Article(id=1228282194922238524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1228282191159952029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702569600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-15, revisedDate=1705334400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774895649, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774895649, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774895649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774895649, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228282191159952029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774894751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770775890381, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228286367227118244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1228282191159952029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228286367227118245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1228282191159952029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228282195610104389, articleId=1228282194922238524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Research on particle damping vibration reduction technology of L-shaped industrial tubes with different vibration intensities, columnId=1228282191914926752, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pipelines are frequently connected to power equipment such as compressors and pumps, serving critical functions including material transport and pressure transmission, thereby constituting the “highways” for material transfer in industrial production. Prolonged excessive vibration is the fundamental cause of structural fatigue damage in pipelines,detachment of instruments mounted on pipelines, and desensitization of auxiliary components. Research on pipeline vibration,noise, and their control technologies is a fundamental prerequisite for meeting industrial production requirements. Due to their significant damping effects, high reliability, and ease of installation, particle dampers are commonly employed for vibration control in industrial pipelines. However, the damping mechanisms and configuration methods of particle damping materials remain incomplete, resulting in difficulties in predicting their vibration attenuation performance. Firstly, a theoretical calculation method was developed for particle dampers used in L-shaped industrial pipelines, and the energy dissipation mechanisms of particles were analyzed under two states: “equivalent solid” and “equivalent fluid”. Then, based on variations in vibration intensity at damper installation locations, a theoretical calculation approach for particle dampers was proposed.The results indicate that under small vibration conditions without slip flow, the energy dissipation by particles can be equivalently represented by impulsive collision forces between particles and the pipeline as well as frictional energy loss;under large vibration conditions, slip flow occurs among particles exhibiting viscous damping effects. Both theoretical analysis and test results demonstrate that when particle dampers operate within an environment characterized by a reduced acceleration Γ≤3.8, collision-based damping models are appropriate to characterize their dissipative performance; conversely,when operating under reduced acceleration conditions Γ>3.8, multiphase flow frameworks should be employed to predict the vibration attenuation efficacy of particle dampers.

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LUO Yuanyi, E-mail:
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工业管道常与压缩机、泵等动力设备连接,承载了物料运输、压力传导等重要功能,是工业生产中物料传递的“高速路”。长期过大的振动是管道结构疲劳损伤、安装在管道上的仪表脱落、配套元件失敏等问题的根本原因。对管道振动、噪声及其控制技术的研究,是满足工业生产要求的基本前提。颗粒阻尼器由于其阻尼效果明显、可靠性高、便于安装等优点,常常用于工业管道的振动控制中。然而,颗粒阻尼材料的减振机制、设置方法等尚不完备,导致其减振效果难以预测。首先,研究用于L形工业管道减振的颗粒阻尼器的理论计算方法,分析了颗粒在“等效固体”“等效液体”2种状态下的阻尼耗能机制。然后,按照阻尼器安装位置振动烈度的不同,提出颗粒阻尼器的理论计算方法。研究结果表明,无错位流动的小振动条件下,将颗粒的耗能等效为颗粒与管道之间的脉冲碰撞力以及摩擦耗能;大振动条件下,颗粒之间形成了错位流动,表现出黏滞阻尼效应。理论和试验结果表明,当颗粒阻尼器位于约化加速度Γ≤3.8的环境中时,宜采用碰撞阻尼的方法表征颗粒阻尼器的耗散性能;当颗粒阻尼器位于约化加速度Γ>3.8的环境中时,宜采用多相流的思路预测颗粒阻尼器减振效果。

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罗元易,男,1989年生,云南昭通人,硕士,工程师;主要研究方向为振动与噪声控制;E-mail:

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罗元易,男,1989年生,云南昭通人,硕士,工程师;主要研究方向为振动与噪声控制;E-mail:

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罗元易,男,1989年生,云南昭通人,硕士,工程师;主要研究方向为振动与噪声控制;E-mail:

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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282194922238524, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=颗粒阻尼器), Keyword(id=1228282214291534077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282194922238524, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=减振机制), Keyword(id=1228282214379614466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282194922238524, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=管道), Keyword(id=1228282214723547396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282194922238524, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=振动控制)], refs=[Reference(id=1228282219416973681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282194922238524, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=田秋慧, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=田秋慧. 超高压往复活塞式压缩机排气管路振动研究[D]. 杭州:浙江大学,2021:1-74., 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Vibration values at the end of the pipe before and after installing the damper

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测试次数
Number of tests
αt/(m/s2)αs/(m/s2)γ/%
11.561.438.33
22.412.333.32
31.371.305.11
41.551.62-4.52
52.142.101.87
62.432.305.35
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安装阻尼器前、后管道末端的振动值

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测试次数
Number of tests
αt/(m/s2)αs/(m/s2)γ/%
11.561.438.33
22.412.333.32
31.371.305.11
41.551.62-4.52
52.142.101.87
62.432.305.35
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Difference between actual test values and theoretical calculation results after the transformation

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测试次数
Number of tests
αt/(m/s2)αs/(m/s2)γ/%
14.214.58-8.79
21.321.209.09
33.203.50-9.37
45.625.85-4.09
52.192.29-4.57
63.003.25-8.33
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改造后实际测试值与理论计算结果的差异

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测试次数
Number of tests
αt/(m/s2)αs/(m/s2)γ/%
14.214.58-8.79
21.321.209.09
33.203.50-9.37
45.625.85-4.09
52.192.29-4.57
63.003.25-8.33
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不同振动烈度的L形工业管颗粒阻尼减振技术研究
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罗元易 1 , 肖望强 1 , 朱海燕 2
机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025,47(10): 16-25
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机械强度 | 振动·噪声·监测·诊断 2025, 47(10): 16-25
不同振动烈度的L形工业管颗粒阻尼减振技术研究
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罗元易1 , 肖望强1, 朱海燕2
作者信息
  • 1.厦门大学 航空航天学院,厦门 361102
  • 2.华东交通大学 机电与车辆工程学院,南昌 330013
  • 罗元易,男,1989年生,云南昭通人,硕士,工程师;主要研究方向为振动与噪声控制;E-mail:

Research on particle damping vibration reduction technology of L-shaped industrial tubes with different vibration intensities
Yuanyi LUO1 , Wangqiang XIAO1, Haiyan ZHU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
  • 2.School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.002
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工业管道常与压缩机、泵等动力设备连接,承载了物料运输、压力传导等重要功能,是工业生产中物料传递的“高速路”。长期过大的振动是管道结构疲劳损伤、安装在管道上的仪表脱落、配套元件失敏等问题的根本原因。对管道振动、噪声及其控制技术的研究,是满足工业生产要求的基本前提。颗粒阻尼器由于其阻尼效果明显、可靠性高、便于安装等优点,常常用于工业管道的振动控制中。然而,颗粒阻尼材料的减振机制、设置方法等尚不完备,导致其减振效果难以预测。首先,研究用于L形工业管道减振的颗粒阻尼器的理论计算方法,分析了颗粒在“等效固体”“等效液体”2种状态下的阻尼耗能机制。然后,按照阻尼器安装位置振动烈度的不同,提出颗粒阻尼器的理论计算方法。研究结果表明,无错位流动的小振动条件下,将颗粒的耗能等效为颗粒与管道之间的脉冲碰撞力以及摩擦耗能;大振动条件下,颗粒之间形成了错位流动,表现出黏滞阻尼效应。理论和试验结果表明,当颗粒阻尼器位于约化加速度Γ≤3.8的环境中时,宜采用碰撞阻尼的方法表征颗粒阻尼器的耗散性能;当颗粒阻尼器位于约化加速度Γ>3.8的环境中时,宜采用多相流的思路预测颗粒阻尼器减振效果。

颗粒阻尼器  /  减振机制  /  管道  /  振动控制

Pipelines are frequently connected to power equipment such as compressors and pumps, serving critical functions including material transport and pressure transmission, thereby constituting the “highways” for material transfer in industrial production. Prolonged excessive vibration is the fundamental cause of structural fatigue damage in pipelines,detachment of instruments mounted on pipelines, and desensitization of auxiliary components. Research on pipeline vibration,noise, and their control technologies is a fundamental prerequisite for meeting industrial production requirements. Due to their significant damping effects, high reliability, and ease of installation, particle dampers are commonly employed for vibration control in industrial pipelines. However, the damping mechanisms and configuration methods of particle damping materials remain incomplete, resulting in difficulties in predicting their vibration attenuation performance. Firstly, a theoretical calculation method was developed for particle dampers used in L-shaped industrial pipelines, and the energy dissipation mechanisms of particles were analyzed under two states: “equivalent solid” and “equivalent fluid”. Then, based on variations in vibration intensity at damper installation locations, a theoretical calculation approach for particle dampers was proposed.The results indicate that under small vibration conditions without slip flow, the energy dissipation by particles can be equivalently represented by impulsive collision forces between particles and the pipeline as well as frictional energy loss;under large vibration conditions, slip flow occurs among particles exhibiting viscous damping effects. Both theoretical analysis and test results demonstrate that when particle dampers operate within an environment characterized by a reduced acceleration Γ≤3.8, collision-based damping models are appropriate to characterize their dissipative performance; conversely,when operating under reduced acceleration conditions Γ>3.8, multiphase flow frameworks should be employed to predict the vibration attenuation efficacy of particle dampers.

Particle damper  /  Vibration reduction mechanism  /  Pipe  /  Vibration control
罗元易, 肖望强, 朱海燕. 不同振动烈度的L形工业管颗粒阻尼减振技术研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (10) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.002
Yuanyi LUO, Wangqiang XIAO, Haiyan ZHU. Research on particle damping vibration reduction technology of L-shaped industrial tubes with different vibration intensities[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (10) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.002
工业是国家综合国力的基础,而管道作为工业生产及炼化工艺过程中加压、储运的重要设备,广泛应用于能源的开采、运输与加工等各个领域。在能源开采过程中,作为能源长距离运输的载体,在炼化一体生产中作为核心的物料运输系统,管道始终是保证整个生产工艺正常运行的基础,其稳定性直接影响到整体装置的运行可靠性。管道的剧烈振动不仅会有严重的安全隐患,还会产生局部应力,超过一定的振动幅度和振动极限,会导致管道疲劳破坏,甚至出现管道破裂、介质泄漏等严重问题,引发安全事故。世界石油化工行业重大事故中,有36%是由压缩机及其管路系统引起的[1]。随着工业生产规模的扩大,如今的工程项目更加大型化、一体化,其中管道的振动问题越来越突出。研究管道振动控制的目的是满足日益增长的市场迫切需求。
管道振动控制措施与管道振动类型有关,也与振动源有关。使用阻尼技术减弱管道不必要振动是最为理想的选择。在管道系统中设置提高管道结构的阻尼耗能器件,从而降低管道的动力学响应。PANDA等[2]研究发现,在各个模态之间的耦合作用下,管道会出现更多的不稳定区,适当增大系统的阻尼,可以有效减少此类不稳定区域的存在。阻尼减振器包括主动式阻尼器、被动式阻尼器[3]。其中,主动式阻尼器由于其系统复杂、能耗大,很难用于工业管道振动控制中;被动式阻尼器由于其结构简单、便于安装,而被大量用于工业管道振动控制中,最为典型的是黏滞阻尼器、颗粒阻尼器。杨秀峰等[4]针对某炼化企业往复氢气压缩机管线振动问题,在利用有限元分析的基础上,在管道的关键位置设置了黏滞阻尼减振器,在不改变原有管线结构、压缩机不停机的情况下,在管线的指定位置安装阻尼器,有效地将振动管线各处的振幅减小至安全范围,消除了管线振动产生的安全隐患,保障生产长周期安全进行。张俎琛等[5]设计了用于压缩机管道减振的黏滞阻尼器,安装在管道的弯头位置,有效地控制了管道的振动。然而,黏滞阻尼器设置在管道与刚性基座之间,常会引起管道本身的动力学变化,导致管道应力集中,从而损坏管道与阻尼器的连接位置。
颗粒阻尼器是一种提高结构阻尼较为理想的方法。虽然其耗能机制尚不清晰,但该方法具有减振效果显著、耐高低温恶劣环境、万向性、可靠性高等优点[6],广泛应用于齿轮[7]、矿车驾驶室[8]、减振筏架[9]、机床刀具[10]、航空航天[11]等众多领域。颗粒阻尼器根据颗粒的排布方式分为单颗粒阻尼器[12]、多颗粒阻尼器[13]。目前,对颗粒阻尼器的设计常常采用试验方法。JIN等[14-15]针对飞机液压管的高频减振需求,利用试验方法得到了最优颗粒参数配置;王胜利[16]设计了一种简单颗粒阻尼器,用于抑制管道的高频振动,取得了较好的试验效果。但颗粒系统是一种高度多变非线性系统,颗粒系统的微观颗粒由复杂的多系统力链组成,可以承受一定的剪切应力而不屈服,表现为准固体性质,当颗粒之间的剪切应力超过其力链的屈服极限时,颗粒系统会发生流动,这种流动是液态的,表现出类液体特性[17]。目前,大部分工程建模方法都不成熟。
颗粒阻尼的数值模拟是困难的。在目前的研究中[18],众多学者提出一些初步的仿真模型,但是由于模型的限制,计算不理想。POURTAVAKOLI等[19]提出颗粒阻尼仿真计算的基本假设。因为物理机制发生在极小的尺度上,对颗粒材料的耗散特性仍然知之甚少。其结果是,在阻尼性能设计中仍需依赖试错法。此外,大量的设计参数增加了确定最佳配置所需的工作量。KLERK等[20-21]设计了基于频率的子结构的颗粒阻尼预测方法。该方法考虑了微观系统中不同频率下颗粒的力学行为,但没有从宏观上考虑颗粒流态变化的非线性行为。本文以压缩机出口L形管道为研究基础,提出一种基于不同振动烈度的理论计算来预测颗粒阻尼,建立颗粒阻尼器管道动力学模型。当颗粒处于“等效固体”的振动环境下,采用对单个颗粒及管道模型联合建模,研究颗粒的阻尼效应;当颗粒处于“等效液体”的振动环境下,采用等效流体的方法,推导出颗粒流的动力黏度系数,表征其阻尼效应。
为满足不同的连接端口以及空间布置的连接要求,管道常设计为L形。在L形管道的基础上,组合形成了连续L形、Z形、∏形或U形等复杂的管道布置系统。如图1所示,以L形管道为基础的复杂管道系统,常布置在压缩机、泵等动力设备的进出口,动力设备的压力脉动直接传递到管道上。因此,研究管道的振动,可以从管道的基础元件——L形管道入手。因此,基于L形管道,研究颗粒阻尼器在工业管道上的减振计算方法。
压缩机、泵等转子设备的进出口管线,受流体脉动的影响,管道会出现明显的中高频率振动;在管道弯头以及三通、变径等结构的位置,常会由于高压流体的宽频冲击,出现高频的振动;在管道连接薄弱、采用恒力支吊架设计的位置,刚度较小的管道常常会由于流体的激励而出现低频晃动。引起管道振动的原因有很多,管道的振动特性也各不相同。另外,颗粒材料是一种介于固体和液体之间的离散体材料,在不同的状态下,其状态不同。周宏伟等[22]通过对运动颗粒的观察发现,振动颗粒存在类固体、类液体和类气体3种典型状态,如图2所示。在竖直激励下,在不同的约化加速度Γ≤3.8和Γ>3.8(Γ=2/gω=2πfAf分别为输入的振幅及振动频率,g为重力加速度)情况下,颗粒的运动状态不同,随着约化加速度Γ的增大,颗粒的运动状态逐渐从“等效固体”向“等效液体”再向“等效气体”转换。本文以图3所示的L形管道为模型,研究不同管道振动烈度下颗粒阻尼器的减振机制。管道的一端固定约束,另一端为自由端。管道外径为53 mm,壁厚设置为3 mm,管道水平段长度为1 000 mm,竖直高度为500 mm,管道转角为90°。
取管道内压力为2.5 MPa,根据API 618标准,设定许用压力脉动值为1%,则管道的压力为
在流体力学中,液体的流动会在弯头处产生静压载荷,而压力脉动会在弯头处产生动压载荷。设管道内径为di,弯管角度为βp,管道进出口压力都为p,则弯管处所受到的合力为
当压力p无压差时,合力σ恒定,弯管处仅受静态均匀压力载荷。当压力产生变化呈脉动状态时,p=p0p,设p0为平均压力,Δp为压力脉动的幅值。则弯管所受的激励力幅值为
则由脉动导致的激励力幅值为
为此,弯头位置的脉动激励力为
当颗粒体系在水平方向受到一定的外部激励时,颗粒之间相互作用,颗粒与颗粒之间迅速碰撞,传递能量,最终使得颗粒与阻尼器外壳产生碰撞,消耗能量。当颗粒体系在竖直方向受到一定的外部激励时,颗粒之间的力链快速传递能量,最终表现为竖直方向上的颗粒体与阻尼器外壳相互作用。基于此,假设颗粒与颗粒之间存在一个能量面,该能量面与阻尼器外壳连接,则颗粒经由内部力链能量传递最终与阻尼器外壳发生相互作用的能量传递规律,就可以简化为单个颗粒与阻尼器外壳之间经过能量面直接传递到阻尼器外壳的简化路径,如图4所示。图4中,m1c1k1分别为管道的质量、阻尼、刚度;m2为颗粒的质量;x1y1为管道的位移;x2y2为颗粒的位移;d为颗粒与能量面之间的运动间距。
根据何浩祥等[23]的结论,认为颗粒与能量面、阻尼器外壳发生正碰时,颗粒与墙体之间切向碰撞刚度的影响可忽略不计。为降低计算的复杂程度,不考虑颗粒与能量面(颗粒与颗粒)、颗粒与外壳之间碰撞过程的强非线性,将颗粒与阻尼器之间碰撞时的碰撞力及非碰撞时的摩擦力都视为外力,且管道、阻尼器外壳等都处于弹性状态,各能量面及阻尼外壳作用到管道上的力所引起的动力响应满足线性叠加原理。设某个颗粒与能量面之间的脉冲函数的脉动量为ci0,其与碰撞颗粒的质量及碰撞前后的速度有关,并假定颗粒数量为j,则颗粒体系的总体脉冲量。由于颗粒与能量面、颗粒与阻尼器外壳的作用时间较短,可以将碰撞过程中的作用力等效为具有一定周期的脉动力,用脉冲函数δ(t)表示为
式中,T为颗粒的运动周期;ε为脉冲力相位;n为周期个数。
在水平方向上,颗粒分层摩擦与碰撞,颗粒之间的摩擦为上、下层颗粒以及颗粒与底层的摩擦,系统的振动方程[24]
式中,Fs为颗粒滚动克服摩擦所需要的力;e为颗粒与能量面之间、颗粒与外壳之间的碰撞恢复系数;vp0分别为碰撞前、后颗粒及阻尼器外壳的速度。假设阻尼器内存在k层颗粒,设顶层颗粒为第1层,则第k层的摩擦力为
颗粒体系的总体摩擦力
式中,μf为滚动摩擦因数;r0为颗粒半径。
竖直方向上,在外部激励下,颗粒之间的力链出现局部断裂重组现象,颗粒与颗粒之间出现极为细微的位移。由于横向颗粒之间的排列没有预应力作用,颗粒之间的摩擦极为细小,本文忽略不计,受重力加速度的影响,则有
为较好地求解方程,本次假设其边界条件为
进行拉普拉斯变换有
式中,X1X2为管道和颗粒的位移响应函数在复频域中的象函数;ss2为进行拉普拉斯变换后在复频域上从加速度、速度中提取出来的微分算子;ωn为管道的固有频率;Ag为一个待定常数。
求解得
由前文可知,管道的激励为
式中,Fω分别为管道简谐激励的幅值、频率。
因此,时域下结构及颗粒的振动响应为
式中,分别为由管道激励引起的简谐激励响应、脉冲周期响应、摩擦力响应;H(·)为Heaviside函数,其表达式为
其中,
以上分析表明,管道激励引起的响应由简谐激励响应、脉冲周期响应以及摩擦力响应组成。其中简谐激励响应与管道本身的结构参数有关,而颗粒阻尼器的阻尼效果主要体现为脉冲激励响应以及摩擦力响应。
当颗粒阻尼器所处的振动约化加速度Γ>1时,容器中的颗粒与容器壁面之间发生分离,颗粒表现出流体的流态效应。此时,颗粒与颗粒之间的碰撞与摩擦加剧,颗粒与容器壁之间的碰撞减少,颗粒与腔壁之间的相互作用主要表现为管道与颗粒之间的能量转换桥梁。颗粒与腔壁之间作用所耗散的能量很小,因此可以忽略颗粒与容器壁之间的能量,只考虑颗粒之间的相互作用。实际工程施工中,颗粒的密度远远大于空气的密度。由肖望强等[25]的研究可知,此时颗粒可看作低雷诺系数的气-固两相流系统。此时,颗粒之间产生的碰撞和摩擦效应均会产生不同的黏性阻尼效应,下面分别就碰撞和摩擦2种效应进行等效阻尼建模。
对于颗粒间相互碰撞的等效阻尼模型,考虑颗粒为非弹性碰撞,引入颗粒的径向分布函数,则颗粒碰撞的等效黏度系数μc
式中,ep为颗粒的恢复系数;Ξ为与颗粒流态相关的波动项,取值为颗粒流动的平均速度平方的1/3;αp为颗粒的填充率,表示颗粒的体积与填充空腔体积的比值;ρp为颗粒的密度;dp为颗粒的直径;gp为颗粒的分布函数,可表达为
颗粒间相互摩擦的等效阻尼模型,根据SHIMOJI等[26]研究的结论,用固定表述的固相压力,结合颗粒的内摩擦角,将颗粒之间与摩擦有关的等效黏性表达为
式中,φ为颗粒材料的内摩擦角;I2D为偏应力的二次不变分量;PP为固相压力,是运动项和碰撞项之和,其表达式[27]
该计算方法主要包括颗粒材料的运动项以及颗粒材料的碰撞项。ep值小于1,主要表征颗粒材料的能量耗散能力。
颗粒材料的偏应力二次不变分量主要与颗粒材料的生产制造相关。为更好地简化该项计算,颗粒材料均使用球形颗粒,并假定颗粒在使用过程中的形状尺寸、材料强度等都不变,由此极大地简化其他参数变化时对计算结果的影响,简化后,偏应力二次不变分量可表示为
式中,dp为2个碰撞颗粒之间的中心距;当2个颗粒均为球体且直径相等时,dp的值等于颗粒直径。
同时考虑摩擦与碰撞的等效阻尼,颗粒材料的等效黏度μg
简化可得
由此可得,流动模式下,颗粒的等效黏度与颗粒的恢复系数、颗粒的填充率、颗粒材料的密度以及颗粒的摩擦角有关。
设置管道上的颗粒阻尼器减振模型如图5所示。经过两相流的等效颗粒阻尼器安装在管道上,随着颗粒阻尼器内部颗粒流的形成,颗粒阻尼器给管道一个反向阻尼力,从而抑制管道振动。
在沿管道轴向的x方向,内部颗粒流为典型的非牛顿流体,其运动方程为
式中,ρ为颗粒流体密度;为沿x方向的常数。于是,有,积分计算可得
参照幂流体的性质,颗粒体系本构方程可表示为
式中,u为颗粒运动位移。
颗粒阻尼器中颗粒穿过区域的体积流量方程为
式中,A为颗粒阻尼器的横截面积;V为流过截面A的平均流速。
代入有
同理可得,在管道轴线方向,颗粒阻尼器的阻尼力为Fy=C2Vm。其中,
式中,m为颗粒材料的流动指数。由于颗粒材料为典型的非牛顿流体,本文参照黏滞阻尼器的取值,m介于0.2~2;因颗粒的流动性较差,故本文m取值为2。
在不同的振动烈度下,颗粒流态不同,因此对增加颗粒阻尼器后管道的振动响应,本文采用如图6所示的数值仿真分析流程,当颗粒处于“等效液体”状态时,采用多相流方法计算颗粒阻尼器的阻尼效应。当颗粒处于“等效固体”状态时,采用固体碰撞理论,结合不同阶段颗粒的碰撞累积效应,求解结构体系的完整运动过程。
为验证不同振动烈度下颗粒阻尼器建模分析方法的准确性,针对前文选择的L形管道计算模型,搭建图7所示的管道测试试验台,主要包括输入激励的振动台及DC-1000型电磁振动台、信号采集系统、INV9821型加速度传感器、CA-YD-181-10型振动加速度传感器等。试验时,电磁振动台输入振动激励,模拟流体或附属设备对管道的激励,通过布置在水平管道末端的加速度传感器测试管道的振动响应情况,具体试验流程如下:
1)在不安装颗粒阻尼器的情况下,振动台设置0~100 Hz正弦扫频激励,测得管道的振动响应曲线。
2)在管道上安装颗粒阻尼器,振动台设置0~100 Hz正弦扫频激励,观察颗粒阻尼器的流态特性并测试管道的振动响应曲线。
3)调整振动台振动激励幅值,振动台设置0~100 Hz正弦扫频激励,观察颗粒阻尼器的流态特性并测试管道的振动响应曲线。
4)对比试验数据,得到安装不同颗粒阻尼器前、后的结构振动特性。
试验管道的参数如图3所示。管道材质为不锈钢,密度ρ=7 850 kg/m3,弹性模量E=2.0×1011 Pa,泊松比ν=0.3。将颗粒阻尼器安装在水平管道的末端,将颗粒阻尼器设置成2个半圆形抱箍,通过中部的预紧螺栓固定。为便于观察内部颗粒的运动状态,颗粒阻尼器外壳采用透明板;为便于控制颗粒的流态,在颗粒阻尼器内部设置有活动的腔体分隔板,如图8所示。为便于观察阻尼器中颗粒的运动状态,在阻尼器的内部填充白色和红色2种颜色的颗粒,试验开始前,2种颜色的颗粒分层排列。阻尼颗粒材料选用铝合金颗粒,其密度为2.7 g/cm3,选用颗粒的直径为3 mm,颗粒的内摩擦角为0.2°。
另外,为分析不同振动烈度下颗粒与外壳之间的作用效果,在阻尼器的底部及侧面分别设置了力传感器,用于分析不同运动状态下颗粒与阻尼器外壳之间的力传递关系。
保持振动输入加速度幅值不变,设置不同的振动输入频率。在5 Hz的简谐激励下,颗粒没有出现流动或局部转动[图9(a)],颗粒对阻尼器底部的脉冲信号与管道的振动表现出明显的一致性。在50 Hz的简谐激励下,颗粒出现明显的局部转动[图9(b)],颗粒对阻尼器底部的脉冲信号与管道的振动曲线耦合性变差,脉冲信号逐渐出现二倍化、四倍化,阻尼颗粒出现明显的倍周期分岔现象。当振动频率为5 Hz时,管道呈低频大位移“晃动”,管道传递到颗粒上的振动较小,不足以激起颗粒的振动,颗粒之间没有明显的摩擦和碰撞效应,减振效果不明显。当振动频率为50 Hz时,管道位移减小,管道呈明显的高频小幅振动,管道的能量传递到颗粒上,引起颗粒之间的摩擦与碰撞,耗散能量。
图10为振动频率分别为5、50 Hz振动时,设置在圆周底部的力传感器与管道振动之间的关系。由图10可知,在阻尼颗粒的影响下,颗粒耦合管道系统之间会表现出与线性系统不同的动态特性。
保持0~100 Hz的扫频振动,设置不同的加速度幅值。设安装阻尼器前管道末端的振动加速度均方根(Root Mean Square, RMS)值为α1,安装阻尼器后管道末端的振动加速度RMS值为α2,则定义颗粒阻尼器的减振效果为
不同振动烈度下不同颗粒的减振效果如图11所示。由图11可知,在一定的振动烈度区域内,颗粒存在一个振动加速度突变阈值;在该振动值以内,颗粒减振效果较低,在该阈值以后,颗粒阻尼器的阻尼效果随着振动烈度的提高而提高。不同颗粒的加速度阈值不同:陶瓷颗粒的阈值较低,且在阈值前后的减振效果突变较小;铁合金颗粒的加速度阈值较大,阈值前后的减振突变效果更加明显。在阈值前后,颗粒明显地由“类固体”转变为“类液体”状态,对于单质量较大的铁合金颗粒,在“类固体”状态下的减振效果相对于单质量较轻的陶瓷颗粒不明显,在“类液体”状态下,单质量较小的铝颗粒和陶瓷颗粒的减振效果相对于铁合金颗粒更差。
图12为颗粒处于“类固体”状态下,安装颗粒阻尼后,输入激励频率为5 Hz时管道末端的振动曲线。测试控制约化加速度Γ≤3.8,分别选择“类固体”以及“类液体”的计算结果。由图12可知,此时选择“类固体”的计算结果最接近于试验测试结果,而选择“类液体”的计算结果与实际测试结果差异较大。
图13为颗粒处于“类液体”状态下,安装颗粒阻尼后,输入激励频率为2 Hz时管道末端的振动曲线。测试控制约化加速度Γ>3.8,分别选择“类固体”以及“类液体”的计算结果。由图13可知,2种计算方法都基本上可以反映阻尼器的阻尼效应,但是将颗粒看作“类液体”状态下的算法更能反映颗粒的高阶减振效果,而将颗粒选择为“类固体”则会有丢失部分频率的峰值。
调整管道的激励,设置管道的振动约化加速度Γ>3.8,采用“等效固体”算法,得到不同振动烈度下的试验测试结果与理论计算结果(表1)。设仿真计算误差为试验测试RMS值(αt)与理论计算RMS值(αs)的差与试验测试RMS值的比值,计算式为
调整管道的激励,设置管道的振动约化加速度Γ>3.8,采用“等效液体”算法,得到不同振动烈度下试验测试结果与理论计算结果(表2)。此时理论计算结果与实际计算结果的误差约为8%,且不同的振动烈度下误差不同。
将颗粒阻尼技术应用于某化工管道。通过理论分析,建立了颗粒阻尼管路的动态减振模型,研究不同减振要求下颗粒阻尼的设计方法,分析其减振机制。得出以下主要结论:
1)当颗粒之间无错位流动时,可以引入虚拟能量面,将颗粒的耗能激励等效为颗粒与管道之间的脉动碰撞力以及摩擦耗能,建立了相关力学模型,实现了颗粒阻尼的计算。
2)当颗粒处于大振动条件下,颗粒之间形成了错位流动,基于气体-颗粒两相流理论,构建了颗粒等效黏性阻尼模型,进而推导并计算出颗粒阻尼的阻尼力。
3)在颗粒处于“等效固体”时,考虑颗粒之间的碰撞耗能,其计算结果更加准确;当颗粒处于“等效液体”时,考虑颗粒的流体特性,计算结果更为方便准确。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51875490)
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2025年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.002
  • 接收时间:2023-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-15
  • 修回日期:2024-01-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51875490)
国家自然科学基金项目(51875490)
作者信息
    1.厦门大学 航空航天学院,厦门 361102
    2.华东交通大学 机电与车辆工程学院,南昌 330013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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