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Considering cracks of various length and depth (various constraints) on the nuclear power main pipeline as the research object, through the mass acceleration application method, applying vertical load of 5 earthquake intensities and 3 real earthquakes to the nuclear power main pipeline under varying constraints respectively, and based on a method to determine the constraint related to fracture toughness of the actual structure, the calculation of constraint related fracture toughness was performed, the various constraint under various vertical earthquake loads related crack toughness was systematically studied.The results show that under the same constraint, the crack opening force curve shifts to the left with the increase of earthquake intensity, and the constraint related fracture toughness decreases gradually.With an increased crack length, the effect of earthquake intensity on constraint related fracture toughness becomes more obvious.With an increased crack depth, the effect of earthquake load on constraint related fracture toughness firstly becomes obvious, and then becomes insignificant.Under different constraints, the influence trend of the real earthquake load on constraint related fracture toughness is the same as that of the earthquake intensity, and has a certain relation with the magnitude and earthquake acceleration time history curve.

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YANG Jie, E-mail:
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以含有不同长度、深度裂纹(不同拘束)核电主管道为研究对象,通过质量加速度施加法,分别对不同拘束下核电主管道施加5个地震烈度和3个实际地震的竖向地震载荷,并基于一种实际结构拘束相关断裂韧性的确定方法,对其拘束相关断裂韧性进行计算,系统研究不同竖向地震载荷下不同拘束核电主管道拘束相关的断裂韧性。结果表明,在相同的拘束下,裂纹开动力曲线随着地震烈度的增大而向左平移,拘束相关断裂韧性逐渐降低。随着裂纹长度的增加,地震烈度对拘束相关断裂韧性的影响变得更加明显;随着裂纹深度的增加,地震载荷对拘束相关断裂韧性的影响首先变得明显,然后又变得不明显。不同拘束下,实际地震载荷对拘束相关断裂韧性的影响趋势与地震烈度相同,且与震级和地震加速度时程曲线均有一定关系。

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杨杰,男,1987年生,山东菏泽人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械强度、断裂力学等;E-mail:

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杨杰,男,1987年生,山东菏泽人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械强度、断裂力学等;E-mail:

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杨杰,男,1987年生,山东菏泽人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械强度、断裂力学等;E-mail:

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不同竖向地震载荷下核电主管道A508钢拘束相关断裂韧性研究
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杨杰 1 , 袁宏伟 1, 2 , 郭国亮 3 , 崔巍 1 , 陈浩峰 4
机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025,47(2): 1-9
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机械强度 | 疲劳·损伤·断裂·失效分析 2025, 47(2): 1-9
不同竖向地震载荷下核电主管道A508钢拘束相关断裂韧性研究
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杨杰1 , 袁宏伟1, 2, 郭国亮3, 崔巍1, 陈浩峰4
作者信息
  • 1.上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093
  • 2.安徽容知日新科技股份有限公司,合肥 230088
  • 3.延锋汽车智能安全系统有限责任公司,上海 201315
  • 4.华东理工大学 承压系统与安全教育部重点实验室,上海 200237
  • 杨杰,男,1987年生,山东菏泽人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为机械强度、断裂力学等;E-mail:

Study on A508 steel constraint related fracture toughness of nuclear power main pipeline under different vertical earthquake loads
Jie YANG1 , Hongwei YUAN1, 2, Guoliang GUO3, Wei CUI1, Haofeng CHEN4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
  • 2.Anhui Ronds Science & Technology Incorporated Company, Hefei 230088, China
  • 3.Yanfeng Automotive Intelligent Safety System Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.001
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以含有不同长度、深度裂纹(不同拘束)核电主管道为研究对象,通过质量加速度施加法,分别对不同拘束下核电主管道施加5个地震烈度和3个实际地震的竖向地震载荷,并基于一种实际结构拘束相关断裂韧性的确定方法,对其拘束相关断裂韧性进行计算,系统研究不同竖向地震载荷下不同拘束核电主管道拘束相关的断裂韧性。结果表明,在相同的拘束下,裂纹开动力曲线随着地震烈度的增大而向左平移,拘束相关断裂韧性逐渐降低。随着裂纹长度的增加,地震烈度对拘束相关断裂韧性的影响变得更加明显;随着裂纹深度的增加,地震载荷对拘束相关断裂韧性的影响首先变得明显,然后又变得不明显。不同拘束下,实际地震载荷对拘束相关断裂韧性的影响趋势与地震烈度相同,且与震级和地震加速度时程曲线均有一定关系。

拘束  /  断裂韧性  /  竖向地震载荷  /  核电主管道

Considering cracks of various length and depth (various constraints) on the nuclear power main pipeline as the research object, through the mass acceleration application method, applying vertical load of 5 earthquake intensities and 3 real earthquakes to the nuclear power main pipeline under varying constraints respectively, and based on a method to determine the constraint related to fracture toughness of the actual structure, the calculation of constraint related fracture toughness was performed, the various constraint under various vertical earthquake loads related crack toughness was systematically studied.The results show that under the same constraint, the crack opening force curve shifts to the left with the increase of earthquake intensity, and the constraint related fracture toughness decreases gradually.With an increased crack length, the effect of earthquake intensity on constraint related fracture toughness becomes more obvious.With an increased crack depth, the effect of earthquake load on constraint related fracture toughness firstly becomes obvious, and then becomes insignificant.Under different constraints, the influence trend of the real earthquake load on constraint related fracture toughness is the same as that of the earthquake intensity, and has a certain relation with the magnitude and earthquake acceleration time history curve.

Constraint  /  Fracture toughness  /  Vertical earthquake load  /  Nuclear power main pipeline
杨杰, 袁宏伟, 郭国亮, 崔巍, 陈浩峰. 不同竖向地震载荷下核电主管道A508钢拘束相关断裂韧性研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (2) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.001
Jie YANG, Hongwei YUAN, Guoliang GUO, Wei CUI, Haofeng CHEN. Study on A508 steel constraint related fracture toughness of nuclear power main pipeline under different vertical earthquake loads[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (2) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.001
核电是符合我国低碳经济发展战略的清洁能源[1],但是相较于其他发电形式,核电站用地需求较大,迫使人们不得不在区域稳定性和地震稳定性相对较差的位置进行选址[2],这导致核电站在运行过程中面临着地震的危害。核电主管道是核电站的重要设备之一,用于连接反应堆压力容器、蒸汽发生器和冷却剂泵,被称为核电站的“大动脉”,其可靠性将影响整个核电站的正常运行。在恶劣的服役环境下,核电主管道通常会以腐蚀疲劳、应力腐蚀、延性/脆性损伤及断裂等形式失效[3-4]。除了其本身恶劣的服役环境外,大量的管道安全问题实例表明,地震是威胁管道安全最为严重的自然灾害形式[5-6]。为了保证核电站的正常运行,对地震载荷下核电主管道的断裂行为进行研究具有重要意义。
地震包含竖向地震和横向地震两个分量,横向地震一直被认为在地震中起着关键作用,但近年来全球范围内所发生的强烈地震中,竖向地震也都产生了严重影响[7]。大量的地震现象表明,竖向地震在结构损伤中同样扮演着重要角色[8-9],强烈的竖向地震载荷会使材料产生高应变速率,并在材料应力集中处产生突变,进而影响材料的断裂韧性[10]
拘束一直以来被认为是影响材料断裂韧性的重要因素。拘束与裂尖三轴应力状态密切相关,可以视作结构对裂尖区材料塑性变形的阻碍[11]。拘束的大小主要与裂纹尺寸、试样或结构几何、加载方式、材料性能失配等因素相关,拘束的降低会提高试样或结构的断裂韧性[12]
为了保证核电站的安全,在不同地震载荷下,不同拘束核电主管道拘束相关的断裂韧性是一个需要澄清的问题。臧晶晶[13]以核电管系支架系统为研究对象,采用时程分析法和底部剪力法分别对其进行了抗震分析,但是在研究中并未纳入拘束的影响。杨杰等[14]1439-1440基于统一拘束参数Ap及其与断裂韧性的统一关联,提出了一种实际结构拘束相关断裂韧性的确定方法,并根据此方法,对不同拘束下核电主管道的断裂韧性与起裂弯矩进行了计算,但是在研究中并未考虑地震载荷的影响。
鉴于此,本文综合考虑地震载荷和拘束的影响,针对不同竖向地震载荷下不同拘束核电主管道拘束相关的断裂韧性进行研究,旨在厘清地震载荷与拘束的综合作用对核电主管道断裂韧性的影响规律。
核电主管道材料为A508钢,其室温下的机械性能见文献[15-16],真应力-真应变曲线见文献[17]。为了改变核电主管道的拘束状态,分别通过改变初始裂纹的长度2c(固定初始裂纹深度a/t=0.5,改变a/c=0.2、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.8)与初始裂纹的深度a(固定初始裂纹长度2c,改变a/t=0.2、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.8)的方法改变拘束。管道尺寸与AP1000核电一回路主管道尺寸保持一致,其中管道外径为945.5 mm,内径为778.5 mm,壁厚为83.5 mm,如图1所示。
地震的强弱通常用震级和烈度来衡量。地震震级是指地震释放能量大小的量级,地震烈度指某一地区的地面和建筑物遭受地震影响的强弱程度[18]。地震烈度可以作为地震灾害的简便评估指标,为地震工作者描述地震影响的大小提供一种宏观尺度,故世界上许多国家一直将地震烈度作为评价地震大小的常用指标[19]。地震烈度共分为12级[20],其中最常见的地震烈度为VI、VII、VIII、IX和X,所对应峰值加速度分别为0.05g、0.125g、0.25g、0.5ggg=9.8 m/s2)。但是,在地震发生时,地震大小用地震震级表示,根据地震时释放的弹性波能量大小来确定。此外,在地震发生时,也可以测得加速度时程曲线。人类记录的第一条地震波——El-Centro地震波、1976年唐山大地震地震波和2008年5·12汶川地震地震波的加速度时程曲线如图2所示,它们的震级分别是7.1级、7.8级和8.0级。
为了研究不同竖向地震载荷下不同拘束核电主管道的断裂行为,分别对不同拘束核电主管道施加了5个地震烈度(VI、VII、VIII、IX和X)和3个实际地震(El-Centro地震、唐山地震、汶川地震)的竖向地震载荷。
我国抗震规范中主要采用振型分解反应谱法、底部剪力法和时程分析法对地震载荷进行计算[21]。其中,时程分析法可以较为精确地得到柔性结构的地震响应,在结构抗震分析中被广泛应用。当加载地震波时程至结构时主要有3种方式:质量加速度施加法、底部加速度法和底部位移法。3种不同的加载方式可得到一致的结构响应结果[22],但在Abaqus软件中,质量加速度施加法的计算效率高于其他两种方法,故本文采用质量加速度施加法对地震载荷进行施加。
采用Abaqus软件进行有限元数值计算。根据核电主管道的对称性,选取管道结构的1/2建立有限元模型。核电主管道所受内压为主管道的工作压力(17 MPa),内压产生的轴向力为35.786 MPa。通过施加重力加速度的方式施加重力载荷,通过质量加速度施加法施加5个地震烈度和3个实际地震下的竖向地震载荷,如图3所示。同时,在管道右侧端部施加大小为1.7×1010 N·m的弯矩。
典型含裂纹管道(a/t=0.5,a/c=0.5)网格划分如图4所示。网格类型采用20节点三维实体单元(C3D20R),在裂纹前端采用传统的聚焦环式网格以增强非线性迭代的收敛性[23],该模型共包含60 080个单元。通过有限元数值计算可得到,不同地震载荷下不同拘束裂纹前沿的J积分与等效塑性应变(Equivalent Plastic Strain,PEEQ)等值线所环绕区域的面积APEEQ
根据计算得到的J积分与APEEQ,可进一步得到J积分和拘束参数Ap之间的关联线(Ap=APEEQ/ArefAref为标准试样PEEQ等值线所围绕区域的面积;Jref为标准试样的断裂韧性),这条关联线是材料的裂纹开动力曲线;同时,对于某一种材料,其拘束相关断裂韧性JIC与拘束参数Ap之间存在统一关联线,即关联线,这条关联线是该材料的断裂曲线;裂纹开动力曲线与材料断裂曲线的交点为起裂点,通过起裂点可得到实际结构拘束相关的断裂韧性[14]1440-1441[24-25]。A508钢的断裂曲线如图5所示。
固定初始裂纹深度a/t=0.5,改变初始裂纹长度2ca/c=0.2、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.8),在VI、VII、VIII、IX和X 5个地震烈度下,对含不同长度裂纹核电主管道裂纹尖端的J积分及其对应的等效塑性应变值εPEEQ=0.2等值线所围绕区域的面积APEEQ进行计算,并进一步得到裂纹开动力曲线,如图6所示。
如第1.4节中所述,图6中交点即为含不同长度裂纹核电主管道的起裂点,其所对应的纵坐标与标准试样断裂韧性(509.5 kJ/m2)的乘积即为含裂纹核电主管道拘束相关的断裂韧性。由图6可知,所有起裂点的纵坐标均小于1,这说明含裂纹核电主管道拘束相关的断裂韧性均小于标准试样的断裂韧性。如果仅用实验室中测得的标准试样的断裂韧性对其进行评定,将得到非保守的评定结果。此外,在相同的裂纹长度下,裂纹开动力曲线随着地震烈度的增大而向左平移,拘束相关断裂韧性逐渐降低。与低拘束(a/c较大)相比,在高拘束(a/c较小)下,裂纹开动力曲线与拘束相关断裂韧性随着地震烈度的变化更加明显。对其进行定量分析可以发现:当a/c=0.2时,X级地震下核电主管道断裂韧性较无地震时下降6.12%;而a/c=0.8时,X级地震下核电主管道断裂韧性较无地震时仅下降1.84%。
含不同长度裂纹核电主管道在El-Centro地震、唐山地震和汶川地震3个实际地震载荷下所得到的裂纹开动力曲线如图7所示。
图7可知,在3个实际地震载荷下,与不同等级地震烈度对断裂韧性的影响趋势相同;相较于低拘束,在高拘束下,核电主管道裂纹开动力曲线与拘束相关断裂韧性受地震载荷的影响更大。裂纹长度a/c=0.2时,拘束相关断裂韧性较无地震时最多下降5.87%;裂纹长度a/c=0.4时,拘束相关断裂韧性较无地震时最多下降4.76%。此外,3个实际地震载荷相比,El-Centro地震和汶川地震时裂纹开动力曲线与拘束相关断裂韧性变化更多。这一方面与震级有关(汶川地震震级最大),另一方面与地震加速度时程曲线有关(El-Centro地震加速度时程曲线的最大加速度更大,波动更剧烈)。
拘束相关断裂韧性的变化可以从裂尖应变场中得到印证,裂纹长度a/c=0.4时,在J=600 kJ/m2时刻,3个实际地震载荷下核电主管道裂尖εPEEQ图8所示。由图8可知,与图7(b)所反映的结果相同,汶川地震载荷下所对应的等效塑性应变值εPEEQ=0.2等值线所围绕区域的面积最小,El-Centro地震载荷下所围绕区域的面积最大。
固定初始裂纹长度2c,改变初始裂纹深度aa/t=0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8)。在VI、VII、VIII、IX和X 5个地震烈度下,所得含不同深度裂纹核电主管道裂纹开动力曲线如图9所示,其中a/t=0.5时,a/c=0.5,与图6(c)一致。
图9可知,在相同的裂纹深度下,随着地震烈度的增大,裂纹开动力曲线同样向左平移,拘束相关断裂韧性降低。但是,随着裂纹深度的增加,地震载荷对裂纹开动力曲线的影响首先变得明显(从a/t=0.2到a/t=0.4),然后又变得不明显(从a/t=0.6到a/t=0.8);在a/t=0.4时,影响最明显。这是因为首先随着拘束的增加,拘束相关断裂韧性受地震载荷的影响更大,但是当拘束增加到一定程度时,断裂模式已倾向于快速脆性断裂,拘束相关断裂韧性达到下限,可下降幅度已不大。
含不同深度裂纹核电主管道在El-Centro地震、唐山地震和汶川地震3个实际地震载荷下所得到的裂纹开动力曲线如图10所示。其中,a/t=0.5时,a/c=0.5,与图7(c)一致。
在3个实际地震载荷下,核电主管道拘束相关断裂韧性的变化规律与图9中相同,即随着裂纹深度的增加,地震载荷对裂纹开动力曲线的影响首先变得明显,然后又变得不明显。在a/t=0.4时,影响最明显。3个实际地震载荷相比,在a/t=0.4时,El-Centro地震对管道断裂韧性影响较大。在相同J积分(J=600 kJ/m2)下,其等效塑性应变值εPEEQ=0.2等值线所围绕区域的面积最小,如图11所示。
需要说明的是,地震载荷所带来的危害是竖向地震载荷和水平地震载荷的综合作用。竖向地震载荷会引起物体的竖直下坐、上抛移位和垂直挤压,甚至上下跳动;水平地震载荷会引起物体的水平晃动。两者所起的作用因地震波不同而不同,所引起的危害也因结构不同而不同。从本文所得结果来看,对于含长裂纹管道,最有必要考虑竖向地震载荷的影响。
为了对不同地震烈度和不同实际地震载荷下核电主管道拘束相关的断裂韧性进行直观的描述,将第2.1和2.2节中的数据进行汇总,得到不同竖向地震载荷下断裂韧性随裂纹长度和裂纹深度的变化,如图12所示。由图12可知,随着a/c的增加,在不同地震烈度和不同实际地震载荷下,拘束相关断裂韧性均呈现先降低后略微增加的趋势,最低断裂韧性位于a/t=0.5、a/c=0.5时;随着a/t的增加,拘束相关断裂韧性均呈现先降低后增加的趋势,最低断裂韧性位于a/t=0.4、a/c=0.5时。对于管道裂纹而言,断裂韧性与裂纹形状有较大关联,这也与文献[14]1443中所述的a/t=0.5、a/c=0.5~0.6形状尺寸的裂纹更容易发生断裂相吻合。
对不同拘束下核电主管道分别施加5个地震烈度和3个实际地震的竖向地震载荷,系统研究了不同竖向地震载荷下不同拘束核电主管道拘束相关的断裂韧性。所得主要结论如下:
1)在相同的裂纹长度下,裂纹开动力曲线随着地震烈度的增大而向左平移,拘束相关断裂韧性逐渐降低。与低拘束相比,在高拘束下,裂纹开动力曲线与拘束相关断裂韧性随着地震烈度的变化更加明显。a/c=0.2时,X级地震下核电主管道拘束相关断裂韧性较无地震时下降6.12%;a/c=0.8时,X级地震下核电主管道拘束相关断裂韧性较无地震时仅下降1.84%。
2)在相同的裂纹深度下,随着地震烈度的增大,裂纹开动力曲线同样向左平移,拘束相关断裂韧性降低。但是,随着裂纹深度的增加,地震载荷对拘束相关断裂韧性的影响首先变得明显,然后又变得不明显;在a/t=0.4时,影响最明显。这是因为当拘束增加到一定程度时,断裂模式已倾向于快速脆性断裂,拘束相关断裂韧性可下降幅度已不大。
3)不同拘束下,3个实际地震载荷对拘束相关断裂韧性的影响趋势与地震烈度相同。实际地震载荷对拘束相关断裂韧性的影响还与震级和地震加速度时程曲线有关。
4)地震载荷所带来的危害是竖向地震载荷和水平地震载荷的综合作用。对于含长裂纹管道,最有必要考虑竖向地震载荷的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51975378; 52375154; 52311530067)
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.001
  • 接收时间:2023-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-28
  • 修回日期:2023-07-05
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51975378; 52375154; 52311530067)
国家自然科学基金项目(51975378; 52375154; 52311530067)
作者信息
    1.上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093
    2.安徽容知日新科技股份有限公司,合肥 230088
    3.延锋汽车智能安全系统有限责任公司,上海 201315
    4.华东理工大学 承压系统与安全教育部重点实验室,上海 200237
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jxqd/CN/10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.02.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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