Article(id=1240594159879385852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690560000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-29, revisedDate=1693670400000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773710296839, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773710296839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773710296839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773710296839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240594155198534488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773710295724, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773714468205, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240611655898420098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240611655902614403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=151, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240594160143627015, articleId=1240594159879385852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Optimization method of truss structure size and shape based on harmonic search genetic algorithm, columnId=1240594158461703059, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Optimization·Reliability, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the traditional design concept and the lack of optimization of genetic algorithm, and promote the development and innovation of the shape optimization of truss structure, according to the basic principles of harmony search algorithm and genetic algorithm, a new hybrid genetic algorithm-harmony search genetic algorithm was proposed (the mixing of genetic algorithm and harmony search algorithm is to embed the harmony search operator after the operation of the genetic algorithm), and at the same time the cross-variation in the genetic algorithm was adaptively improved in three situations, and elitism and other improvement measures were introduced. In addition, the harmonious search algorithm is processed with mixed variables of discrete variables and continuous variables, and a truss structure shape optimization method based on the harmonic search hybrid genetic algorithm was established. In the optimization process, the two different types of design variables of node coordinates and cross-section area were considered uniformly, which solves the problem of difficulty in coupling of the two types of variables. Through the analysis of two typical examples, the results show that the harmonic search genetic algorithm (HS-GA) has efficient convergence speed and strong global ability. Compared with genetic algorithm (GA), heuristic particle swarm optimization (HPSO) and other optimization algorithms, the optimization effect is obvious, and it is a method suitable for the shape optimization of truss structure.

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YAN Jie, E-mail:
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为改善传统设计理念和遗传算法优化不足,促进桁架结构形状优化的发展与创新,依据和声搜索算法和遗传算法的基本原理,提出一种新型混合遗传算法-和声搜索遗传算法(遗传算法与和声搜索算法的混合是通过在遗传算法操作后嵌入和声搜索算子),同时对遗传算法中交叉变异分三种情况进行自适应改进,引入精英主义等改进措施,并对和声搜索算法进行离散变量和连续变量混合变量处理,建立了基于和声搜索混合遗传算法的桁架结构形状优化方法。在优化过程中,对节点坐标和截面面积两个不同类型的设计变量进行统一考虑,解决了两类变量耦合困难的问题。通过两个典型算例分析,结果表明,和声搜索遗传算法(Harmony Search Hybrid Genetic Algorithm, HS-GA)具有高效的收敛速度,全局能力强;与遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA)、启发式粒子群优化(Heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization, HPSO)算法,以及其他优化算法相比,优化效果明显,是一种适用于桁架结构形状优化的方法。

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阎杰,女,1980年生,辽宁锦州人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构优化与计算智能;E-mail:
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谢军,男,1979年生,辽宁营口人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构优化与计算智能;E-mail:

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谢军,男,1979年生,辽宁营口人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构优化与计算智能;E-mail:

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Grouping of 40-member planar truss members

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组号
Group number
杆件
Members
组号
Group number
杆件
Members
A11-2,7-8A102-10,7-15
A22-3,6-7A113-11,6-14
A33-4,5-6A124-12,5-13
A44-5A131-10,8-15
A59-10,15-16A142-11,7-14
A610-11,14-15A153-12,6-13
A711-12,13-14A162-9,7-16
A812-13A173-10,6-15
A91-9,8-16A184-11,5-14
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40杆平面桁架杆件分组情况

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组号
Group number
杆件
Members
组号
Group number
杆件
Members
A11-2,7-8A102-10,7-15
A22-3,6-7A113-11,6-14
A33-4,5-6A124-12,5-13
A44-5A131-10,8-15
A59-10,15-16A142-11,7-14
A610-11,14-15A153-12,6-13
A711-12,13-14A162-9,7-16
A812-13A173-10,6-15
A91-9,8-16A184-11,5-14
), ArticleFig(id=1240594177449324927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of each algorithm in example 1

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算法
Algorithm
PcPmPcmaxPcminPmminPmminPPAR
10.80.1
20.850.650.10.05
30.1
40.850.650.10.050.1
), ArticleFig(id=1240594177591931269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

算例一各算法参数

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算法
Algorithm
PcPmPcmaxPcminPmminPmminPPAR
10.80.1
20.850.650.10.05
30.1
40.850.650.10.050.1
), ArticleFig(id=1240594177747120520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of optimization results in example 1

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设计变量
Design
variable
HS-GAIHSIGAGAHPSOGSOTLBO设计变量
Design
variable
HS-GAIHSIGAGAHPSOGSOTLBO
A10.0010.0010.0010.0020.005 50.001 50.001A130.0050.0050.0080.0050.0010.0010.001
A20.0020.0020.0110.0080.0010.0010.001A140.0010.0010.0010.0020.0010.0010.001
A30.0010.0020.0030.0050.010 50.0010.001A150.0010.0010.0010.0080.001 50.0010.001
A40.0010.0030.0060.0010.0010.0010.001A160.0020.0030.0020.0080.0050.0010.001
A50.0010.0020.0010.0020.0010.0010.004A170.0010.0010.0010.0080.0040.002 50.002 5
A60.0060.0060.0060.0070.002 50.0030.003A180.0020.0030.0020.0010.0010.0010.001
A70.0060.0070.0050.0060.0030.003 50.003 5A190.0010.0010.0010.0020.0010.0010.001
A80.0050.0090.0040.0200.024 50.003 50.003 5y91.1101.1201.6503.5101.0061.0691.004
A90.0010.0060.0010.0070.002 50.0010.001y101.1801.2201.1101.5102.7912.3072.412
A100.0020.0030.0010.0010.0010.0010.001y111.5201.6101.9303.4803.5412.8512.737
A110.0010.0010.0050.0110.0010.0010.001y122.2102.2203.2302.2103.3963.2873.314
A120.0060.0060.0040.0010.0010.0010.001质量
Mass M/kg
1 905.0302 402.6462 785.2305 094.0203 653.0102 080.6732 058.806
), ArticleFig(id=1240594177851978127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

算例一优化结果对比

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设计变量
Design
variable
HS-GAIHSIGAGAHPSOGSOTLBO设计变量
Design
variable
HS-GAIHSIGAGAHPSOGSOTLBO
A10.0010.0010.0010.0020.005 50.001 50.001A130.0050.0050.0080.0050.0010.0010.001
A20.0020.0020.0110.0080.0010.0010.001A140.0010.0010.0010.0020.0010.0010.001
A30.0010.0020.0030.0050.010 50.0010.001A150.0010.0010.0010.0080.001 50.0010.001
A40.0010.0030.0060.0010.0010.0010.001A160.0020.0030.0020.0080.0050.0010.001
A50.0010.0020.0010.0020.0010.0010.004A170.0010.0010.0010.0080.0040.002 50.002 5
A60.0060.0060.0060.0070.002 50.0030.003A180.0020.0030.0020.0010.0010.0010.001
A70.0060.0070.0050.0060.0030.003 50.003 5A190.0010.0010.0010.0020.0010.0010.001
A80.0050.0090.0040.0200.024 50.003 50.003 5y91.1101.1201.6503.5101.0061.0691.004
A90.0010.0060.0010.0070.002 50.0010.001y101.1801.2201.1101.5102.7912.3072.412
A100.0020.0030.0010.0010.0010.0010.001y111.5201.6101.9303.4803.5412.8512.737
A110.0010.0010.0050.0110.0010.0010.001y122.2102.2203.2302.2103.3963.2873.314
A120.0060.0060.0040.0010.0010.0010.001质量
Mass M/kg
1 905.0302 402.6462 785.2305 094.0203 653.0102 080.6732 058.806
), ArticleFig(id=1240594177977807251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Grouping of a 18-rod planar truss

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组号Group number杆件Rod
11、5、8、12、16
22、6、10、14、18
33、7、11、15
44、9、13、17
), ArticleFig(id=1240594178078470550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

18杆平面桁架杆件分组情况

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组号Group number杆件Rod
11、5、8、12、16
22、6、10、14、18
33、7、11、15
44、9、13、17
), ArticleFig(id=1240594178187522463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of optimization results in example 2

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设计变量Design variableHS-GAGP
A1=A5=A8=A12=A1677.1077.68
A2=A6=A10=A14=A18111.25115.14
A3=A7=A11=A1553.6551.14
A4=A9=A13=A1730.3030.49
x25.024.89
y20.480.44
x310.4610.54
y31.721.97
x416.4416.89
y43.193.11
x523.7924.00
y54.123.81
质量Mass M/kg2 146.202 180.53
), ArticleFig(id=1240594178296574373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

算例二优化结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计变量Design variableHS-GAGP
A1=A5=A8=A12=A1677.1077.68
A2=A6=A10=A14=A18111.25115.14
A3=A7=A11=A1553.6551.14
A4=A9=A13=A1730.3030.49
x25.024.89
y20.480.44
x310.4610.54
y31.721.97
x416.4416.89
y43.193.11
x523.7924.00
y54.123.81
质量Mass M/kg2 146.202 180.53
), ArticleFig(id=1240594178393043367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Rod stresses and corresponding allowable stresses

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杆件Rod应力Stress R/MPa容许应力Allowable stress
R+/MPaR-/MPa
141.15137.8952.69
2-29.63137.8944.87
3-20.46137.89195.45
479.13137.8930.43
549.48137.8952.69
6-54.25137.8955.86
7-46.21137.8988.02
898.08137.8952.70
932.00137.8934.83
1
0
-76.89137.8980.85
11-31.40137.8955.89
12117.20137.8952.69
1354.92137.8921.78
14-93.54137.8998.48
15-40.81137.8940.82
16137.79137.8952.69
17137.66137.8913.99
18-120.47137.89120.56
), ArticleFig(id=1240594178502095275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594159879385852, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

杆件应力以及对应的允许应力

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杆件Rod应力Stress R/MPa容许应力Allowable stress
R+/MPaR-/MPa
141.15137.8952.69
2-29.63137.8944.87
3-20.46137.89195.45
479.13137.8930.43
549.48137.8952.69
6-54.25137.8955.86
7-46.21137.8988.02
898.08137.8952.70
932.00137.8934.83
1
0
-76.89137.8980.85
11-31.40137.8955.89
12117.20137.8952.69
1354.92137.8921.78
14-93.54137.8998.48
15-40.81137.8940.82
16137.79137.8952.69
17137.66137.8913.99
18-120.47137.89120.56
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基于和声搜索遗传算法的桁架结构形状优化方法
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谢军 1, 2 , 张华帅 1 , 林书钦 1 , 庞博蕾 1 , 阎杰 1
机械强度 | ·优化·可靠性· 2025,47(3): 151-158
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机械强度 | ·优化·可靠性· 2025, 47(3): 151-158
基于和声搜索遗传算法的桁架结构形状优化方法
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谢军1, 2 , 张华帅1, 林书钦1, 庞博蕾1, 阎杰1
作者信息
  • 1.河北建筑工程学院 土木工程学院,张家口 075132
  • 2.河北省土木工程诊断、改造与抗灾重点实验室,张家口 075132
  • 谢军,男,1979年生,辽宁营口人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构优化与计算智能;E-mail:

通讯作者:

阎杰,女,1980年生,辽宁锦州人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构优化与计算智能;E-mail:
Optimization method of truss structure size and shape based on harmonic search genetic algorithm
Jun XIE1, 2 , Huashuai ZHANG1, Shuqin LIN1, Bolei PANG1, Jie YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075132, China
  • 2.Hebei Key Laboratory of Diagnosis, Reconstruction and Anti-Disaster of Civil Engineering, Zhangjiakou 075132, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.019
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为改善传统设计理念和遗传算法优化不足,促进桁架结构形状优化的发展与创新,依据和声搜索算法和遗传算法的基本原理,提出一种新型混合遗传算法-和声搜索遗传算法(遗传算法与和声搜索算法的混合是通过在遗传算法操作后嵌入和声搜索算子),同时对遗传算法中交叉变异分三种情况进行自适应改进,引入精英主义等改进措施,并对和声搜索算法进行离散变量和连续变量混合变量处理,建立了基于和声搜索混合遗传算法的桁架结构形状优化方法。在优化过程中,对节点坐标和截面面积两个不同类型的设计变量进行统一考虑,解决了两类变量耦合困难的问题。通过两个典型算例分析,结果表明,和声搜索遗传算法(Harmony Search Hybrid Genetic Algorithm, HS-GA)具有高效的收敛速度,全局能力强;与遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA)、启发式粒子群优化(Heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization, HPSO)算法,以及其他优化算法相比,优化效果明显,是一种适用于桁架结构形状优化的方法。

形状优化  /  和声搜索算法  /  混合遗传算法  /  自适应遗传算法

In order to improve the traditional design concept and the lack of optimization of genetic algorithm, and promote the development and innovation of the shape optimization of truss structure, according to the basic principles of harmony search algorithm and genetic algorithm, a new hybrid genetic algorithm-harmony search genetic algorithm was proposed (the mixing of genetic algorithm and harmony search algorithm is to embed the harmony search operator after the operation of the genetic algorithm), and at the same time the cross-variation in the genetic algorithm was adaptively improved in three situations, and elitism and other improvement measures were introduced. In addition, the harmonious search algorithm is processed with mixed variables of discrete variables and continuous variables, and a truss structure shape optimization method based on the harmonic search hybrid genetic algorithm was established. In the optimization process, the two different types of design variables of node coordinates and cross-section area were considered uniformly, which solves the problem of difficulty in coupling of the two types of variables. Through the analysis of two typical examples, the results show that the harmonic search genetic algorithm (HS-GA) has efficient convergence speed and strong global ability. Compared with genetic algorithm (GA), heuristic particle swarm optimization (HPSO) and other optimization algorithms, the optimization effect is obvious, and it is a method suitable for the shape optimization of truss structure.

Shape optimization  /  Harmonic search algorithm  /  Hybrid genetic algorithm  /  Adaptive genetic algorithm
谢军, 张华帅, 林书钦, 庞博蕾, 阎杰. 基于和声搜索遗传算法的桁架结构形状优化方法. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (3) : 151 -158 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.019
Jun XIE, Huashuai ZHANG, Shuqin LIN, Bolei PANG, Jie YAN. Optimization method of truss structure size and shape based on harmonic search genetic algorithm[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (3) : 151 -158 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.019
结构的几何形状不仅影响结构所占空间的大小,还直接影响其受力特性。形状优化设计的目的是找到最小的结构外形和各杆件尺寸。桁架结构形状优化是指在满足结构功能和安全性的前提下,通过调整桁架结构的节点坐标(连续型变量)和截面面积(离散型变量)来尽可能减少结构材料的使用量并降低成本。由于两类设计变量的性质不同,其取值类型(连续型和离散型)的混合使用,不仅增加了优化难度,还常常使寻优过程出现收敛困难等问题。
为了解决上述困难,一般采用数值法和智能优化算法来实现。隋允康等[1]采用分层优化方法对桁架结构进行形状优化,虽然在一定程度上减少了设计变量的数量,但是分开优化会出现少解现象,易陷入局部最优;高峰等[2]采用遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA)对桁架结构进行形状优化,发挥了全局搜索能力,但GA具有局部搜索能力差等缺点,很难寻找最优解;LI等[3]通过改变群体更新公式,形成启发式粒子群优化(Heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization, HPSO)算法,并对桁架结构进行形状优化,优化效果较好。
上述这些方法对形状优化具有良好的适用性,但单一算法存在收敛速度较差,寻优能力不明显等缺点,许多学者采用混合策略,即将局部搜能力强的算法与全局搜索能力强的算法相结合,优势互补,构成混合算法[4-5]
和声搜索(Harmony Search, HS)算法是GEEM等[6]提出的一种新的启发式随机搜索智能优化算法。该算法的原理是模拟音乐演奏的过程,即乐师们通过记忆和调整乐队中各乐器的音调,以创造出优美和谐的音乐。由于HS算法理论简单,可调参数少,局部搜索能力强等优点,所以广泛应用于结构优化[7-8]
为改善GA局部搜索能力差和收敛速度慢等缺点。本文首先对遗传算法分三种情况进行自适应改进,并对HS算法的和声库的生成进行二进制编码处理并引入最大执行这一步骤防止陷入局部最优。在此基础上,将局部搜索能力强的改进和声搜索算法和全局搜索能力强的改进遗传算法进行混合,形成混合遗传算法-和声搜索遗传算法(Harmony Search Hybrid Genetic Algorithm, HS-GA),并与桁架结构形状优化相结合。形成基于HS-GA的桁架结构形状优化方法。此外在优化过程对节点坐标和截面面积不同类型设计变量统一考虑,编码表示在同一染色体中,解决了两类变量耦合困难的问题。通过两个经典算例分析对比,是一种适用于桁架结构形状优化的高效方法。
桁架结构形状优化设计问题的复杂性要求将优化目标转化为抽象的数学模型,其中数学模型表达式为
式中,AiρiLi分别为第i个桁架的截面面积、材料密度和长度;xb,iyb,i为第i个桁架的始点;xd,iyd,i为第i个桁架的末点;W为形状优化后桁架结构的总质量;ggj为第j约束条件;S为杆件截面面积离散集合;xminxmax为节点横坐标的下限和上限;yminymax为节点纵坐标的下限和上限。
由于桁架结构形状优化同时涉及连续和离散变量。将形状优化变量分开考虑会降低求解质量,因此本文采用二进制编码统一截面变量和节点坐标变量。
由于二进制编码适用于离散型变量,而节点坐标变量属于连续型变量,所以须对节点坐标变量整数部分和小数部分分开进行编码。设对于整数部分则直接给予一个固定位串长度n1进行表示,而对于小数部分则是对每个数位给予固定位串长度n2。其单个节点坐标变量编码示意如图1所示。
解码时,将表示单个个体的二进制染色体串按照节点坐标变量和截面面积变量的位串总长度分成两个部分,按照单个个体的节点坐标变量的个数分成m1段,每一段表示单个个体每个节点坐标变量;将表示截面面积变量的位串分成m2段,每一段表示单个个体每个截面面积变量。然后,根据二进制位串与十进制数的对应关系可得出十进制数,值得注意是对于连续节点坐标变量的解码,须对不同数位串分别解码。如对节点坐标横坐标的变量整数部分解码为d1,对十分位解码为d2,对百分位解码为d3,依此类推。其最终第i个连续节点横坐标变量xi
由SRINVAS等[9]提出在种群平均适应度值和最大适应度值之间进行线性调整种群个体交叉变异概率,此方法虽能在一定程度上提高算法寻优能力,但是当个体达到种群最优适应度时,变异和交叉概率为0,在算法迭代后期很容易陷入局部最优。为解决此问题,对自适应遗传算法交叉和变异公式作如下改进:
引入非线性的自适应调整公式,并分三种情况对其自适应调整。
fave<fmax/3时,表明大多数个体离局部最优值较远,且物种相对较为分散,种群丰富,多样性好,在这种情况应增加交叉概率,而降低变异概率,其表达式为
fmax/3≤fave ≤2fmax/3时,表明大多数个体距离局部最优值适中,其交叉和变异概率也应适中,采用余弦自适应遗传公式[10],其计算式为
fave >2fmax/3时,表明大多数个体离局部最优值较近,此时物种相对较为集中,在这种情况下尽可能让交叉概率小,让变异概率大,其计算式为
式(3)~式(5)中,Pc为自适应交叉概率;Pm为自适应变异概率;PcmaxPcmin为最大、最小交叉概率;PmmaxPmmin为最大、最小变异概率;f为个体适应值;f'为交叉两个个体中较优适应值;fmax为最大适应值;fave为平均适应值。算法的交叉率和变异率自适应调整曲线可表示为如图2所示的图像形式,相对标准遗传算法,在不同阶段,交叉和变异概率按照个体的适应度与最大适应度之间进行动态调整,可以有效防止遗传算法陷入局部最优,增强算法的鲁棒性。
传统GA通常只对不满足约束条件的变量应用罚函数,而对于过于保守的解决方案则没有进行处理。此外,传统罚函数使用可能导致种群多样性显著降低的问题。为了解决这些问题,对适应度函数进行改进,改进计算式为
式中,F(x)为适应度函数;f(x)为目标函数;gg为约束条件;g(x)、h(x)分别为不满足约束条件的方案、满足约束条件的方案的调整函数,其图像如图3所示。
图3可知,当方案不满足约束条件时,调整函数值最小为π/2,最大为π,而当方案满足约束条件时,约束条件绝对值越大,即越保守则调整函数值越大,最大为π/2+1,当单元内力接近或达到承载力极限时,调整函数值接近或等于1。本文提出的调整函数随着约束条件的变化,调整函数值变化适中,可以在淘汰较劣的方案同时保证种群的多样性。
在作曲过程中,乐手根据记忆中最动听的音符进行演奏,通过不断调整和重复,最终达到和谐的和声。和声搜索算法模拟了乐队的排练过程,通过多次迭代找到问题的最优解。
桁架形状优化需对杆件面积和节点坐标进行优化,节点坐标移动是连续的,而杆件面积需离散化处理。因此,需对坐标和面积变量的产生采取不同处理方式。
初始化和声库HHM时,和声向量对应节点横坐标变量由式(9)和式(10)产生(纵坐标与横坐标产生思路相同),截面面积变量由式(11)产生。
式中,Xi为第i个桁架结构节点横坐标变量组合;xji为第i个桁架结构第j个节点的横坐标;xjmax,ixjmin,i为节点横坐标变量取值上限和下限;rand为(0,1)的随机数。
式中,Di为第i个桁架结构面积变量组合;Aik(K)为第i个桁架结构第k个杆件面积的实际值,其中K为离散变量截面的编号。
为了后期更好地与遗传算法混合,将节点坐标与截面编号转化为二进制形式,形成离散0~1空间。
音调调节模仿了每个乐器通过调节音调来调整合奏,可以提高求解质量和避免陷入局部最优,其调节式为
式中,M取值为-1或1;PPAR为微调概率;bw为音调微调带宽。由式(12)可以看出,设计变量只能在邻域内扰动,由于改为二进制和声搜索算法,可以直接对截面编号和节点坐标的二进制编码进行单点变异,不仅可以在邻域内搜索,还可以全域搜索,可以增强算法全局搜索能力,加快收敛速度。
此外,为了避免传统的和声搜索算法在更新和声记忆库时陷入局部最优且缺乏多样性的问题,本文引入最大执行。这个步骤在达到最大执行次数时,无论个体的适应度是否超过本种群最差个体的适应度,直接进行替换。这一方法引入不仅能够有效防止陷入局部最优状态并且还有助于增加物种的多样性。
改进和声搜索算法的优化步骤如下:
步骤1:确定参数,包括设置和声库大小HHMS、和声库取值概率HHMCR、微调概率PPAR、创作次数Tmax。最大执行次数Lmax
步骤2:初始化HHM,从问题变量的解空间里随机生成HHMS个和声(种群),把生成的和声X1X2X3,…,XHMS放入和声记忆库,并计算对应的适应度f(X)。和声库形式为
步骤3:初始T=0和L=0,执行步骤4。
步骤4:产生0~1的随机数r1,如果r1<HHMCR则从HHM随机选择一个个体,执行步骤5,否则,随机在变量解范围内产生一个个体,执行步骤6。
步骤5:产生0~1随机数r2,如果r2<PPAR,则对选中个体进行单点变异,否则,执行步骤6。
步骤6:选中个体适应度与本代种群最差个体适应度进行比较,如果选中个体适应度高,则替换本种群最差适应度个体,T=T+1,执行步骤7;否则,执行步骤8。
步骤7:判断T是否达到创作次数Tmax,若是则执行步骤9,否则,重新执行步骤4。
步骤8:L=L+1,判断L是否达到最大执行步骤Lmax,若是此个体直接替换本代最差个体,T=T+1,执行步骤7,否则,重新执行步骤4。
步骤9:判断是否满足终止迭代条件,若是,则输出最优结果,否则,重新执行步骤3。
由于本文的改进遗传算法(Improved GA, IGA)采用二进制编码,将改进和声搜索(Improved HS, IHS)算法的种群改为二进制种群,更利于与IGA进行混合。其混合方法是在IGA的自适应交叉、变异操作后将IHS算法作为一个算子进行优化,形成一种新型的混合遗传算法-和声搜索遗传算法(HS-GA)。这种混合方法将IHS算法的优秀基因融入IGA中,有助于提高IGA的局部搜索能力,加快收敛。混合遗传算法流程如图4所示。
基于HS-GA的桁架结构形状优化方法是将结构优化问题以数学函数形式进行表达,一方面是通过计算机编程软件编写HS-GA并输出优化设计变量,另一方面是通过有限元软件进行结构分析求得结构优化约束条件的状态变量。通过数据之间的传递来实现优化过程。
本文中采用编程灵活且可视化能力强的C++Builder软件和具有强大结构分析能力的Ansys软件进行联合优化。
在优化过程中,通过对杆件截面面积进行编号,对编号和节点坐标进行二进制编码,通过HS-GA不断产生截面编号和节点坐标,并把编号对应的杆件截面面积和节点坐标分别输入文本文件,Ansys通过读取截面面积组合和节点坐标组合进行建模分析,在杆件建模时选用link180单元,一个杆件代表一个单元。然后输出结果(杆件长度、杆件应力等)到文本文件,C++Builder通过读取结果进行约束判断,不断循环,最终输出最优桁架形式。其流程如图5所示。
40杆的平面桁架原始结构、节点编号如图6所示。杆件分组情况如表1所示,其中第19组为5-12、4-13。各杆件E=196.13×103 MPa,ρ=7.80×103 kg/m3,所有杆件许用应力为±156.91 MPa。节点4、5在竖直方向的位移限制为±0.035 m,在节点2,3,4,5,6,7施加竖直方向10 t的力。节点9~16可沿y方向移动,其中设计变量包括每个杆件的截面面积和节点9~16的y方向坐标。截面离散值取自集合A=[0.001,0.05] m2,间隔是0.001 m2。在对称情况下给出节点坐标(单位为m),取值范围是1≤y9=y16≤5,1≤y10=y15≤5,1≤y11=y14≤5,1≤y12=y13≤5。
分别采用GA(算法1)、IGA(算法2)、IHS(算法3)、HS-GA(算法4)求解40杆平面桁架结构进行形状优化。其中Tmax为150次,Lmax为50次,HHMCR为0.5,其余各算法参数如表2所示,为验证算法的寻优能力,与HPSO、群搜索优化[11](Group Search Optimization,GSO)算法和教与学的优化[12](Teaching and Learning Based Optimization, TLBO)算法进行对比,其结果对比如表3所示,其算法迭代如图7所示。
图7可知,GA在前期迭代时质量下降慢,且在迭代200次左右时停滞不前,易陷入局部最优;而IGA在前期优化效果明显,结构质量下降快,但随着迭代次数增加,质量下降较为缓慢,最优解停滞不前;IHS在前期寻优能力优化效果较差,比较依赖初始种群,但后期寻优能力较强,质量一直呈下降趋势;而HS-GA通过引入IHS算法,寻优效率明显提高,且收敛速度较快。
表3可以看出,IGA在一定程度上提高了GA寻优效率且比HPSO优化效果明显;IHS相对寻优能力强于IGA;而HS-GA相比GA、IGA、IHS、HPSO、GSO、TLBO,在质量上分别优化了54.51%、31.60%、26.12%、46.61%、8.43%、7.46%,优化效果明显,充分发挥了IGA的全局搜索能力和IHS局部搜索能力的优点。优化后的形状如图8所示。
18杆的平面桁架原始结构、节点编号、杆件编号如图9所示。各杆件弹性模量E=68.9×103 MPa,密度ρ=2.768×103 kg/m3,容许拉应力为137.89 MPa,杆件i的欧拉屈曲压应力为-4EAi/li2[13]452-461。杆件分组情况如表4所示,节点2~5的xy(cm)坐标可动其杆件截面(cm2)取值范围可见文献[13]452-461
采用HS-GA对18杆平面桁架结构进行形状优化,并与遗传规划[13]452-461(Genetic Programming, GP)算法进行对比,算法参数信息如表2所示,其优化结果如表5所示。
表5可以看出,HS-GA优化后的质量为2 146.20 kg,相比GP算法在质量上优化了1.57%,优化效果较好。
图10为优化后的结构图。由图10可以看出,布置合理,传力路径明确。
表6所示为各杆件应力值及允许应力。由表6可以看出,各杆件均满足允许应力,此优化结果可靠,其中杆号6、10、14、15、16、17、18接近满应力,充分发挥杆件的利用率,最优结构的最大应比达到99.92%。
通过利用HS-GA、IHS、IGA、GA对40杆和18杆桁架结构进行形状优化并与其他文献进行对比,得到以下结论:
1)本文对GA改进形成IGA在一定程度上可以提高GA的求解质量,增加GA的全局搜索能力。
2)本文提出的IGA与IHS算法进行混合,形成HS-GA,充分发挥了IGA全局寻优能力,并且发挥IHS算法的局部搜索能力。
3)对于桁架结构形状优化,与GA、IGA、IHS、HPSO、GSO、TLBO、GP等算法相比,HS-GA优化后的质量最小。由此表明,HS-GA优化效果明显,寻优能力强。
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.019
  • 接收时间:2023-07-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-29
  • 修回日期:2023-09-03
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    1.河北建筑工程学院 土木工程学院,张家口 075132
    2.河北省土木工程诊断、改造与抗灾重点实验室,张家口 075132

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阎杰,女,1980年生,辽宁锦州人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为结构优化与计算智能;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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