdqRqCPUK/Q==, figureFileBig=lX1dCjbytVg9F4CC4WLZrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029742435037626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Analysis of relative change of multi-performances of different blades, figureFileSmall=jiADw8VnwD6jE7cqBcLK3g==, figureFileBig=i0v3CfPUNqNPrxK8LcQ1dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029742514729406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同叶片多性能相对变化分析, figureFileSmall=jiADw8VnwD6jE7cqBcLK3g==, figureFileBig=i0v3CfPUNqNPrxK8LcQ1dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029742619587012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of wind turbines

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参数 Parameter值 Value
额定风速 Rated wind speed /(m/s)11.4
额定转速Rated rotor speed/(r/min)12.1
叶片长度Blade length /m61.5
切入风速Cut-in wind speed /(m/s)3.0
切出风速Cut-out wind speed /(m/s)25.0
风轮直径Hub diameter /m126
叶片质量Blade mass /kg17 740
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742711861707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风力机主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameter值 Value
额定风速 Rated wind speed /(m/s)11.4
额定转速Rated rotor speed/(r/min)12.1
叶片长度Blade length /m61.5
切入风速Cut-in wind speed /(m/s)3.0
切出风速Cut-out wind speed /(m/s)25.0
风轮直径Hub diameter /m126
叶片质量Blade mass /kg17 740
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742804136397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mechanical properties of laminates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合材料
Composite material
Ex/GPaEy/GPaGxy/GPaνxyρ/(kg/m3)
胶衣 Gelcoat3.443.441.380.301 235
玻璃钢 E-LT-5500(UD)41.8014.002.630.281 920
碳纤维 Carbon(UD)114.508.395.990.271 220
泡沫 Foam0.2560.2560.0220.30200
双轴向蒙皮
Saertex(DB)
13.6013.3011.800.491 780
三轴向蒙皮
SNL(Triax)
27.7013.657.200.391 850
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742892216789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

层合板材料力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复合材料
Composite material
Ex/GPaEy/GPaGxy/GPaνxyρ/(kg/m3)
胶衣 Gelcoat3.443.441.380.301 235
玻璃钢 E-LT-5500(UD)41.8014.002.630.281 920
碳纤维 Carbon(UD)114.508.395.990.271 220
泡沫 Foam0.2560.2560.0220.30200
双轴向蒙皮
Saertex(DB)
13.6013.3011.800.491 780
三轴向蒙皮
SNL(Triax)
27.7013.657.200.391 850
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742992880093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

1st order natural frequency of different blades

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
叶片
Blade
固有频率
Natural frequency/Hz
叶片
Blade
固有频率
Natural frequency/Hz
碳纤维叶片
Carbon fiber blade
0.889γ(C,E)=10.772
玻璃钢叶片
Glass fiber blade
0.581γ(E,C)=10.641
γ(C,E)=30.839γ(C,E)=1/30.583
γ(E,C)=1/30.863γ(E,C)=30.603
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743097737701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同叶片的1阶固有频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
叶片
Blade
固有频率
Natural frequency/Hz
叶片
Blade
固有频率
Natural frequency/Hz
碳纤维叶片
Carbon fiber blade
0.889γ(C,E)=10.772
玻璃钢叶片
Glass fiber blade
0.581γ(E,C)=10.641
γ(C,E)=30.839γ(C,E)=1/30.583
γ(E,C)=1/30.863γ(E,C)=30.603
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743190012395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

1st order buckling factor after adding a safety factor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
叶片
Blade
额定风速
Rated wind speed
切出风速
Cut-out wind speed
碳纤维叶片 Carbon fiber blade2.0251.543
玻璃钢叶片 Glass fiber blade1.0330.834
γ(C,E)=31.3641.165
γ(E,C)=1/32.0251.543
γ(C,E)=11.0330.834
γ(E,C)=12.0231.541
γ(C,E)=1/31.0190.821
γ(E,C)=31.0030.834
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743303258609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029728157627147, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

附加安全系数后1阶屈曲因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
叶片
Blade
额定风速
Rated wind speed
切出风速
Cut-out wind speed
碳纤维叶片 Carbon fiber blade2.0251.543
玻璃钢叶片 Glass fiber blade1.0330.834
γ(C,E)=31.3641.165
γ(E,C)=1/32.0251.543
γ(C,E)=11.0330.834
γ(E,C)=12.0231.541
γ(C,E)=1/31.0190.821
γ(E,C)=31.0030.834
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大型风力机叶片碳-玻纤维混掺设计及结构性能分析
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范士杰 , 缪维跑 , 李春 , 王海生 , 朱海波 , 岳敏楠
机械强度 | 设计·计算 2025,47(2): 111-119
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机械强度 | 设计·计算 2025, 47(2): 111-119
大型风力机叶片碳-玻纤维混掺设计及结构性能分析
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范士杰 , 缪维跑 , 李春, 王海生, 朱海波, 岳敏楠
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093
  • 范士杰,男,1998年生,河南汝州人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为风力机结构设计;E-mail:

通讯作者:

缪维跑(通信作者),男,1990年生,浙江温州人,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为风力机流固耦合问题及优化设计;E-mail:
Carbon fiber and glass fiber mixed design and structural performance analysis for large wind turbine blade
Shijie FAN , Weipao MIAO , Chun LI, Haisheng WANG, Haibo ZHU, Minnan YUE
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.014
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为提高大型风力机叶片结构强度,已逐渐使用碳纤维材料替代传统玻璃钢纤维应用于铺层设计中,但碳纤维高昂的制造成本使其难以覆盖叶片整体区域。因此,研究叶片碳-玻纤维铺层材料混掺比例及相对位置对结构性能的影响有助于获得高性能、低成本的风力机叶片。通过Ansys软件调整叶片主梁对应位置的碳纤维和玻璃钢材料比例与铺设相对位置,并采用计算流体力学方法与有限元方法相结合的方式对其进行结构静力学、模态及屈曲分析。结果表明,叶片主梁使用碳纤维与玻璃钢纤维混掺铺层可获得与纯碳纤维叶片相近的性能表现;当碳纤维接近叶尖时,可提高叶片1阶模态和屈曲因子;而当碳纤维接近叶根时,对叶片最大应力应变方面的影响较小;在确保叶片稳定及抗共振性能的前提下,当碳纤维与玻璃钢纤维铺层比例为3∶1且碳纤维接近叶根时,叶片综合性能最佳。

风力机叶片  /  碳纤维  /  玻璃钢  /  主梁  /  有限元方法

Carbon fiber is increasingly used to replace conventional glass fiber in layup designs of large wind turbine blades to improve their structural strength, but the high cost of carbon fibers makes it difficult to cover the entire area of the blade.Therefore, the research of the influence of mixing ratio and relative position of carbon fibers and glass fibers on the structural performance of the blade can help to obtain higher performance and lower cost wind turbine blades.The proportion of carbon fibers and glass fibers in the corresponding position of the main beam of the blade and the relative position of layup were adjusted by Ansys software.And the structural statics, modal and buckling analyses were conducted by using a combination of computational fluid dynamic method and finite element method.The results show that the performance of the blade main beam using carbon fibers and glass fibers mixed layer can be similar to that of carbon fiber blades.When the carbon fibers near the tip of the blade can improve the blade first-order modal and buckling factors. When it is close to the root of the blade has less impact on the blade maximum stress and strain.Under the premise of ensuring the blade stability and anti-resonance performance, when the carbon fibers and glass fibers layup ratio is 3∶1 and the carbon fibers are close to the root of the blade, the overall performance of the blade is better.

Wind turbine blade  /  Carbon fiber  /  Glass fiber  /  Main beam  /  Finite element method
范士杰, 缪维跑, 李春, 王海生, 朱海波, 岳敏楠. 大型风力机叶片碳-玻纤维混掺设计及结构性能分析. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (2) : 111 -119 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.014
Shijie FAN, Weipao MIAO, Chun LI, Haisheng WANG, Haibo ZHU, Minnan YUE. Carbon fiber and glass fiber mixed design and structural performance analysis for large wind turbine blade[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (2) : 111 -119 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.014
在能源危机与环境污染的时代大背景下,以“碳中和”目标为导向,旨在实现人类社会可持续发展的能源变革,正在世界各国快速发展[1]。风能因储量丰富、清洁无污染及分布广等特点引得广泛关注[2-3]。近年来,我国风电行业发展迅速,2022年风电装机投产占新增各类发电装机容量的1/4,足见其在我国能源发展中的重要地位[4]
风力机叶片作为汲取风能的关键部件,其结构性能优劣直接影响整机的运行状况与服役寿命[5]。因此,叶片结构性能研究始终是风电领域的热点。随着风力机装机容量提升,叶片尺寸和质量也不断增加,因而叶片结构设计面临更高要求[6]
复合材料因具有轻质坚固、抗腐蚀性强及易加工等特点而广泛应用于叶片制造,可减轻叶片质量且保证风力机安全运行[7-8]。现阶段,风力机叶片常用的加强材料为玻璃钢纤维和碳纤维[9]。对于风轮直径百米以上的叶片,单纯使用玻璃钢纤维作为铺设材料已难以满足结构要求。主梁作为叶片主要承载结构提供抗弯性能,故在叶片主梁的铺设材料中添加高性能的碳纤维,可在保证叶片强度和刚度需求的基础上,控制叶片质量[10]
国内外学者对碳纤维和玻璃钢纤维在风力机叶片主梁中的应用展开了诸多研究。GÖZCÜ等[11-12]改变主梁玻璃钢材料的偏轴角度,发现偏轴叶片可降低叶片气动载荷,减小齿轮箱扭转力矩,叶片整体弯曲与扭转刚度减小近30%。此外,他还采用碳纤维对叶片主梁区域进行铺层,结果显示,与玻璃钢纤维叶片相比,碳纤维叶片大幅降低叶根力矩、剪切力及疲劳载荷,同时齿轮箱轴承剪切力也减小,但碳纤维叶片经济成本远高于玻璃钢叶片。BALOKAS等[13]比较了碳纤维和玻璃钢叶片主梁截面的应力分布与挠度,发现两叶片应力分布相似,但碳纤维叶片挠度较小。SENER等[14]将叶尖主梁处的玻璃钢材料更换为碳纤维,发现碳纤维不同铺层角度均可降低叶片载荷且最大应力随角度增加而减小。张立等[15]研究了叶片主梁材料及铺层角度对叶片结构特性的影响,发现碳纤维在减轻叶片质量的同时可提升结构性能,铺层角度对挥舞方向运动影响较大。
尽管已有学者探究了碳纤维和玻璃钢纤维对叶片结构性能的影响,但目前由于碳纤维生产制造工艺在风力机叶片领域尚未完全成熟,而叶片整体使用碳纤维作为铺设材料势必增加经济成本[16]。因此,有必要探究碳纤维与玻璃钢纤维混掺铺设对风力机叶片结构性能的影响。为此,本文针对叶片主梁开展两种纤维的无偏轴混掺铺设研究,通过分析两者混掺比例及铺设位置的影响以获得结构性能较优的混掺铺层方案,从而实现降低叶片载荷的同时减小经济成本的目标。以5 MW风力机叶片为研究对象,通过计算流体力学方法求解叶片表面载荷分布,结合有限元方法建立复合材料模型,从而研究碳纤维和玻璃钢混掺比例及铺层相对位置对叶片结构性能的影响。
本文所使用的风力机叶片模型数据来自美国可再生能源实验室(National Renewable Energy Laboratory,NREL)公布的5 MW风力机研究报告[17],该风力机主要参数如表1所示。
NREL 5 MW风力机叶片采用DU系列和NACA64系列6种不同的翼型。在叶片截面翼型弦长15%和50%处布置剪切腹板保证叶片强度。为确保叶片在工作状态下拥有最佳的气动性能,该叶片设计为预扭叶片。叶片翼型扭角及弦长沿展向分布如图1所示。
叶片由不同翼型沿展向排布,通过叶根向叶尖的放样完成三维模型构造。在叶片气动载荷及结构性能计算过程中,其几何模型精度将直接影响计算过程稳定性与结果精度[18]。有别于过程烦琐、易操作失误的传统手动建模方法,本文采用NX二次开发功能,通过NX/Open Grip语言自动调用内部曲线组命令快速构建叶片模型,建模过程如图2所示。
为探究主梁铺层材料混掺比例及铺层相对位置对叶片结构性能的影响,创建了多种混掺叶片模型,如图3所示。定义γ(EC)为主梁铺层材料比例因子,其中γ为碳纤维和玻璃钢的铺层比例。如γ(EC)=1/3叶片,E为接近叶根处的玻璃钢材料,占比为1/4;C为靠近叶尖处的碳纤维,占比为3/4。
风力机是一种大型旋转机械设备,由于其运行过程中叶片需要承受气动载荷、离心力及重力等多种负荷,因此,寻找一种既满足叶片力学性能,又可降低质量的叶片制造材料尤为重要。因此,采用纤维增强材料作为叶片制造的首选,能够在不同的受力区域进行差异化铺层设计,以保证叶片的力学性能。将叶片沿展向分为25段,沿弦向根据腹板相对位置,分为6个区域,并将叶片表面及腹板划分为302个区域。根据叶片承载特性,不同分区形式决定了区域铺层材料所占比例,以提高叶片的力学性能。
表2所示为叶片铺层所用复合材料主要力学性能参数[19]。其中,xy分别为叶片展向和弦向方向;E为材料弹性模量,则Ex表示叶片展向弹性模量;Ey表示叶片弦向弹性模量;Gxyxy面剪切模量;νxyxy面泊松比;ρ为层合板材料密度。
叶片铺层方式如图4所示,具体铺层方案是:①叶片表面与腹板均采用三明治夹芯结构,叶片表面外侧包裹蒙皮,确保其气动外形;②前缘、尾缘镶板及腹板以泡沫铺层材料为核心;③尾缘加强区以玻璃钢和泡沫两种材料为主;④主梁为叶片提供主要的承载作用,该区域采用高强度的碳纤维及玻璃钢;⑤叶根与轮毂相连接,因此对此处材料的强度要求较高,铺设多层三轴向蒙皮;⑥叶片整体最外层铺设胶衣,以提高叶片抗腐蚀性能,增加叶片使用寿命。
本文的叶片铺层设计借助Ansys软件中复合材料模块(Ansys Composite Prepost,ACP)。通过改变主梁铺层材料,即碳纤维和玻璃钢纤维混掺比例及相对位置,探究其对叶片力学性能的影响。叶片采用三维壳单元SHELL181生成气动外形,并以叶片最大应力与1阶屈曲因子为评估标准,对其进行网格无关性验证。在叶根处施加固定约束,并在叶尖处施加由压力面指向吸力面,数值为2 000 N/m2的压力载荷。图5所示为不同的网格尺寸下叶片表面应力与1阶屈曲因子的相对变化量。
图5可知,当叶片全局尺寸取0.1 m时,叶片最大应力值与1阶屈曲因子相对变化量均小于5%[20]。因此,在平衡计算精度与计算资源的前提下,0.1 m是最适合作为叶片网格划分的尺寸控制。不同网格尺度下叶片1阶屈曲模态如图6所示。
图7所示为本文铺层设计的碳纤维叶片与参考叶片[21]固有频率对比结果。由图7可知,两叶片前6阶固有频率数值与变化趋势较为吻合,表明本文所建立的铺层模型具有一定准确性。
为探究铺层方案对叶片结构性能影响,本文通过加载额定风况下叶片所受气动力载荷进行分析。为提高准确度,利用计算流体力学获得叶片表面压力分布,再通过单向流固耦合方法,将叶片所受气动载荷映射至结构侧复合材料有限元模型,对其进行结构静力学、模态及屈曲分析。
风力机叶片做旋转运动,具有周期性,故取1/3流场作为计算域,以降低计算量。流场划分以叶片长度R为基准,如图8所示。计算域参照叶片长度分为外流域和旋转域。流场边界条件根据风力机的额定参数设置,入口速度为11.4 m/s,出口压力为标准大气压。
由于叶片曲面构型复杂,为提高网格生成效率,采用非结构网格对流场进行划分。相较于旋转域,外流域对叶片载荷计算影响较小,所以可适当加大外流域网格尺寸以减少计算量,最终网格划分如图9所示。根据文献[22]关于网格尺度的验证结果,最终计算域总网格量约为1 400万。
本文使用有限元软件Ansys CFX模块,选择SST k-ω湍流模型求解叶片在流场中所受载荷分布。旋转域采用移动参考系方法考虑叶片旋转,转速为12.1 r/min。时间步长为T/360 s,其中,T为风轮旋转周期。每时间步内部迭代20次。通过监测叶片总体力矩载荷及残差以判断其收敛程度,最终计算的叶片表面载荷如图10所示。
模态是结构的固有振动特性,每阶模态均有特定的固有频率和模态振型,当结构工作频率接近其固有频率时,将产生较大的频率响应[23-24]。因此,有必要分析风力机叶片的固有频率用以判断其是否与整机处于共振频段,防止共振现象的发生。
表3所示为不同混掺比例叶片的1阶固有频率。根据NREL 5 MW风力机最低转速和额定转速可得,叶片旋转频率1P、3P分别为0.122~0.202、0.367~0.606 Hz。由表3可知,玻璃钢叶片、γ(CE)=1/3叶片及γ(EC)=3叶片的1阶固有频率值均进入了旋转频率3P范围内,存在发生共振的可能性。其余叶片均未与旋转频率重合,处于安全频率范围内。为保证风力机安全,在改变主梁铺层材料比例及相对位置时应注意叶片固有频率的变化,以避免发生共振现象,危及风力机的安全运行。
图11所示为各混掺叶片固有频率相对于玻璃钢叶片的变化量。由图11可知,各叶片1、3及5阶固有频率增幅较大,而1、3及5阶振型为挥舞运动,表明改变主梁材料的铺层形式对叶片挥舞运动影响较大。
分析铺层材料比例与位置对叶片固有频率的影响可知,主梁铺层材料中碳纤维占比越高的叶片,固有频率越大,拥有更强的抗共振能力。此外,当碳纤维材料靠近叶根时,1、6阶频率较大;而当碳纤维接近叶尖时,其余各阶频率较大。各叶片固有频率不同是因为主梁铺层的材料掺混比例及位置的变换,影响叶片整体刚度及质量分布,进而影响叶片结构刚度,使叶片固有频率、模态振型等模态参数随材料比例和位置发生一定变化。
结构线性静力学分析为线性弹性材料静态加载情况下,对其进行应力与应变求解的分析类型[25]。本文采用计算流体力学方法求解叶片表面载荷并加载至有限元模型,从而进行静力学分析获得叶片结构应力与应变分布。
图12为叶片表面应力云图。由图12可知,叶片表面应力集中分布于主梁和近叶根最大弦长附近。这是因为在风载荷作用下,叶片主要为挥舞方向运动,挥舞力矩与扭转力矩在此区域快速聚集。但因为铺层设计时对叶根区域进行额外加强,所示叶根区表面应力分布并非叶片表面最大应力区域,而是转移至最大弦长处。因此,当叶片主梁中碳-玻混掺比例及相对位置改变时,最大应力值主要受最大弦长处主梁铺层材料的影响,若此处材料为碳纤维,叶片的最大应力值更大。在相同的气动载荷加载下,不同叶片近叶根处形变量相近,而当铺层材料替换为碳纤维,由于其高弹性模量使得应力值增大。
图13所示为各叶片表面及内部腹板最大应力与应变值。以玻璃钢叶片为参考基准,分析各混掺叶片的应力与应变。由图13可知,γ(CE)=1/3叶片表面最大应力最小,约为57.45 MPa,降低约0.06%;而γ(CE)=1叶片表面最大应力最高,约为72.71 MPa,增大约26.49%。玻璃钢叶片表面最大应变最高,约为0.003 99;与之相比,各混掺叶片表面最大应变均有所减小,其中γ(CE)=3叶片减幅最大,达到24.4%。γ(CE)=1/3叶片腹板最大应力最小,约为44.87 MPa,减小约31.29%。γ(EC)=1/3叶片腹板最大应力最大,约为70.64 MPa,增加约8.19%。与玻璃钢叶片相比,不同铺层比例叶片腹板应变差异性较大。其中γ(EC)=1/3叶片腹板应变最大,约为0.004 94,增大约5.82%。γ(CE)=1/3叶片腹板应变最小,约为0.002 98,减小约10.42%。
由上文可知,混掺叶片主梁铺层材料比例不同对叶片表面及腹板最大应力与应变均有影响:叶片表面最大应变随碳纤维增加而减小,而叶片表面最大应力则相反;整体而言,叶片腹板最大应力值及最大应变值随碳纤维占比增多呈减小趋势。与玻璃钢叶片相比,γ(CE)=3叶片和γ(CE)=1叶片表面最大应变和腹板最大应力与应变均有较大降幅。
此外,叶片表面及腹板应力与应变亦受到铺层材料相对位置的影响。以玻璃钢叶片为参考进行分析,γ(CE)=3叶片腹板应力与应变分别减小27.74%、32.49%,而γ(EC)=1/3叶片分别增加8.19%、5.82%。其余叶片也可得到相同结论:当碳纤维接近叶根时,腹板应力与应变均减小。这是因为叶片在受到气动载荷后,叶片所受力矩在最大弦长处集中,同时腹板和主梁均是承载叶片变形的部件。当主梁铺层中,高弹性模量的碳纤维在接近叶跟时,使得叶片刚度增加,从而降低腹板所受载荷,使腹板应力应变减小。
叶片工作时,受气动载荷后发生形变,叶片设计应保证叶尖位移始终与塔架留有安全间隙,避免与塔架发生碰撞致使风力机损坏。因此,有必要对叶尖形变量进行对比分析。
图14为各叶片在额定风速下叶尖总位移形变量云图。由图14可知,各叶片在额定风速下的叶尖位移形变量均未超过NREL 5 MW风力机的7.3 m塔叶间隙[26]。其中,玻璃钢叶片叶尖位移最大为3.213 m,碳纤维叶片最小为1.465 m,两者相差1.757 m。这是因为碳纤维材料的弹性模量更大,在叶片所受气动载荷大小不变的情况下,随着主梁中碳纤维所占比例增多,叶片的变形量降低。
屈曲是指薄板、薄壳或细长杆等结构在外载荷作用下突然发生侧弯或坍塌的失稳现象[27]。通过屈曲分析可以得到结构在载荷作用下的稳定性,并确定使结构失稳的临界载荷和屈曲模态形状[28]。风力机叶片属于细长结构,所受载荷复杂,极易出现失稳现象。故通过叶片表面气动载荷加载方式对各叶片进行屈曲分析,以确定其结构发生屈曲失稳的临界载荷,为叶片设计提供参考。
由屈曲因子与初始实际载荷相乘可得使叶片发生屈曲失稳的临界载荷,故叶片结构稳定性可用屈曲因子表征。屈曲因子越大,其结构越不易发生失稳现象;当屈曲因子为1时,表明初始实际载荷可能使叶片发生屈曲失稳。图15所示为各叶片额定风速下1阶屈曲模态云图及特征值。由图15可知,各叶片1阶屈曲均发生在叶片气动区域的主梁与尾缘连接处的薄弱区域。这是因为在该区域叶片压力面和吸力面存在较大的压力差,易导致叶片发生屈曲失稳。由γ(CE)=1和γ(EC)=1叶片,可知后者整体稳定性更好,这是由于气动区域主梁中的高强度碳纤维材料,承载更多的压缩载荷并传递至腹板,从而减小尾缘薄弱区域的载荷,提升叶片稳定性。
根据GB/T 25383—2010标准[29]规定,若采用线性屈曲对风力机叶片进行稳定性分析,应当设置安全系数为1.25。此外,当风力机处于切出风速下,叶片所受载荷较大,应考虑此时叶片的稳定性。故对叶片额定风速与切出风速下各叶片1阶附加安全系数,结果如表4所示。
表4可知,额定风速下各叶片1阶屈曲因子在附加安全系数后均大于1;而切出风速下叶片由于更大的气动载荷,玻璃钢叶片、γ(CE)=1叶片、γ(CE)=1/3叶片及γ(EC)=3叶片出现屈曲因子小于1的情况,表明在切出风速下这些叶片容易出现失稳现象。比较各叶片的1阶屈曲因子相对变化量可得,γ(EC)=1/3叶片及γ(EC)=1叶片的相对碳纤维叶片的变化量较小,即两者的抗失稳效果最接近碳纤维叶片。
针对不同混掺叶片的1阶模态、屈曲因子、质量及叶尖最大位移等计算结果,分析其较玻璃钢叶片的相对变化量以展示其综合性能,如图16所示。
图16可知,碳纤维叶片仅表面最大应力较玻璃钢叶片有所增大,其余各项结果均更优。混掺叶片不同参数相对变化差异较大,整体而言其结构性能相较于纯玻璃钢叶片有所提升。各项参数中,质量及叶尖最大位移较玻璃钢叶片均减小,应力应变差异较大。综合分析可得,当碳纤维与玻璃钢纤维比例为3∶1时,混掺叶片较玻璃钢叶片结构性能提升较大。
此外,铺层材料的相对位置会影响叶片性能。当碳纤维靠近叶尖时,叶片1阶模态和屈曲因子较大;而碳纤维接近叶根时,叶片的最大应力应变与碳纤维叶片更接近。在确保叶片稳定及抗共振性能的同时,γ(CE)=3叶片有更优的综合性能。
以NREL 5 MW风力机叶片为研究对象,通过计算流体力学方法求解叶片气动载荷并结合有限元复合材料分析,研究叶片主梁材料铺层比例及相对位置对叶片结构性能的影响,结论如下:
1)与玻璃钢叶片相比,混合材料铺层叶片表面最大应变降低,且主梁中碳纤维占比越高,叶片表面应变越小。此外,随着碳纤维占比增加,屈曲因子也会增大,叶片结构更加稳定。当铺层材料比例相同时,叶片的稳定性亦受碳纤维和玻璃钢纤维相对位置影响。
2)主梁铺层材料单纯为碳纤维或玻璃钢时,叶尖位移分别为1.465、3.213 m。当两种材料按比例混掺铺层时,γ(EC)=1/3叶片的叶尖位移最小,约1.534 m,相较玻璃钢叶片减小52.3%。
3)在主梁铺层中混掺使用碳纤维与玻璃钢纤维,可在保证叶片有较好性能的同时,降低制造成本。本文得到的混掺叶片γ(CE)=3综合性能方面较优,拥有接近纯碳纤维叶片的结构性能,并且具备成本优势。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51976131; 52006148; 52106262)
  • 上海市Ⅳ类高峰学科-能源科学与技术-上海非碳基能源转换与利用研究院建设项目
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.014
  • 接收时间:2023-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-21
  • 修回日期:2023-09-08
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976131; 52006148; 52106262)
国家自然科学基金项目(51976131; 52006148; 52106262)
Acknowledges the Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute under the Shanghai Class Ⅳ Peak Disciplinary Development Program
上海市Ⅳ类高峰学科-能源科学与技术-上海非碳基能源转换与利用研究院建设项目
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    上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093

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缪维跑(通信作者),男,1990年生,浙江温州人,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为风力机流固耦合问题及优化设计;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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