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To address the issue of gearboxes’ vibration and noise, multi-objective topology optimization was adopted to optimize the box structure.First, a combination weighting method known as game theory comprehensive analytic hierarchy process and grey correlation was proposed to allocate optimal weight values to sub-objectives. At the same time, the iterative curves of the optimization results of the three weighting methods were compared to verify the advantages of the combination weighting method.Then, the compromise programming method was used to normalize the sub objectives to obtain the comprehensive objective function.Finally, based on the topology optimization results, stress displacement nephogram, and modal shapes, the box structure was improved.Compared with the original box, the improved box reduces the mass by 11.2%,the maximum stress of the box decreases by 39.6%, the displacement decreases by 5.1%, the node displacement amplitude response decreases by 82.8%, and the all first four-order frequencies increase.The proposed weight allocation method improves the disadvantages of low reliability of sub objective weight value allocation and ignoring subjective judgment,realizes the lightweight of the box. After the improvement of the box structure, the static and dynamic performances are significantly improved.

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LIU Wei, E-mail:
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针对齿轮箱振动噪声问题,采用多目标拓扑优化,优化箱体结构。首先,提出使用博弈论综合层次分析和灰色关联,即组合赋权法分配子目标最优权重值,同时对比3种赋权法优化结果的迭代曲线,验证组合赋权法的优越性。然后,使用折衷规划法归一化子目标得到综合目标函数。最后,根据拓扑优化结果、应力位移云图和模态振型改进箱体结构,改进后箱体相较于原箱体:箱体质量减轻11.2%,箱体最大应力下降39.6%,位移下降5.1%,节点位移幅值响应下降82.8%,前4阶频率均有所上升。所提权重分配方法改善了子目标权重值分配可信度不高、忽略主观判断等缺点;实现了箱体的轻量化;箱体结构改进后静动态性能大幅提升。

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刘伟,男,1982年生,安徽合肥人,硕士,研究员;主要研究方向为建筑机器人及智能装备、高端装备多物理场耦合分析;E-mail:

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刘伟,男,1982年生,安徽合肥人,硕士,研究员;主要研究方向为建筑机器人及智能装备、高端装备多物理场耦合分析;E-mail:

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刘伟,男,1982年生,安徽合肥人,硕士,研究员;主要研究方向为建筑机器人及智能装备、高端装备多物理场耦合分析;E-mail:

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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=CN, label=图11, caption=优化后箱体静动态分析, figureFileSmall=shHv2fS3rhdwI7Z5MyTLXg==, figureFileBig=r3lerbLOCYAPaACqI4g+3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241029742338568629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of gearbox

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参数 Parameter值 Value
传动比Transmission ratio23.8
输入转速Input speed n/(r/min)3 000
输出转矩Output torque T/(N·m)40.0
输入功率Input power W/kW0.6
上端盖材料Material for upper cover铸铝Cast aluminium
下端盖材料Material for lower cover42CrMo钢 42CrMo steel
螺栓材料Bolt material45钢 45 steel
铸铝屈服强度
Yield strength of cast aluminum Re/MPa
210.0
42CrMo钢屈服强度
Yield strength of 42CrMo steel Re/MPa
930.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742435037627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

齿轮箱主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameter值 Value
传动比Transmission ratio23.8
输入转速Input speed n/(r/min)3 000
输出转矩Output torque T/(N·m)40.0
输入功率Input power W/kW0.6
上端盖材料Material for upper cover铸铝Cast aluminium
下端盖材料Material for lower cover42CrMo钢 42CrMo steel
螺栓材料Bolt material45钢 45 steel
铸铝屈服强度
Yield strength of cast aluminum Re/MPa
210.0
42CrMo钢屈服强度
Yield strength of 42CrMo steel Re/MPa
930.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742518923712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Material parameters

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参数
Parameter
42CrMo钢
42CrMo steel
铸铝
Cast aluminum
45钢
45 steel
密度Density ρ/(g/cm3)7.852.807.85
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity E/GPa
21270206
泊松比 Poisson ratio ν0.280.330.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742619587014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

材料参数

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参数
Parameter
42CrMo钢
42CrMo steel
铸铝
Cast aluminum
45钢
45 steel
密度Density ρ/(g/cm3)7.852.807.85
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity E/GPa
21270206
泊松比 Poisson ratio ν0.280.330.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742707667401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Forces and moments of nodes

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节点
Node
力Force/N力矩 Moment of force/(N∙m)
XYZ
11.02.50
2-1.14.9-38.3
300.80
4-0.46.40
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742833496527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

节点受力和力矩

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节点
Node
力Force/N力矩 Moment of force/(N∙m)
XYZ
11.02.50
2-1.14.9-38.3
300.80
4-0.46.40
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742904799701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

First four-order natural frequencies and mode shapes of the box before optimization

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阶数
Order
固有频率
Natural frequency/Hz
振型特征
Mode shape characteristic
1657.4上端盖沿X轴左右摆动
Top cover swings left and right along the X-axis
2660.2上端盖沿Y轴左右摆动
Top cover swings left and right along the Y-axis
3800.7上端盖沿Z轴旋转
Top cover rotates along the Z-axis
43 290.2上下端盖沿Z轴上下跳动
Top and bottom covers jump up and down along the Z-axis
), ArticleFig(id=1241029742988685788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

优化前箱体前4阶固有频率、振型

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阶数
Order
固有频率
Natural frequency/Hz
振型特征
Mode shape characteristic
1657.4上端盖沿X轴左右摆动
Top cover swings left and right along the X-axis
2660.2上端盖沿Y轴左右摆动
Top cover swings left and right along the Y-axis
3800.7上端盖沿Z轴旋转
Top cover rotates along the Z-axis
43 290.2上下端盖沿Z轴上下跳动
Top and bottom covers jump up and down along the Z-axis
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743097737700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Numerical value of single target topology optimization index

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指标
Index
第1阶频率
1st order frequency/Hz
第2阶频率
2nd order frequency/Hz
第3阶频率
3rd order frequency/Hz
第4阶频率
4th order frequency/Hz
柔度
Flexibility
指标1
Index 1
555.7556.3695.4935.022.857 2
指标2
Index 2
872.1875.21 087.01 093.616.917 7
指标3
Index 3
869.7889.91 091.31 094.617.153 6
指标4
Index 4
871.0871.01 089.11 144.116.962 1
指标5
Index 5
715.8729.8921.82 436.716.683 3
母序列
Mother sequence
872.1889.91091.3935.016.683 3
关联度
Correlation
0.190.200.100.160.35
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743190012394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

单目标拓扑优化指标数值

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指标
Index
第1阶频率
1st order frequency/Hz
第2阶频率
2nd order frequency/Hz
第3阶频率
3rd order frequency/Hz
第4阶频率
4th order frequency/Hz
柔度
Flexibility
指标1
Index 1
555.7556.3695.4935.022.857 2
指标2
Index 2
872.1875.21 087.01 093.616.917 7
指标3
Index 3
869.7889.91 091.31 094.617.153 6
指标4
Index 4
871.0871.01 089.11 144.116.962 1
指标5
Index 5
715.8729.8921.82 436.716.683 3
母序列
Mother sequence
872.1889.91091.3935.016.683 3
关联度
Correlation
0.190.200.100.160.35
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743282287086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Weight values of three weighting methods for index

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方法
Method
指标1
Index 1
指标2
Index 2
指标3
Index 3
指标4
Index 4
指标5
Index 5
层次分析法AHP0.460.070.080.170.22
灰色关联法
Grey correlation method
0.160.190.200.100.35
组合赋权法
Combination weighting method
0.370.160.100.100.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743391338996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

3种赋权法指标权重值

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方法
Method
指标1
Index 1
指标2
Index 2
指标3
Index 3
指标4
Index 4
指标5
Index 5
层次分析法AHP0.460.070.080.170.22
灰色关联法
Grey correlation method
0.160.190.200.100.35
组合赋权法
Combination weighting method
0.370.160.100.100.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743466836473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

First four-order natural frequencies of optimized box

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阶数 Order固有频率 Natural frequency/Hz
1696.3
2700.6
3873.9
43 571.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743533945341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

优化后箱体前4阶固有频率

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阶数 Order固有频率 Natural frequency/Hz
1696.3
2700.6
3873.9
43 571.7
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743731077637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Comparison of mass and static and dynamic characteristics of box before and after optimization

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指标
Index
优化前
Before optimization
优化后
After optimization
变化量
Variation/%
质量 Mass/g1 433.81 272.611.2
应力
Stress/MPa
4.82.939.6
位移
Displacement/μm
56.553.65.1
位移响应
Displacement response/μm
0.290.0582.8
第1阶频率
1st-order frequency/Hz
657.4696.35.9
第2阶频率
2nd-order frequency/Hz
660.2700.66.1
第3阶频率
3rd-order frequency/Hz
800.7873.99.1
第4阶频率
4th-order frequency/Hz
3 290.23 571.78.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241029743861101070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1241029726702203643, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

箱体优化前后质量和静动态特性对比

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指标
Index
优化前
Before optimization
优化后
After optimization
变化量
Variation/%
质量 Mass/g1 433.81 272.611.2
应力
Stress/MPa
4.82.939.6
位移
Displacement/μm
56.553.65.1
位移响应
Displacement response/μm
0.290.0582.8
第1阶频率
1st-order frequency/Hz
657.4696.35.9
第2阶频率
2nd-order frequency/Hz
660.2700.66.1
第3阶频率
3rd-order frequency/Hz
800.7873.99.1
第4阶频率
4th-order frequency/Hz
3 290.23 571.78.6
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齿轮箱体静动态特性分析与多目标拓扑优化
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刘伟 1, 2 , 朱祥 1, 2 , 高婷 1, 2 , 房卫东 2, 3 , 李昊 1, 2 , 陈雪辉 1, 2 , 郝帅 1, 2
机械强度 | 优化·可靠性 2025,47(2): 94-102
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机械强度 | 优化·可靠性 2025, 47(2): 94-102
齿轮箱体静动态特性分析与多目标拓扑优化
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刘伟1, 2 , 朱祥1, 2, 高婷1, 2, 房卫东2, 3, 李昊1, 2, 陈雪辉1, 2, 郝帅1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.安徽建筑大学 机械与电气工程学院,合肥 230601
  • 2.高端装备关键摩擦副安徽省重点实验室.合肥 230601
  • 3.合肥波林新材料股份有限公司,合肥 230601
  • 刘伟,男,1982年生,安徽合肥人,硕士,研究员;主要研究方向为建筑机器人及智能装备、高端装备多物理场耦合分析;E-mail:

Static and dynamic characteristic analysis and multi-objective topology optimization of gearbox
Wei LIU1, 2 , Xiang ZHU1, 2, Ting GAO1, 2, Weidong FANG2, 3, Hao LI1, 2, Xuehui CHEN1, 2, Shuai HAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2.Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Critical Friction Pair for Advanced Equipment, Hefei 230601, China
  • 3.Hefei Bolin Advanced Materials Co., Ltd., Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.012
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针对齿轮箱振动噪声问题,采用多目标拓扑优化,优化箱体结构。首先,提出使用博弈论综合层次分析和灰色关联,即组合赋权法分配子目标最优权重值,同时对比3种赋权法优化结果的迭代曲线,验证组合赋权法的优越性。然后,使用折衷规划法归一化子目标得到综合目标函数。最后,根据拓扑优化结果、应力位移云图和模态振型改进箱体结构,改进后箱体相较于原箱体:箱体质量减轻11.2%,箱体最大应力下降39.6%,位移下降5.1%,节点位移幅值响应下降82.8%,前4阶频率均有所上升。所提权重分配方法改善了子目标权重值分配可信度不高、忽略主观判断等缺点;实现了箱体的轻量化;箱体结构改进后静动态性能大幅提升。

多目标拓扑优化  /  齿轮箱  /  折衷规划法  /  组合赋权法

To address the issue of gearboxes’ vibration and noise, multi-objective topology optimization was adopted to optimize the box structure.First, a combination weighting method known as game theory comprehensive analytic hierarchy process and grey correlation was proposed to allocate optimal weight values to sub-objectives. At the same time, the iterative curves of the optimization results of the three weighting methods were compared to verify the advantages of the combination weighting method.Then, the compromise programming method was used to normalize the sub objectives to obtain the comprehensive objective function.Finally, based on the topology optimization results, stress displacement nephogram, and modal shapes, the box structure was improved.Compared with the original box, the improved box reduces the mass by 11.2%,the maximum stress of the box decreases by 39.6%, the displacement decreases by 5.1%, the node displacement amplitude response decreases by 82.8%, and the all first four-order frequencies increase.The proposed weight allocation method improves the disadvantages of low reliability of sub objective weight value allocation and ignoring subjective judgment,realizes the lightweight of the box. After the improvement of the box structure, the static and dynamic performances are significantly improved.

Multi-objective topology optimization  /  Gearbox  /  Compromise programming method  /  Combination weighting method
刘伟, 朱祥, 高婷, 房卫东, 李昊, 陈雪辉, 郝帅. 齿轮箱体静动态特性分析与多目标拓扑优化. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (2) : 94 -102 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.012
Wei LIU, Xiang ZHU, Ting GAO, Weidong FANG, Hao LI, Xuehui CHEN, Shuai HAO. Static and dynamic characteristic analysis and multi-objective topology optimization of gearbox[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (2) : 94 -102 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.012
行星齿轮减速器是以平稳传动和高传动比为特点的精密型减速器,其减速器箱体部分更是整个传动系统的支撑,在保障传动系统平稳高效的工作方面起着重要作用。但箱体设计保守造成材料浪费,此外箱体是噪声、振动的主要来源之一。通过对箱体多目标拓扑优化,减小箱体材料用量,可改善箱体静动态特性。因此,对箱体结构进行拓扑优化具有十分重要的工程意义与应用价值。
国内外学者针对多目标拓扑优化问题已开展了大量的研究。张喜清等[1]考虑了齿轮箱体在不同工况下承受多种载荷,将齿轮箱体进行轻量化,通过优化第1阶固有频率并在约束条件下考虑应力、位移和体积分数;但只考虑了单个目标,应用范围大大下降。范文杰等[2]综合考虑了静态多工况下的刚度和动态固有频率两方面的优化目标,通过折衷规划法得到最优解,解决两个相异优化目标无法同时优化的不足,也避免了优化单一;但对于多目标的权重值用主观赋予法,容易出现结果的不可靠现象。张志飞等[3]在权重分配方法的选择上说明了主观赋权法的不足,基于单目标拓扑优化生成子序列和母序列,采用灰色关联分析方法确定各指标的权重;但容易出现依赖原始数据而导致的脱离实际的问题。
现有研究成果有效实现了齿轮箱体的拓扑优化,但在多目标拓扑优化时,子目标权重值的选择仍存在较多不足:主观赋权法不一致性强、可信度不高;客观赋权法过度依赖数据忽略主观判断,可能导致结果脱离实际。基于上述存在的不足,本文提出使用组合赋权法作为子目标权重值分配的方法。以某款印刷机械用行星齿轮箱体为研究对象,以刚度、前4阶固有频率为优化指标,并用组合赋权法对指标权重值进行精准分配,使用折衷规划法将子目标进行归一化,并构建综合目标函数,对齿轮箱箱体进行多目标拓扑优化。
齿轮箱由传动系统和箱体两个部分组成,整体尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×168 mm。传动系统包含两级行星轮系,其中第1级轮系的内齿圈固定于外壳上,第1、2级轮系的行星轮同轴固联,为双联齿轮。箱体分为上、下端盖两部分,下端盖的4个固定孔与机架连接后6个自由度受到限制。传动系统通过3个滚动轴承和第1级轮系的内齿圈支撑在箱体上,齿轮箱三维模型如图1所示。齿轮箱的主要参数如表1所示。
根据齿轮箱三维模型在Romax中建立刚柔混合三维模型。传动系统中的轴、齿轮等零件通过参数化建模建立为刚性体。其中,内齿圈与箱体设置为刚性连接。
箱体部分利用前处理软件建立为柔性体。对箱体模型进行简化处理,排除细微特征,如螺栓孔螺纹、倒角等;划分网格;再建立rbe2、rbe3单元用于添加约束和载荷,bar单元代替螺栓连接;最后把刚性体和柔性体缩聚为一个刚柔混合三维模型。节点1、2、3、4分别对应滚动轴承1、刚性连接、滚动轴承2、3的中心点,如图2所示。表2列出了上、下端盖和螺栓的材料参数。
通过对刚柔混合三维模型静力学分析,提取箱体应力、位移云图(图3)和节点1、2、3、4所受的力和转矩(表3)。
箱体所受最大应力主要分布在4个螺栓孔附近,箱体最大应力约为4.8 MPa,最大位移约为56.50 μm。箱体整体有良好的刚度和强度,后端盖的等效应力和位移均较小,存在很大的优化空间。此外,减小或保证箱体柔度(指标5)十分必要。
在结构设计中,提高低阶固有频率可优化结构刚度、质量和阻尼特性,改善模态特性,达到减振和降噪的目的,因此在一般的模态分析中,通常只考虑前3阶模态[4](指标2、3、4)。本文分析计算了在约束条件下箱体前4阶固有频率的数值和振型,分别如表4图4所示。
齿轮箱输入转速为3 000 r/min,由此计算出:
1)轴的转动频率:输入轴50.0 Hz,行星架10.4 Hz,输出轴2.1 Hz。
2)轮系啮合频率:第1级行星轮系1 000.0 Hz,第2级行星轮系啮合频率142.8 Hz。
计算结果显示,各轴的转动频率和齿轮副的啮合频率都未与箱体固有频y率重合,因此不存在共振的情况。
系统的动态响应分析是在内部激励的作用下,传动系统各部件的动态响应情况。齿轮传动内部激励主要由3部分构成:啮合刚度激励、误差激励和啮合冲击激励。而传动误差直接决定了误差激励导致动态响应的变化,进而发生振动噪声[5]。因此,以第1级行星轮系的传动误差和齿轮啮合刚度为激励引入齿轮箱的动态响应分析中,设定分析的频率范围为0~6 080 Hz,阻尼系数为5%,测取节点1、2、3、4的位移幅值响应。
线性模态柔度表示受激励振动难易程度的模型,模态柔度越大,表明减速器在该频率下更容易发生振动[6]。4节点位移幅值响应及模态柔度如图5所示。
图5可知,4个节点的位移幅值响应在632.3 Hz和3 283.2 Hz均达到峰值,节点4位移幅值响应在632.3 Hz的峰值最大,约为0.29 μm。传动系统在2 967.1、3 236.3、3 294.3 Hz附近线性模态柔度达到峰值,箱体的第4阶固有频率(表4)与模态柔度3 290.2 Hz峰值频率相近,容易引起共振,引起箱体的振动和噪声,影响箱体的寿命和安全,需要对箱体的第4阶固有频率进行优化(指标1)。
根据文献[7]8414和前人的研究成果可知,齿轮箱振动噪声主要发生在齿轮啮合频率处,是齿轮啮合频率与系统固有频率重合,引起共振,产生噪声。本文中系统模态柔度峰值频率与箱体第4阶固有频率基本重合,与文献[7]8414分析结果基本一致,验证了上述分析结果的可靠性。
指标赋权法常分为主观赋权法和客观赋权法两种。其中,层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)是主观赋权法的经典方法,该方法不确定性很强,优化结果的可信度不高;灰色关联法是经典的客观赋权法,该方法易出现依赖原始数据,忽略主观经验判断而导致的脱离实际的问题。为了克服主观赋权法和客观赋权法的缺陷,提出了一种基于博弈论的组合赋权法[8],以综合考虑上述两种方法的优点,确定5个优化指标的权重值。
层次分析法[9]是将两两指标的关系量化,设计人员可根据指标间的重要程度从1、3、5、7、9中取值,也可根据实际选取中间值,构建比较矩阵
式中,n为指标总数;aij为指标ai对指标aj的相对重要程度,即aij=ai/ajij=1,2,…,5)。本文中根据静动态分析选定第4阶频率,第1、2、3阶固有频率,刚度5个优化指标,层次分析法主观判断如下:动态响应分析结果表明箱体第4阶固有频率与齿轮箱模态柔度较为接近,重要性最高;由静态分析结果可知,箱体有良好的刚度和强度,重要性适中;由模态分析可知,箱体前3阶固有频率与转频、啮合频率无重合,重要性较低且按阶数增加重要性降低判断。得到比较矩阵为
考虑不一致性后归一化处理,经计算得
式中,CCI为定义的一致性指标;λ为最大特征根;m为唯一非零特征根;RRI为引入的随机一致性指标,取值为1.12。经过一致性检验后,对矩阵A求得最大特征值对应的特征向量,并根据特征向量计算出5个指标的权重值C1=(0.46,0.07,0.08,0.17,0.22)。
灰色关联法[10]是评价子序列与母序列是否紧密的数学方法。对模型做单目标拓扑优化,得到的指标数值为子序列Xi,得到的指标数值中提取最优值为母序列X0,单目标拓扑优化指标数值如表5所示。
首先,对XiX0进行归一化处理得到Xi'和X0',求取子序列和母序列对应数值的绝对差值S并求出其绝对差值的最大值Smax和最小值Smin,然后利用关联系数r0ik)得到关联度值并由式(4)得到权重值C2,推导过程为
式中,θ为调节系数,一般取值为0.5;n为指标总数,本文为5个指标,故n=5。分别以5个指标为目标函数,设体积分数为0.5,为约束函数做单目标拓扑优化得到子、母序列数值(表5),根据上述推导过程得出5个指标的权重值为C2=(0.16,0.19,0.20,0.10,0.35)。
博弈论组合赋权[11]是一种把两种权重值相协调、相组合的集成,综合主、客观赋权的方法。设权重值集合为Ck=(Ck1Ck2,…,Ckn)(k=1,2,…,M),本文中M=2,指标总数为n=5,线性组合权重系数为L=(L1L2)(M=2),则向量间线性组合为
为了让主、客观权重都能达到最大效果,以CkC离差最小化为目标:
式中,取线性权重系数L=(1/2,1/2)。经计算,最终权重值为C=(0.37,0.16,0.10,0.10,0.27)。
通过上述步骤,各个赋权法得到的5个指标权重值如表6所示。
对于静态刚度问题,可把刚度最大化问题转换为柔度最小化问题。对于动态低阶固有频率,一般使低阶固有频率最大化。在优化过程中常会出现前后固有频率互换而出现振荡的现象,为了克服这种现象,使用平均频率法[12]来定义动态低阶固有频率目标函数:
式中,Λρ)为平均频率;f为需要优化的低阶频率的阶次;λi为第i阶特征频率;λ0a0为给定参数(均取值为1);ωi为第i阶频率权重系数。
为简化计算,将前文5个优化指标进行整合:柔度子目标对应指标5,权重为γ1;前3阶固有频率子目标对应指标2、3、4,权重为γ2(第1、2、3阶固有频率指标权重之和);第4阶固有频率子目标对应指标1,权重为γ3。使用折衷规划法结合平均频率法来得到多目标拓扑优化的综合目标函数[13]
式中,CρmaxCρminΛρmaxΛρminbρmaxbρmin分别为柔度、前3阶固有频率、第4阶固有频率3个子目标优化结果的最大值和最小值,用于消除量纲。
通过HyperMesh软件中Optistruct模块进行拓扑优化,该模块使用变密度法作为优化算法。变密度法是将结构离散化,将离散化的微分单元的单元密度规定在[0,1]之间,在特定工况、目标函数、约束条件下求解每个微分单元的最优密度值,为避免中间密度出现,SIGMUND[14]提出了固体各向同性材料惩罚模型法,该方法采用惩罚因子,在幂函数的作用下将中间密度值逼近至0或1。设置目标函数为综合目标函数Zρ),约束条件设置为体积分数Va,数学模型为
式中,Zρ)为综合目标函数;V为箱体体积分数,Va取值为0.5;ρ为单元密度,ρi为第i单元的密度;E0为初始弹性模量,E为优化后的弹性模量;q为惩罚因子,取值为3。
图6为多目标优化的流程。
结构拓扑优化是一种结构设计方法,其针对给定的载荷和约束条件,在特定的设计区域内寻求做出最优的有限材料分布形式,从而满足所规定的要求[15]
图7所示为箱体有限元模型,为拓扑优化分析模型,根据静态分析结果可知,箱体存在很大的优化空间,将上、下端盖的螺栓孔、固定孔和轴承座等部位设置为非优化区域,其余箱体部位均设置为优化区域。将图2中Romax节点1、2、3、4所受的力和力矩(表3)施加在箱体有限元模型相对应的位置。
由式(8)可知,在拓扑优化之前需要3个子目标的最值以消除纲量。因此,在多目标拓扑优化之前需要对单个目标分别进行拓扑优化。分别以柔度最小、前4阶固有频率最大为优化目标,以体积分数为约束[同式(9)],在HyperMesh中进行单目标拓扑优化,在优化结果中得到每个子目标的最值,代入式(8)中,以综合目标函数Zρ)为优化目标,设置体积分数为约束函数,拓扑优化结果如图8所示。
经过13次迭代,结构边界较为清晰,生成三角结构保证了箱体的刚度和强度,完成了齿轮箱静动态多目标拓扑优化。此外,还对比了层次分析法、灰色关联法和组合赋权法的迭代曲线,如图9所示。
随着迭代的进行,3个子目标均按预期迭代且收敛,达到了箱体提高前4阶固有频率和降低箱体柔度的目的。由图9可知,柔度、第4阶层次分析法最优,前3阶固有频率灰色关联法最优,组合赋权法综合了两种赋权法,迭代曲线介于层次分析法和灰色关联法迭代曲线之间,充分验证了该方法在协调、主观和客观赋权法方面的有效性,证明了组合赋权法的优越性。
为了验证拓扑优化科学性和准确性,需要对箱体进行优化设计。由文献[16]可知,根据拓扑优化后材料分布,采用添加加强筋的方式,去除保守部分,加强薄弱部分。
本文同样根据拓扑优化结果,切除蓝色区域厚度;根据静态分析结果,箱体应力主要分布于螺栓孔,上端盖因与前排内齿轮固连产生较大的位移,且根据前4阶模态振型确定振型位移明显的位置,综合应力、位移和模态振型采取对上端盖增加肋板的方式进行箱体结构优化[17]。箱体材料去除厚度和肋板添加位置及其具体厚度如图10所示。
通过设置材料密度,对比优化前后箱体质量。优化前箱体质量为1 433.8 g,优化后箱体质量为1 272.6 g,质量降低了约11.2%。
对优化后箱体的强度、模态和位移幅值响应进行分析,分析结果如图11所示。
经过优化后,箱体的最大应力约为2.9 MPa,而其最大位移则约为53.6 μm,4个节点的位移幅值响应在656.6 Hz和3 331.8 Hz均达到峰值,节点1位移幅值响应在3 331.8 Hz的峰值最大,约为0.05 μm。前4阶固有频率如表7所示。
根据第2节和第4.2节优化前后箱体静动态分析结果,对优化前后箱体的应力、位移等进行对比,如表8所示。
针对齿轮箱振动噪声问题,采用组合赋权法赋予子目标权重值,采用折衷规划法建立了最小化柔度、最大化前4阶固有频率的综合目标函数,并依据优化结果、应力位移和模态振型改进了箱体结构,得到结论如下:
1)箱体质量降低了11.2%;最大应力和位移分别降低了39.6%和5.1%;箱体轴承座和内齿圈中心点定义的4个节点最大位移幅值响应由0.29 μm下降到0.05 μm,下降了82.8%;前4阶固有频率分别上升5.9%、6.1%、9.1%、8.6%。结构优化后,箱体的静动态特性均有所提升。
2)使用基于博弈论的组合赋权法,综合考虑层次分析法和灰色关联法,验证了组合赋权法的优越性,避免了主观赋权法可信度不高和客观赋权法过度依赖数据而导致脱离实际的问题,为齿轮箱体多目标拓扑优化设计提供参考。
  • 安徽省高校杰出青年科研项目(2022AH020025)
  • 安徽省高等学校自然科学重点研究项目(2022AH050257)
  • 合肥市自然科学基金项目(202317)
  • 安徽建筑大学引进人才及博士启动基金项目(2019QDZ46)
  • 国家开发投资集团有限公司科技项目(SDIC2023-03)
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.012
  • 接收时间:2023-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-01
  • 修回日期:2023-07-17
基金
Anhui Province Outstanding Youth Research Project in Colleges and Universities(2022AH020025)
安徽省高校杰出青年科研项目(2022AH020025)
Anhui Province Key Research Project in Natural Sciences of Higher Education(2022AH050257)
安徽省高等学校自然科学重点研究项目(2022AH050257)
Hefei Natural Science Foundation Project(202317)
合肥市自然科学基金项目(202317)
Introduction of Talents and Doctoral Startup Fund Project of Anhui Jianzhu University(2019QDZ46)
安徽建筑大学引进人才及博士启动基金项目(2019QDZ46)
National Development and Investment Group Co., Ltd. Technology Project(SDIC2023-03)
国家开发投资集团有限公司科技项目(SDIC2023-03)
作者信息
    1.安徽建筑大学 机械与电气工程学院,合肥 230601
    2.高端装备关键摩擦副安徽省重点实验室.合肥 230601
    3.合肥波林新材料股份有限公司,合肥 230601
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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