Article(id=1228282198479012676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1228282191159952029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705334400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774896497, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774896497, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774896497, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774896497, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228282191159952029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774894751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770775890381, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228286367227118244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1228282191159952029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228286367227118245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1228282191159952029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228282199934436185, articleId=1228282198479012676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Application research on fault diagnosis of double fed wind turbine bearings based on improved generative adversarial networks, columnId=1228282191914926752, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of the low fault diagnosis accuracy caused by the lack of fault samples for the rolling bearings of doubly fed wind turbines under normal conditions for a long time, an improved generative adversarial network fault diagnosis method based on expanding high-quality fault samples and using dual feature extraction was proposed. Firstly,a finite number of rolling bearing fault samples were expanded through a Wasserstein type generative adversarial network with maximum mean discrepancy and penalty constraints. Secondly, based on the dual feature extraction model, the time-frequency converted temporal features and local features were extracted separately. Finally, the fault diagnosis of the rolling bearing balance data was completed through a classifier. The standard dataset and test results show that the proposed method improves the fault diagnosis performance while lacking fault samples.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LI Daoquan, E-mail:
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针对双馈风力发电机组滚动轴承长期处于正常情况下缺少故障样本导致的数据不平衡、故障诊断精度低下的问题,提出一种基于扩充高质量故障样本并使用双特征提取的改进生成对抗网络故障诊断方法。首先,将有限个滚动轴承故障样本通过最大均值差异与含惩罚项约束下的沃瑟斯坦(Wasserstein)式生成对抗网络完成故障样本扩充;其次,基于双特征提取模型的方法分别对经时频转换后的时序特征与局部特征进行提取;最后,通过分类器完成滚动轴承平衡数据的故障诊断。标准数据集以及试验结果表明,所提方法故障诊断性能在缺少故障样本的同时也有所提高。

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李道全,男,1972年生,北京人,教授级高级工程师;主要研究方向为城市轨道交通车辆质量控制;E-mail:
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胡伟钧,男,1998年生,四川广安人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为机械装备传动链关键部件数模驱动下的状态辨识;E-mail:

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胡伟钧,男,1998年生,四川广安人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为机械装备传动链关键部件数模驱动下的状态辨识;E-mail:

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胡伟钧,男,1998年生,四川广安人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为机械装备传动链关键部件数模驱动下的状态辨识;E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图10, caption=1D-CNN模型混淆矩阵(试验), figureFileSmall=tdDwYxmbOO1zcvLmWWwL/Q==, figureFileBig=a9mFhwSl7Fe5XpF7xvd88w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228293056932283363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282198479012676, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Confusion matrix of BiGRU model (test), figureFileSmall=6CAdgPKDi7a5FOG3NN1G5A==, figureFileBig=WIcteTATUvXiRsqsw+4zMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228293056995197924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282198479012676, language=CN, label=图11, caption=BiGRU模型混淆矩阵(试验), figureFileSmall=6CAdgPKDi7a5FOG3NN1G5A==, figureFileBig=WIcteTATUvXiRsqsw+4zMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228293057058112485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282198479012676, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Structural parameters of 6205-2RS deep groove ball bearing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称Name值Value
滚动体节径Rolling body pitch diameter/mm7.94
轴承节径Bearing pitch diameter/mm39.04
滚动体个数Number of rolling elements9
接触角Contact angle/(°)0
), ArticleFig(id=1228293058421261286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282198479012676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

6205-2RS深沟球轴承结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称Name值Value
滚动体节径Rolling body pitch diameter/mm7.94
轴承节径Bearing pitch diameter/mm39.04
滚动体个数Number of rolling elements9
接触角Contact angle/(°)0
), ArticleFig(id=1228293058521924583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282198479012676, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Evaluation parameters for inner ring faulty bearings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GANWGANWGAN-GPMWGAN-GP
0.060.060.0590.057
0.240.20.190.16
0.610.580.560.49
70686663
), ArticleFig(id=1228293058605810664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282198479012676, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

内圈故障轴承评估参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GANWGANWGAN-GPMWGAN-GP
0.060.060.0590.057
0.240.20.190.16
0.610.580.560.49
70686663
), ArticleFig(id=1228293058677113833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282198479012676, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Evaluation parameters for rolling element faulty bearings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GANWGANWGAN-GPMWGAN-GP
0.1850.1850.1850.178
0.360.330.250.15
0.330.290.210.13
50494331
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滚动体故障轴承评估参数

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GANWGANWGAN-GPMWGAN-GP
0.1850.1850.1850.178
0.360.330.250.15
0.330.290.210.13
50494331
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Evaluation parameters for outer ring faulty bearings

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GANWGANWGAN-GPMWGAN-GP
0.0360.0360.0360.035
0.240.210.20.12
0.290.270.260.19
49474639
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外圈故障轴承评估参数

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0.0360.0360.0360.035
0.240.210.20.12
0.290.270.260.19
49474639
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Bearing failure test dataset of CRWU

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数据集
Dataset
轴承状态
Bearing status
标签
Label
样本量
Sample size
正常Normal正常Normal
训练集
Training set
滚动体故障
Rolling element failure
滚动体
Rolling element
4 600
外圈故障
Outer ring failure
外圈
Outer ring
内圈故障
Inner ring failure
内圈
Inner ring
正常Normal正常Normal
测试集
Test set
滚动体故障
Rolling element failure
滚动体
Rolling element
1 150
外圈故障
Outer ring failure
外圈
Outer ring
内圈故障
Inner ring failure
内圈
Inner ring
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CRWU轴承故障试验数据集

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数据集
Dataset
轴承状态
Bearing status
标签
Label
样本量
Sample size
正常Normal正常Normal
训练集
Training set
滚动体故障
Rolling element failure
滚动体
Rolling element
4 600
外圈故障
Outer ring failure
外圈
Outer ring
内圈故障
Inner ring failure
内圈
Inner ring
正常Normal正常Normal
测试集
Test set
滚动体故障
Rolling element failure
滚动体
Rolling element
1 150
外圈故障
Outer ring failure
外圈
Outer ring
内圈故障
Inner ring failure
内圈
Inner ring
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Parameters of 6204 type motor bearing

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内径
Inner diameter/mm
外径
Outer diameter/mm
节径
Pitch diameter/mm
滚珠直径
Ball diameter/mm
滚珠个数
Number of ball bearings
204733.47.948
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6204型电动机轴承的参数

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内径
Inner diameter/mm
外径
Outer diameter/mm
节径
Pitch diameter/mm
滚珠直径
Ball diameter/mm
滚珠个数
Number of ball bearings
204733.47.948
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Evaluation parameters of fault bearings

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内圈
Inner ring
滚动体
Rolling element
外圈
Outer ring
MMD距离
MMD distance
0.060.0430.058
均方误差
Mean squared error
0.260.280.31
Wasserstein距离
Wasserstein distance
0.410.420.62
欧氏距离
Euclidean distance
594148
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故障轴承评估参数

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内圈
Inner ring
滚动体
Rolling element
外圈
Outer ring
MMD距离
MMD distance
0.060.0430.058
均方误差
Mean squared error
0.260.280.31
Wasserstein距离
Wasserstein distance
0.410.420.62
欧氏距离
Euclidean distance
594148
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Test dataset of bearing fault bench

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数据集
Dataset
轴承状态
Bearing status
标签
Label
样本量
Sample size
正常Normal正常Normal3 136
训练集
Training set
滚动体故障
Rolling element failure
滚动体
Rolling element
外圈故障
Outer ring failure
外圈Outer ring
内圈故障
Inner ring failure
内圈Inner ring
正常Normal正常Normal784
测试集
Test set
滚动体故障
Rolling element failure
滚动体
Rolling element
外圈故障
Outer ring failure
外圈Outer ring
内圈故障
Inner ring failure
内圈Inner ring
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轴承故障台架试验数据集

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数据集
Dataset
轴承状态
Bearing status
标签
Label
样本量
Sample size
正常Normal正常Normal3 136
训练集
Training set
滚动体故障
Rolling element failure
滚动体
Rolling element
外圈故障
Outer ring failure
外圈Outer ring
内圈故障
Inner ring failure
内圈Inner ring
正常Normal正常Normal784
测试集
Test set
滚动体故障
Rolling element failure
滚动体
Rolling element
外圈故障
Outer ring failure
外圈Outer ring
内圈故障
Inner ring failure
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基于改进生成对抗网络的双馈式风力发电机轴承故障诊断应用研究
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胡伟钧 1 , 李道全 2 , 胡继军 3
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(10): 26-35
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(10): 26-35
基于改进生成对抗网络的双馈式风力发电机轴承故障诊断应用研究
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胡伟钧1 , 李道全2 , 胡继军3
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古科技大学 机械工程学院,包头 014010
  • 2.北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司,北京 100037
  • 3.中车株洲电力机车有限公司,株洲 412001
  • 胡伟钧,男,1998年生,四川广安人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为机械装备传动链关键部件数模驱动下的状态辨识;E-mail:

通讯作者:

李道全,男,1972年生,北京人,教授级高级工程师;主要研究方向为城市轨道交通车辆质量控制;E-mail:
Application research on fault diagnosis of double fed wind turbine bearings based on improved generative adversarial networks
Weijun HU1 , Daoquan LI2 , Jijun HU3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
  • 2.Beijing Urban Construction Design and Development Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100037, China
  • 3.CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.003
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针对双馈风力发电机组滚动轴承长期处于正常情况下缺少故障样本导致的数据不平衡、故障诊断精度低下的问题,提出一种基于扩充高质量故障样本并使用双特征提取的改进生成对抗网络故障诊断方法。首先,将有限个滚动轴承故障样本通过最大均值差异与含惩罚项约束下的沃瑟斯坦(Wasserstein)式生成对抗网络完成故障样本扩充;其次,基于双特征提取模型的方法分别对经时频转换后的时序特征与局部特征进行提取;最后,通过分类器完成滚动轴承平衡数据的故障诊断。标准数据集以及试验结果表明,所提方法故障诊断性能在缺少故障样本的同时也有所提高。

生成对抗网络  /  双向门控循环单元  /  双馈风力发电机  /  故障诊断

Aiming at the problem of the low fault diagnosis accuracy caused by the lack of fault samples for the rolling bearings of doubly fed wind turbines under normal conditions for a long time, an improved generative adversarial network fault diagnosis method based on expanding high-quality fault samples and using dual feature extraction was proposed. Firstly,a finite number of rolling bearing fault samples were expanded through a Wasserstein type generative adversarial network with maximum mean discrepancy and penalty constraints. Secondly, based on the dual feature extraction model, the time-frequency converted temporal features and local features were extracted separately. Finally, the fault diagnosis of the rolling bearing balance data was completed through a classifier. The standard dataset and test results show that the proposed method improves the fault diagnosis performance while lacking fault samples.

Generative adversarial network  /  Bidirectional gated recurrent unit  /  Double fed wind turbine  /  Fault diagnosis
胡伟钧, 李道全, 胡继军. 基于改进生成对抗网络的双馈式风力发电机轴承故障诊断应用研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (10) : 26 -35 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.003
Weijun HU, Daoquan LI, Jijun HU. Application research on fault diagnosis of double fed wind turbine bearings based on improved generative adversarial networks[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (10) : 26 -35 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.003
双馈式风机因具备变速变桨技术和拥有功率变换器容量小的优势已逐渐成为风电行业的主流。滚动轴承作为双馈式风机中发电机的回转、支撑关键部件,对传动链运行稳定性和可靠性起着至关重要的作用。然而,风电场大多地处环境恶劣的场所,风机长期在频繁的偏航变桨等工况下运行,导致其发电机滚动轴承极易出现故障。风机多运行在复杂环境中,且在单个风机中产生各类故障样本的概率不均衡,故障样本十分缺乏,若不及时提供充足的故障样本并进行有效的处理和精确的故障诊断,极有可能导致安全事故的发生。因此,如何在缺少故障样本的情况下进行有效的故障诊断对提高风机系统的可靠性、降低事故发生概率具有重要意义。
目前,国内外学者对扩充数据样本开展了大量研究。杨青等[1]通过信息生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Network, GAN)将时频图像特征进行迭代对抗训练生成更多的图像样本,实现了对轴承时频图像特征的诊断。LIU等[2]通过GAN和卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)对轴承的振动信号进行扩充和诊断,实现了在缺少样本时的轴承故障诊断。然而,尽管上述研究中的样本扩充方法对扩充数据有一定作用,但容易出现梯度爆炸等问题,从而易导致出现其生成样本质量差的现象。
此外,大多数学者对基于CNN和双向门控循环单元(Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit, BiGRU)等故障诊断方法进行了研究。严帅等[3]提出一种基于改进相对样本熵和BiGRU的故障诊断方法,先通过相对样本熵对均值后的数据进行筛选划分,后采用BiGRU完成故障诊断。郭俊锋等[4]通过一维卷积神经网络(1D-CNN)和动态路由的故障诊断方法对变工况下的轴承故障特征进行迭代训练,实现了在滚动轴承复杂易变工况下的故障诊断。虽然上述方法通过深度学习网络在一定程度上能诊断出故障类型,但以上网络不能较好运用时序或局部特征且存在计算参数多等不足。陈玉球[5]提出一种自注意力CNN和BiGRU的电机轴承故障识别方法,对振动信号的空间和时间特征进行提取,杜绝了传统模型特征学习能力不足和故障识别准确率低的问题。ZHANG等[6]提出一种1D-CNN和BiGRU双特征提取的模型,并通过试验证明,该方法有效地解决了1D-CNN无法利用时间序列信息的问题。
综上所述,本文提出一种基于改进GAN和BiGRU-1D-CNN的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,将有限的故障样本通过引入最大均值差异(Maximum Mean Discrepancy, MMD)距离的带梯度惩罚(Gradient Penalty, GP)的沃瑟斯坦(Wasserstein)式GAN(MWGAN-GP)进行样本扩充;然后,基于短时傅里叶变换(Short-Time Fourier Transform, STFT)对扩充后的样本进行转换得到时频域,并通过BiGRU和1D-CNN分别进行局部和时序特征提取;最后,通过分类器完成缺少故障样本的滚动轴承故障诊断。
为提供充足样本,通过MWGAN-GP对所采集的故障样本进行扩充。然而,滚动轴承振动信号具有非线性和非平稳性,且传统深度学习网络对特征提取不够全面,对此需利用双特征提取的深度学习网络来对扩充后的样本进行故障诊断。
GAN模型由生成器(Generator)和判别器(Discriminator)组成,其主要思想是采用2个模块的互相博弈来训练样本[7],其目标函数为
式中,Pdata为真实数据分布;Pz为生成器输入信号的分布;G(z)为模型中产出的伪样本信号;D(x)为对于输入的真实样本判别为真的概率;D[G(z)]为对于输入的生成样本判别为真的概率,最后两样本达到纳什均衡[8]
传统GAN在训练过程中会出现梯度消失的问题,导致训练无法收敛。对此,ARJOVSKY等[9]提出采用Wasserstein距离代替J-S(Jensen-Shannon)散度衡量两样本间的分布距离,即WGAN模型,其表达式为
式中,Lipschitz为利普希茨权值裁剪。
虽然WGAN解决了传统GAN存在的问题,但是Lipschitz函数会迫使目标函数变得平滑,进而导致训练不收敛。对此,在WGAN中引入GP来控制权重剪裁,使其梯度保持在一个恒定区域[10]。WGAN-GP表达式为
式中,是GP项;Ppenality (x)为介于真实和生成数据间的数据;∇xD(x)为对x求导;||Dx(x)||为真实与生成样本导数的距离。
WGAN-GP在捕捉数据分布的全局特征方面能力还是有所欠缺,为此提出引入MMD距离的MWGAN-GP,Wasserstein距离和MMD距离双约束下的判别器使生成数据分布与真实数据分布更接近,且在隐藏层和输出层添加整流线性单元(Rectified Linear Unit,ReLU)激活函数,使其收敛缓慢和梯度消失的问题减少,MWGAN-GP结构如图1所示。
MMD距离是用于度量2个概率分布之间差异的统计方法。假设存在2个分布PQ,MMD的表达式为
式中,PQ为2个概率分布;xiyj分别为从分布PQ中抽取的样本;nm分别为PQ两分布中的样本个数;ϕ(⋅)为一个特征映射函数,将样本映射到一个高维空间。
将MMD距离引入至WGAN-GP中的判别器,其MWGAN-GP表达式为
式中,α为MMD项的权重;P'为真实数据分布;Q'为生成器输出的数据分布。
本文MWGAN-GP模型的评价标准采用以下4种指标。
欧氏距离(Euclidean Distance, ED)表示向量中各对应点的绝对距离 [11]。假设有2个n维空间中的P0=(p1p2,…,pn)向量和Q0=(q1q2,…,qn)向量,两者之间的欧氏距离d(P0Q0)表达式为
均方误差(Mean Squared Error, MSE)表示预测值与实际值之间差异。假设对于n个样本,其预测值为,实际值为yi,MSE表达式为
Wasserstein距离可评估2个概率分布之间的距离,即连续分布的距离[12],其表达式为
式中,Π(PzPdata)为真实数据与生成数据的联合概率分布集合;(xy)~γ为真实样本x和生成样本y的联合分布;||x-y||为真实样本与生成样本的距离。
MMD距离通过测量2个不同但相关的分布之间的连续函数均值的最大距离来检验2个分布是否具有相似性[13],其数学表达式如式(4)所示。
轴承故障时得到的振动信息为非线性和非平稳的一维时域信号,且传统深度学习网络易导致故障特征提取不全面。而BiGRU可分辨时间节点之间的前、后关系,1D-CNN可提取局部特征,进而完成特征提取与分类。
STFT对滑动窗口下的信号段进行傅里叶变换,从而得到非平稳信号时间和频率之间的关系,其表达式为
式中,x(τ)为信号;w(∙)为窗口函数;t为时间;f为频率。
在STFT中,选择抑制频谱泄漏能力较强、主瓣宽度够大、旁瓣峰值较小的Hamming窗作为窗函数[14],其表达式为
式中,Nd为傅里叶变换运算中的点数。
门控循环单元(Gated Recurrent Unit, GRU)能捕捉时间序列中关系依赖的模型,其由重置门和更新门组成[15]。将当前神经元的输入xt和前一个神经元的隐藏状态ht-1输入到更新门Zt进行迭代更新,其表达式为
式中,whz为上个神经元隐藏状态与更新门之间的权值;wxz为当前神经元输入与更新门之间的权值;bz为更新门的偏置项;σ(⋅)为sigmoid函数。
xtht-1输入到重置门rt时,其表达式为
备选隐藏状态是通过xt和经过重置门的前一个神经元隐藏状态rtht-1得到的,其表达式为
式中,W为权值矩阵;tanh(⋅)为双曲正切函数。
最终隐藏状态是ht通过Zt结合ht-1计算得到的,其表达式为
式中,Zt为更新门的输出。
本文采用BiGRU进行时序特征提取,它可以同时提取前向信息和后向信息,与GRU相比,能够更好地运用轴承故障特征信息。将2个GRU合并得到最终的时序特征gt,即BiGRU模型,其表达式为
式中,ha为正向GRU;hb为反向GRU。
BiGRU虽能提取信号的时序特征,但容易忽略信号的局部特征,不能充分提取特征,最后导致轴承的故障诊断效果不佳。因此,考虑结合可提取局部特征的1D-CNN进行故障诊断。
在1D-CNN中,通过将卷积核进行平移,得到输入信号中的多种特征。假设a层是1个卷积层,其表达式为
式中,k为卷积核;j为卷积核数量;M的通道数;b为对应的卷积核的偏差;f(⋅)为激活函数。
池化层对筛选出卷积后的重要特征进行降维处理,从而提高特征的鲁棒性。常见池化层主要有最大池化层、平均池化层、全局平均池化层3种[16]。因为本文为轴承振动信号,存在部分噪声的影响,所以选择平均池化层增加模型的稳定性和数据的平滑性。
全链接层将最后1个池化层输出数据进行提取并拟合重组为1组多维数据,并映射为包含有效信息的数据,最后以加权求和的方法合并处理后输出数据,其表达式为
式中,wij为每1层对应的权值;bj为偏置;为全链接层的输入。
分类层对预测标签的概率分布进行输出,以获得各类故障类型的分类结果。本文采用Softmax函数作为分类器进行故障分类,其表达式为
式中,p(z)j'为特征z从属于类别j'Nc的概率;为第i'列的输出层的权值。
故障分类通常以准确率、精确度、召回率和F1值4种指标进行衡量。其中,F1值作为精确度和召回率的调和平均数,综合考虑了两者的性能;同时准确率作为正确预测的样本数除以总的样本数,可用于衡量模型总体性能。因此,本文选择F1值和准确率作为故障诊断模型的评估标准。
针对双馈式风电机组滚动轴承存在缺少故障样本和传统深度学习网络特征提取能力不足的问题,本文提出MWGAN-GP方法对故障样本进行扩充,并通过BiGRU-1D-CNN模型完成其滚动轴承故障诊断,具体流程如图2所示。
步骤1:基于MWGAN-GP方法对轴承故障样本进行样本扩充,并使用4种评估参数对生成样本质量进行评估。
步骤2:基于STFT对生成样本进行时频转换,将非平稳信号转换至可观察时间与频率关系的时频信号,完成生成样本的数据处理。
步骤3:对时频转换后的数据进行随机划分,并输入至BiGRU-1D-CNN模型进行训练以及故障类型的判别。
采用凯斯西储大学(CRWU)故障轴承振动数据验证本文所提MWGAN-GP和BiGRU-1D-CNN故障诊断模型方法的有效性。试验中发电机驱动端轴承为6205-2RS型深沟球轴承,其参数如表1所示,其转速为1 797 r/min,对应转频fr为29.95 Hz;选用采样频率为48 kHz的轴承滚动体、内圈、外圈故障和正常数据进行分析。
采用GAN、WGAN、WGAN-GP以及MWGAN-GP 4种生成对抗网络对CRWU故障轴承振动数据集进行生成,并用4种评估标准进行比较。选取各类数据集中前8 000个点进行生成数据,其生成数据与原始数据集对比如图3所示。内、外圈和滚动体故障4种评估标准值如表2表4所示,其中,①表示MMD距离;②表示均方误差;③表示Wasserstein距离;④表示欧氏距离。结果发现,4种生成对抗网络中MWGAN-GP的4种评估标准均最优,其生成数据效果质量最佳,验证了MWGAN-GP模型的有效性。
采用经MWGAN-GP扩充后的数据对本文所提BiGRU-1D-CNN模型进行验证,并与BiGRU和1D-CNN模型以F1值和准确率作为评估标准进行对比。将扩充数据随机划分为训练集和测试集,其中训练集占80%、测试集占20%,数据集详情如表5所示。3个模型的混淆矩阵如图4~图6所示。
图4(a)可知,训练集中正常和外圈故障样本的分类正确率都为100%;滚动体故障和内圈故障样本的分类正确率都为99.29%。由图4(b)可知,测试集中正常、滚动体故障和外圈故障样本分类正确率都为100%;内圈故障样本分类正确率为99.29%。
图5(a)可知,训练集中正常样本的分类正确率为100%;滚动体故障样本分类正确率为94.29%;外圈故障样本分类正确率为99.26%;内圈故障样本分类正确率为96.45%。由图5(b)可知,测试集中正常样本分类正确率为100%;滚动体故障样本分类正确率为97.28%;外圈故障样本分类正确率为98.72%;内圈故障样本分类正确率为98.59%。
图6(a)可知,训练集中正常和外圈故障样本的分类正确率均为100%;滚动体故障样本分类正确率为97.86%;内圈故障样本分类正确率为99.29%。由图6(b)可知,正常、外圈故障和内圈故障样本分类正确率均为100%;滚动体故障样本分类正确率为98.68%。
3种模型准确率和F1值分别是1D-CNN模型98.65%和0.980 7、BiGRU模型99.67%和0.998 3、BiGRU-1D-CNN模型99.82%和0.999 6。结合准确率和F1值以及混淆矩阵发现,相对于BiGRU模型,BiGRU-1D-CNN在故障诊断中不仅利用了1D-CNN的卷积层提取局部特征,还提高了训练和测试的效果;同时,相对于1D-CNN模型,在故障诊断中不仅利用了BiGRU对时序特征进行提取,还缓解了模型层级间梯度变化过大导致的梯度消失的可能。
将MWGAN-GP模型和BiGRU-1D-CNN模型应用于风机发电机传动系统故障模拟试验台滚动轴承数据中。试验硬件装置如图7所示,该试验平台采用交流电动机驱动轴的旋转,其传感器安装在近电动机轴承端,用于采集电动机驱动端6204型轴承的振动加速度信号,轴承各参数如表6所示。台架试验过程中,转速为1 500 r/min,采样频率为48 kHz,采样时间为150 s。尽管模拟了电动机运行状况,但电动机不便于安装传感器,因此需要利用传感器获取靠近电动机端的振动数据。
选取3种故障轴承状态的振动加速度数据作为故障样本进行样本扩充,并对扩充后的数据和正常轴承数据进行整理,然后以8:2比例随机划分训练集和测试集。同样采用F1值和准确率对BiGRU-1D-CNN、BiGRU和1D-CNN 3种模型进行评价。
选取故障轴承数据集前4 800个点进行样本扩充,其采集数据和生成数据的时域对比如图8所示,其MWGAN-GP 4种评估标准如表7所示。
对MWGAN-GP模型样本扩充后的故障样本和原有正常轴承样本以8:2比例随机划分训练集和测试集,其数据集详情如表8所示。
图9(a)可知,训练集中正常和滚动体故障样本分类正确率均达到了100%;外圈故障样本分类正确率为98.64%;内圈故障样本分类正确率为97.84%。由图9(b)可知,测试集中正常和滚动体故障样本分类正确率都为100%;外圈故障样本分类正确率为98.64%;内圈故障样本分类正确率为98%。
图10(a)可知,训练集中正常分类正确率达到了100%;滚动体故障样本分类正确率为96.38%;外圈故障样本分类正确率为94.24%;内圈故障样本分类正确率为92.58%。由图10(b)可知,测试集中正常分类正确率为100%;滚动体故障样本分类正确率为98.42%;外圈故障样本分类正确率为96.66%;内圈故障样本分类正确率为96.64%。
图11(a)可知,训练集中正常和滚动体故障样本分类正确率都为100%;外圈故障样本分类正确率为96.86%;外圈故障样本分类正确率为96.78%。由图11(b)可知,测试集中正常和滚动体故障分类正确率都为100%;外圈故障样本分类正确率为96.86%;内圈故障样本分类正确率为96.9%。
3种模型的准确率和F1值分别是1D-CNN模型95.85%和0.956 6、BiGRU模型98.44%和0.982 1、BiGRU-1D-CNN模型99.16%和0.990 9。结合准确率和F1值以及混淆矩阵发现,BiGRU-1D-CNN模型诊断准确率最高且F1值最好,证明其性能最好。
通过以上分析研究,得出以下结论:
1)提出MWGAN-GP对滚动轴承少量故障样本进行扩充得到了高质量故障样本,解决了传统GAN易出现梯度爆炸的问题。
2)采用CRWU故障轴承振动数据集,通过4种指标对不同生成对抗网络的性能进行对比,证明MWGAN-GP模型性能最优,能很好地用于滚动轴承故障样本的高质量扩充。
3)将扩充后的滚动轴承试验数据输入至BiGRU-1D-CNN中进行故障诊断,结果发现,BiGRU-1D-CNN的准确率和F1值分别为99.16%和0.990 9,且性能比其他模型更佳,能很好地用于滚动轴承故障状态的识别,具有一定的实际应用价值。
  • 内蒙古高校基本科研业务费项目(236)
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2025年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.003
  • 接收时间:2024-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-16
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Inner Mongolia University Basic Research Business Fee Project(236)
内蒙古高校基本科研业务费项目(236)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古科技大学 机械工程学院,包头 014010
    2.北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司,北京 100037
    3.中车株洲电力机车有限公司,株洲 412001

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李道全,男,1972年生,北京人,教授级高级工程师;主要研究方向为城市轨道交通车辆质量控制;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
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Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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