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In view of the problem that the formulary design load based on the design standard can't truly reflect the actual service conditions of the welded frames of subway vehicles, and a large number of online measured data information has not been fully explored in the structural design of the frame, an anti-fatigue design spectrum compilation method based on the stress-time history sample information measured at the weak position of the subway vehicle frame was proposed.The small stress threshold value was determined by clustering ordered samples using the rain-flow counting method to compile measured stress spectrum reflecting structural damage, determining the stress-frequency-damage relation based on the fatigue damage theory, and using the methods of Bayesian parameter estimation and kernel density estimation to obtain stress extrapolation results. Considering the stress concentration caused by structural geometry changes in the cross-section of the welding site, the hot spot stress method and stress linearization method were used to obtain the stress concentration coefficient, and the measured stress spectrum was corrected to achieve the compilation of the design load spectrum. The research results show that the small stress threshold value is 3.18 MPa determined by extrapolation of stress extremes and the relation analysis between normalized stress-frequency-damage, which is 8.19% higher than the stress threshold value determined by traditional methods, the effect of discarding the number of small stress cycles is significant. Considering the load dispersion and stress concentration factor at the weld seam, while ensuring that the structure meets the current service conditions, the relation between the design mileage and equivalent stress is determined, the necessity of compiling the design spectrum is emphasized further. The above research builds the construction method of load spectrum compilation and the equal strength design of structures.

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XUE Hai, E-mail:
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针对设计标准规定的设计载荷不能真实反映地铁车辆焊接构架实际服役条件,以及大量随车实测数据信息在构架结构设计方面挖掘不充分的问题,基于线路实测的地铁车辆构架薄弱位置处的应力-时间历程样本信息,提出一种抗疲劳设计谱编制方法。首先,采用雨流计数法编制反映构架损伤的实测应力谱,根据疲劳损伤理论确定应力-次数-损伤关系;然后,采用贝叶斯参数估计与核密度估计得到应力外推结果,以有序样本聚类确定小应力门槛值;最后,考虑焊接部位截面突变引起的应力集中,采用热点应力法和应力线性化方法得到应力集中系数,对实测应力谱进行修正,实现设计谱的编制。研究结果表明,根据应力极值外推和归一化的应力-次数-损伤关系分析,确定小应力门槛值为3.18 MPa,相比于由传统方法确定的应力门槛值结果偏大8.19%,小应力循环次数舍弃效果显著;在确保构架满足现役条件的情况下,考虑载荷分散性和焊缝处应力集中系数,确定了设计里程与等效应力的关系,进一步说明设计谱编制的必要性。研究结果为实现构架设计载荷谱编制方法构建和结构等强度设计奠定基础。

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薛海,男,1983年生,甘肃张掖人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为轨道车辆结构疲劳可靠性;E-mail:

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薛海,男,1983年生,甘肃张掖人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为轨道车辆结构疲劳可靠性;E-mail:

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薛海,男,1983年生,甘肃张掖人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为轨道车辆结构疲劳可靠性;E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1228282218133520950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196662878966, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the fitting function

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参数
Parameter
次数
Cycles
实际累积损伤量
Actual accumulated
damage amount
预测累积损伤量
Predicted accumulated
damage amount
<36 MPa>36 MPa<36 MPa>36 MPa
A122 703.6322.11×1075.24×1072.17×1075.45×107
A2-11.0743.69×1084.00×1083.67×1084.00×108
x02.32616.13216.13416.09316.095
p3.0053.0193.0193.0493.048
R20.9770.9150.9980.9240.999
), ArticleFig(id=1228282218225795641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196662878966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

拟合函数参数

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参数
Parameter
次数
Cycles
实际累积损伤量
Actual accumulated
damage amount
预测累积损伤量
Predicted accumulated
damage amount
<36 MPa>36 MPa<36 MPa>36 MPa
A122 703.6322.11×1075.24×1072.17×1075.45×107
A2-11.0743.69×1084.00×1083.67×1084.00×108
x02.32616.13216.13416.09316.095
p3.0053.0193.0193.0493.048
R20.9770.9150.9980.9240.999
), ArticleFig(id=1228282218309681725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196662878966, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of the stress spectrum

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级数
Level
实测应力谱
Measured stress spectrum
拟合应力谱
Fitted stress spectrum
预测应力谱
Predicted stress spectrum
设计应力谱
Designed stress spectrum
应力
Stress/MPa
次数
Cycles
应力
Stress/MPa
次数
Cycles
应力
Stress/MPa
次数
Cycles
应力
Stress/MPa
次数
Cycles
13.952.84×1053.952.76×1054.073.06×1056.483.06×105
211.842.63×10411.842.79×10412.222.89×10419.432.89×104
319.733 11219.733 92820.364 32832.384 328
427.6237027.6235828.5135845.33358
535.516735.516536.656558.2865
643.40843.401344.801371.2313
751.291051.29852.94884.188
859.18259.18361.09397.133
), ArticleFig(id=1228282218422927935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196662878966, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

应力谱对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
级数
Level
实测应力谱
Measured stress spectrum
拟合应力谱
Fitted stress spectrum
预测应力谱
Predicted stress spectrum
设计应力谱
Designed stress spectrum
应力
Stress/MPa
次数
Cycles
应力
Stress/MPa
次数
Cycles
应力
Stress/MPa
次数
Cycles
应力
Stress/MPa
次数
Cycles
13.952.84×1053.952.76×1054.073.06×1056.483.06×105
211.842.63×10411.842.79×10412.222.89×10419.432.89×104
319.733 11219.733 92820.364 32832.384 328
427.6237027.6235828.5135845.33358
535.516735.516536.656558.2865
643.40843.401344.801371.2313
751.291051.29852.94884.188
859.18259.18361.09397.133
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地铁车辆焊接构架抗疲劳设计谱编制方法
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薛海 1, 2 , 田爱琴 1 , 马龙 1 , 张羽帆 2
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(10): 114-123
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(10): 114-123
地铁车辆焊接构架抗疲劳设计谱编制方法
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薛海1, 2 , 田爱琴1, 马龙1, 张羽帆2
作者信息
  • 1.中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,青岛 266111
  • 2.兰州交通大学 机电工程学院,兰州 730070
  • 薛海,男,1983年生,甘肃张掖人,博士,副教授;主要研究方向为轨道车辆结构疲劳可靠性;E-mail:

Compilation method of anti-fatigue design spectrum for welded frame of subway vehicle
Hai XUE1, 2 , Aiqin TIAN1, Long MA1, Yufan ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266111, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.013
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针对设计标准规定的设计载荷不能真实反映地铁车辆焊接构架实际服役条件,以及大量随车实测数据信息在构架结构设计方面挖掘不充分的问题,基于线路实测的地铁车辆构架薄弱位置处的应力-时间历程样本信息,提出一种抗疲劳设计谱编制方法。首先,采用雨流计数法编制反映构架损伤的实测应力谱,根据疲劳损伤理论确定应力-次数-损伤关系;然后,采用贝叶斯参数估计与核密度估计得到应力外推结果,以有序样本聚类确定小应力门槛值;最后,考虑焊接部位截面突变引起的应力集中,采用热点应力法和应力线性化方法得到应力集中系数,对实测应力谱进行修正,实现设计谱的编制。研究结果表明,根据应力极值外推和归一化的应力-次数-损伤关系分析,确定小应力门槛值为3.18 MPa,相比于由传统方法确定的应力门槛值结果偏大8.19%,小应力循环次数舍弃效果显著;在确保构架满足现役条件的情况下,考虑载荷分散性和焊缝处应力集中系数,确定了设计里程与等效应力的关系,进一步说明设计谱编制的必要性。研究结果为实现构架设计载荷谱编制方法构建和结构等强度设计奠定基础。

构架  /  应力谱  /  损伤等效  /  应力集中  /  设计谱

In view of the problem that the formulary design load based on the design standard can't truly reflect the actual service conditions of the welded frames of subway vehicles, and a large number of online measured data information has not been fully explored in the structural design of the frame, an anti-fatigue design spectrum compilation method based on the stress-time history sample information measured at the weak position of the subway vehicle frame was proposed.The small stress threshold value was determined by clustering ordered samples using the rain-flow counting method to compile measured stress spectrum reflecting structural damage, determining the stress-frequency-damage relation based on the fatigue damage theory, and using the methods of Bayesian parameter estimation and kernel density estimation to obtain stress extrapolation results. Considering the stress concentration caused by structural geometry changes in the cross-section of the welding site, the hot spot stress method and stress linearization method were used to obtain the stress concentration coefficient, and the measured stress spectrum was corrected to achieve the compilation of the design load spectrum. The research results show that the small stress threshold value is 3.18 MPa determined by extrapolation of stress extremes and the relation analysis between normalized stress-frequency-damage, which is 8.19% higher than the stress threshold value determined by traditional methods, the effect of discarding the number of small stress cycles is significant. Considering the load dispersion and stress concentration factor at the weld seam, while ensuring that the structure meets the current service conditions, the relation between the design mileage and equivalent stress is determined, the necessity of compiling the design spectrum is emphasized further. The above research builds the construction method of load spectrum compilation and the equal strength design of structures.

Frame  /  Stress spectrum  /  Damage equivalence  /  Stress concentration  /  Design spectrum
薛海, 田爱琴, 马龙, 张羽帆. 地铁车辆焊接构架抗疲劳设计谱编制方法. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (10) : 114 -123 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.013
Hai XUE, Aiqin TIAN, Long MA, Yufan ZHANG. Compilation method of anti-fatigue design spectrum for welded frame of subway vehicle[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (10) : 114 -123 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.013
构架作为地铁车辆转向架的关键承载部件,是驱动电动机、传动系统、基础制动装置等部件的安装基础,承受来自轮轨激扰、车体载重、电动机牵引、制动减速等各种载荷作用,并且构架是典型的焊接结构,在制造过程中不可避免地会产生夹渣、缩孔、气孔、未焊透等焊接缺陷,易产生应力集中导致疲劳破坏。与此同时,地铁车辆在实际运营中,存在超载和高密度组织运行、频繁启动和制动、通过曲线多且半径小、轮轨磨耗磨损严重等问题,导致构架受载和振动加剧,疲劳薄弱部位的应力增大,且高应力发生的频次增多,从而使构架服役条件恶化。目前依据相关标准进行构架静强度设计和等幅疲劳校核[1-2],未能充分反映地铁车辆实际运营条件和构架受载状态,易出现设计结果偏于安全或危险的情形。
依据相关标准或规范,地铁构架采用确定性载荷设计,缺乏相应的设计谱,甚至未形成系统性的设计谱编制方法,但我国地铁经过多年运营,各主机厂、科研院所、运营公司等已开展了大量构架应力随车线路实测的型式试验或长期跟踪试验,积累了不同线路条件、运营工况、设计方法、制造水平下的相关数据,测试数据局限性地应用于构架应力统计、服役安全性评估、薄弱部位筛选、制造工艺合理性验证等方面。如孙晶晶等[3]通过实测载荷-时间历程,采用雨流计数法和损伤等效法编制了构架不同载荷系的恒幅载荷谱;XIONG等[4]通过初始载荷-时间历程信息提取,将载荷循环分解为小幅载荷、次载荷和主载荷,提出加速疲劳试验载荷谱编制原理和等效损伤计算方法,实现了结构加速疲劳试验损伤的量化分析。ZHOU等[5]针对高速铁路桥梁应力谱开展研究,通过建立列车-轨道-桥梁的动力学模型,分析了动力学响应,根据实测数据得到桥梁载荷谱,并编制应力谱开展了结构服役性能评估。刘德昆等[6]根据实测应力-时间历程信息,基于损伤等效原则,拟合了构架薄弱点处的等效应力-服役寿命概率密度函数,开展了构架疲劳强度可靠性评估。张子璠等[7]以最大化信息阵值为目标,采用逐步积累的方法对构架传感器布置测点优化,实现了疲劳薄弱部位的全覆盖。WANG等[8]对某型动车组转向架构架开展轨道试验,获得了疲劳控制部位的载荷与损伤数据,以实测疲劳损伤与计算结果误差为目标函数,基于损伤一致性建立载荷谱,得到了构架在实际服役状态的损伤。张名扬等[9]针对构架在服役中受到来自线路及自身不确定激励出现的多轴应力问题,确定了构架易出现疲劳薄弱的部位,通过在适当位置布置加强筋的措施可降低危险区域的峰值应力。但构架应力随车线路实测信息综合反映构架服役状态,是多因素共同作用的结果,上述研究存在测试数据蕴含价值挖掘不充分,未能较好应用于构架结构设计的问题。为此,本文基于线路实测的地铁转向架构架应力-时间历程信息,以侧梁下盖板与一系钢弹簧安装座疲劳薄弱部位的设计谱编制为例,开展抗疲劳设计谱编制方法研究,从而为构架设计拟定符合实际运营条件的边界载荷提供依据。
应力-时间历程信息获得是基于某地铁B型车辆实际运行全程的跟踪测试,共6节编组,最高运行速度为80 km/h,受流方式为第三轨供电,在上下班高峰期存在150%~200%的超员。考虑外界振动噪声对采集信号的影响,选用抗干扰强的数字式动态信号采集系统。根据香农采样定理和已有构架应力频谱分析,设定采样频率为500 Hz,使用四芯屏蔽线将测点应变片与数据采集系统连接,采用无人值守远程控制数据采集。考虑轨道不平顺、司机操纵、载客量等因素对构架所受随机交变应力分散性的影响,测试数据样本选取9天,共50趟往返。图1所示为侧梁下盖板与一系钢弹簧安装座处应变片的布置及所测某运营段的应力-时间历程信息。其中,按照中国铁路行业标准TB/T 3549.1—2019的规定,应变片粘贴在下盖板和轴箱弹簧座焊缝处,应变片主轴方向垂直于焊缝焊接方向。
结合速度-时间历程和站点停靠记录,统计分析图1(b)所示的应力-时间历程信息,-24~24 MPa应力分布如图2所示,其中负值为压应力,正值为拉应力。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov非参数正态性检验,样本点符合正态分析,其均值为0.473 MPa,说明应力-时间历程相对时间轴呈对称特性。
由于焊缝处存在残余应力,焊接件疲劳寿命受平均应力的影响较小,而受应力幅影响较大[10],为此,根据应力-时间历程的应力分布特性,采用基于应力幅的单参数雨流计数法进行实测应力谱编制。为确保实际应力造成的疲劳损伤与实测应力谱造成的损伤一致,分级数选取1 000级。所编制的实测应力谱如图3所示。由图3可知,最大应力幅为58.72 MPa,应力幅小于2 MPa的应力出现次数占所有次数的92.94%;应力幅大于40 MPa的各级数对应出现次数为1~4次,仅占所有次数的0.01%,且各级应力区间出现次数为0的不连续现象。究其原因,构架随地铁车辆运营中受到轨道不平顺、轮轨接触、车辆附属部件运动等影响,振动导致大量的附带高频小幅应力产生,而出现次数较少的大应力主要受车辆牵引启动、制动减速、过道岔等突变因素的影响,反映构架受载状态的瞬时改变。
根据疲劳损伤理论,第i级应力所造成的损伤Di
式中,ni为第i级应力σi对应的次数;Ni为第i级应力σi对应的疲劳寿命;mC均为反映材料疲劳性能的常数。
由损伤表达式(1)可知,各应力级所造成的损伤Di反映了应力σi及出现次数ni作用的效果,与应力和对应出现的次数有关。通过式(1)对应力和次数进行偏微分运算可得
式中,ΔDi、Δσi、Δni分别为损伤、应力、次数的变化量。
由式(2)可知,造成构架疲劳损伤的因素中,应力变化的影响为次数变化的m倍,焊接结构m取3.5[11],说明应力的影响效果明显,进一步证明了应力谱编制时细分谱级数的必要性。
为便于定性分析各级应力所造成的损伤,同时体现各谱级应力和对应次数造成的损伤作用效果,定义第i级应力谱所造成的损伤量Si
根据编制的实测应力谱,依据式(3)得到如图4所示的应力-次数-损伤量关系和应力-次数-累积损伤量关系。由图4可知,应力幅0~2、10~40、40~58 MPa的各级应力所造成的损伤分别占总损伤的0.11%、69.65%、4.14%,对应次数占总次数的92.94%、0.18%、0.01%,说明小应力级虽出现次数较多,但造成的损伤较小,大应力级出现的次数和造成的损伤与之相反;当应力大于24.43 MPa时,各应力级所造成的损伤量分散性增大,随着应力增大,损伤量呈增大趋势;各级应力出现次数为1的谱级所造成损伤量的对数值为4.78~6.90,说明大应力造成的损伤明显。
传统实测应力谱一般取8级、16级、32级等[12],与1 000级的细分应力谱对比,根据式(1)计算,8级、32级和1 000级应力谱所造成的损伤比为3.2:1.2:1,最大谱级对应的应力分别为55.05、57.80、58.69 MPa。取出现次数为1次,则依据式(2)计算所造成的损伤相对误差之比为1:1.19:1.25,说明分级数较少时不能较好反映应力-次数-损伤的局部特征关系,特别是应力大于40 MPa的应力-次数关系。究其原因,就是分级数少则增加了等分区间的应力宽度,应力循环归类范围变大,导致部分应力循环的数值放大。
受测试时间和成本限制,有限的实测应力谱样本不能完全反映全寿命周期的总体谱特征,传统的应力谱外推是指将雨流矩阵乘以服役里程倍数实现频次上的增加,忽略了应力及其出现次数的随机性和相关性,外推效果表征较差;小应力对应的出现次数占总次数的多数,但所造成的损伤占比较小,不宜构架结构设计的工程化应用。为此,很有必要开展实测应力谱的外推和小应力门槛值的确定。
大于40 MPa的应力受地铁车辆运行状态影响分散性较大,过多的谱级数虽细化了各级应力区间,确保了编谱前、后所造成的损伤一致性,但存在大量谱级对应次数为0的不连续问题,且各应力级出现的次数基本为1次。应力极值的外推结果与样本点的统计数量、极值离散分布有关,为此,很有必要选取合适的外推方法获得应力极值的概率分布。
目前概率密度估计方法有参数估计和非参数估计。参数估计需假设应力服从某种特定的概率密度函数,采用极大似然估计或贝叶斯估计进行参数确定;非参数估计是一种基于样本本身统计推断数据分布特征的方法,对数据分布不需要任何分布形式的假定[13-14],适用于有限数据点的情况。
X1X2,…,Xn为实测应力样本,若按正态分布进行应力极值统计,则有
式中,μ1σ0分别为正态分布的均值和标准差。
φ满足的先验分布为
式中,θτ分别为先验分布的均值和标准差。
通过贝叶斯参数估计,统计X的所有样本,得到θ的后验概率分布为
式中,为应力样本X的平均值;n0X的样本个数。
若采用基于核密度估计的非参数方法进行应力统计,则任意应力值x处的概率密度函数f(x)的核密度估计[15]
式中,Xi为样本;K(·)为核函数;h为带宽。
分别采用参数估计和非参数估计进行应力分布分析。参数估计选取贝叶斯估计,非参数估计选用基于Gaussian核函数的核密度估计,其带宽采用自适应函数确定[16],经计算最佳带宽为2.86 MPa,拟合结果如图5所示。非参数估计较好地反映了应力样本的分散性,局部特性表征明显,样本依赖性较强;而正态分布的贝叶斯估计从样本整体推算总体,体现了较好的总体统计特性。
根据参数估计和非参数估计的应力概率分布,通过定积分得到参数估计的累积分布F1(x)和非参数估计的累积分布F2(x)分别为
根据式(8)、式(9),得到如图6所示的估计分布。若以3σ准则的3个标准差概率对应的应力为应力极值,即最大应力发生概率为0.135%,通过拟合推断,则参数估计和非参数估计的最大应力分别为61.09、60.98 MPa,2种方法所得结果基本一致,而采用经验分布所得应力极值为58.72 MPa,小于上述2种方法所估计结果3.9%。
目前常用小应力循环门槛值取最大应力幅5%~10%对应的应力,或低于材料疲劳极限50%的应力[17],或将应力高频信息过滤减少小应力循环,但上述方法存在应力门槛值确定缺乏严密的科学依据,或人为改变应力-时间历程的弊端。
由于各级应力与出现的次数物理量单位不一致,相差1~7个数量级,且存在应力级越小,次数越多的对应关系,为此,依据式(10)、式(11),将各级对应的应力和次数归一化,即
式中,为归一化的第i级应力;为归一化的第i级次数;σmax为最大应力;nmax为出现的最多次数。
根据式(2)可知,应力变化对损伤的影响是次数变化对损伤影响的m倍,且各级应力与出现次数之间具有一一映射关系。因此,考虑应力和出现次数的权重影响,共同作用所产生的第i级应力对应的权重损伤量Dci
式中,分别为归一化后第i级对应的应力和次数损伤量。
图7为归一化的应力-次数-损伤关系。由图7可知,归一化值小于0.43时,应力和次数所对应的损伤差异性较大,数量级最大相差约为3,且各级应力造成的损伤大于次数所造成的损伤;当归一化值大于0.43时,应力和次数所对应的损伤差异性趋于相近;归一化值为0.072时,应力和次数对应的权重损伤相等。
小应力门槛值的确定就是舍弃对损伤影响较小的次数。因此,根据应力损伤量与权重损伤量的对应关系,若两者差值最大,说明该应力级对应次数的影响最大,经分析,确定归一化值为0.054,对应的应力为3.18 MPa,以该值为小应力门槛值。相比于取最大应力幅5%确定的应力门槛值2.94 MPa,该结果偏大8.19%,这说明小应力对应的次数舍弃效果有所提升。
由于累积损伤量是按应力级由小到大顺序获得的,而有序样品聚类可实现聚类时不打乱次序,确保累积损伤量划分到各簇之间的全序关系。为此,依据归一化应力-累积损伤量关系,采用有序聚类将应力损伤量与权重损伤量对应关系分成2部分,从而验证小应力门槛值的正确性。
为确定累积损伤量经有序样品聚类后的最优分割点,使聚类后各同类数据之间的差异最小,采用各项与平均项之差的平方和(简称为离差平方和)衡量聚类后数据的离散程度。离差平方和S的表达式为
式中,xi为第i个样本;为该样本集的平均值。
假设分级数为n,第i级应力级对应的累积损伤量为DLi,数据中的每个样本DLi依次作为分割点,将数据分为L1(DL1DL2,…,DLi)、L2(DLi+1DLi+2,…,DLn)两部分,对应分割点前、后两部分的累积损伤量均值分别为,当累积损伤量离差平方和S(DLi)迭代取最小值时,可得到最优分割点为
依据式(14),计算得到图8所示的各分割点分段后的离差平方和,在第519个分割点处,离差平方和最小,为1 560.41,即为最优分割点,与之对应的应力为3.24 MPa,与采用上述应力损伤量与权重损伤量差值方法确定的门槛值接近,相对误差为1.89%,证明基于概率密度估计方法所得小应力门槛值的准确性。
焊缝与母材焊接处几何和材料不连续,存在因结构突变而易产生应力集中现象,而应力集中是结构发生疲劳破坏的主要原因。在构架应力测点布置电阻式应变片时,依据中国铁路行业标准TB/T 3549.1—2019,应变片端部应尽可能靠近焊趾。但研究表明,焊趾附近的应力相对于位置较敏感,变化呈非线性特性,且应变片本身占有一定的尺寸,不宜直接测取焊趾处的应力。因此,一般采用应力集中系数反映焊缝处的应力。
目前分析焊接结构应力集中系数的方法主要有热点应力法、应力线性化法和基于缺口效应的理论方法。
热点应力法基于有限元法,与线性外推法相结合,通过热点应力计算应力集中系数。根据图9所示的热点应力外推示意图,基于2点结构应力的线性外推表达式[18]
式中,σhs为由外推法得到的焊趾处的热点应力;x1x2为外推点与焊趾处的距离;σ1σ2为各外推点处的结构应力。
通过有限元仿真获得对应位置的热点应力,则应力集中系数Kt1
式中,σn为名义应力。
应力线性化是指将结构危险部位的应力沿不同的截面进行分类,获得膜应力σm、弯曲应力σb、峰值应力σp,则总应力σL
将所得的各应力根据静力等效原则进行线性化处理,分解的膜应力与截面厚度上应力等效,沿截面厚度均匀分布,膜应力[19]
式中,σ'为结构危险部位的总应力;t为截面厚度;x为沿截面厚度坐标。
采用有限元分析方法,获得膜应力、弯曲应力、峰值应力和总应力,则用应力线性化法得到应力集中系数为
相较于热点应力法和应力线性化法,基于圣维南原理的解析法,考虑了缺口处的应力分布和几何形状。侧梁下盖板与一系钢弹簧安装座的焊接属于如图10所示的T形接头。
焊接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数Kt[20]
式中,θ'为焊趾夹角;c为两侧焊根距离;l为焊缝尺寸;ρ为焊缝半径。
根据式(20)可知,基于缺口解析法计算应力集中系数涉及5个参数,且各参数与应力集中系数呈指数非线性关系,受制造焊接工艺和参数测量影响较大,各参数的变化对结果影响显著。
根据中国铁路行业标准TB/T 3548—2019,采用有限元法进行构架超常工况和模拟运营工况的强度仿真分析,获得不同载荷工况的应力云图。图11为某一超载工况和模拟运用工况下的应力云图。由图11可知,各部件焊接连接处存在应力增大现象,且在各安装吊座处该现象尤为明显,这进一步说明分析构架焊缝应力集中系数的必要性。
取侧梁下盖板与一系钢弹簧安装座焊缝中点为热点应力计算点位,参照图9原理测量点位以外结构应力,并根据式(15)、式(16)计算得到焊趾处应力集中系数为1.41。
沿着侧梁下盖板与一系钢弹簧安装座处焊缝设置应力路径,采用应力线性化的方法分解各应力组成,结果如图12所示。下盖板两端总应力大于中间部位的膜应力,焊缝处总应力为膜应力的1.52倍;焊缝处的峰值应力降低显著,7 mm区间应力变化幅度为26.42 MPa,而远离焊缝处变化趋于缓和,应力变化幅度仅为9.54 MPa。依据式(19)计算得到最大应力集中系数为1.52,下盖板两端应力集中系数大于中间部位的应力集中系数,而在下盖板中间位置应力集中系数最小,为1.07。
根据应力谱的外推和小应力门槛值的确定结果,对9天的全程实测应力谱进行延拓和舍弃处理,如图13所示。应力幅大于36 MPa时,各级应力对应的出现次数基本为1次,累积损伤量分散性较大;应力幅在3.18~36 MPa时,各级应力出现次数较多,且累积损伤量的分散性较小。为此,以应力36 MPa为分界点,分段进行应力-次数-累积损伤量关系拟合。
对比分析多种曲线拟合数学模型的拟合效果,次数-累积损伤量采用式(21)所示的logistic函数拟合,各参数数值如表1所示,采用决定系数R2检验模型的拟合效果,应力区小于36 MPa的实际累积损伤量和预测累积损伤量拟合效果劣于应力大于36 MPa的区域。这说明为提升应力谱整体的拟合效果,也有必要确定应力门槛值舍弃造成结构损伤较小的应力谱级:
式中,A1A2x0p均为常系数。
根据上述分析,考虑焊缝处应力集中的影响,取应力集中系数为1.52,即可得到编制的设计谱。若以编制8级应力谱为例,实测应力谱、拟合应力谱、预测应力谱和设计应力谱的对比如表2所示。将小应力门槛值舍弃和样本外推,实测应力谱、拟合应力谱、预测应力谱和设计应力谱的累积出现次数基本接近,最大相差1.78%;基于拟合应力谱所得预测应力谱的各级应力相对变化在3.04%~3.23%,增加幅度较小,但由于设计应力谱的编制基于焊缝局部结构,存在几何截面突变,应力相对增大约58%。以实测应力谱造成的损伤为基准,实测应力谱、拟合应力谱、预测应力谱、设计应力谱所造成的损伤之比为1:1.1:1.3:6.6,说明确保构架满足现役条件的情况下,考虑载荷分散性和应力集中系数确定设计谱的必要性。
为便于设计谱的工程化应用,将设计应力谱按损伤一致性原则等效为反映构架在现有制造工艺和运用条件下运营里程对应的等效应力幅,以此实现等效确定性应力与设计里程的一一映射关系,提高设计效率和使用便捷性。与此同时,构架通过测点筛选和台架试验标定,确定应力与载荷的转换关系,或载荷沿路径传递系数,可将设计应力谱转变为设计载荷谱。
根据结构损伤一致性原则,得到等效应力幅σe
式中,L为安全运用千米数;为实测千米数。
基于所编制的设计应力谱,根据式(22)得到构架等效应力-服役里程关系(图14),并与实测应力谱进行对比,由图14可知,服役里程与等效应力呈指数递增趋势,随着服役里程的增加,等效应力变化趋于平缓,等效应力变化率由0.22变为0.009 3,当设计里程超过30万千米时,等效应力与设计里程接近线性关系;基于设计应力谱和实测应力谱所得等效应力对比,若取设计里程为50万千米,设计和实测对应的应力分别为37.29、56.68 MPa,两者的差异性主要取决于焊缝处应力集中系数。这说明传统的名义应力设计方法不能代替焊缝局部细节设计,基于设计应力谱的设计能真实反映各疲劳薄弱点的服役特性。
基于线路实测的地铁车辆构架应力-时间历程信息编制实测应力谱,通过应力-次数-损伤关系确定和有序样本聚类确定小应力门槛值,考虑焊接部位的应力集中,建立了适于构架的抗疲劳设计谱编制方法,得出以下主要结论:
1)通过构架实测应力谱和应力-次数-损伤表征关系的确定,小应力循环出现次数占总循环次数的多数,但造成的损伤与之相反;大应力虽出现的次数极少,但造成的损伤明显。与此同时,细分应力谱级有助于提升应力谱的实际作用效果。
2)由于在大应力区应力出现次数基本为1次,采用基于贝叶斯的参数估计和核密度估计的非参数估计,可有效实现应力极值的外推;根据应力-次数-损伤关系,通过损伤占比拟合分析和有序样品聚类可确定小应力门槛值。
3)根据热点应力法和应力线性化的方法,采用有限元仿真分析焊缝焊趾处的应力表征参量,以此得到应力集中系数,克服了理论计算参数过多和解析表达式复杂的弊端,可有效反映焊缝处的应力状态。
4)通过小门槛值舍弃小应力循环和估计外推应力极值,并通过应力集中系数进行实测应力谱的修正,可得到反映地铁车辆实际运营条件和构架受载状态的设计谱。
  • 甘肃省教育厅高校教师创新基金项目(2023A-043)
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2025年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.013
  • 接收时间:2023-11-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-04
  • 修回日期:2024-01-25
基金
Gansu Provincial Department of Education University Teachers Innovation Fund Project(2023A-043)
甘肃省教育厅高校教师创新基金项目(2023A-043)
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province of China(23JRRA909)
甘肃省自然科学基金项目(23JRRA909)
作者信息
    1.中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司,青岛 266111
    2.兰州交通大学 机电工程学院,兰州 730070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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