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In order to solve the problem of the accuracy of the random vibration transmissibility calculation of airborne electronic equipment, the basic STEINBERG sinusoidal vibration transmissibility model and the IRVINE random vibration transmissibility model were firstly verified through tests, and it was found that there was room for improvement in the accuracy of the IRVINE random vibration transmissibility model. Therefore, on the basis of the "Three-interval method", the effects of 4σ and 5σ transient acceleration of random vibration were taken into consideration, and a more comprehensive"Five-interval method" was proposed; then, the structural fatigue coefficients of the model were corrected by combining with the characteristics of the airborne electronic equipments. The results show that the error between the proposed random vibration transmissibility calculation model and the measured value is less than 5%, which is closer to the measured value,proving that the proposed model is more accurate.

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LIU Zhihu, E-mail:
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为解决机载电子设备随机振动传递率计算准确度问题,首先,通过试验验证了STEINBERG正弦振动传递率基本模型和IRVINE随机振动传递率基本模型,发现IRVINE随机振动传递率模型的准确度有改进的空间。因此,在“三段法”的基础上将随机振动4σ、5σ瞬时加速度的影响综合考虑,提出更全面的“五段法”;然后,结合机载电子设备特点,修正了模型的结构疲劳系数。结果表明,所提随机振动传递率计算模型与实测值的误差小于5%,更逼近实测值,证明所提模型更准确。

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刘治虎,男,1984年生,陕西西安人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为电子设备耐恶劣振动环境结构设计;E-mail:

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刘治虎,男,1984年生,陕西西安人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为电子设备耐恶劣振动环境结构设计;E-mail:

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刘治虎,男,1984年生,陕西西安人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为电子设备耐恶劣振动环境结构设计;E-mail:

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Model of base transmissibility

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本模型 Base model
STEINBERG模型
STEINBERG model
IRVINE 模型
IRVINE model
适用范围
Scope of application
正弦振动
Sinusoidal vibration
随机振动
Random vibration
准确度
Accuracy
较高
Higher
较低
Lower
), ArticleFig(id=1240594172986577304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157325046634, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基本传递率模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本模型 Base model
STEINBERG模型
STEINBERG model
IRVINE 模型
IRVINE model
适用范围
Scope of application
正弦振动
Sinusoidal vibration
随机振动
Random vibration
准确度
Accuracy
较高
Higher
较低
Lower
), ArticleFig(id=1240594173108212123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157325046634, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of random vibration transmissibility calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率
Frequency/Hz
实测值
Test value Q
IRVINE模型
IRVINE model
改进后模型
Optimized model
计算值
Calculation value
相对误差
Relative error/%
计算值
Calculation value
相对误差
Relative error/%
1 42579.8971.72-10.276.58-4.14
1007.336.68-8.97.14-2.6
), ArticleFig(id=1240594173263401378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157325046634, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

随机振动传递率计算对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率
Frequency/Hz
实测值
Test value Q
IRVINE模型
IRVINE model
改进后模型
Optimized model
计算值
Calculation value
相对误差
Relative error/%
计算值
Calculation value
相对误差
Relative error/%
1 42579.8971.72-10.276.58-4.14
1007.336.68-8.97.14-2.6
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机载电子设备振动传递率计算模型研究
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刘治虎 , 醋强一 , 董进喜 , 成鑫 , 常向廷 , 裴晓辉
机械强度 | ·振动·噪声·监测·诊断· 2025,47(3): 90-95
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机械强度 | ·振动·噪声·监测·诊断· 2025, 47(3): 90-95
机载电子设备振动传递率计算模型研究
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刘治虎 , 醋强一, 董进喜, 成鑫, 常向廷, 裴晓辉
作者信息
  • 中国航空工业集团公司西安航空计算技术研究所,西安 710068
  • 刘治虎,男,1984年生,陕西西安人,硕士,高级工程师;主要研究方向为电子设备耐恶劣振动环境结构设计;E-mail:

Research on vibration transmissibility calculation model for airborne electronic equipment
Zhihu LIU , Qiangyi CU, Jinxi DONG, Xin CHENG, Xiangting CHANG, Xiaohui PEI
Affiliations
  • AVIC Xi'an Aeronautics Computing Technique Research Institute, Xi'an 710068, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.011
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为解决机载电子设备随机振动传递率计算准确度问题,首先,通过试验验证了STEINBERG正弦振动传递率基本模型和IRVINE随机振动传递率基本模型,发现IRVINE随机振动传递率模型的准确度有改进的空间。因此,在“三段法”的基础上将随机振动4σ、5σ瞬时加速度的影响综合考虑,提出更全面的“五段法”;然后,结合机载电子设备特点,修正了模型的结构疲劳系数。结果表明,所提随机振动传递率计算模型与实测值的误差小于5%,更逼近实测值,证明所提模型更准确。

机载电子设备  /  正弦振动  /  随机振动  /  振动传递率  /  计算模型

In order to solve the problem of the accuracy of the random vibration transmissibility calculation of airborne electronic equipment, the basic STEINBERG sinusoidal vibration transmissibility model and the IRVINE random vibration transmissibility model were firstly verified through tests, and it was found that there was room for improvement in the accuracy of the IRVINE random vibration transmissibility model. Therefore, on the basis of the "Three-interval method", the effects of 4σ and 5σ transient acceleration of random vibration were taken into consideration, and a more comprehensive"Five-interval method" was proposed; then, the structural fatigue coefficients of the model were corrected by combining with the characteristics of the airborne electronic equipments. The results show that the error between the proposed random vibration transmissibility calculation model and the measured value is less than 5%, which is closer to the measured value,proving that the proposed model is more accurate.

Airborne electronic equipment  /  Sinusoidal vibration  /  Random vibration  /  Vibration transmissibility  /  Calculation model
刘治虎, 醋强一, 董进喜, 成鑫, 常向廷, 裴晓辉. 机载电子设备振动传递率计算模型研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (3) : 90 -95 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.011
Zhihu LIU, Qiangyi CU, Jinxi DONG, Xin CHENG, Xiangting CHANG, Xiaohui PEI. Research on vibration transmissibility calculation model for airborne electronic equipment[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (3) : 90 -95 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.011
随着电子技术的发展,电子设备在航空领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。机载电子设备作为飞机的组成部分,其在服役中必然会受到飞机动力装置源以及气动力源所产生的振动载荷作用[1]。动力装置源产生宽带叠加窄带随机振动,气动力源产生超宽带随机振动。在动力装置和气动力的综合影响下,会导致机载电子设备的振动环境更加复杂恶劣,引起电子设备结构件和元器件的加速失效。
电子设备主要包括两部分部件:电子部件和结构部件。由于各结构部件组成材料都具有一定的弹性,振动过程中各层级结构振动中会表现出很强的耦合,耦合程度直接影响振动响应量值的大小,其可通过传递率Q(本文指共振频率点上响应幅值与激励幅值的无量纲比值)来表达。YANG等[2-4]分别通过试验、仿真和理论的方法对传递率进行了研究,但仅限于简单系统和各种简化结构。实际机载电子设备动态耦合情况更复杂,STEINBERG在《电子设备振动分析》一书[5]367-368中依据试验数据拟合出了典型电子设备振动传递率计算模型,该模型为电子设备振动传递率的研究提供了基础,但该模型仅适用于正弦振动激励。对于安装于飞机上的机载电子设备,面临的随机振动激励更加普遍,因此需对随机振动激励下的传递率模型进行研究。IRVINE[6]1-2在他提出的“三段法”基础上将正弦振动损伤等效为随机振动损伤,给出了随机振动传递率模型。但AL-YAFAWI等[7-8]经过试验结果比对发现该“三段法”计算准确度存在不足。
本文研究了STEINBERG正弦振动传递率[5]367-368和IRVINE随机振动传递率[6]1-2两种基本模型。实测了典型机载电子设备振动传递率,并对基本模型准确度进行验证,发现随机振动基本模型准确度无法满足实际工程中5%的要求,有改进空间。于是本文对基本模型的“三段法”和结构疲劳系数进行了改进,提出了更全面的“五段法”,得出更符合现代机载电子设备特点的模型疲劳系数,建立了更加准确的现代机载电子设备随机振动传递率模型。通过准确度比对,该计算模型误差小于5%,更加逼近实测值。
典型的机载电子设备通常由机箱、电子模块组成,电子模块包含模块结构件、印刷电路板(Printed Circuit Board, PCB)、元器件,元器件焊接于PCB上,PCB安装于模块结构件,电子模块通过两侧快速拆装锁紧装置固定于机箱内部的导轨上,其典型结构组成如图1所示。当其受到外界振动激励时,由于电子模块与支撑结构(机箱、托架等)连接在一起,振动能量就会通过支撑结构层级传递到内部电子模块上,这样支撑结构的动态响应就变成了模块的输入。在随机振动环境中,支撑结构和电子模块的固有频率会同时受到激发,引起各电子模块与支撑结构之间的动态耦合,耦合程度可通过振动传递率Q进行描述。
通常电子设备各部件组成材料都具有弹性,振动过程中各弹性部件的振动规律也不相同。不同的PCB特性、元器件布局以及支撑结构的特性就构成了一个复杂的多自由度振动系统。国外学者对于多自由度振动系统传递率模型进行了一定的研究,其中有代表性的是STEINBERG正弦振动传递率模型和IRVINE随机振动传递率模型,如表1所示。本文以此作为基本传递率模型,开展了深入的研究,发现随机振动传递率模型计算准确度存在改进空间,通过采用“五段法”以及模型结构疲劳系数修正的办法提高计算模型的准确度。
STEINBERG[5]368-369结合多个试验数据给出了一种针对不同结构类型电子设备传递率的计算模型,即
式中,A=1.0时为梁式结构;A=0.5时为插入式PCB或周边支撑的PCB;A=0.25时为小型电子底板或电子机箱结构;fn为固有频率,Hz;Gin为正弦振动输入加速度G值,无量纲。
但该模型仅适用于正弦振动激励,当激励类型为随机振动时,式(1)并不适用。对于机载电子设备面向的更多是随机振动环境,所以需提出一种针对随机振动的传递率计算模型。
对于随机振动传递率模型的研究,IRVINE[6]2-4利用“三段法”理论将正弦振动损伤[9-10]等效为随机振动损伤,于是可将式(1)变换为随机振动的传递率计算模型,过程如下:
对于随机振动损伤(“三段法”)
对于正弦振动损伤
使得Dr=Ds,于是有
式中,G1σ为1σ随机振动加速度响应。
引用Miles方程[11]
将式(4)、式(5)代入式(1),可得随机振动激励下的电子设备传递率计算模型为
式中,P为谐振频率上的输入功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density, PSD),g2/Hz。
为验证基本模型对于机载电子设备的适用性,这里分别对民机电子设备、发动机电子设备、喷气式飞机电子设备、螺旋桨飞机电子设备4种不同的应用场景进行了正弦和随机振动试验测试,通过试验数据来验证基本模型的准确性。
对某民机电子设备按照DO160标准[12]中的振动图谱进行正弦振动试验,设备上的加速度传感器的监测曲线如图2所示。由图2可以看出,设备在谐振频率(535.5 Hz)上出现了明显的传递率放大现象。
图2中,在535.5 Hz位置处的加速度Gout为156.8gg=9.8 m2/s),输入Gin为20g,由实测计算值Q=Gout/Gin,可得Q=7.84。
基本模型计算值为fn=535.5 Hz,Gin=20gA=0.25。代入式(1)可得Q=7.56,模型计算误差为-3.6%。
对某安装于飞机发动机上的电子设备按照GJB150.16标准[13]中的振动图谱进行正弦振动试验,设备上监测曲线如图3所示。由图3可以看出,设备在谐振频率(42.81 Hz)上出现了明显的传递率放大现象。
图3中,在42.81 Hz位置处的加速度Gout为16.2g,输入Gin为3.02g,由实测计算值Q=Gout/Gin,可得Q=5.36。
基本模型计算值为fn=42.81 Hz,Gin=3.02gA=0.5。代入式(1)可得Q=5.25,模型计算误差为-2.1%。
对安装于某喷气式飞机上的电子设备进行随机振动试验,设备上的加速度传感器的监测曲线如图4所示。
由实测计算,图4中,在1 425 Hz谐振频率位置处的传递率Q为79.89。
基本模型计算值为fn=1 425 Hz,Gin=0. 1g2/Hz,A=0.5。代入式(6)可得Q=71.72,模型计算误差为-10.2%。
对安装于某螺旋桨飞机上的电子设备进行随机振动试验,设备上的加速度传感器的监测曲线如图5所示。
由实测计算,图5中,在100 Hz谐振频率位置处的传递率Q为7.33。
基本模型计算值为fn=100 Hz,Gin=0. 03g2/Hz,A=0.25。代入式(6)可得Q=6.68,模型误差为-8.9%。
通过分析以上4种不同应用场景下的机载电子设备的振动测试数据可以发现,该4种电子设备的谐振频率分别为535.5、42.81、1 425、100 Hz,其基本代表了飞机振动激励频率区间(10~2 000 Hz)内的低、中、高激励频率的典型值,测试对象能够代表典型应用场景。同时,经过比对传递率实测值与模型计算值可以发现,STEINBERG正弦振动传递率模型的计算误差小于5%,具有较高的精度;但IRVINE三段法随机振动传递率模型的计算误差为10.2%、8.9%,该误差无法满足实际工程中误差小于5%的精度要求,模型具有改进的空间。
对于随机振动疲劳损伤计算中所采用的“三段法”,其数学内涵为高斯随机变量在(–3σ,+3σ)区间外的发生概率仅为0.27%。因此,对于“三段法”的使用业内存在一定争议。比如NASA[14]使用3σ准则,麦道公司[15]采用4σ准则,SCHARTON[16]则使用为5σ准则。这是由于在很多装备的实际应用场景中,尤其是航空机载装备的振动环境,呈现出明显的超高斯分布[17],即幅值有部分是超过3σ[18],如图6所示。研究表明,对于超出3σ范围的4σ、5σ的瞬时加速度,更易造成疲劳损伤累积。因此,为了提高计算模型的计算精度,本文提出“五段法”的技术方法,即在“三段法”的基础上将4σ、5σ的瞬时加速度疲劳损伤的影响也进行加权计算。
于是,对于采用“五段法”的随机振动疲劳累积损伤Dr,有
式(2)中,疲劳系数b的取值为6.4,该值的获取是通过简化的金属材料拉伸-疲劳极限关系得到的。实际上对于不同的材料该值是不同的,这也是造成计算误差的原因之一。对于机载电子设备而言,其结构常采用牌号为6061铝合金,其材料S-N试验数据[19]图7所示,于是疲劳系数b的计算式为
根据图7中最大平均应力的数据,N1=1×103S1=184.71 MPa,N2=1×107S2=21.79 MPa。经计算,疲劳系数b=4.3。
于是式(7)可写为
采用“五段法”理论和修正后的结构疲劳系数对IRVINE随机振动传递率模型进行改进,过程如下:
对于正弦振动疲劳损伤Ds,有
使得Dr=Ds,于是有
式中,G1σ为1σ随机振动加速度响应。
同理,引用Miles方程,即
将式(11)、式(12)代入式(1)可得改进后的随机振动电子设备传递率计算模型,为
式中,P为谐振频率上的输入PSD,g2/Hz。
通过式(13)可以看出,出机载电子设备随机振动传递率Q与固有频率fn成正比(当结构系数A、输入激励P一定的情况下),与输入激励量P值成反比(当结构系数A、固有频率fn一定的情况下)。这是由于设备的固有频率越高,其抵抗振动变形的能力就越强,振动中变形越小,阻尼也越低,传递率就越高。输入激励越高,设备振动变形越大,阻尼就越高,传递率就越低。
本节使用改进后传递率计算模型[式(13)]进行理论计算,通过比对理论值和实测值,验证改进后的传递率计算模型的准确性,如表2所示。
通过实测值与模型计算值对比可以看出,改进后的“五段法”传递率计算模型的精度较IRVINE计算模型有了进一步的提升,已非常接近实测值,误差小于5%。同时,计算模型对于高频(1 425 Hz)的误差较低频(100 Hz)的误差较大,这是由于电子设备其自身组成的复杂性,其在振动过程中高频激励更易激发出产品更多的非线性特性造成的。
改进后的传递率计算模型,在实际工程中可以快速估算出产品的振动加速度响应情况;同时还可用于校正振动仿真中阻尼值的设置来提高仿真精度。因此,该计算模型有较大的工程价值。
为解决机载电子设备随机振动传递率计算准确度问题,研究了STEINBERG正弦振动传递率和IRVINE随机振动传递率两种基本模型,得出以下结论:
1)对典型振动环境下不同特点的机载电子设备进行了振动传递率实测和计算。经验证,STEINBERG正弦振动传递率模型具有较高的准确度,较实测值计算误差分别为-3.6%、-2.1%;但IRVINE随机振动模型的计算误差为-10.2%、-8.9%,不满足实际工程中小于5%的误差要求,具有一定的改进空间。
2)在IRVINE随机振动传递率模型基础上,提出了更全面的“五段法”,并得出更符合机载电子设备特点的结构疲劳系数4.3。建立了更加准确的随机振动传递率计算模型。通过实测验证,改进后的计算模型误差分别为-4.14%、-2.6%,误差小于5%,更加逼近实测值。
3)改进后的传递率计算模型可在工程中用于快速计算产品的振动加速度响应,同时还可用于校正振动仿真,以提高仿真精度。
4)为进一步提高模型精度,后续工作中可对模型中的结构系数A进一步拟合修正。
  • 国家科技重大专项(2017-V-0014-0066)
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.011
  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
  • 修回日期:2024-11-08
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National Science and Technology Major Project(2017-V-0014-0066)
国家科技重大专项(2017-V-0014-0066)
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    中国航空工业集团公司西安航空计算技术研究所,西安 710068
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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