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In order to construct a bone scaffold structure with good biological properties, P-type, FRD-type homogeneous multi-porous scaffolds and P&FRD gradient multi-porous scaffolds with different porosities and unit cell scales were designed based on the triply periodic minimal surface(TPMS).The effects of unit cell types, porosities and unit cell scales on the mechanical and biological properties of TPMS multi-porous scaffolds were investigated by tests and finite element simulation.The results show that the internal pores of homogeneous and gradient multi-porous scaffolds based on TPMS have good connectivity.The mechanical properties of multi-porous scaffolds decrease with the increase of porosity, but the permeability increases with the increase of porosity.Increasing the unit cell scale can significantly improve the permeability of multi-porous scaffolds.The permeability of the gradient multi-porous scaffold is also affected by the seepage direction.The gradient multi-porous scaffolds can synthesize the performance characteristics of each homogeneous unit cell structure, and show different mechanical and biological properties in different regions of the scaffold, which is closer to the structure and biological properties of human bone.

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DUAN Mingde, E-mail:
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为构建具有良好生物学性能的骨支架结构,基于三周期极小曲面(Triply Periodic Minimal Surface, TPMS)设计不同孔隙率、单胞尺度下的P型、FRD型匀质多孔支架,以及P&FRD梯度多孔支架;并通过试验和有限元仿真的方法,探究单胞类型、孔隙率及单胞尺度对TPMS多孔支架力学和生物学性能的影响。研究结果表明,基于TPMS建立的匀质和梯度多孔支架内部孔道具有良好的连通性;多孔支架的力学性能随着孔隙率的增加而降低,但渗透性则随着孔隙率的增加而提高;增大单胞尺度可以明显提高多孔支架的渗透性;梯度多孔支架的渗透率还受渗流方向的影响;梯度多孔支架能综合各匀质单胞结构的性能特点,在支架不同区域表现出不同的力学和生物学性能,更接近人体骨骼的结构和生物学性能。

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秦世坤,男,1996年生,河南商丘人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为计算机辅助设计与快速成型设备、仿生制造技术等;E-mail:

段明德,男,1966年生,河南洛阳人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为计算机辅助设计与现代集成制造技术等;E-mail:

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Mechanical test result of porous scaffolds

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单胞类型
Unit cell type
孔隙率
Porosity/%
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity/GPa
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
P4533.01420.35
6022.31214.30
756.0030.03
FRD4531.22392.53
6015.20189.82
755.3946.53
P&FRD4532.88414.42
6016.10205.49
755.6943.01
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多孔支架力学试验结果

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单胞类型
Unit cell type
孔隙率
Porosity/%
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity/GPa
屈服强度
Yield strength/MPa
P4533.01420.35
6022.31214.30
756.0030.03
FRD4531.22392.53
6015.20189.82
755.3946.53
P&FRD4532.88414.42
6016.10205.49
755.6943.01
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Permeability of human bones

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研究者Researcher渗透率Permeability/m2
TEO等[19]417-423 TEO et al.2.4×10-9~5.27×10-8
NAUMAN等[20]517-524 NAUMAN et al.2.68×10-11~2.00×10-8
本文This article 1 mm2.25×10-10~1.23×10-8
本文This article 2.5 mm2.51×10-9~7.60×10-8
本文This article 5 mm9.79×10-9~29.3×10-8
), ArticleFig(id=1240594175050182998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157299888846, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

人体骨骼的渗透率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究者Researcher渗透率Permeability/m2
TEO等[19]417-423 TEO et al.2.4×10-9~5.27×10-8
NAUMAN等[20]517-524 NAUMAN et al.2.68×10-11~2.00×10-8
本文This article 1 mm2.25×10-10~1.23×10-8
本文This article 2.5 mm2.51×10-9~7.60×10-8
本文This article 5 mm9.79×10-9~29.3×10-8
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基于三周期极小曲面的梯度多孔支架力学及渗透性能研究
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秦世坤 , 段明德 , 梁士杰 , 张辉 , 张壮雅
机械强度 | ·实验研究·测试技术· 2025,47(3): 51-59
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机械强度 | ·实验研究·测试技术· 2025, 47(3): 51-59
基于三周期极小曲面的梯度多孔支架力学及渗透性能研究
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秦世坤 , 段明德 , 梁士杰, 张辉, 张壮雅
作者信息
  • 河南科技大学 机电工程学院,洛阳 471003
  • 秦世坤,男,1996年生,河南商丘人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为计算机辅助设计与快速成型设备、仿生制造技术等;E-mail:

    段明德,男,1966年生,河南洛阳人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为计算机辅助设计与现代集成制造技术等;E-mail:

Study on mechanical and permeability property of gradient multi-porous scaffold based on triply periodic minimal surface
Shikun QIN , Mingde DUAN , Shijie LIANG, Hui ZHANG, Zhuangya ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.006
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为构建具有良好生物学性能的骨支架结构,基于三周期极小曲面(Triply Periodic Minimal Surface, TPMS)设计不同孔隙率、单胞尺度下的P型、FRD型匀质多孔支架,以及P&FRD梯度多孔支架;并通过试验和有限元仿真的方法,探究单胞类型、孔隙率及单胞尺度对TPMS多孔支架力学和生物学性能的影响。研究结果表明,基于TPMS建立的匀质和梯度多孔支架内部孔道具有良好的连通性;多孔支架的力学性能随着孔隙率的增加而降低,但渗透性则随着孔隙率的增加而提高;增大单胞尺度可以明显提高多孔支架的渗透性;梯度多孔支架的渗透率还受渗流方向的影响;梯度多孔支架能综合各匀质单胞结构的性能特点,在支架不同区域表现出不同的力学和生物学性能,更接近人体骨骼的结构和生物学性能。

三周期极小曲面  /  梯度多孔支架  /  力学性能  /  渗透性

In order to construct a bone scaffold structure with good biological properties, P-type, FRD-type homogeneous multi-porous scaffolds and P&FRD gradient multi-porous scaffolds with different porosities and unit cell scales were designed based on the triply periodic minimal surface(TPMS).The effects of unit cell types, porosities and unit cell scales on the mechanical and biological properties of TPMS multi-porous scaffolds were investigated by tests and finite element simulation.The results show that the internal pores of homogeneous and gradient multi-porous scaffolds based on TPMS have good connectivity.The mechanical properties of multi-porous scaffolds decrease with the increase of porosity, but the permeability increases with the increase of porosity.Increasing the unit cell scale can significantly improve the permeability of multi-porous scaffolds.The permeability of the gradient multi-porous scaffold is also affected by the seepage direction.The gradient multi-porous scaffolds can synthesize the performance characteristics of each homogeneous unit cell structure, and show different mechanical and biological properties in different regions of the scaffold, which is closer to the structure and biological properties of human bone.

Triply periodic minimal surface  /  Gradient multi-porous scaffold  /  Mechanical property  /  Permeability
秦世坤, 段明德, 梁士杰, 张辉, 张壮雅. 基于三周期极小曲面的梯度多孔支架力学及渗透性能研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (3) : 51 -59 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.006
Shikun QIN, Mingde DUAN, Shijie LIANG, Hui ZHANG, Zhuangya ZHANG. Study on mechanical and permeability property of gradient multi-porous scaffold based on triply periodic minimal surface[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (3) : 51 -59 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.006
组织工程骨支架作为修复骨缺损的一种有效治疗手段,在骨外科领域有着广泛应用[1-2]。特别是近年来,增材制造技术的发展为组织工程骨支架的设计和制造带来了革命性变化[3-4]。作为骨缺损组织修复和重建的重要载体,组织工程骨支架除需具有为种子细胞的黏附、繁殖、生长提供空间的微观结构外,还需兼具良好的力学性能和生物学性能。因此,实现组织工程骨支架结构与性能的匹配设计,是制备出高性能组织工程骨支架的关键。
三周期极小曲面(Triply Periodic Minimal Surface,TPMS)作为新的数学工具[5-6],具有几何形状多样、可构建参数化数学模型等优点,越来越多地应用到组织工程骨支架的设计与制造中。YAN等[7]的研究表明,能够根据人体骨骼的性能要求设计TPMS多孔支架,从而减少或避免“应力屏蔽”,延长支架的使用寿命。MELCHELS等[8]基于G单元、D单元构建了两种匀质多孔支架,并采用增材制造技术制备了多孔支架试样,研究结果表明,与传统盐浸制备的支架相比,其渗透率提高了10倍,具有较好的互通性。王茂华等[9]研究发现,通过对TPMS的类型及距离函数k值的控制,可有效地对多孔支架的弹性模量以及屈服强度进行调节。杨辉[10]提出了基于Voronoi Diagram分区融合的设计方法,以此为基础可设计出梯度多孔支架,为多孔支架的构建开拓了新思路。
尽管目前针对TPMS多孔支架的研究取得了积极进展,但对于具有梯度结构特点的多孔支架的研究较少,关于其结构参数对力学性能和生物学性能的影响尚未明确,在设计时难以实现TPMS多孔支架的结构参数与性能间的匹配,因此,对具有梯度变化特点的多孔支架进行结构设计和性能研究,探究其微观结构与宏观性能的内在关系有助于丰富TPMS多孔结构的力学内涵和应用。本文基于TPMS设计了不同孔隙率、单胞尺度下的P型、FRD型匀质多孔支架和P&FRD梯度多孔支架,并采用试验和有限元仿真的方法探究了单胞类型、孔隙率以及单胞尺度对TPMS多孔支架力学和生物学性能的影响;通过对比P&FRD梯度多孔支架与P型、FRD型匀质多孔支架的性能特点,对所设计的梯度多孔支架的综合性能进行了评价,研究结果为组织工程领域进行梯度多孔支架设计提供参考。
本文基于P型与FRD型TPMS单元构建了P型、FRD型匀质多孔支架,两种TPMS曲面的隐式函数表达式[11]分别为
通过调整权重因子α[12]构建P&FRD融合型多孔单胞,即
式中,αxyz)∈(0,1),本文使用Log-Sigmoid函数作为权重因子,其输出范围为(0,1)。
Gxyz)=0即是两种TPMS曲面的过渡边界,融合后的P&FRD梯度多孔支架模型如图1所示。
采用压缩试验和仿真相结合的方法对多孔支架的力学性能进行分析,并采用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)的方法对其流场特性进行分析。
研究表明,单胞尺度对多孔支架力学性能的影响较小[13],因此本文主要分析单胞类型,以及孔隙率对多孔支架力学性能的影响,当单胞阵列周期为4×4×4及以上时足以表征多孔支架的真实性能[14],文中多孔支架的阵列周期为5×5×5。为使多孔支架在压缩过程中受力均匀,在多孔支架两端添加厚度为2 mm的薄板。采用选择性激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)工艺,以Ti6Al4V(颗粒直径范围为15~53 μm,密度为4.57 g/cm3)为原材料制备出多孔支架试样。由于试验结果受样品缺陷、测量方法等因素影响,为提高试验结果的准确性,每种样件打印3个,试验结果取3次试验的平均值。打印设备采用DiMetal-100H型金属3D打印机,成型工艺参数:激光功率为175 W;铺粉厚度为60 μm;扫描速度为1 250 mm/s;扫描间距为0.1 mm。图2所示为制备的TPMS多孔支架试样。
采用万能试验机对TPMS多孔支架试样进行力学压缩试验,压缩进给速度为1 mm/min,每个样件3组试验,对3次试验结果取平均值如表1所示。
表1可知,多孔支架的弹性模量和屈服强度随着孔隙率的增加而降低;与弹性模量为110 GPa的钛合金材料相比,TPMS多孔支架的弹性模量明显降低,一定程度上避免了“应力屏蔽”现象。在孔隙率相同时,P匀质多孔支架的力学性能优于FRD型匀质多孔支架,P&FRD型多孔支架的力学性能介于P型和FRD型多孔支架之间。人体松质骨的屈服强度为13 MPa,密质骨的屈服强度为83.2 MPa,本文构建的多孔支架的屈服强度高于人体松质骨,当孔隙率为45%或60%时,多孔支架的屈服强度高于人体密质骨。
为进一步分析多孔结构压缩过程中的应力分布,采用Ansys Workbench软件对TPMS多孔支架的压缩行为进行数值模拟分析,模拟过程中边界条件尽可能与试验过程相近,即将多孔支架的底部固定,上部施加加载速率为1 mm/min的位移载荷,如图3所示。
图4所示为由试验和仿真分析得到的TPMS多孔支架的弹性模量和屈服强度。由图4可以看出,多孔支架的仿真结果与试验结果呈现出一致的规律,验证了结果的合理性。结果表明,所设计的多孔支架具有足够的机械强度,能够满足组织工程对骨支架的性能要求,并且可以通过调整多孔支架的孔隙率改变多孔支架的力学性能。
图5所示为不同孔隙率的P型匀质多孔支架在单轴压缩下弹性阶段的应力分布。由图5可以看出,P型匀质多孔支架的最大应力区域出现在压缩方向上孔隙单元之间的连接处,此处支架的横截面尺寸明显小于其他位置,导致此处容易出现应力集中。
图6所示为不同孔隙率的FRD型匀质多孔支架在单轴压缩下弹性阶段的应力分布。对比图6图5可以看出,FRD型匀质多孔支架的应力分布比P型匀质多孔支架更均匀,无局部应力突变,结构性能相对稳定,这是由于FRD孔隙单元之间均匀的杆连接,能够使压缩过程中压力均匀传递和分布。
图7为不同孔隙率下的P&FRD型梯度多孔支架在单轴压缩下弹性阶段的应力分布。由图7可以看出,梯度多孔支架在不同区域保留了不同TPMS单胞的力学特性,在P型区域,最大应力发生在压缩方向上孔隙单元间的连接处,而在FRD型区域,没有出现局部应力突变。
为研究TPMS多孔结构的流场特性,采用CFD的方法对多孔支架内的流体流动行为进行数值模拟,并结合达西定律计算不同类型、单胞尺度、孔隙率下的TPMS多孔支架的生物渗透性。
骨支架中的营养液不可压缩且流速较低,热交换体积和质量的影响较小。因此,本文的数值模拟基于以下假设[15-16]
1)多孔支架中的流体为不可压缩的黏性牛顿流体。
2)流体流动状态为层流,符合达西定律。
3)忽略流动过程中的热交换。
多孔支架的渗透率通过达西定律计算得到,该定律描述了流体的渗流速率与水力梯度之间的线性关系,其表达式为
式中,k为渗透率,m2v为入口处流速,m/s;μ为流体的运动黏度,Pa·s;L为渗流路径长度;ΔP为流域内进出口的压力差。达西定律的使用需满足雷诺数小于10。雷诺数的计算式[17]
式中,Re为雷诺数;ρ为流体密度,kg/m3
使用布尔运算提取TPMS多孔支架流体域,如图8(a)所示。得到单胞尺度分别为1、2.5、5 mm的P型、FRD型匀质多孔支架和P&FRD型梯度多孔支架,孔隙率分别为45%、60%和75%。
多孔支架中的流体为营养液[18],设定其密度为1 060 kg/m3,动力黏度为0.001 Pa·s。以多孔支架的上表面为入口,下表面为出口,其他所有表面为壁面,如图8(b)所示。营养液入口流速为0.001 m/s,出口压力为0,壁面边界条件设置为无滑移。在这些边界条件下,本文构建的数值模拟模型的雷诺数均小于10,因此可以使用达西定律。
营养液在多孔支架内的流体流速分布将直接影响支架内的营养物质输送,若流体流速分布不均匀,营养物质和种子细胞将难以在多孔支架内循环,进而影响骨组织的培养。
图9所示为单胞尺度为1 mm时,P型和FRD型匀质多孔支架的速度流线分布。由图9可以看出,对于P型多孔支架,流速从孔隙连接处开始逐渐增大,在孔隙单元中部达到最大,之后逐渐减小;与P型多孔支架相比,FRD型多孔支架具有更多的孔隙通道和更高的孔隙曲率,为骨细胞的生长提供了充足的空间。
图10所示为单胞尺度为1 mm时,P&FRD型梯度多孔支架的速度流线分布。由图10可以看出,P&FRD型梯度多孔支架在支架的不同区域呈现出不同类型TPMS单胞的流场特征,在融合区P和FRD,孔隙单元流场特征均存在;对于同一梯度多孔支架,若渗流方向不同,梯度多孔支架内的速度流线分布也不同。
图11所示为梯度多孔支架在不同渗流方向下的最大速度和平均速度。由图11可知,对于同一梯度支架,当渗流方向以FRDscaf为入口,Pscaf为出口时,流体速度较为均匀,更有利于营养液的输送。
图12所示为孔隙率为60%,渗流方向以FRDscaf 为入口、Pscaf 为出口时,不同尺度下的P&FRD型梯度多孔支架的速度流线分布。由图12可知,单胞尺度对TPMS多孔支架内流体流速的影响较小。
渗透率是描述多孔支架渗透质量的重要参数,可用于判断支架输送细胞、营养物质和代谢废物的能力。将各多孔支架的数值模拟结果代入式(5)计算渗透率,多孔支架的渗透率及其随孔隙率变化的规律如图13所示。
图13可以看出,TPMS多孔支架的渗透率随着孔隙率的增加而增加,不同类型TPMS多孔支架的渗透率有明显差异。P&FRD型梯度多孔支架的渗透率介于P型和FRD型匀质多孔支架之间;当以FRDscaf 为入口,Pscaf 为出口时的渗透率高于以Pscaf 为入口、FRDscaf为出口时的渗透率。根据式(5)可知,当TPMS 的单胞类型、流体黏度和渗流路径长度一定时,多孔支架的渗透率与进出口压差成反比。
图14所示为单胞尺度为1 mm时P&FRD型梯度多孔支架的压力分布。图14(a)~图14(c)所示分别为以Pscaf为入口、FRDscaf 为出口时P&FRD型梯度多孔支架的压力分布,图14(d)~图14(f)所示分别为以FRDscaf为入口、Pscaf为出口时P&FRD型多孔支架的压力分布。由图14可知,随着孔隙率的增大,进出口压差逐渐减小。出现这种现象的原因是随着孔隙率的增加,孔隙通道的截面尺寸增大,流体渗透孔隙通道所需的压差减小,从而提高了多孔支架的渗透性;梯度多孔支架以FRDscaf为入口、Pscaf为出口时的压力差低于以Pscaf为入口、FRDscaf为出口时的压力差。这是由于以FRDscaf为出口处时,出口处的孔道曲率较大,增加了流体流动的阻力,流体穿透孔道所需的压差增大,故多孔支架的渗透性降低。
当孔隙率为60%时,不同尺度下渗透率的变化如图15所示。由图15可以看出,多孔支架的渗透率随着单胞尺度的增加而增加。造成这种现象的原因是多孔支架孔隙通道的横截面尺寸随着单胞尺度的增大而增大,流体穿透孔隙通道的阻力和所需压差减小,从而提高了多孔支架的渗透性。
TEO等[19]417-423利用CFD方法,研究了37个松质骨标本的渗透率,NAUMAN等[20]517-524使用渗透仪测定了人体不同部位骨小梁的渗透率,与本文不同多孔支架渗透率比较的结果如表2所示。
表2可以看出,本文所构建的P型和FRD型匀质多孔支架,以及P&FRD型梯度多孔支架的渗透率与真实骨渗透率相近并略大于真实骨渗透率,能够满足骨支架所需的渗透性能要求。
图16所示为单胞尺度为1 mm时,不同类型TPMS多孔支架力学性能的归一化(实际值比性能对应的最大值)结果。
图16可以看出,在同一单胞尺度下,TPMS类型和孔隙率是影响多孔支架力学性能和渗透性的主要因素;在相同孔隙率下,P型匀质多孔支架的弹性模量、屈服强度和渗透率均处于较高水平;FRD型匀质多孔支架的弹性模量和屈服强度也处于较高水平,但渗透性较差;P&FRD型梯度多孔支架结合了P型和FRD型匀质多孔支架的优点,其弹性模量和屈服强度均处于较高水平,渗透率也高于FRD型匀质多孔支架。对比不同孔隙率多孔支架的性能可知,当孔隙率为60%时,多孔支架的力学性能和渗透性最为均衡。
图17所示为多孔支架孔隙率为60%时不同单胞尺度下TPMS多孔支架性能的归一化(实际值除以性能对应的最大值)结果。由图17可以看出,单胞尺度对多孔支架的力学性能没有影响,不同尺度下的弹性模量和屈服强度均处于较高水平,但单胞尺度对渗透率的影响大于TPMS类型对渗透率的影响,通过增加单胞尺度可以提高多孔支架的生物渗透性。
基于TPMS构建了不同类型、孔隙率和单胞尺度的匀质和梯度多孔支架,并采用试验和有限元相结合的方法对其力学和渗透性能进行了分析,结果表明:
1)不同类型、孔隙率和单胞尺度的匀质和梯度TPMS多孔支架均具有良好的连通性,其渗透性能随着孔隙率的增加而增加,但多孔支架的弹性模量和屈服强度随着孔隙率的增加而降低。
2)与匀质TPMS多孔支架相比,梯度多孔支架保留了匀质多孔支架在不同区域的力学和流场特性,整体性能更加均衡,相较于匀质多孔支架更接近人体骨骼结构和性能。
3)单胞尺度对多孔支架的流场特性影响较小,但对渗透性的影响大于TPMS单胞类型对多孔支架渗透性的影响。梯度多孔支架的渗透率还受到渗流方向的影响。
  • 河南省重点科技攻关项目(212102210064)
  • 河南省级科技研发计划联合基金项目(222103810030)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(20A460012)
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.006
  • 接收时间:2023-07-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-06
  • 修回日期:2023-08-06
基金
Henan Province Key Science and Technology Research Project(212102210064)
河南省重点科技攻关项目(212102210064)
Joint Fund of Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of Henan Provincial(222103810030)
河南省级科技研发计划联合基金项目(222103810030)
Key Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(20A460012)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(20A460012)
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    河南科技大学 机电工程学院,洛阳 471003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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