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The influence of different multi-delamination forms on the tensile strength of blade spar cap laminates was studied. Static tensile tests were conducted on laminates with single and multiple delaminations. The continuous damage model(CDM) and cohesive zone model (CZM) were used to analyze the damage process and failure mode. The numerical results showed good agreement with test values, with an overall error rate below 7%. A numerical model of 1.5 MW-40.3 m blade spar cap equivalent laminates was established to predict the effect of different types of multi-delamination on the tensile strength. The results show that the arrangement, maximum area, and step difference of delaminations all have an impact on tensile strength. The tensile strength of triangular multi-delamination is higher than that of inverted triangular multi-delamination laminates, and the maximum delamination near the surface greatly affects the tensile failure load.

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ZHOU Bo, E-mail:
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研究了不同形式多分层对叶片主梁层合板抗拉强度的影响规律。开展了含单分层和多分层层合板的静态拉伸测试,并采用连续损伤模型(Continuous Damage Model, CDM)和内聚力模型(Cohesive Zone Model, CZM)对其损伤过程及最终失效模式进行了数值分析,数值结果与试验值吻合性良好,总体误差在7%以内。建立了1.5 MW-40.3 m叶片主梁等效层合板数值模型,预测了不同形式的多分层对层合板抗拉强度的影响。研究结果表明,分层的排布形式、最大分层面积、分层面积阶梯差对抗拉强度均有影响,三角形多分层要高于倒三角形多分层层合板的抗拉强度,最大面积分层靠近叶片层合板近表面,对拉伸失效载荷影响较大。

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周勃,女,1976年生,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为可再生能源系统运维;E-mail:
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辛雯,女,1989年生,辽宁鞍山人,博士研究生;主要研究方向为大型风电叶片的损伤预测与智能运维;E-mail:

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辛雯,女,1989年生,辽宁鞍山人,博士研究生;主要研究方向为大型风电叶片的损伤预测与智能运维;E-mail:

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辛雯,女,1989年生,辽宁鞍山人,博士研究生;主要研究方向为大型风电叶片的损伤预测与智能运维;E-mail:

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Information of delamination specimens

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编号
Number
分层尺寸
Delamination size/mm
分层位置
Delamination position
分层种类
Delamination type
样件个数
Specimen number
N115×151-2单分层
Single layer
5
N215×151-2、2-3双分层
Double layers
5
N315×151-2、2-3、3-4三分层
Triple layers
5
N45
), ArticleFig(id=1228282205613523093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282191935898273, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分层样件信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
分层尺寸
Delamination size/mm
分层位置
Delamination position
分层种类
Delamination type
样件个数
Specimen number
N115×151-2单分层
Single layer
5
N215×151-2、2-3双分层
Double layers
5
N315×151-2、2-3、3-4三分层
Triple layers
5
N45
), ArticleFig(id=1228282205705797783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282191935898273, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Load capacity of the specimen

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编号
Number
拉伸破坏载荷
Tensile failure load/kN
离散系数
Coefficient of dispersion /%
失效载荷损失率
Failure load loss rate /%
N1107.110.324.37
N2105.333.515.96
N3103.162.458.84
N41122.530
), ArticleFig(id=1228282205793878173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282191935898273, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样件承载能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Number
拉伸破坏载荷
Tensile failure load/kN
离散系数
Coefficient of dispersion /%
失效载荷损失率
Failure load loss rate /%
N1107.110.324.37
N2105.333.515.96
N3103.162.458.84
N41122.530
), ArticleFig(id=1228282205865181345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282191935898273, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameter degradation mode

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失效模式
Failure mode
退化方式
Degradation mode
纤维拉伸失效
Fiber tensile failure
E1=0.07E1
纤维压缩失效
Fiber compressive failure
E1=0.14E1
基体拉伸失效
Matrix tensile failure
E2=0.2E2, G12=0.2G12, G23=0.2G23
基体压缩失效
Matrix compressive failure
E2=0.4E2, G12=0.4G12, G23=0.4G23
), ArticleFig(id=1228282205940678819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282191935898273, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

参数退化方式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
失效模式
Failure mode
退化方式
Degradation mode
纤维拉伸失效
Fiber tensile failure
E1=0.07E1
纤维压缩失效
Fiber compressive failure
E1=0.14E1
基体拉伸失效
Matrix tensile failure
E2=0.2E2, G12=0.2G12, G23=0.2G23
基体压缩失效
Matrix compressive failure
E2=0.4E2, G12=0.4G12, G23=0.4G23
), ArticleFig(id=1228282206016176296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282191935898273, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Failure strength of INV laminate

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参数ParameterINV01INV02INV03INV04INV05INV06INV07INV08INV09
最大长度Maximum length m/mm100100100200200200300300300
阶梯差Step difference n/mm261026102610
失效强度Failure strength/MPa1 008.421 087.691 150.19920.431 063.531 116.33873.31985.911 036.23
强度失效率Strength loss rate/%18.9112.537.5125.9814.4810.2329.7720.7216.67
), ArticleFig(id=1228282206087479468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282191935898273, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

INV多分层层合板失效强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数ParameterINV01INV02INV03INV04INV05INV06INV07INV08INV09
最大长度Maximum length m/mm100100100200200200300300300
阶梯差Step difference n/mm261026102610
失效强度Failure strength/MPa1 008.421 087.691 150.19920.431 063.531 116.33873.31985.911 036.23
强度失效率Strength loss rate/%18.9112.537.5125.9814.4810.2329.7720.7216.67
), ArticleFig(id=1228282206179754162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282191935898273, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Failure strength of TRI laminate

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参数ParameterTRI01TRI02TRI03TRI04TRI05TRI06TRI07TRI08TRI09
最大长度Maximum length m/mm100100100200200200300300300
阶梯差Step difference n/mm261026102610
失效强度Failure strength/MPa1 046.161 140.541 198.51964.251 088.851 126.15879.081 050.581 081.67
强度失效率Strength loss rate/%15.878.293.6222.4612.449.4429.3115.5213.02
), ArticleFig(id=1228282206280417461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1228282191935898273, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

TRI多分层层合板失效强度

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参数ParameterTRI01TRI02TRI03TRI04TRI05TRI06TRI07TRI08TRI09
最大长度Maximum length m/mm100100100200200200300300300
阶梯差Step difference n/mm261026102610
失效强度Failure strength/MPa1 046.161 140.541 198.51964.251 088.851 126.15879.081 050.581 081.67
强度失效率Strength loss rate/%15.878.293.6222.4612.449.4429.3115.5213.02
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多分层对风电叶片主梁的抗拉性能影响研究
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辛雯 1, 2 , 周勃 1, 3 , 李慧 3 , 郭志辉 3 , 张丽新 1
机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025,47(10): 96-104
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机械强度 | 实验研究·测试技术 2025, 47(10): 96-104
多分层对风电叶片主梁的抗拉性能影响研究
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辛雯1, 2 , 周勃1, 3 , 李慧3, 郭志辉3, 张丽新1
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳工业大学 机械工程学院,沈阳 118070
  • 2.辽宁科技学院 机械工程学院,本溪 117004
  • 3.沈阳工业大学 建筑与土木工程学院,沈阳 118070
  • 辛雯,女,1989年生,辽宁鞍山人,博士研究生;主要研究方向为大型风电叶片的损伤预测与智能运维;E-mail:

通讯作者:

周勃,女,1976年生,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为可再生能源系统运维;E-mail:
Influence of multiple delaminations on tensile performance of wind turbine blade spar caps
Wen XIN1, 2 , Bo ZHOU1, 3 , Hui LI3, Zhihui GUO3, Lixin ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 118070, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi 117004, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 118070, China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.011
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研究了不同形式多分层对叶片主梁层合板抗拉强度的影响规律。开展了含单分层和多分层层合板的静态拉伸测试,并采用连续损伤模型(Continuous Damage Model, CDM)和内聚力模型(Cohesive Zone Model, CZM)对其损伤过程及最终失效模式进行了数值分析,数值结果与试验值吻合性良好,总体误差在7%以内。建立了1.5 MW-40.3 m叶片主梁等效层合板数值模型,预测了不同形式的多分层对层合板抗拉强度的影响。研究结果表明,分层的排布形式、最大分层面积、分层面积阶梯差对抗拉强度均有影响,三角形多分层要高于倒三角形多分层层合板的抗拉强度,最大面积分层靠近叶片层合板近表面,对拉伸失效载荷影响较大。

多分层  /  风电叶片  /  主梁  /  数值模拟  /  抗拉强度

The influence of different multi-delamination forms on the tensile strength of blade spar cap laminates was studied. Static tensile tests were conducted on laminates with single and multiple delaminations. The continuous damage model(CDM) and cohesive zone model (CZM) were used to analyze the damage process and failure mode. The numerical results showed good agreement with test values, with an overall error rate below 7%. A numerical model of 1.5 MW-40.3 m blade spar cap equivalent laminates was established to predict the effect of different types of multi-delamination on the tensile strength. The results show that the arrangement, maximum area, and step difference of delaminations all have an impact on tensile strength. The tensile strength of triangular multi-delamination is higher than that of inverted triangular multi-delamination laminates, and the maximum delamination near the surface greatly affects the tensile failure load.

Multiple delaminations  /  Wind turbine blade  /  Spar cap  /  Numerical simulation  /  Tensile strength
辛雯, 周勃, 李慧, 郭志辉, 张丽新. 多分层对风电叶片主梁的抗拉性能影响研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (10) : 96 -104 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.011
Wen XIN, Bo ZHOU, Hui LI, Zhihui GUO, Lixin ZHANG. Influence of multiple delaminations on tensile performance of wind turbine blade spar caps[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (10) : 96 -104 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.011
风电叶片是将风能转化为电能的关键部件,在典型的叶片失效原因分析中,由分层引发的失效最为常见[1]。制造缺陷,设计结构不连续引发的应力集中,生产、运输或安装中的碰撞都会导致分层的发生[2]。主梁是叶片典型的损伤易发区域之一,也是叶片的重要承载结构,提供了叶片在旋转方向的弯曲承载能力,其极限强度在稳定运行中起着至关重要的作用。主梁部位的分层在叶片运行过程中会形成高应力集中区域,提升危险系数。虽然叶片复合材料具有优异的力学性能,但由于其厚度方向上没有纤维增强相,极易受到横向载荷的影响,分层会加剧层间的破坏,降低叶片的结构刚度、强度及承载能力,进而降低发电效率[3]
叶片主梁由单向玻璃纤维增强塑料(Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics, GFRP)层合板构成,虽然GFRP材料有优异的抗拉性能,但内部分层对GFRP抗拉强度的影响并没有得到足够的关注,研究主要集中在屈曲、压缩和弯曲载荷对主梁性能的影响[4-7]。在叶片的运行过程中,主梁会受到拉伸、压缩、弯曲等多种载荷的耦合作用,交变拉伸等应力载荷时刻考验着叶片主梁的性能。针对本文的研究对象1.5 MW的风电叶片,对其影响程度最大的载荷形式是挥舞载荷[8],此种载荷工况下,主梁承受沿纤维轴向的拉压载荷,如果分层在叶片主梁的迎风面,那么受拉伸载荷作用显著,因此有必要研究分层对叶片主梁在拉伸载荷下力学行为的影响。
由制造缺陷和冲击引发的分层往往呈多发的形式,通常出现在多个界面上。多分层更接近真实情况,其涉及界面条件及分层界面间的耦合作用,受载过程相应要比单分层更为复杂[9]。学者研究发现,单一分层对层合板的后屈曲和失效强度的影响要低于多分层,多分层的层数、深度、尺寸对屈曲性能均有影响[10-11]。但只有少数学者研究了分层损伤的抗拉特性,ASLAN等[12]186-196通过试验研究了多分层对玻璃/环氧复合材料拉伸行为的影响,其主要针对最终失效模式和失效载荷,由于多分层间存在相互影响的关系,并没有深入探究其损伤过程及分层扩展规律,而有限元数值模拟可以充分探究损伤的传播过程。
数值有限元方法可以为复杂问题提供高效和实用的解决方案。在分层的有限元数值模拟中,内聚力模型(Cohesive Zone Model, CZM)可以预测分层的萌生和演化,因为其支持网格的独立性,同时可以实现网格的充分细化并进行精确的计算[13]。连续损伤模型(Continuous Damage Model, CDM)考虑了层合板的各类局部损伤形式及材料性能退化[14],与CZM方法可以共同预测层合板的损伤机制,以及层内层间的耦合作用,两者结合建立的精确有限元模型可以准确地描述分层区域相邻层间的应力状态,极大程度地模拟出损伤萌生与传播的真实过程,从而能更加精准地预测结构损伤扩展及极限强度[15-16]。尽管目前针对多分层压缩屈曲行为的有限元研究取得了一定进展,但对于多分层在拉伸载荷下的有限元模型却鲜有研究。
本文充分考虑了在拉伸载荷下叶片复合材料层内和层间损伤演化的耦合效应,通过进行单一分层、多分层抗拉性能的试验测试,研究了分层对层合板力学性能和损伤行为的影响,同时比较了不同位置多分层相比于单分层的强度下降率。并建立了三维有限元模型,采用CDM和CZM对含多分层层合板结构的损伤过程及最终失效模式进行了数值模拟,阐述了层内层间的耦合情况及分层扩展行为,同时验证了数值模型的有效性。在此基础上建立了不同形式的多分层主梁数值模型,预测了多分层对叶片主梁层合板抗拉强度的影响。由此获得的多分层损伤扩展规律,可为主梁分层损伤修复提供参考依据。
制作样件的铺层材料为单向玻璃纤维布(UDH-1250),成形过程采用环氧树脂(TECHSTROMTM 180)、固化剂(TECHSTROMTM 185),制作过程如图1所示。
在玻纤维布上铺上制作分层所用的聚四氟乙烯薄膜[图1(a)],将铺层结构与真空树脂灌注成型系统相连接,进行树脂灌注[图1(b)],随后在50 ℃下固化2 h,80 ℃再固化3 h,固化后单层标称厚度为0.8 mm[图1(c)]。采用水切割的方法将固化后的样板切割成小尺寸样件,样件尺寸为250 mm×25 mm×3.2 mm。样件两端粘贴加强片,加强片由双轴布(BX800)制作[图1(d)],在保护样件加持端的同时便于载荷传递到样件的有效区域,有效距离150 mm。预埋分层薄膜的尺寸为15 mm×15 mm,分别铺贴到单向纤维布的指定位置中,制作方案如表1所示,其中分层位置“1-2”表示预制分层在第1层、第2层层间,样件示意图如图2所示。同时制作一组完好的样件,作为对照组(N4),每组制作5个样件以保证试验的有效性。
试验过程参照国家标准GB/T 1040.4—2006[17],对层合板进行单轴拉伸试验,将样件两端夹持在Instron-5982型万能试验机的夹头上,在标准实验室大气环境下[温度为(23±2) ℃,相对湿度为(50±10)%],采用位移控制加载方式直至样件破坏,加载速率为2 mm/min,如图3所示。在测试过程中记录样件的损伤过程及最终破坏模式。
图4为样件的最终失效主视图和侧视图。在样件的主视图中,样件失效形式均为爆炸式纤维撕裂,并且有纤维拔出,断裂位置为靠近加强片一侧。从侧视图的局部放大图中可以发现,在预制分层区域有不同程度的分层扩展痕迹,红色椭圆虚线框标记了分层扩展区域,同时周边伴随纤维断裂。样件破坏的形式及样貌大致相同,预制分层处均有不同程度的损伤扩展,但极限拉伸载荷不同。
试验数据结果如表2所示,其中拉伸失效载荷为每组样件的平均值,离散系数均在4%以内,说明试验结果的稳定性较高。无损样件的失效载荷为112 kN,对于含预制初始分层样件的失效载荷均有不同程度的下降,用拉伸载荷损失率表示,可以看出预制分层数越多,样件的极限拉伸载荷下降越多,承载能力越低,说明分层的数量对层合板的承载能力有一定影响。
由于纤维增强复合材料细观构成的多组分、不均匀性,存在多种失效形式相互影响、耦合的现象,使得损伤过程和破坏形式复杂多样,为保证传力路径及失效载荷预测的准确性,本节建立了三维有限元模型,综合考虑了层合板多种局部损伤形式,基于Fortran语言编写了Vumat子程序对主梁层合板结构进行失效预测,采用CDM描述主梁复合材料层合板层内的失效过程,用CZM预测层间分层的损伤演化过程。
层内的失效判断采用三维Hashin[18]准则,该准则考虑了应力间的相互作用及多种失效模式,如纤维拉伸失效、纤维压缩失效、基体拉伸失效、基体压缩失效等,各失效判断表达式如下。
纤维拉伸失效模式(σ11≥0):
纤维压缩失效模式(σ11<0):
基体拉伸失效模式(σ22+σ33≥0):
基体压缩失效模式(σ22+σ33<0):
式中,σ11σ22σ33均为正应力;τ12τ13τ23均为切应力;XTXC分别为纵向拉伸、压缩强度;YTYC分别为横向拉伸、压缩强度;S12S13S23分别为纵向以及2个横向的剪切强度。
满足任一失效判断表达式,单元即发生破坏,刚度相应发生变化,应力分布也随之改变。CAMANHO等[19]认为破坏对材料刚度的作用效果可以用中间状态变量来表示,与真实的破坏过程接近。本文采用Camanho参数退化方式,如表3所示。
表3中,E1为纤维方向弹性模量;E2为垂直纤维方向弹性模量;G12为面内剪切模量;G23为横向剪切模量。
采用双线性CZM[20]模拟层间分层损伤。分层的损伤起始采用二次名义应力准则[21]判断,该准则综合考虑了各模式之间的相互作用,表达式为
式中,σN为层间法向应力;τSτT为层间的剪切应力;NST分别为层间法向强度以及两个剪切强度;〈·〉为Macaulay Bracket算子,其定义为
二次固化界面胶层的损伤演化及破坏采用Benzeggagh-Kenane[22]能量释放率准则,其判别式为
式中,Gc为混合模式下的临界能量释放率;GⅠcGⅡc分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ模式的临界应变能释放率;GG分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ模式下的能量释放率;η为混合模式比指数,对于玻璃环氧树脂复合材料,η的取值为[2,3]。
基于Abaqus软件建立了含分层损伤层合板的有限元模型(图5),几何尺寸、材料、铺层方式和载荷加载同上节试验样件,材料力学性能参考文献[23]。层合板采用八节点六面体线性减缩积分单元(C3D8R)划分,取单个铺层厚度作为单元厚度。分层区域选用八节点零厚度单元(COH3D8),并对分层周围的分层扩展区进行局部网格加密。选取N2样件建立的有限元模型为例,共创建62 000个实体单元和5 000个内聚单元。模型的边界约束与加载方式如图6所示,采用Coupling耦合作为边界约束方式,设置层合板纵向两侧中心为加载参考节点,左端约束3个方向的节点位移,右端沿x方向施加2 mm/min的拉伸位移载荷。
对比含两层分层样件N2的试验和数值分析的载荷-位移曲线,如图7所示,试验的拉伸失效载荷为105.33 kN,数值模拟结果为98.04 kN,两者相差6.92%,失效位移偏差为5.77%,验证了本文数值模型的精准性。图8为4组样件的试验和数值分析的极限失效载荷对比结果,数值分析数据与试验结果接近,整体相差范围在7%以内,验证了本文连续损伤力学模型与内聚力模型损伤预测的准确性。
进一步以N2样件为例,说明预制分层对层合板内部损伤扩展行为的影响。图9(a)~图9(c)为损伤扩展区域的失效因子云图。由图9(a)~图9(c)可知,随着拉伸载荷的增加,损伤在预制分层的四周不断扩展,形成失效危险区,当载荷大于87.6 kN时,分层扩展区域完全失效。此时损伤单元完全删除,只显示失效前一时刻云图[图9(c)]。与此同时,两预制分层中间铺层对应的网格细化区域首次出现基体拉伸损伤[图9(d)图9(e)],说明由于分层扩展区域的失效,其周围的区域形成了应力集中区域,承担了部分的载荷传递,并加剧了两分层损伤中间区域的失效进程。当载荷继续增加到98.04 kN,层合板完全失效。图9(f)为N2样件侧面损伤局部放大图,此处为预制分层所在区域,红色标记区域为损伤扩展区域,数值分析云图验证了此处的损伤扩展行为。由此说明了,在拉伸载荷作用下含预制分层的层合板失效过程复杂,是多种损伤失效模式共同作用、相互影响的结果。
对比数值模型与试验在拉伸载荷作用下的失效载荷和失效模式,验证了本文分层损伤预测模型的准确性。将此数值分析方法应用在对主梁层合板分层损伤的失效预测上,研究对象为1.5 MW-40.3 m叶片[图10(a)],在迎风面主梁存在分层损伤,叶片剖面分层损伤如图10(b)所示,10~20 m段主梁的厚度为34~38 mm,在等效模型的建立上将其缩小至原主梁厚度的一半,即18 mm。对沿展向和弦长方向的尺寸等比例缩小,选取长宽比为5:1,将含分层损伤的主梁等效成800 mm×160 mm×18 mm的层合板模型[图10(c)],铺层方式为[0]20,模型的建模方法及材料属性同第2节。
在实际条件下由低速冲击引发的分层会出现在层合板复合材料的多个界面上,即多重分层。受冲击形式、速度和能量的影响,多层界面下的分层通常呈不同的分层形式。本文根据能量等效原则,设计了2种多分层形式,即:远离表层分层的面积随着厚度的增加而减小[图11(a)],简称倒三角(Inverted Triangular, INV)多分层形式;正三角(Triangular, TRI)分层形式,分层的面积随着远离表层而逐渐增加[图11(b)]。2种形式的分层形状均等效成矩形,所有预测模型均设置5层分层,从第1层界面开始向中间界面分布。分层的最大长度m分别取100、200、300 mm,宽度为60 mm。多分层的阶梯差值用n表示,分别为2、4、6 mm,n取值的不同可以产生不同大小的多分层三角形。共建立18组多分层预测模型,受载形式为拉伸位移载荷。
表4表5分别为INV和TRI多分层层合板的最终失效强度,完好的主梁层合板的拉伸强度为1 243.57 MPa,所有多分层层合板的拉伸强度均有不同程度的下降,INV07最大分层长度为300 mm,阶梯差为2 mm,拉伸强度失效率最高为29.77%。由图12可以直观地发现,当阶梯差n一定时,随着最大分层面积的增加,层合板强度逐渐减小,说明多分层损伤的面积越大对层合板的整体承载能力影响逐渐增大;当最大分层面积一定时,随着阶梯差增大,拉伸失效载荷增加,这是由于分层总面积减小,损伤程度减小,进而强度失效率减弱。此规律与文献[12]188-193的试验结果相吻合。同时发现,TRI的失效强度要略高于INV多分层层合板的失效强度,说明损伤形式对层合板的承载能力有一定影响。
图13(a)~图13(c)分别为拉伸载荷为2 909 kN下,TRI01多分层主梁层合板第5、第4、第3分层损伤扩展区域的损伤因子云图。第5层分层损伤面积最大,其分层损伤扩展区域面积均要高于第4分层[图13(b)]、第3分层[图13(c)]损伤扩展区域。当拉伸载荷进一步增加到2 940 kN时,分层扩展区域大面积失效,同时发现第5分层和第4分层中间的第5铺层对应的区域发生基体失效[图13(d)],第4铺层同样有基体失效发生[图13(e)],基体损伤面积要小于第5铺层。这说明在多分层情况下最大面积分层在拉伸载荷下损伤最为严重,会加剧周边铺层的基体损伤,向多分层区域和无分层区域方向同时传播,这也能说明TRI型层合板的抗拉强度高于INV型层合板的抗拉强度。当最大面积分层位于第1层时(INV型多分层),其为应力集中的危险区域,载荷只能传递到邻近分层区域,加剧损伤破坏;而当最大分层面积位于第5层时(TRI型多分层),部分失效区域的载荷不仅可以传递到邻近分层区域,还可以传递到周边完好铺层区域,因此,TRI型的整体抗拉强度更高。由此可见,最大面积分层靠近叶片层合板近表面对整体失效载荷影响较大。
针对风电叶片主梁层合板分层对拉伸性能影响研究不足的问题,探讨了不同形式多分层对叶片主梁层合板抗拉强度的影响规律。开展了单一分层和多分层损伤样件的拉伸测试,采用CDM和CZM建立了含分层损伤的叶片主梁复合材料层合板三维实体模型,对拉伸载荷下层合板结构响应与渐进损伤失效行为进行验证,并预测了不同形式多分层对叶片主梁层合板抗拉强度和损伤扩展规律的影响,得出如下主要结论:
1)所用三维实体数值模型与渐进失效判据可有效模拟预测复合材料层合板在拉伸载荷下层间与层内渐进损伤过程,结构损伤破坏行为更为全面细致。数值模拟与试验的载荷-位移分布趋势一致,整体失效载荷偏差在7%以内。分层数越多,层合板的极限拉伸载荷下降越多。
2)含分层损伤层合板在拉伸载荷下的主要失效模式为基体拉伸破坏和层间分层损伤,分层会加剧周边部位传递应力及承担部分载荷的作用,并引发局部纤维破坏。
3)对于含多分层主梁层合板,多分层会降低层合板的拉伸破坏载荷。分层的排布形式、最大分层面积、分层面积阶梯差对抗拉强度均有影响,TRI型多分层层合板的抗拉强度要高于INV型多分层层合板,最大面积分层靠近叶片层合板近表面对整体失效载荷影响较大。
由于风电叶片存在尺寸效应,接下来的工作会集中在多分层对部件级和全尺寸叶片的损伤演化过程和力学性能的影响研究,同时会考虑其他作用载荷下的失效机制。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52175105,52306264)
  • 辽宁省科技计划联合基金项目(2023-MSLH-252)
  • 辽宁省教育厅高等学校基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220486,JYTQN2023446,JYTMS20231218)
  • 沈阳市科学技术计划项目(23-407-3-21)
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2025年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.10.011
  • 接收时间:2024-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-13
  • 修回日期:2024-04-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175105,52306264)
国家自然科学基金项目(52175105,52306264)
Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Fund Project(2023-MSLH-252)
辽宁省科技计划联合基金项目(2023-MSLH-252)
Basic Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Liaoning Province(LJKMZ20220486,JYTQN2023446,JYTMS20231218)
辽宁省教育厅高等学校基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220486,JYTQN2023446,JYTMS20231218)
Shenyang Science and Technology Project(23-407-3-21)
沈阳市科学技术计划项目(23-407-3-21)
作者信息
    1.沈阳工业大学 机械工程学院,沈阳 118070
    2.辽宁科技学院 机械工程学院,本溪 117004
    3.沈阳工业大学 建筑与土木工程学院,沈阳 118070

通讯作者:

周勃,女,1976年生,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师;主要研究方向为可再生能源系统运维;E-mail:
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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