Article(id=1240594158684001181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=1723305600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773710296555, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773710296555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773710296555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773710296555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240594155198534488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773710295724, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773714468205, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240611655898420098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240611655902614403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240594159061488549, articleId=1240594158684001181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Lattice reinforcement design method based on variable cross-section pillars, columnId=1240594158461703059, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Optimization·Reliability, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Body centered cubic (BCC) structure has excellent mechanical properties, but the stress concentration phenomenon at the nodes limits its further development in mechanical properties. At present, the method of adding spherical nodes or variable cross-section pillars is commonly used to alleviate stress concentration at nodes and achieve strengthening design of lattice structures, but there is a lack of research on the influence of the volume ratio of nodes to pillars on the strengthening effect. A new type of variable cross-section pillar based on trigonometric function reduction is designed, and a variable cross-section body centered cubic lattice (VC-BCC) lattice is designed. Dynamic node design is achieved by directly connecting the pillars to explore the optimal node to pillar volume ratio. Theoretical formula estimation of the volume of VC-BCC lattice is carried out, and based on the Timoshenko beam model, the equivalent elastic modulus of VC-BCC lattice is theoretically analyzed. A simplified model is established using the method of equivalent cross-section. Finite element simulation analysis was conducted on VC-BCC lattice with different proportions of node pillars, and lattice specimens were manufactured using selective laser melting technology for quasi-static compression testing. The experimental results show that there is little difference between theoretical calculations and simulation analysis. The maximum stress of the VC-BCC lattice structure is significantly reduced, and the equivalent yield strength is significantly improved. In all analyses, the VC-BCC lattice structure with a variable cross-sectional parameter of 0.6 exhibited excellent performance and had the best overall mechanical properties.

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SUN Fengyong, E-mail:
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体心立方(Body Centered Cubic, BCC)点阵结构具有优异的力学性能,然而节点处的应力集中现象限制了其力学性能的进一步发展。目前多采用添加球形节点或变截面支柱的方法来缓解节点应力集中,实现点阵结构的强化设计,但缺乏节点与支柱体积比对强化效果影响的研究。基于三角函数削减的新型变截面支柱,设计变截面体心立方(Variable Cross-section BCC, VC-BCC)点阵结构,并通过支柱的直接相连实现动态节点设计,以探究最佳的节点与支柱体积比。对VC-BCC结构体积进行理论公式估算,同时基于铁木辛柯梁模型,对VC-BCC结构的等效弹性模量进行理论分析,以等截面等效的方法建立简化模型。对不同节点支柱占比的VC-BCC结构进行了有限元仿真分析,通过选区激光熔融技术制造点阵试件进行准静态压缩试验。结果表明,理论计算与仿真分析相差较小,VC-BCC结构最大应力显著降低,且等效屈服强度提升明显。在所有分析中变截面参数为0.6的VC-BCC结构均表现优异,整体力学性能最佳。

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孙丰勇,男,1990年生,山东泰安人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为超声速状态航空推进系统耦合特性与稳定性控制;E-mail:
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李昊,男,2000年生,湖北鄂州人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为增材制造;E-mail:

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李昊,男,2000年生,湖北鄂州人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为增材制造;E-mail:

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李昊,男,2000年生,湖北鄂州人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为增材制造;E-mail:

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Load setting

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相对密度
Relative density ρ/%
载荷
Load F/N
最大von Mises应力
Maximum von Mises stress σe/MPa
1575231.88
2085214.48
25125225.29
30200224.73
35290230.06
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载荷设置

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相对密度
Relative density ρ/%
载荷
Load F/N
最大von Mises应力
Maximum von Mises stress σe/MPa
1575231.88
2085214.48
25125225.29
30200224.73
35290230.06
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Result of compression test

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参数ParameterBCCQ
0.20.30.40.50.60.7
弹性模量Elastic modulus
E/GPa
2.43.94.14.53.93.83.3
屈服强度Yield strength
σs /MPa
712151110108
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压缩试验结果

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参数ParameterBCCQ
0.20.30.40.50.60.7
弹性模量Elastic modulus
E/GPa
2.43.94.14.53.93.83.3
屈服强度Yield strength
σs /MPa
712151110108
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基于变截面支柱的点阵强化设计方法
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李昊 1 , 朱奎 1 , 孙丰勇 1, 2 , 韩基泰 1, 2 , 李寅 1
机械强度 | ·优化·可靠性· 2025,47(3): 143-150
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机械强度 | ·优化·可靠性· 2025, 47(3): 143-150
基于变截面支柱的点阵强化设计方法
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李昊1 , 朱奎1, 孙丰勇1, 2 , 韩基泰1, 2, 李寅1
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学 自动化学院,南京 210044
  • 2.无锡学院 自动化学院,无锡 214105
  • 李昊,男,2000年生,湖北鄂州人,在读硕士研究生;主要研究方向为增材制造;E-mail:

通讯作者:

孙丰勇,男,1990年生,山东泰安人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为超声速状态航空推进系统耦合特性与稳定性控制;E-mail:
Lattice reinforcement design method based on variable cross-section pillars
Hao LI1 , Kui ZHU1, Fengyong SUN1, 2 , Jitai HAN1, 2, Yin LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2.School of Automation, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.018
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体心立方(Body Centered Cubic, BCC)点阵结构具有优异的力学性能,然而节点处的应力集中现象限制了其力学性能的进一步发展。目前多采用添加球形节点或变截面支柱的方法来缓解节点应力集中,实现点阵结构的强化设计,但缺乏节点与支柱体积比对强化效果影响的研究。基于三角函数削减的新型变截面支柱,设计变截面体心立方(Variable Cross-section BCC, VC-BCC)点阵结构,并通过支柱的直接相连实现动态节点设计,以探究最佳的节点与支柱体积比。对VC-BCC结构体积进行理论公式估算,同时基于铁木辛柯梁模型,对VC-BCC结构的等效弹性模量进行理论分析,以等截面等效的方法建立简化模型。对不同节点支柱占比的VC-BCC结构进行了有限元仿真分析,通过选区激光熔融技术制造点阵试件进行准静态压缩试验。结果表明,理论计算与仿真分析相差较小,VC-BCC结构最大应力显著降低,且等效屈服强度提升明显。在所有分析中变截面参数为0.6的VC-BCC结构均表现优异,整体力学性能最佳。

节点强化  /  点阵结构  /  体心立方  /  有限元仿真  /  选区激光熔融

Body centered cubic (BCC) structure has excellent mechanical properties, but the stress concentration phenomenon at the nodes limits its further development in mechanical properties. At present, the method of adding spherical nodes or variable cross-section pillars is commonly used to alleviate stress concentration at nodes and achieve strengthening design of lattice structures, but there is a lack of research on the influence of the volume ratio of nodes to pillars on the strengthening effect. A new type of variable cross-section pillar based on trigonometric function reduction is designed, and a variable cross-section body centered cubic lattice (VC-BCC) lattice is designed. Dynamic node design is achieved by directly connecting the pillars to explore the optimal node to pillar volume ratio. Theoretical formula estimation of the volume of VC-BCC lattice is carried out, and based on the Timoshenko beam model, the equivalent elastic modulus of VC-BCC lattice is theoretically analyzed. A simplified model is established using the method of equivalent cross-section. Finite element simulation analysis was conducted on VC-BCC lattice with different proportions of node pillars, and lattice specimens were manufactured using selective laser melting technology for quasi-static compression testing. The experimental results show that there is little difference between theoretical calculations and simulation analysis. The maximum stress of the VC-BCC lattice structure is significantly reduced, and the equivalent yield strength is significantly improved. In all analyses, the VC-BCC lattice structure with a variable cross-sectional parameter of 0.6 exhibited excellent performance and had the best overall mechanical properties.

Node reinforcement  /  Lattice structure  /  Body centered cubic  /  Finite element simulation  /  Selective laser melting
李昊, 朱奎, 孙丰勇, 韩基泰, 李寅. 基于变截面支柱的点阵强化设计方法. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (3) : 143 -150 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.018
Hao LI, Kui ZHU, Fengyong SUN, Jitai HAN, Yin LI. Lattice reinforcement design method based on variable cross-section pillars[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (3) : 143 -150 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.018
点阵结构具有高刚度和高强度等优越的力学性能,同时还可以通过设计实现特殊的声学[1]和热学[2]性能,因此受到了汽车[3]、航天[4]等领域的广泛关注。在简单立方、体心立方、面心立方、八角桁架等多种点阵结构中,体心立方(Body Centered Cubic,BCC)结构由于其结构简单、性能可靠且破坏形式单一等优点,得到广泛研究[5-7]
在BCC点阵结构的受力变形过程中,结构应力分布不均,导致塑性变形首先在应力最集中的节点处发生[8-9]。USHIJIMA[10]发现,节点附近区域受力形成的塑性铰是导致点阵结构破坏的主要原因。应力集中现象削弱了BCC点阵结构应有的力学性能,且限制了力学性能进一步提升。为了解决点阵结构中节点应力集中的问题,LIU等[11-12]分别采用了不同直径的实心球形节点来增强BCC点阵结构。研究结果表明,球形节点能够有效分散支柱处的应力,实现了比强度和比刚度的增强设计。然而,这些研究中采用的等截面支柱材料分布固定,难以充分发挥结构的承载能力,如何合理分配支柱与节点的材料占比仍待优化。
变截面支柱设计能实现对节点与支柱体积的动态调控,最大程度地分散应力至整个结构中。LIU等[13]通过增加支柱中间材料占比设计了一种两端细中间粗的变截面支柱,显著缓解了BCC点阵产生的拉应力,抑制了支柱节点附近裂纹的产生,大幅提高了点阵结构的抗压强度和能量吸收能力。BAI等[14]提出了一种通过增加节点圆角半径来设计变截面BCC点阵结构的方法,随着节点圆角半径的增加,应力集中区域逐渐从节点处向支柱中间移动,支柱的断裂位置也逐渐远离节点。汪飞雪等[15]进一步研究了这种通过削弱支柱以增强节点的变截面BCC点阵结构,设计了带有球形节点增强的变截面BCC点阵结构。结果显示,这种新型结构在力学性能上较传统BCC点阵有明显提升。张朝瑞等[16]以此设计了一组具有节点增强的空心变截面支柱BCC点阵结构,有效缓解了节点处的应力,还显著提升了整体力学性能。
以上研究充分证明了变截面支柱在改善结构应力分布和提高承载能力方面的显著效果。此外,通过变截面支柱还可以实现功能梯度[17]、边界强化[18]以及减振承载一体化[19]等其他特殊功能设计。目前,关于变截面支柱强化BCC点阵结构的研究主要集中在使用球形节点进行增强,并通过圆弧作为外表面曲线削减支柱,支柱设计的方式相对单一。
本文提出一种使用三角函数来削减支柱表面的变截面支柱,并将支柱两端直接连接到节点的中心,依据支柱变截面程度动态生成节点,建立了变截面体心立方(Variable Cross-section BCC, VC-BCC)点阵的几何模型与理论模型。以选区激光熔融技术加工出VC-BCC点阵的实体样件,通过有限元分析加准静态压缩试验的方式进行验证,以探寻更优的变截面支柱设计方法,为拓展点阵强化方式提供支持。
BCC点阵结构通常是以等截面圆柱相连组成,节点与支柱之间的角度尖锐,应力集中在支柱边缘与节点中,没有充分发挥支柱中心区域的承载能力。为了解决这一问题实现点阵强化设计,本文设计了一种新型变截面支柱如图1所示,并用于BCC点阵的强化当中,构成VC-BCC点阵结构。
通过将变截面支柱两端直接相连,可以动态生成节点,构建多种不同节点支柱体积比的点阵结构。当支柱的截面变化程度较大时,两端的半圆形部分会突出形成球形节点;而当支柱的截面变化程度较小时,支柱两端的半圆形则会被遮挡形成常规节点。这种设计方法可以通过调整支柱截面的变化程度设计出多种不同节点的点阵结构,从而用于探究如何优化节点设计与合理分配节点材料占比。
依据三角函数构建支柱外表面距离场,实现对变截面支柱的表征。图1展示了基于三角函数构建的距离场,其中线段为支柱中心,P1P2为两端的节点。支柱外表面上任意一点P至支柱中心|P1P2|的距离可以表示为
式中,D(t)为点P处外表面到的距离;t的比值;R为两端节点增强球体的半径;k为曲线影响因子。
通过式(1)的距离方程,可以确定支柱外表面上任意一点与支柱中心直线的距离,进而以距离的方式定义了外表面上的每一个点。再将多条支柱的距离场方程合并,即可得到由距离场表达的VC-BCC单胞模型。为了将数学表达式转换为可视模型文件并用于仿真分析与增材制造,需要提取距离场等值面,构建数字模型。采用Marching Cubes算法提取等值面并导出.STL模型文件用于研究,导出的模型文件如图2所示。
不同于传统BCC点阵结构,VC-BCC结构的变截面支柱以及存在多种节点情况使得模型的体积计算复杂度增加。为了简化计算,本文将点阵单胞模型简化为由8根变截面支柱加1个球体节点组成,支柱部分划分为中间段旋转体、三角形锥体以及圆弧形旋转体,简化后的支柱截面如图3所示。
依据简化模型,得出的VC-BCC模型单胞体积预测计算式为
式中,Vl为中间旋转体的体积,iaib分别为两个方程的解;l为支柱的总长度,,其中,L为点阵的单胞尺寸。
相对密度定义为单胞点阵的实际体积VVC与整个单胞的体积Vall的比值,即
因为VC-BCC点阵结构支柱呈对称分布,取其中一根变截面支柱分析受力。假设VC-BCC点阵的节点区域为刚体,支柱的边界条件假定为一端完全固定,另一端可以自由平移但不能旋转。根据相关研究[10],假定支柱在轴向力的作用下没有发生轴向变形。将点C作为边界点区分节点与支柱,点C距原点o的距离c=(ia+ib)/2,如图3所示。
若将点阵单胞等效视作实心块体,那么块体以在力FZ的作用下产生的位移2h计算出的块体弹性模量,即可视作VC-BCC结构的等效弹性模量E*,计算式为
式中,σZ为点阵单胞的压缩应力;ε为点阵单胞的应变;FZ为点阵单胞受到的压缩力;A*为点阵单胞的等效横截面面积,A*=L2。取其中一根支柱分析,如图4所示。
根据点阵垂直方向变形h与支柱挠度ω之间的几何关系,h=ωcos θ,建立点阵单胞应变ε与单根支柱挠度ω之间的关系为
根据几何关系,单个支柱所受的切向力F=(FZ·cos θ)/4,其中,θ为支柱与水平面之间的夹角,θ=arccos(),由此建立点阵单胞应变ε与单根支柱切向力F之间的关系为
联立式(5)与式(6)两个关于ε的表达式,得到由单根支柱的挠度ω与切向力F构建的等效弹性模量E*表达式为
根据铁木辛柯梁模型,x处的弯矩M(x)、挠度ω和转角φ、剪切角γ之间有
式中,E为母材的弹性模量;I(x)为x处的惯性矩,,其中,r(x)为x处截面圆的半径,ks为剪切修正系数,取值为0.9;G为剪切模量,,其中,μ为母材的泊松比;A(x)为x处支柱的截面面积,A(x)=πr2(x)。
为避免含变截面惯性矩函数的挠度积分方程难以确定积分常数的问题,采用单位载荷法计算挠度,为
式中,为施加单位载荷引起的弯矩,M(x)=Fx-Fl/2。将求得的最大挠度ω代入式(7),便可计算得到VC-BCC点阵的理论等效弹性模量E*
为快速计算设计模型,本文提出两种方式将变截面等效为等截面进行分析计算。一是将变截面中点加端点半径取平均等效为固定半径req1的等截面圆柱;二是将变截面曲线包围面积等效为相等面积的矩形并旋转为半径req2的等截面圆柱。
分别以req1req2计算对应的等效惯性矩Ieq与等效截面面积Aeq,再使用固定的惯性矩与截面面积通过积分计算,便能解得单根支柱的等效挠度ωeq,并给出等截面等效弹性模量的表达式。
在边界条件φ(x=c)=0,φ(x=l-c)=0下,确定积分常数C1;在边界条件ω(x=c)=0下,确定积分常数C2C3,解得
在支柱末端切向力的作用下,支柱的最远端取得最大挠度,即
将式(16)代入式(7)即可得到等截面等效下的等效弹性模量的表达式为
应用Matlab软件编写VC-BCC点阵STL模型的生成程序,以实现不同参数下的多个VC-BCC点阵模型的快速生成。建立5组不同相对密度下的点阵进行试验,分别为15%、20%、25%、30%、35%。通过变截面参数Q=k/R不同区分节点,Q取0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7。参数Q值越大,截面变化程度越高,同时节点体积占比越大,如图5所示。VC-BCC点阵单胞结构将随着变截面参数Q的增大,材料逐渐从支柱转移至节点,节点逐步接近球形,实现了在调控支柱的同时改变节点形态。
为分析不同参数下VC-BCC点阵结构的应力分布,并寻找最佳的参数Q,本文在Ansys WorkBench软件中进行有限元仿真分析。考虑到对点阵结构的应力集中现象受相邻单胞连接影响,并结合试验计算时长与计算精度的需要,本文采用L=5 mm的单胞构成2×2×3的点阵模型进行仿真试验分析。有限元分析使用四面体单元对整个模型进行网格划分,分析以准静态进行,在点阵Y方向上、下添加厚为3 mm的平板,并在一端的平板施加固定载荷,另一端固定,边界条件设定如图6所示。
每组试验采用不同载荷值,根据每组等截面支柱BCC点阵的应力状态确定,载荷应使该点阵块的最大von Mises应力达到基体材料的许用应力。基体材料选择结构钢,弹性模量为200 GPa,泊松比为0.3,压缩屈服强度为250 MPa。以安全系数1.1进行试验,则许用应力为225 MPa。以各相对密度下的等截面BCC点阵有限元仿真结果为基准,确定各组试验的载荷设置。有限元仿真的最终载荷和最大von Mises应力在表1中列出。
对每个模型进行分析后,可以获得最大von Mises应力和垂直方向最大位移结果,由此可以计算点阵单胞的有限元等效弹性模量,对于N1×N2×N3点阵的有限元等效弹性模量为
式中,FFEA为仿真设置的力载荷;ωFEA为有限元分析中结构的最大位移;N1=N2=2,N3=3。
对20%相对密度的VC-BCC点阵结构进行准静态压缩试验验证。试验使用与仿真相同尺寸的5 mm单胞构成2×2×3的点阵块试件,以SLM成形工艺制造试验样件。采用中瑞科技iSLM160金属3D打印机在室温下制备样件,打印材料使用316L不锈钢,打印参数设置为轮廓激光功率180 W、轮廓扫描速度500 mm/s、填充激光功率240 W、填充扫描速度1 300 mm/s、层厚0.05 mm。并进行热处理与喷砂后处理,降低试件表面粗糙度。压缩试验采用美特斯CMT5305万能试验机,压缩速度设置为1 mm/min,设备如图7所示。
相对密度是描述点阵结构轻量化水平的重要参数,为检验VC-BCC点阵相对密度理论预测方法的准确性,在SolidWorks软件对试验中所有的30个VC-BCC点阵的STL单胞模型进行了体积测量。图8为所有VC-BCC点阵理论方程[式(2)]预测体积与CAD模型测量体积之间的相对误差δ
图8可以发现,相对误差大部分都大于0,这表明理论计算式预测的体积偏小。随着变截面参数Q的增加,相对误差先增加后减小。在所有结果中,Q=0.2和Q=0.7两种VC-BCC结构的体积预测效果最佳,最大相对误差出现在相对密度为35%、Q=0.4处,为4.51%(小于5%),表明所提方法是可靠的。
由于支柱及末端的体积是精确计算的,因此误差产生的主要原因是对节点处使用球形节点近似所导致的。误差的变化趋势与节点的球形程度密切关联。当Q=0.7时,节点球形相似程度最高,支柱截面变化程度也最大。随着相对密度的提高,节点同样更加接近球形,体积预测的误差也随之减小。当参数Q从0.7开始减小后,节点球形程度下降,相对误差增加,但同时节点体积减小,造成误差的部分在总体积中所占比例下降,从而部分降低了相对误差。在这两种变化的影响下,使得对体积的预测整体上呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。
使用Ansys软件仿真分析得到的部分应力结果如图9所示。
在20%相对密度下,BCC点阵结构显示出显著的应力分布不均匀,应力主要集中在节点周围,支柱与节点承受的应力差异大。在同样相对密度下,VC-BCC点阵的应力分布范围更广,应力不再集中于节点区域,而是扩散至整个支柱上。为进一步研究变截面参数Q以及相对密度对VC-BCC结构最大应力结果的影响,对30个不同参数下的VC-BCC点阵结构进行了仿真分析,应力结果如图10所示。
参数Q从0.2增加至0.7的过程中,VC-BCC点阵逐渐偏离传统的BCC点阵,其最大应力整体呈现下降趋势。表明支柱的变截面化和节点的球形化有效改善了应力集中,然而参数Q的值并不是越大越好。不同相对密度的5组试验中,最佳优化效果分别在Q为0.6、0.6、0.7、0.7、0.7处取得,对应的最大应力分别下降了61.78%、67.46%、66.62%、58.61%、57.54%。当相对密度为15%和20%时,最佳优化效果在Q为0.6时取得,而非节点球形程度最大的Q=0.7处。这是因为过度的节点球形化导致节点材料的占比过大,支柱变得过细,从而使得支柱先于节点产生最大应力。
图11显示了各相对密度下有限元仿真的位移结果在式(18)中计算的等效弹性模量曲线。图11中,Q=0处表示原始BCC点阵结构的等效弹性模量。VC-BCC结构的等效弹性模量整体随着Q值的增加而增加,这表明球形节点与变截面支柱对于提高结构的刚度起到了积极作用。具体来说,在相对密度为15%、20%、25%、30%、35%时,Q值分别在0.6、0.6、0.5、0.5、0.5下,VC-BCC结构取得的等效弹性模量最大增长率分别为69.44%、95.33%、131.37%、69.61%、50.72%。在所有试验中,最大等效弹性模量提升出现在相对密度为25%、Q值为0.5的情况下,其相较于BCC结构提高了131.37%。需要注意的是,最大刚度结果与最佳应力优化结果并不完全一致。对于相对密度低于20%的情况,可以同时兼顾提高刚度和优化应力;然而当使用到更高的相对密度时,则需要在设计中进行平衡考虑目标的性能。
图12显示了3种不同方法计算的等效弹性模量与有限元分析结果之间的相对误差。红色曲线代表由r(x)在式(11)计算挠度代入式(7)中得到的等效弹性模量。它在低相对密度下最接近有限元分析结果,但随着相对密度的增加,误差逐步增加,平均相对误差分别为-0.071 7%、5.21%、8.85%、14.47%、14.90%。当相对密度为30%和35%时,整体误差较大,可能是由将节点视为刚体简化计算引起的。
方块、三角点分别为使用式(12)的req1和式(13)的req2两种等截面等效半径在式(17)中计算的等效弹性模量。以req1在式(17)计算的等效弹性模量变化趋势与式(7)计算结果基本一致,而以req2在式(17)计算的等效弹性模量呈现逐步接近式(7)结果的趋势。当Q=0.7时,3种计算方法的平均相对误差差异显著,分别为3.86%、19.54%、-17.542%。表明等截面等效对预测大球体节点下的变截面支柱点阵性能时表现较差,这是由于支柱截面变化程度大时,进行等截面等效的误差更大。
通过选区激光熔融(Selective Laser Melting, SLM)打印出的试验样件如图13所示。VC-BCC变截面点阵经过打印、热处理以及喷砂处理后,试件整体完整,表面无破损,成型质量高。
依据压缩试验结果,绘制每个试件的应力-应变曲线如图14所示。曲线明显呈现3种不同变化趋势,分别对应试件在压缩过程中的3个阶段,即快速上升阶段(弹性变形)、缓慢变化阶段(塑性变形)、再次快速上升阶段(致密化)。
图14可以看到,VC-BCC点阵的曲线均高于BCC点阵的曲线。说明VC-BCC点阵有着更高的弹性模量、屈服强度和抗压强度。表2列出了20%相对密度的BCC点阵与VC-BCC点阵在压缩试验下的等效弹性模量与等效屈服强度的具体数值。
压缩试验得出的等效弹性模量与有限元计算结果变化趋势相同,最大相对误差在Q=0.5处取得,为9.73%,压缩试验结果贴近有限元分析结果。误差产生的主要原因在于试样在打印制造中产生的细微缺陷与误差。具体而言,VC-BCC点阵的等效弹性模量提升明显,最大的等效弹性模量提升在Q=0.4处取得,较BCC结构提升了46.67%。同时,VC-BCC点阵的等效屈服强度同样得到了大幅度的优化,Q=0.3时较BCC点阵提高了114.29%,优化效果高于文献[16]中的43%以及文献[15]中的99.26%,提升效果明显。两者均在Q=0.7处取得最小的提升效果,其可能是由于过细的支柱对于打印的缺陷更加敏感。
以改善点阵结构的应力分布与承载能力为目标,设计了一种新型变截面点阵结构,并结合距离场的隐式达与SLM技术实现了对变截面点阵的高效建模与制造。通过理论分析、有限元仿真和压缩试验,对支柱节点体积占比与点阵结构性能之间的映射规律进行了深入研究,得出以下结论:
1)基于变截面支柱设计了一款VC-BCC点阵结构,通过动态节点设计实现了节点球形化程度与支柱截面变化程度的联动,提出了结构的相对密度预测公式,相对误差小于5%。
2)基于铁木辛柯梁模型建立了3种VC-BCC点阵的等效弹性模量预测公式,以半径为r(x)计算对25%相对密度以下模型预测更为可靠,节点刚体化带来的误差在25%相对密度以上的预测时更为明显。两种等截面等效方法中,半径req1可以作为r(x)的简化替代,半径req2在大相对密度下表现更优。
3)仿真与试验结果显示,VC-BCC点阵结构有效降低了BCC结构的最大应力,等效弹性模量明显优于BCC结构,对于单胞边长为5 mm的VC-BCC点阵而言,参数Q取0.6时综合性能最佳。
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.018
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
  • 修回日期:2024-08-11
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Wuxi Science and Technology Development Plan(K20221051)
无锡市科技发展计划(K20221051)
作者信息
    1.南京信息工程大学 自动化学院,南京 210044
    2.无锡学院 自动化学院,无锡 214105

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孙丰勇,男,1990年生,山东泰安人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为超声速状态航空推进系统耦合特性与稳定性控制;E-mail:
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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