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A set of anti-impact protection device was designed for the test fracture accident of 30 MN tension sensor calibration device. Firstly, based on the kinematic theory, the kinematic model of each component in the fracture process of test fixture was established. Then, different protective device structures at three impact locations were designed. Finally, the finite element models of three buffer structures were established and verified, calculated and optimized. The results show that the egg-box structure protection device at the top plate of the upper reaction rack and the upper ball joints can effectively solve the problems of small protection space and large impact value. The whole device dissipates 59.5% impact kinetic energy of the upper reaction rack, 60.7% impact kinetic energy of the lower reaction rack and 100% impact kinetic energy of the lower ball joints. After the improvement, the initial peak load of the protective device at the lower ball joints is reduced by 62.7%.

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WEI Tieping, E-mail:
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针对某型号30 MN拉向传感器校准装置的试验断裂事故,设计了一套抗冲击防护装置。首先,基于运动学理论,建立试验工装中试件断裂过程各构件的运动学模型;然后,设计了3个冲击位置处的不同防护装置结构;最后,分别建立3个缓冲结构的有限元模型并进行验证、计算和优化。结果表明,上反力架顶板和上球头处的蛋盒结构防护装置能有效解决防护空间小、冲击力值大等问题;整套装置耗散上反力架59.5%冲击动能、下反力架60.7%冲击动能和下球头100%冲击动能;改进后下球头处的防护装置的初始峰值载荷降低62.7%。

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韦铁平,男,1984年生,广西贵港人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为缓冲结构的设计及吸能机制;E-mail:

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韦铁平,男,1984年生,广西贵港人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为缓冲结构的设计及吸能机制;E-mail:

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韦铁平,男,1984年生,广西贵港人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为缓冲结构的设计及吸能机制;E-mail:

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label=Fig.24, caption=Change law of impact load of the force standard machine after improvement, figureFileSmall=KkJwp+01xKTKypfrsnJa3w==, figureFileBig=C3x1ujau97YpTMz2okCZOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228282211695259857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282193257099824, language=CN, label=图24, caption=改进后力标准机所受冲击载荷变化规律, figureFileSmall=KkJwp+01xKTKypfrsnJa3w==, figureFileBig=C3x1ujau97YpTMz2okCZOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228282211795923160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282193257099824, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Structural dimensions of egg-box panels

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w/mmp/mmr/mms/mmh/mmd/mmθ/(°)
61.8643.757.719.2517.51248
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蛋盒板结构尺寸

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w/mmp/mmr/mms/mmh/mmd/mmθ/(°)
61.8643.757.719.2517.51248
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Material parameters of Q235 and 304 stainless steel

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材料
Material
密度
Density/(kg/m3
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity E/GPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio
σA/MPaB/MPaCnm
Q2357 8502000.33205820.0260.380
3047 9002100.33101 0000.070.651
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Q235和304不锈钢材料参数

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材料
Material
密度
Density/(kg/m3
弹性模量
Modulus of elasticity E/GPa
泊松比
Poisson ratio
σA/MPaB/MPaCnm
Q2357 8502000.33205820.0260.380
3047 9002100.33101 0000.070.651
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超大冲击载荷下防护装置结构设计及吸能特性研究
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韦铁平 1, 2, 3 , 寇超 1 , 林硕 3 , 林祖鹏 1 , 曾寿金 1, 2 , 郭金泉 4
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(10): 86-95
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(10): 86-95
超大冲击载荷下防护装置结构设计及吸能特性研究
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韦铁平1, 2, 3 , 寇超1, 林硕3, 林祖鹏1, 曾寿金1, 2, 郭金泉4
作者信息
  • 1.福建理工大学 机械与汽车工程学院,福州 350118
  • 2.福建省智能加工技术及装备重点实验室,福州 350118
  • 3.福建省计量科学研究院 福建省力值计量测试重点实验室,福州 350003
  • 4.福州大学 机械工程及自动化学院,福州 350108
  • 韦铁平,男,1984年生,广西贵港人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为缓冲结构的设计及吸能机制;E-mail:

Study on structural design and energy absorption characteristics of protective devices under the super-large impact load
Tieping WEI1, 2, 3 , Chao KOU1, Shuo LIN3, Zupeng LIN1, Shoujin ZENG1, 2, Jinquan GUO4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
  • 2.Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Machining Technology and Equipment, Fuzhou 350118, China
  • 3.Fujian Key Laboratory of Force Measurement, Fujian Institute of Metrology, Fuzhou 350003, China
  • 4.School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.010
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针对某型号30 MN拉向传感器校准装置的试验断裂事故,设计了一套抗冲击防护装置。首先,基于运动学理论,建立试验工装中试件断裂过程各构件的运动学模型;然后,设计了3个冲击位置处的不同防护装置结构;最后,分别建立3个缓冲结构的有限元模型并进行验证、计算和优化。结果表明,上反力架顶板和上球头处的蛋盒结构防护装置能有效解决防护空间小、冲击力值大等问题;整套装置耗散上反力架59.5%冲击动能、下反力架60.7%冲击动能和下球头100%冲击动能;改进后下球头处的防护装置的初始峰值载荷降低62.7%。

断裂冲击  /  超大力值标准机  /  防护装置  /  蛋盒结构  /  有限元仿真

A set of anti-impact protection device was designed for the test fracture accident of 30 MN tension sensor calibration device. Firstly, based on the kinematic theory, the kinematic model of each component in the fracture process of test fixture was established. Then, different protective device structures at three impact locations were designed. Finally, the finite element models of three buffer structures were established and verified, calculated and optimized. The results show that the egg-box structure protection device at the top plate of the upper reaction rack and the upper ball joints can effectively solve the problems of small protection space and large impact value. The whole device dissipates 59.5% impact kinetic energy of the upper reaction rack, 60.7% impact kinetic energy of the lower reaction rack and 100% impact kinetic energy of the lower ball joints. After the improvement, the initial peak load of the protective device at the lower ball joints is reduced by 62.7%.

Fracture impact  /  Super-large force value standard machine  /  Protective device  /  Egg-box structure  /  Finite element simulation
韦铁平, 寇超, 林硕, 林祖鹏, 曾寿金, 郭金泉. 超大冲击载荷下防护装置结构设计及吸能特性研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (10) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.010
Tieping WEI, Chao KOU, Shuo LIN, Zupeng LIN, Shoujin ZENG, Jinquan GUO. Study on structural design and energy absorption characteristics of protective devices under the super-large impact load[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (10) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.010
随着工业大型化的发展,越来越多重型机械被广泛应用,包括万吨级铝板拉伸机、超大力值(>20 MN)标准机和大型起重机等。如果承受超大载荷作用的重型机械构件发生断裂,将受到剧烈碰撞、挤压或冲击,给设备带来严重损伤甚至危及人身安全。因此,如何设计承受超大力值设备的防护装置至关重要。
目前,针对超大载荷作用的防护装置类型分为液压缓冲器[1]77-78[2]12-15和金属薄壁结构[3]302-311[4]897-901。其中,超大力值的抗冲击液压缓冲装置的研究主要集中在大型铝板拉伸机的断带缓冲和矿道支架的地压冲击防护。丁华峰[1]77-78对12 000 t铝板拉伸机的拉伸断带展开研究,分析了断带对拉伸机的冲击力值传递过程,并设计采用两级缓冲油缸配合铝板的拉伸钳口进行碰撞缓冲,该方法对铝板拉伸断带缓冲有效且实用。唐志超等[2]12-15对一种带有断带缓冲保护能力的铝板拉伸机液压底座开展研究,通过理论计算和有限元仿真验证了缓冲结构的可靠性和安全性。但液压缓冲装置的应用存在局限性,如体积大、占空间,不适合于狭窄空间的应用;装置复杂、易发生故障需要定期维护;在使用频率不高场合极其不便,成本较高。
金属薄壁结构通过塑性变形耗散冲击动能,具有吸能能力强、安装和维护成本低等优点,广泛应用于抗冲击防护领域。常用的吸能薄壁结构有传统的薄壁管、夹层板和类蜂窝结构等。其中,薄壁管是最先被研究的薄壁缓冲结构,具有变形稳定、吸能能力强和造价低等优点。为进一步改善薄壁管吸能特性,提出了各种类型结构的薄壁管,如锥管[5-6]、填充管[7]95-104、多胞管[8]111495、波纹管[9]22500867[10]409-421和刻槽/开孔管[11-12]等。夹层板的优点在于其防护面积大、冲程短但抗穿透能力强。其抗冲击特性主要取决于夹芯的结构类型,分为泡沫夹层板[13]、波纹夹层板[14]、点阵夹层板[15]和仿生夹层板[16]等。此外,类蜂窝结构也是一种较为常用的薄壁缓冲吸能结构,该结构由相同胞元如同蜂窝按照一定规则周期性排列组合设计而成,其吸能特性由基本胞元结构决定,最常见的有正六边形[17]、内凹六边形[18]等,根据不同排列方式还可分为层级结构[19]、梯度结构[20]等。
煤矿巷道的支护主要采用液压支架,但常规液压支架在冲击地压下易发生弯折、爆缸等破坏失效[21]。为此,肖晓春等[3]302-311提出了一种新型的泡沫铝填充多胞方管式吸能防冲构件,用以增强液压支架的抗冲击能力,并在1 000 kJ的巨大冲击能量下进行了数值模拟,证明了结构的防护能力。仝军等[4]897-901针对60 MN超大力值拉向叠加式力标准机断裂保护装置的选型问题,对大壁厚蜂窝铝受到超大冲击作用下的吸能效率进行了研究,并优化了结构尺寸。
综上所述,金属薄壁结构种类多、适用场合多样,为超大力值冲击防护装置的设计和选型提供了依据[22]
本文以某型号30 MN拉向传感器检测/校准装置为例,通过受力分析提出待测传感器断裂后各部分的运动模型。在此基础上,结合装置实际尺寸和安装空间,选用不同金属薄壁结构设计了一套吸能防护装置。进一步,通过有限元仿真计算对防护装置的吸能机制进行研究。最后,验证了仿真计算的可靠有效性。研究结果可为超大力值抗冲击防护装置的设计提供参考依据。
图1所示,拉向传感器校准装置主要由上反力架和下反力架构成。通过2个反力架将力标准机平台施加的压力转换成拉力作用到待校准/检测的拉向传感器上。工作中,待测传感器可能会因为疲劳或内部缺陷等发生断裂,导致断裂结构对力标准机造成冲击损伤。
校准装置剖面如图2所示。为建立待测传感器断裂过程的动力学模型,做如下简化和假设:①因为上、下反力架在设计之初各部件间的连接留有足够安全裕度,所以在整个事故过程中将上、下反力架各看作一个整体;②因为校准装置各部件的刚度远大于缓冲结构的刚度,所以可将校准装置各部件看作刚体;③为安全考虑和保守设计,认为待测传感器断裂后瞬间达到最大冲击动能;④待测传感器发生断裂的位置是随机的,假定待测传感器从中间位置断裂;⑤假定在拉力达到最大值30 MN时待测传感器断裂,且断裂过程中各部件的总质量为8 653 kg,其重力和装置各部件的惯性力的比值仅为0.29%,因此,碰撞过程中的运动分析忽略自重影响。
图2可知,装置正常工作时,上反力架受到力标准机平台向下的压力F1和待测传感器下端向上的拉力F3F1F3等大反向,上反力架受力平衡;同理,F2F4等大反向,此时有|F1|=|F2|=|F3|=|F4|。如图3(a)所示,当待测传感器发生断裂时,拉力F3F4瞬间消失,而F1F2由力标准机施加,仍作用在上、下反力架上,上、下反力架将相对加速运动。如图3(b)所示,上、下反力架加速运动后,开始与力标准机平台脱离,F1F2逐渐减小至0;此时,上、下反力架分别加速至最大速度v1v2。此过程为第1阶段。如图3(c)所示,上、下反力架将以v1v2速度相撞。如图3(d)所示,碰撞后,上、下反力架发生反弹,分别以v3v4冲击力标准机上、下平台。此阶段将对力标准机造成损伤,为第2阶段。
此外,由图3(c)可知,下球头的运动状态和上、下两反力架不同。在上、下反力架发生碰撞前,下球头在上反力架的推动下与上反力架以速度v1向下运动;在上、下反力架碰撞后,上反力架向上反弹,下球头脱离上反力架后冲击力标准机平台,如图3(d)所示。从安全设计考虑,认为F1F2保持不变,始终作用于上、下反力架,直到相撞。因此建立上、下反力架运动学关系,即
式中,F为待测传感器断裂时的拉力;M1为上反力架、下球头和下半段待测传感器的质量总和;M2为下反力架、上球头和上半段待测传感器的质量总和;x1x2分别为上、下反力架在时间t内的位移;H为上反力架顶板至上球头的距离;t为待测传感器断裂至上、下反力架相撞的时间段。
根据式(1)求得下球头的冲击动能Ek
式中,M3为下球头和下半段待测传感器的质量总和。
待测传感器发生断裂后,3个位置将发生碰撞,即上反力架顶板和上球头、下球头座和下反力架底板、下球头和力标准机平台,分别对应图3(a)中的Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ位置。为缓冲碰撞,防止整个力标准机受损,应在Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ处设置防护装置。由于这3处空间位置特点不同,需进行独立设计。
Ⅰ位置为上球头的表面到上反力架顶板之间,上球头表面直径为720 mm,安装空间高度H为50 mm。在待测传感器发生断裂后,Ⅰ位置最先发生碰撞,该位置的碰撞具有碰撞力巨大,但缓冲距离极短、防护面积大等特点。对比分析大力值防护装置结构,发现蛋盒板(Egg-Box Panel, EBP)具有在面外压缩方向产生很小的变形而吸收大量能量的特点,符合Ⅰ处受力面积大、压缩行程短等的特点[23]。为了进一步提高蛋盒板的吸能能力,提出一种填充蛋盒(Filled Egg-Box,FEB)结构,如图4所示。在单一蛋盒板的基础上填充空心金属球,材料为304不锈钢,填充球直径、壁厚和堆叠层数根据实际调整。为满足30 MN力标准机防护要求,蛋盒板采用4×4个胞元作为基础结构,如表1所示。FEB结构层数选择2层、蛋盒板厚度为0.8 mm、填充球的直径为25 mm及对应壁厚为2 mm。
Ⅱ位置处在下球头座和下反力架底板之间,高度为155 mm,具有冲击距离长、空间大的特点。因此,缓冲结构安装空间充足,适合采用简便、低成本的传统薄壁管作为缓冲结构。根据上反力架底板为三角形外形特点及缓冲量需求,采用3组相同的由3个薄壁管组合成的薄壁管缓冲装置,布局如图5所示。缓冲结构中,薄壁管材料选用Q235,尺寸分别为管径170 mm、壁厚2 mm、高度150 mm。
Ⅲ位置处缓冲结构在下球头和力标准机平台之间,主要减轻下球头对力标准机平台的冲击,该处为直径720 mm,高度105 mm的圆柱形空间。因为该处位置的安装空间较大,缓冲压缩距离充足,所以该位置可以选择廉价、简便的薄壁管结构作为吸能结构。但由于其冲击载荷较大且直接作用于力标准机上,还需对传统的薄壁管进行一定改造,使其满足Ⅲ位置的缓冲要求。综上所述,Ⅲ位置处缓冲装置采用多层嵌套薄壁管结构,布局如图6所示。薄壁管材料选用Q235,嵌套层数为3层,嵌套的管径分别为170、130、90 mm,壁厚均为2 mm,高度为100 mm。
待测传感器被拉断属于小概率事件,一旦拉断将对力标准机造成严重损伤。可见,该套缓冲装置为预防装置,若进行物理试验,成本较大,风险不可控,故采用非线性有限元软件Ls-Dyna对缓冲结构进行冲击仿真计算,研究整套防护装置吸能规律。
在仿真过程中将校准装置各部件设置为刚体,采用Solid164单元;缓冲结构采用厚度方向具有2个积分点的Belytschko-Tsay壳单元;缓冲结构间的自接触采用“单面接触”,缓冲结构和校准装置各部分间的接触采用“面-面接触”,动、静摩擦因数均取0.15;采用Johnson-Cook模型描述材料本构,其屈服应力计算式为
式中,σA为材料的初始屈服应力;Bn分别为材料的应变硬化模量和硬化指数;C为材料的应变率强化参数;为有效塑性形变;为相对应变率;TH为相对温度;m为材料的热软化参数。查阅文献[24]、[25]26-27得到材料参数如表2所示。
为验证有限元建模的准确性,采用上述建模方式建立文献[25]26-27中CT-S-2组试验相同的薄壁管压缩模型,进行仿真计算。将计算结果得到的力-位移曲线与文献[25]26-27中的结果进行对比,如图7所示。
图7可知,本文有限元仿真得到的力-位移曲线和文献[25]26-27中的结果十分吻合,且经过计算可知两者的吸能量相差仅为3.5%,证明了本文有限元建模方法是准确可靠的。
对于有限元仿真计算来说,网格的尺寸大小是影响仿真精度和仿真效率的一个重要因素。本文针对结构较为复杂的FEB结构,分别采用不同网格尺寸进行压缩仿真,如图8所示。
图9为采用不同网格尺寸时的仿真时长和得到的结构总吸能Ea。由图9可知,当网格尺寸不大于1.0 mm时计算趋于稳定,但当网格尺寸小于1.0 mm时其计算时长开始大幅度增加。因此,为了保证计算效率,后续研究的有限元仿真网格尺寸均选择1.0 mm。
待测传感器断裂后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ处的缓冲装置同步承受上、下两反力架的碰撞;而Ⅲ处独立承受下拉头和拉断试件的冲击。为简化仿真计算模型,对Ⅰ、Ⅱ处缓冲结构进行动力学仿真建模分析,如图10所示。
图10可知,Ⅰ、Ⅱ处缓冲装置均在第1阶段受上、下两反力架的挤压冲击,整体碰撞过程受最小压缩距离限制,在A处完全压缩并发生碰撞后,上、下两反力架即开始反弹,导致Ⅱ处并不能被完全压缩。
根据校准装置实际尺寸,Ⅰ处可布置9个基础蛋盒板,Ⅱ处可布置9个薄壁管。为降低计算成本,取整体缓冲装置质量的1/9进行计算。
在整个断裂事故过程中,力标准机上、下平台的位移较小,因此将其等效为固定约束的刚体。由假设②可将上、下反力架设置为刚体,通过改变其密度来控制质量为实际质量的1/9。因为上、下反力架为对称结构,并且在整个冲击过程中的力和速度都沿装置的中心轴线方向,所以上、下反力架只沿中心轴线方向产生位移,不发生转动。因此,上、下反力架仅保留轴线方向上的平动自由度,而限制其余5个自由度。其余按照第3.1节所述建模方法设置。
按最危险工况设计缓冲结构,发生断裂时待测传感器所受拉力F=30 MN,根据式(1)计算上、下反力架相撞时的速度v1v2,式中M1=4 664 kg、M2=3 989 kg、H=50 mm,由此求得v1=17 m/s,v2=20 m/s。仿真计算结果如图11所示。
图11可知,Ⅰ、Ⅱ处的碰撞过程与图3分析一致,整个过程分为压缩、碰撞和反弹3个阶段,分别对应图3中的第1阶段、碰撞和第2阶段。在图11(a)中,上、下反力架相向运动,Ⅰ、Ⅱ处缓冲装置被压溃,是冲击载荷缓冲的主要阶段,称为压缩阶段;在图11(b)中,Ⅰ处缓冲装置被完全压溃,上、下反力架发生碰撞,称为碰撞阶段;在图11(c)中,上、下反力架碰撞之后发生反弹,携带剩余动能冲击力标准机平台,称为反弹阶段。
在压缩阶段,Ⅱ处薄壁管上、下两端均发生渐进式折叠,这种变形模式是金属薄壁管作为缓冲结构的最佳变形模式。Ⅰ处FEB结构在压溃过程中发生稳定塑性变形,如图12所示,填充空心球定位良好,变形稳定无飞溅。
验证仿真分析结果可靠性的一种重要手段是检查系统能量是否合理,沙漏能是否得到有效控制[26]。系统总能量包括动能、内能和沙漏能等,系统能量的合理性是指在仿真计算的过程中系统总能量保持守恒。其中沙漏能是一种异常的能量状态,它是由于使用缩减积分单元引起的。采用全积分单元可以避免沙漏能的产生,但会大幅度增加计算成本。此外,还可采取细化网格和添加沙漏控制方法减少沙漏能的产生,通常沙漏能不超过系统总能量的5%,则计算可被认为是准确可靠的[27]
图13为Ⅰ、Ⅱ处缓冲结构的整个压缩碰撞过程中的能量转化变化规律。随着压缩过程的进行,系统的动能逐渐变为内能,整个过程中能量的变化基本符合能量守恒。并且整个系统中沙漏能的最大值为2.6 kJ,占比仅为1.59%,控制在5%以内。由此,进一步证明Ⅰ、Ⅱ处缓冲结构的仿真计算可靠有效。
为进一步揭示Ⅰ、Ⅱ处防护装置的缓冲吸能规律,提取了整个碰撞过程中上、下反力架的动能变化曲线,如图14所示。由图14可知,上反力架的初始动能为75 kJ,在经历了压缩阶段后,其动能逐渐降低。随着压缩过程的进行,缓冲结构被完全压实,吸能能力完全发挥。压实之后发生的碰撞近似于弹性碰撞,无能量损失,因此反弹阶段的动能为经过整个缓冲过程的能量耗散后剩余的能量为30.4 kJ,能量一共降低了59.5%。下反力架的初始动能为88.7 kJ,同样在经历了缓冲阶段后,动能降低,到最后的反弹阶段其动能剩余为34.9 kJ,降低了60.7%。综上所述,经过Ⅰ、Ⅱ处缓冲装置的作用,上、下反力架的动能总体降低60.1%。
图3和运动状态分析知,Ⅲ处缓冲装置处在下球头和力标准机平台之间,主要承受下球头的冲击载荷,则Ⅲ处缓冲结构的冲击有限元模型如图15所示。
基于假定分析,下球头和力标准机平台视作刚体;Ⅲ处缓冲结构为传统薄壁管,结构简单,为节约计算成本,网格尺寸设置为2.0 mm;下球头的冲击速度为17 m/s,质量M3=973 kg。仿真结果如图16所示,压缩开始时薄壁管下端首先发生塑性铰折叠,随后薄壁管上端产生折叠,最后中间管壁发生塑性弯曲。图17为Ⅲ处薄壁管的最终变形图。由图17可知,内外3层薄壁管的变形均呈“钻石模式”,随着管径的增大,环向褶皱数量分别为3、4、5。
图18为下球头在Ⅲ处缓冲装置作用下的动能变化规律曲线。下球头开始接触并压缩薄壁管时,其冲击动能从初始值141.13 kJ迅速降低,并在大约6 ms时被完全耗散,整个冲击过程结束。图19为力标准机平台在整个冲击过程中所受到的冲击载荷变化规律,初始峰值载荷为8.99 MN。
力标准机属于精密设备,故在薄壁管缓冲压溃过程中需尽量避免过高的峰值载荷,以避免损害。常用降低峰值载荷的方法有减小壁厚、改变管壁形状[7]95-104[8]111495、引入缺陷[9]22500867[10]409-421等,但均会在一定程度上削弱整体吸能能力。如图16图17所示,下球头冲击动能完全被耗散时薄壁管还未被完全压溃,说明该薄壁管还有“富余”吸能能力。因此,Ⅲ处防护装置可采用降低壁厚并引入开窗结构缺陷的方法来降低峰值载荷,牺牲“富余”吸能能力,达到降低力标准机冲击损伤的效果。改进设计如图20所示,将3层薄壁管的壁厚均减小至1.5 mm,并在靠近上端15 mm处的位置沿周向设置6个10 mm×10 mm的方孔。
改进后的仿真计算结果如图21所示。在缓冲过程中开孔多层薄壁管首先从开孔处开始发生折叠变形,待折叠完全之后,薄壁管下端开始发生折叠,与此同时,上端开始产生新的折叠,到最后接近完全压溃。图22为最终的变形模式,对比图17可以发现,改进之后薄壁管的内、外管均产生了6个环向褶皱,具有更高的变形稳定性。
图23为在开孔多层薄壁管的缓冲作用下下球头的动能变化规律。由图23可知,在开孔多层薄壁管的缓冲作用下,下球头的动能随薄壁管的压溃而被逐渐耗散,在8 ms时几乎被完全耗散,说明改进后的开孔多层薄壁管的吸能能力仍能满足设备的防护需求。此外,相应的力标准机平台受到的冲击载荷如图24所示,对比图19可知,开孔多层薄壁管防护装置不仅仍能满足缓冲吸能能力,更使得力标准机平台所受冲击载荷峰值由8.99 MN降至3.35 MN,降低了62.7%。
针对30 MN拉向传感器校准装置设计了一套缓冲防护装置。基于运动学理论、冲击动力学仿真计算、模型可靠性验证方法,研究防护装置的吸能特性并优化其结构,从而揭示防护装置的吸能机制,为超大力值冲击作用下的防护装置设计和策略提供参考,主要结论如下:
1)基于运动学和动力学理论,提出被测传感器运动规律可分成断裂、第1阶段、碰撞和第2阶段,这与仿真计算结果相一致,从而验证理论分析合理。
2)有限元仿真计算结果与参考文献中试验结果基本一致,且Ⅰ、Ⅱ处防护结构压溃过程的能量保持守恒,沙漏能控制在5%以内,证明仿真计算可靠有效。
3)Ⅰ、Ⅱ处的防护装置可使上、下反力架的冲击动能分别降低59.5%、60.7%,而下球头的冲击能量则被Ⅲ处缓冲结构完全耗散。进一步的,Ⅲ处缓冲结构改进后,在保持完全耗散冲击能的前提下可将峰值载荷降低至原来的62.7%,大幅降低力标准机受到的冲击损害。
  • 国家市场监管重点实验室开放课题基金项目(LZSYS202303)
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2025年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.010
  • 接收时间:2023-12-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-28
  • 修回日期:2024-04-09
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Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Force Measurement for State Market Regulation(LZSYS202303)
国家市场监管重点实验室开放课题基金项目(LZSYS202303)
作者信息
    1.福建理工大学 机械与汽车工程学院,福州 350118
    2.福建省智能加工技术及装备重点实验室,福州 350118
    3.福建省计量科学研究院 福建省力值计量测试重点实验室,福州 350003
    4.福州大学 机械工程及自动化学院,福州 350108
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jxqd/CN/10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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