Article(id=1228282196272804448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1228282191159952029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741708800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774895970, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774895970, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774895970, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774895970, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228282191159952029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774894751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770775890381, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228286367227118244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1228282191159952029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228286367227118245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1228282191159952029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=148, endPage=157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228282196520268397, articleId=1228282196272804448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=A three-dimensional numerical damage model study of composite material laminate with polyurethane coating under impact loading, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of damage caused by low-speed impacts on composite material laminates coated with polyurethane coating, a numerical analysis method based on three-dimensional progressive cumulative damage in composite laminates and a yield damage criterion for polyurethane coatings was proposed. Firstly, a damage numerical model of polyurethane coating-carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates under erosion was established, and a Vumat subroutine was written. Subsequently, referring to the ASTM D7136 test standard, impact tests with various energy levels were conducted on samples coated with 1 mm and 2 mm polyurethane coatings and uncoated samples. Simultaneously, the proposed damage model was employed to study the formation reasons and propagation patterns of primary damages such as fiber damage, matrix damage, and delamination, thereby revealing the mechanism of polyurethane coating in absorbing impact energy. The results indicated that the mechanical response results calculated by the proposed damage model showed a high degree of agreement with the test results, validating the correctness of the proposed model. Additionally, comparative tests demonstrated the enhancement effect of polyurethane coating on the impact damage resistance of carbon fiber composite laminates. The findings of this study can provide a reference for the design of protective coatings for aircraft.

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LI Dinghe, E-mail:
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针对涂覆聚氨酯涂层复合材料层合板低速冲击的损伤问题,提出了基于复合材料层合板三维渐进累积损伤的数值分析方法和聚氨酯涂层的屈服损伤准则。首先,建立了冲蚀作用下聚氨酯涂层-碳纤维增强复合材料层合板的损伤数值模型,编写了Vumat子程序。然后,参照ASTM D7136试验标准,对涂覆1、2 mm聚氨酯涂层试样和无涂层试样进行了多种能量冲击试验。同时,利用所提损伤模型研究了纤维损伤、基体损伤、分层等主要损伤的形成原因和扩展规律,揭示了聚氨酯涂层吸收冲击能量的机制。结果表明,所提损伤模型计算得到的力学响应结果与试验结果吻合度较高,证明了所提模型的正确性。并通过对比试验证明了聚氨酯涂层对碳纤维复合材料层合板抗冲击损伤能力的提升效果。研究结论可为飞机防护涂层设计提供参考。

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李顶河,男,1983年生,湖北咸宁人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为复合材料结构力学与服役安全;E-mail:
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郭巧荣,女,1982年生,河北邢台人,硕士,讲师;主要研究方向为飞机结构损伤与修理、复合材料力学;E-mail:

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郭巧荣,女,1982年生,河北邢台人,硕士,讲师;主要研究方向为飞机结构损伤与修理、复合材料力学;E-mail:

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郭巧荣,女,1982年生,河北邢台人,硕士,讲师;主要研究方向为飞机结构损伤与修理、复合材料力学;E-mail:

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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material parameters of T700/BA9916 unidirectional laminate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter值Value
纵向弹性模量
Modulus of longitudinal elasticity E11/GPa
120
横向弹性模量
Modulus of transverse elasticity E22/GPa
8.5
法向弹性模量
Modulus of normal elasticity E33/GPa
8.5
面内剪切模量Shear modulus of in-plane G12/GPa4.37
面外剪切模量Shear modulus of out-plane G13=G23/GPa4.37
泊松比Poisson ratio ν12=ν13=ν230.3
纵向拉伸强度Longitudinal tensile strength XT/MPa2 380
纵向压缩强度Longitudinal compressive strength XC/MPa1 263
横向拉伸强度Transverse tensile strength YT/MPa56.8
横向压缩强度Transverse compression strength YC/MPa216
面内剪切强度Shear strength of in-plane S12/MPa133
纵向-厚度剪切强度
Longitudinal-thickness shear strength S13/MPa
86
横向-厚度剪切强度
Transverse-thickness shear strength S23/MPa
200
Ⅰ型裂纹断裂韧性
Type I crack fracture toughness GIC/(N/mm)
0.28
Ⅱ型裂纹断裂韧性
Type Ⅱ crack fracture toughness GⅡC/(N/mm)
0.495
层间剥离强度Interlaminar delamination strength σn/MPa55
层间剪切强度Interlaminar shear strength σs/MPa120
层间弹性模量Interlaminar elasticity modulus En/GPa9.7
层间剪切模量Interlaminar shear modulus 6.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228282219739935095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

T700/BA9916单向板材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter值Value
纵向弹性模量
Modulus of longitudinal elasticity E11/GPa
120
横向弹性模量
Modulus of transverse elasticity E22/GPa
8.5
法向弹性模量
Modulus of normal elasticity E33/GPa
8.5
面内剪切模量Shear modulus of in-plane G12/GPa4.37
面外剪切模量Shear modulus of out-plane G13=G23/GPa4.37
泊松比Poisson ratio ν12=ν13=ν230.3
纵向拉伸强度Longitudinal tensile strength XT/MPa2 380
纵向压缩强度Longitudinal compressive strength XC/MPa1 263
横向拉伸强度Transverse tensile strength YT/MPa56.8
横向压缩强度Transverse compression strength YC/MPa216
面内剪切强度Shear strength of in-plane S12/MPa133
纵向-厚度剪切强度
Longitudinal-thickness shear strength S13/MPa
86
横向-厚度剪切强度
Transverse-thickness shear strength S23/MPa
200
Ⅰ型裂纹断裂韧性
Type I crack fracture toughness GIC/(N/mm)
0.28
Ⅱ型裂纹断裂韧性
Type Ⅱ crack fracture toughness GⅡC/(N/mm)
0.495
层间剥离强度Interlaminar delamination strength σn/MPa55
层间剪切强度Interlaminar shear strength σs/MPa120
层间弹性模量Interlaminar elasticity modulus En/GPa9.7
层间剪切模量Interlaminar shear modulus 6.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228282219886735739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Material parameters of polyurethane coating

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参数Parameter值Value
弹性模量Elasticity modulus E/MPa905
密度Density ρ/(kg/m3)1 050
泊松比Poisson ratio ν0.49
屈服强度Yield strength σY/MPa15.71
), ArticleFig(id=1228282220020953468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

聚氨酯涂层材料参数

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参数Parameter值Value
弹性模量Elasticity modulus E/MPa905
密度Density ρ/(kg/m3)1 050
泊松比Poisson ratio ν0.49
屈服强度Yield strength σY/MPa15.71
), ArticleFig(id=1228282220121616768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Material parameters of coating-laminate interface

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参数Parameter值Value
界面拉伸刚度Interfacial tensile stiffness Knn/(MPa/mm)120 000
界面剪切刚度Interfacial shear stiffness Kss/(MPa/mm)43 000
σn/MPa30
σs/MPa80
GIC/(N/mm)0.52
GⅡC/(N/mm)0.97
B-K准则系数B-K criterion coefficient η1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228282220222280066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

涂层-层合板界面材料参数

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参数Parameter值Value
界面拉伸刚度Interfacial tensile stiffness Knn/(MPa/mm)120 000
界面剪切刚度Interfacial shear stiffness Kss/(MPa/mm)43 000
σn/MPa30
σs/MPa80
GIC/(N/mm)0.52
GⅡC/(N/mm)0.97
B-K准则系数B-K criterion coefficient η1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228282220327137669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Impact response error of specimen without coating

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击力峰值
Peak value of impact force
冲击时间Impact time
试验
Test/kN
仿真
Simulation/kN
误差
Error/%
试验
Test/ms
仿真
Simulation/ms
误差
Error/%
3.6533.544-2.984.14.34.88
最大冲击位移
Max impact displacement
最终中心位移
Final central displacement
试验
Test/mm
仿真
Simulation/mm
误差
Error/%
试验
Test/mm
仿真
Simulation/mm
误差
Error/%
2.6092.6471.442.5152.503-0.48
), ArticleFig(id=1228282220427800965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

无涂层试样的冲击响应误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击力峰值
Peak value of impact force
冲击时间Impact time
试验
Test/kN
仿真
Simulation/kN
误差
Error/%
试验
Test/ms
仿真
Simulation/ms
误差
Error/%
3.6533.544-2.984.14.34.88
最大冲击位移
Max impact displacement
最终中心位移
Final central displacement
试验
Test/mm
仿真
Simulation/mm
误差
Error/%
试验
Test/mm
仿真
Simulation/mm
误差
Error/%
2.6092.6471.442.5152.503-0.48
), ArticleFig(id=1228282220499104135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Impact response error of sprayed 1 mm coating specimens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击力峰值
Peak value of impact force
冲击时间Impact time
试验
Test/kN
仿真
Simulation/kN
误差
Error/%
试验
Test/ms
仿真
Simulation/ms
误差
Error/%
4.0643.983-1.994.084.510.29
最大冲击位移
Max impact displacement
最终中心位移
Final central displacement
试验
Test/mm
仿真
Simulation/mm
误差
Error/%
试验
Test/mm
仿真
Simulation/mm
误差
Error/%
2.4872.5141.092.32.4064.61
), ArticleFig(id=1228282220587184521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282196272804448, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

喷涂1 mm涂层试样的冲击响应误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击力峰值
Peak value of impact force
冲击时间Impact time
试验
Test/kN
仿真
Simulation/kN
误差
Error/%
试验
Test/ms
仿真
Simulation/ms
误差
Error/%
4.0643.983-1.994.084.510.29
最大冲击位移
Max impact displacement
最终中心位移
Final central displacement
试验
Test/mm
仿真
Simulation/mm
误差
Error/%
试验
Test/mm
仿真
Simulation/mm
误差
Error/%
2.4872.5141.092.32.4064.61
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冲击载荷下涂覆聚氨酯涂层的复合材料层合板三维数值损伤模型研究
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郭巧荣 1 , 曾腾 1 , 慕仙莲 2 , 赵一志 2 , 李顶河 3
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(10): 148-157
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(10): 148-157
冲击载荷下涂覆聚氨酯涂层的复合材料层合板三维数值损伤模型研究
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郭巧荣1 , 曾腾1, 慕仙莲2, 赵一志2, 李顶河3
作者信息
  • 1.中国民航大学 航空工程学院,天津 300300
  • 2.中国特种飞行器研究所 结构腐蚀防护与控制航空科技重点实验室,荆门 448035
  • 3.中国民航大学 中欧航空工程师学院,天津 300300
  • 郭巧荣,女,1982年生,河北邢台人,硕士,讲师;主要研究方向为飞机结构损伤与修理、复合材料力学;E-mail:

通讯作者:

李顶河,男,1983年生,湖北咸宁人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为复合材料结构力学与服役安全;E-mail:
A three-dimensional numerical damage model study of composite material laminate with polyurethane coating under impact loading
Qiaorong GUO1 , Teng ZENG1, Xianlian MU2, Yizhi ZHAO2, Dinghe LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2.Structure Corrosion Protection and Control of Aviation Science and Technology Key Laboratory, China Special Vehicle Research Institute, Jingmen 448035, China
  • 3.Sino-European Institute of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.017
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针对涂覆聚氨酯涂层复合材料层合板低速冲击的损伤问题,提出了基于复合材料层合板三维渐进累积损伤的数值分析方法和聚氨酯涂层的屈服损伤准则。首先,建立了冲蚀作用下聚氨酯涂层-碳纤维增强复合材料层合板的损伤数值模型,编写了Vumat子程序。然后,参照ASTM D7136试验标准,对涂覆1、2 mm聚氨酯涂层试样和无涂层试样进行了多种能量冲击试验。同时,利用所提损伤模型研究了纤维损伤、基体损伤、分层等主要损伤的形成原因和扩展规律,揭示了聚氨酯涂层吸收冲击能量的机制。结果表明,所提损伤模型计算得到的力学响应结果与试验结果吻合度较高,证明了所提模型的正确性。并通过对比试验证明了聚氨酯涂层对碳纤维复合材料层合板抗冲击损伤能力的提升效果。研究结论可为飞机防护涂层设计提供参考。

复合材料  /  聚氨酯涂层  /  预测模型  /  冲击试验  /  损伤模式

To address the issue of damage caused by low-speed impacts on composite material laminates coated with polyurethane coating, a numerical analysis method based on three-dimensional progressive cumulative damage in composite laminates and a yield damage criterion for polyurethane coatings was proposed. Firstly, a damage numerical model of polyurethane coating-carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates under erosion was established, and a Vumat subroutine was written. Subsequently, referring to the ASTM D7136 test standard, impact tests with various energy levels were conducted on samples coated with 1 mm and 2 mm polyurethane coatings and uncoated samples. Simultaneously, the proposed damage model was employed to study the formation reasons and propagation patterns of primary damages such as fiber damage, matrix damage, and delamination, thereby revealing the mechanism of polyurethane coating in absorbing impact energy. The results indicated that the mechanical response results calculated by the proposed damage model showed a high degree of agreement with the test results, validating the correctness of the proposed model. Additionally, comparative tests demonstrated the enhancement effect of polyurethane coating on the impact damage resistance of carbon fiber composite laminates. The findings of this study can provide a reference for the design of protective coatings for aircraft.

Composite materials  /  Polyurethane coating  /  Predictive model  /  Impact testing  /  Damage mode
郭巧荣, 曾腾, 慕仙莲, 赵一志, 李顶河. 冲击载荷下涂覆聚氨酯涂层的复合材料层合板三维数值损伤模型研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (10) : 148 -157 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.017
Qiaorong GUO, Teng ZENG, Xianlian MU, Yizhi ZHAO, Dinghe LI. A three-dimensional numerical damage model study of composite material laminate with polyurethane coating under impact loading[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (10) : 148 -157 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.017
复合材料具有优异的力学性能[1],广泛应用于航空领域。然而,飞机在起飞、降落和低空飞行等过程中容易遭受外来异物的冲击,造成飞机表面复合材料结构性能的严重退化[2],从而大幅降低飞机整体结构的安全性以及使用寿命[3]
在冲击防护方面,国内外学者发现,表面防护涂层能极大改善飞机结构的表面性能[4],起到保护作用。目前,聚氨酯材料因性能优异得到学者的高度关注[5],该材料兼具橡胶相和塑料相,同时存在特殊的软段和硬段结构[6],相比于其他高分子材料具有更好的弹塑性和抗冲击性能。因此,研究聚氨酯涂层对碳纤维复合材料层合板抗冲击性能的影响规律,对于提高其在航空领域的广泛应用具有重要指导意义[7]
学者通过理论、试验及数值模拟等方法对涂层冲蚀破坏问题进行了研究,主要利用无量纲分析法来阐述各个变量之间的相互关系。CHEN等[8]根据无量纲分析法建立了无量纲应力表达式。BONNETT[9]创建了准静压弹性压痕模型、动弹性机制和准静压塑性压痕模型3种无量纲初始速度与压入深度的关系。目前,主要依靠假设性理论模型提出经验性公式,这种思路对研究冲蚀破坏问题具有一定的效果,但由于冲蚀破坏机制非常复杂,尚无一套完整的理论体系可以清楚解释冲蚀破坏问题。试验方面,BRUCE[10]使用50、560 µm的碎氧化铝冲击热障涂层试样,发现560 µm氧化铝的冲击磨损具有明显的非线性特征。HUTCHINGS[11]通过试验模拟粉尘和沙粒侵蚀金属过程,虽然能提供直接和真实的数据,但周期较长,成本较高。
随着计算机和数值分析技术的发展,很多学者使用数值模拟研究多种复杂工况的冲击破坏问题[12]。吕东莉等[13]模拟了石英砂对20#钢的冲蚀动力学行为,获得了冲击角度、速度及粒径变化对冲蚀过程应力分布的影响规律。郭巧荣等[14]基于有限元显式计算,建立了三维的含孔复合材料层合板渐进损伤分析模型,可以较好地预测含孔复合材料层合板单轴拉伸失效的极限载荷和损伤形貌。
目前,针对飞机表面防护涂层的损伤预测研究,大多限于弹性阶段,而实际冲击载荷作用下,涂层应力往往超过弹性极限。本文根据聚氨酯涂层的弹塑性特性和涂层屈服损伤准则,建立冲击作用下涂覆聚氨酯涂层复合材料层合板的三维渐进损伤模型。在试验方面,进行了含聚氨酯涂层碳纤维复合材料层合板落锤冲击试验,研究了聚氨酯防护涂层对复合材料层合板抗冲击性能的影响规律,验证了所提三维数值损伤模型的准确性,从而为飞机防护涂层设计及优化提供一定的参考。
复合材料层合板受冲击载荷后,不仅会在纤维和基体方向上产生拉伸损伤或者压缩损伤,还可能在层合板的层间界面产生分层损伤。复合材料低速冲击的三维渐进累积损伤数值分析过程包含应力分析、失效模式判断和材料性能退化三部分。
复合材料层合板受到冲击后,结构会产生不同类型的层内损伤,可采用三维Hashin失效准则作为层内损伤的判断依据。对于受冲击载荷的层合板,内部应力会产生剧烈变化,而应变参数变化较连续。因此,基于应变的Hashin准则更适合作为冲击损伤的起始判据。本文采用应变形式Hashin准则,具体表达式[15-16]如下:
纤维拉伸损伤(ε11≥0)
纤维压缩损伤(ε11<0)
基体拉伸损伤(ε22+ε33≥0)
基体压缩损伤(ε22+ε33<0)
式中,ξftξfcξmtξmc分别为纤维拉伸、纤维压缩、基体拉伸、基体压缩的失效因子,当ξ≥1时,说明材料出现了损伤;ε11ε22ε33分别为沿纤维方向、面内横向、面外法向的应变;分别为复合材料单层的纵向拉伸失效应变、纵向压缩失效应变、横向拉伸失效应变、横向压缩失效应变、法向压缩失效应变;为面内剪切失效应变。
当单元满足任意损伤起始判据后,后续过程则进入损伤演化阶段,采用的损伤演化方法是基于断裂能的线性等效应变法,引入损伤状态变量di,即
式中,下标i表示损伤模式;为损伤起始时的初始破坏应变;为损伤变量达到1时的临界破坏应变;εeq, i为对应方向的等效应变。
当损伤状态变量di=0时,表示单元未发生损伤;当di=1时,表示单元完全失效。损伤变量di服从不可逆原则。
层间损伤失效一般指分层失效,即相邻层间的界面剥离。在涂覆聚氨酯涂层的层合板层间和涂层-基体界面均插入界面层,模拟分层起始以及扩展,本文使用Cohesive单元作为界面单元。Cohesive单元受到混合载荷作用,可使用二次应力失效破坏准则[17]40预测分层起始,即
式中,tn为界面受到的法向应力;tstt为界面2个方向的剪切应力;为界面的法向强度;为界面2个方向的切向强度;〈·〉为Macaulay算子。
当3个方向分别受到的应力与材料对应方向强度的比值二次方和达到1时,界面开始损伤。当界面单元满足初始失效准则后,损伤演化采用基于能量的Benzeggagh-Kenane(B-K)准则线性演化方法,引入混合加载下的断裂韧性[18]
式中,分别为法线方向、切线方向的临界断裂能;Gs为面外方向的能量耗散值;GT为总能量耗散值;η为B-K准则中的相关系数。
图1[17]40所示,达到A点后,单元将开始产生损伤。
考虑聚氨酯涂层为弹塑性材料,涂层受到冲击载荷后,在线弹性变形阶段,本构关系由广义胡克定律表示。当材料的应力超过弹性极限后,应力-应变成非线性关系,涂层产生不可逆的塑性变形。根据von Mises屈服准则可知,当畸变能达到临界值时,材料表现为塑性。von Mises屈服准则为
式中,q为Mises等效应力;[σ]为聚氨酯材料屈服强度。
由第四强度理论可知,q的表达式为
式中,σ1σ2σ3为3个主应力。
Mises塑性屈服准则中,偏应力张量的第二不变量J2
式中,Sij为偏应力张量。
根据式(8)、式(9)可知:
当应力状态的增长超过了von Mises准则的初始屈服条件后,产生塑性变形。涂层的各向同性硬化塑性采用关联流动法则,即塑性势函数与屈服函数一致。
为获得涂覆聚氨酯涂层复合材料层合板受冲击载荷后的损伤情况,本节参考ASTM D7136标准进行冲击试验[19]
采用中航复材制造的T700/BA9916层合板和河北省秦皇岛斯盖尔新材料公司生产的喷涂型聚氨酯,ULC-780LVHS和UC-502双组份溶剂基底涂。如图2所示,试验设备为Instron CEAST 9350HV型落锤冲击试验机。层合板试件的几何尺寸为150 mm×100 mm×4.2 mm,单层厚度为0.15 mm,铺层顺序为[45/-45/0/90/45/-45/0/90/-45/45/90/0/-45/45]s
为了解聚氨酯涂层对复合材料层合板抗冲击性能的影响,采用5 J冲击能量对无涂层试样和喷涂1 mm聚氨酯涂层试样进行冲击试验。将试件放置在中心镂空尺寸为125 mm×75 mm的支座上,保证试件与开孔对中,用4个带橡皮头的夹具将试件固定,防止冲击期间试件移动和反弹。对冲击试验机进行校准调零,将冲击头降落到正好接触到试样上表面,记为冲击零点。按照所需能量,计算出冲击头放置的高度,将冲头上升到相应高度处并固定。
5 J冲击能量下的损伤如图3图4所示,在试件冲击正面和背面均未目视到明显损伤,接触力-时间和接触力-位移曲线如图5图6所示。
图5可知,相比于无涂层试样,涂覆聚氨酯涂层试样的接触力峰值更大,接触时间更短,曲线更光滑,且加载和卸载曲线近似左右对称,说明在该冲击能量下,试件冲击以弹性响应为主,并未发生明显刚度退化,聚氨酯涂层吸收了冲击能量,产生弹性变形,与层合板共同抵抗冲击载荷。而无涂层试件在冲击下降阶段,接触力-时间曲线呈现震荡上升趋势,并在接触力峰值附近抖动明显,说明在该冲击能量下,局部材料发生刚度退化,内部产生了损伤。
图6可知,聚氨酯涂层试件最大冲击位移以及最终中心位移更小。由于聚氨酯材料弹性较好,在冲击过程中能够吸收大部分冲击能量,其余小部分能量转化为层合板的弹性变形,使得冲击器能量耗散更快,下降位移减小。达到最大下降位移后,接触力急剧下降,直至冲击器完全离开试样表面。
针对上述试验,编写了三维渐进累积损伤分析的Vumat子程序,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,验证损伤模型的正确性。
参考ASTM D7136试验标准,建立ULC-780LVHS聚氨酯涂层-T700/BA9916碳纤维环氧树脂基复合材料层合板的冲击分析有限元模型。冲击器是半球型圆柱体,质量为5.714 0 kg,头部直径为16 mm,假设为刚性体,冲击初始速度为1.32 m/s,冲击能量为5 J。冲击头外表面刚好接触到涂层上表面。为模拟试件约束边界,在有限元模型下方建立1个中心镂空的刚性支撑板,并约束四周3个方向的位移自由度,如图7图8所示。
冲击有限元模型可以分为2个区域:靠近冲击中心点的中心区域和离冲击中心点较远的外围区域,以冲击中心点为中心切分出40 mm×40 mm的矩形区域视为中心区域,为提高计算精度并同时保证计算效率,中心区域进行网格精细化处理,在验证网格收敛性的情况下,中心区域网格单元尺寸为1 mm×1 mm×0.15 mm。涂层和层合板层内均选择减缩积分的八节点实体单元(C3D8R),在层合板层间和涂层下表面与层合板上表面之间插入零厚度的内聚力单元来模拟分层损伤情况,层间单元选择八节点内聚单元(COH3D8),使用共节点法来确保位移连续性。冲击器与支撑板均视为刚体,单元类型为四节点三维双线性刚体四边形(R3D4)。为更好探明复合材料层合板的损伤情况,模型中涂层单元设置允许删除,而基体层内和层间单元均设置为不允许删除。冲击器与涂层接触采用面面接触,冲击器外表面为主面,涂层上表面为从面,其余面与面之间均采用通用接触算法。将接触关系中的法向接触属性定义为“硬接触”,同时使用“罚函数”设置切向接触属性,摩擦因数设置为0.3。单层板和层间Cohesive单元材料参数、喷涂型聚氨酯材料参数以及涂层-层合板界面材料参数[20-21]分别如表1~表3所示。
根据试验条件,在有限元模型中将涂层和层合板的边界条件设置为四边简支,并对试验中4个夹头的对应位置设定为固支约束。为保证冲击器垂直下落,约束冲击器除Z方向平动自由度之外的其他自由度。
为了验证冲击损伤仿真模型的正确性,将数值结果与第2.3节的试验结果对比。
无涂层试样接触力-时间仿真结果与试验结果对比如图9所示,在冲击阶段初期,预测接触力出现了震荡上升的趋势。冲击力峰值预测结果和预测冲击时间与试验测量结果对比如表4所示,仿真预测冲击力峰值结果比试验测量结果稍小,平均相对误差为-2.98%;预测冲击时间稍长,平均相对误差为4.88%,变化趋势整体上吻合较好。
无涂层试样接触力-位移仿真与试验结果对比如图10所示。随着冲击位移不断增加,仿真预测接触力震荡较少,在达到最大冲击位移时也出现接触力急剧下降,直至为0。最大冲击位移预测结果和最终中心位移与试验测量结果对比如表4所示。仿真预测最大冲击位移结果比试验测量结果略大,平均相对误差为1.44%,仿真得到的最终中心位移结果比试验测量结果稍小,相对误差为-0.48%,变化趋势整体上较吻合。
在5 J冲击能量下,无涂层复合材料层合板损伤分布预测情况如图11所示。规定靠近冲击器的正面为第1层,由图11可知,层合板只有少数几层产生了小范围层内损伤,基体损伤是主要损伤模式,这是因为纤维自身强度远大于基体,因此难以造成大面积的纤维破坏。层合板受冲击时产生弯曲变形,从而在单层内产生拉伸应力,由于基体强度较小,且冲击点背面铺层受到的拉伸应力最大,使得离冲击面最远的底层最先满足基体拉伸失效,损伤沿纤维方向扩展。纤维损伤和基体压缩损伤仅零星分布于靠近冲击面的第1层,其他单元未出现此类型损伤,这是因为随着冲击器与层合板表面的接触,靠近冲击面的层板基体处于压缩状态,率先发生压缩损伤,但由于冲击能量较小,因此未发生明显的压缩损伤。层间Cohesive单元未见损伤,因此各层间没有发生分层损伤。
含涂层试样接触力-时间仿真与试验结果对比如图12所示。在冲击阶段初期,预测接触力随着时间不断增大,未发生明显震荡,曲线近似左右对称。冲击力峰值和冲击时间的预测结果与试验测量结果对比如表5所示。预测冲击力峰值结果比试验测量结果稍小,平均相对误差为-1.99%;预测冲击时间稍长,平均相对误差为10.29%,变化趋势整体上较吻合。
涂层试样接触力-位移仿真与试验结果对比如图13所示。在冲击阶段初期,预测接触力随着冲击位移的增加呈上升趋势,且明显震荡较少,在达到冲击力峰值时,曲线快速下降未出现明显抖动,达到最大中心位移后,接触力急剧下降,直至为0。最大冲击位移和最终中心位移预测结果与试验测量结果对比如表5所示。预测最大冲击位移结果比试验测量结果略大,平均相对误差为1.09%,预测最终中心位移结果比试验测量结果稍大,平均相对误差为4.61%,曲线变化趋势整体上较吻合。
含涂层试样层内基体拉伸损伤如图14所示,涂层-基体分层损伤如图15所示。在相同冲击能量条件下,涂覆有聚氨酯涂层的试样中,层内仅发生小范围基体拉伸损伤,未见有层间损伤以及其他类型层内损伤,这说明聚氨酯涂层有效地保护了层合板。由图15可知,涂层与基体之间的胶层发生了单元删除,说明在冲击载荷作用下界面受到的应力超过了胶层黏结强度,因此涂层与基体发生了剥离现象。
聚氨酯涂层等效Mises应力和屈服损伤如图16所示。弹塑性涂层受冲击载荷影响,更新计算得到的Mises等效应力峰值未达到屈服强度,单元未发生屈服。
为探究含聚氨酯涂层复合材料层合板是否提升了抗冲击能力,采用5、10、15、25 J共4种冲击能量分别对无涂层试样、1 mm涂层试样、2 mm涂层试样进行单次冲击,不同冲击能量下复合材料层合板基体损伤面积曲线如图17~图20所示,不同冲击能量下复合材料层合板纤维损伤面积曲线如图21图22所示,不同冲击能量下复合材料层合板分层损伤面积曲线如图23~图25所示。
随着冲击能量的增大,基体损伤逐渐增大。相较于无涂层试样,涂覆有聚氨酯涂层的复合材料层合板试样受到的基体损伤时间较晚,损伤面积明显较小,在一定的范围内,随着涂层厚度的增加,复合材料层合板所受到的基体拉伸损伤逐渐减小。
随着冲击能量的增大,试样逐渐出现纤维损伤,相较于无涂层试样,涂覆有聚氨酯涂层的复合材料层合板试样受到纤维损伤时间较晚,损伤面积明显较小,在一定的范围内,随着涂层厚度的增加,复合材料层合板所受到的纤维损伤逐渐减小。
随着冲击能量的增大,无涂层试样的分层损伤面积逐渐增大,且在25 J冲击能量下,C9和C12界面发生了大面积分层损伤,损伤面积分别为470.75 mm2和738.75 mm2,而涂覆有聚氨酯涂层的复合材料层合板试样受到分层损伤时间较晚,损伤面积明显较小,在一定的范围内,随着涂层厚度的增加,复合材料层合板所受到的分层损伤逐渐减小。
综上所述,在一定范围内的冲击能量下,聚氨酯涂层可以显著提升复合材料层合板的抗冲击能力。
建立了涂覆聚氨酯涂层的复合材料层合板的三维渐进累积损伤数值分析方法,并利用落锤冲击试验进行了验证,得到主要结论如下:
1)通过冲击试验验证,所提模型可以较好地预测冲击响应和损伤形貌。
2)所提损伤预测模型考虑了聚氨酯涂层弹塑性特性和涂层-基体界面分层失效,能够准确有效地计算含涂层试件的冲击损伤。
3)通过多种冲击能量下的仿真和试验结论分析,结果表明,聚氨酯涂层增强了碳纤维复合材料层合板抗冲击损伤能力,可以在一定程度上保护飞机结构,增加其抗冲击性能。
  • 航空科学基金项目(20230038067002)
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2025年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.017
  • 接收时间:2025-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-12
基金
Aviation Science Foundation of China(20230038067002)
航空科学基金项目(20230038067002)
作者信息
    1.中国民航大学 航空工程学院,天津 300300
    2.中国特种飞行器研究所 结构腐蚀防护与控制航空科技重点实验室,荆门 448035
    3.中国民航大学 中欧航空工程师学院,天津 300300

通讯作者:

李顶河,男,1983年生,湖北咸宁人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为复合材料结构力学与服役安全;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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