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As the key equipment for collecting signals, the coupling performance of oil and gas exploration geophone and earth vibration affects the quality of collected signals and determines the exploration accuracy. In order to improve the exploration ability of the geophone, the structure of the tail vertebra of the geophone was taken as the research object. Based on the single-degree-of-freedom coupling vibration theory, a vibration model for the coupling of the tail vertebra of the geophone and the earth surface under the sweep frequency signal was proposed. The acceleration,velocity and displacement response of the received signal of the tail vertebra of the geophone under the sweep frequency were extracted and analyzed.The coupling degree evaluation index of the mean value of vibration displacement and the standard deviation of vibration acceleration was established, and the coupling degree response of the tail vertebra of the geophone and the earth was mastered.Through the geophone receiving test, the maximum error between the acceleration signal received by the geophone tail vertebra and the acceleration signal received by the test was less than 15%, which verified the correctness of the model and method. Finally, based on the response surface method, the key parameters of the length and radius of the tail vertebra under different shapes were optimized. The results show that the coupling degree of the tail vertebra under the triangular pyramid shape is the best. The coupling mean value of the displacement of the optimized ground-geophone tail vertebra is reduced by 7.94%, and the standard deviation of the acceleration is reduced by 6.42%, which effectively improve the ability of the geophone tail vertebra to receive signals.

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HUANG Zhiqiang, E-mail:
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油气勘探检波器作为采集信号的关键设备,其与大地振动耦合性能影响着采集信号的质量,决定了勘探准确度。为提高检波器勘探能力,以检波器尾椎结构为研究对象,基于单自由度耦合振动理论,提出一种用于扫频信号下检波器尾椎与地表耦合的振动模型,提取并分析了扫频情况下检波器尾椎接收信号的加速度、速度、位移响应情况,建立了振动位移均值、振动加速度标准差的耦合度评价指标,掌握了检波器尾椎与大地的耦合度响应情况。通过检波器接收测试试验,检波器尾椎所接收的加速度信号与试验所接收的加速度信号最大误差小于15%,验证了模型及方法的正确性。最后基于响应面法对不同形状下检波器尾椎的长度、半径关键参数进行优化研究,结果表明,三棱锥形状下尾椎耦合度最好,优化后的大地-检波器尾椎位移耦合均值降低了7.94%,加速度标准差降低了6.42%,有效提高了检波器尾椎接收信号的能力。

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黄志强,男,1968年生,四川眉山人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为石油装备与地震勘探等;E-mail:

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黄志强,男,1968年生,四川眉山人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为石油装备与地震勘探等;E-mail:

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orderNo=1, keyword=Vibration coupling performance), Keyword(id=1240594169152983341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=Geophone tail vertebra), Keyword(id=1240594169266229556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=Coupling performance of swept-frequency vibration), Keyword(id=1240594169366892856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=Structural optimization), Keyword(id=1240594169459167547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=振动耦合性能), Keyword(id=1240594169564025152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=检波器尾椎), Keyword(id=1240594169660494152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=扫频振动耦合性能), Keyword(id=1240594169819877710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=结构优化)], refs=[Reference(id=1240594178221068873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=崔宏良, 王瑞贞, 程展展, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=崔宏良,王瑞贞,程展展,等.检波器与大地的耦合效果对资料品质的影响分析[C]//SPG/SEG南京2020年国际地球物理会议,2020:1-4., articleTitle=检波器与大地的耦合效果对资料品质的影响分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240594178300760652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, 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language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Comparison of models before and after optimization, figureFileSmall=IcqvY8zBiy2o58tmGD4m9w==, figureFileBig=2NJClixWW15cQ8iAAaxq6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594175045980667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=CN, label=图16, caption=优化前后模型对比, figureFileSmall=IcqvY8zBiy2o58tmGD4m9w==, figureFileBig=2NJClixWW15cQ8iAAaxq6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594175155032577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material parameter setting of geophone-ground coupling model

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部件名称
Part name
材料名称
Name of the material
密度
Density/(kg/m3
弹性模量
Modulus of
elasticity/GPa
泊松比
Poisson
ratio
尾椎
Tail
vertebra
结构钢 Q235
Structural steel Q235
7 8502000.3
外壳
Shell
工程塑料
Engineering plastics
1 900350.38
大地
Earth
硬土层
Hardpan
2 6000.280.32
), ArticleFig(id=1240594175255695879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

检波器-大地耦合模型材料参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件名称
Part name
材料名称
Name of the material
密度
Density/(kg/m3
弹性模量
Modulus of
elasticity/GPa
泊松比
Poisson
ratio
尾椎
Tail
vertebra
结构钢 Q235
Structural steel Q235
7 8502000.3
外壳
Shell
工程塑料
Engineering plastics
1 900350.38
大地
Earth
硬土层
Hardpan
2 6000.280.32
), ArticleFig(id=1240594175335387661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Variable optimization range

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序号
Serial number
说明
Explanation
初始值
Initialization value/ mm
优化参数范围
Optimize parameter range/mm
尾椎长度 Length of tail vertebra L27060~200
尾椎半径 Radius of tail vertebra r65~16
尾椎形状 Shape of tail vertebra21~3
1-圆锥 Cone、2-三棱锥 Triangular pyramid、3-四棱锥Quadrangular pyramid
), ArticleFig(id=1240594175452828180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量优化范围

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序号
Serial number
说明
Explanation
初始值
Initialization value/ mm
优化参数范围
Optimize parameter range/mm
尾椎长度 Length of tail vertebra L27060~200
尾椎半径 Radius of tail vertebra r65~16
尾椎形状 Shape of tail vertebra21~3
1-圆锥 Cone、2-三棱锥 Triangular pyramid、3-四棱锥Quadrangular pyramid
), ArticleFig(id=1240594175507354135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Response surface optimization test design and results

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序号
Serial number
尾椎长度
Length of tail vertebra L2/ mm
尾椎半径
Radius of tail vertebra r/ mm
尾椎形状
Shape of tail vertebra
振动位移均值
Mean value of vibration displacement u/ mm
振动加速度标准差Standard deviation of vibration acceleration σ/ (mm/s2)
2001110.000 911 326.408
135610.000 88407.550 1
1351610.000 98260.222 7
701110.000 783335.578 9
200620.000 912232.675 8
2001620.001 7322 017.953
1351120.000 8281 001.013
70620.000 63287.608 8
701620.002 922 062.109
2001130.001 021 332.408
135630.000 818138.252 7
1351630.001 8081 453.28
701130.000 797340.401 1
), ArticleFig(id=1240594175595434526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面优化试验设计与结果

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序号
Serial number
尾椎长度
Length of tail vertebra L2/ mm
尾椎半径
Radius of tail vertebra r/ mm
尾椎形状
Shape of tail vertebra
振动位移均值
Mean value of vibration displacement u/ mm
振动加速度标准差Standard deviation of vibration acceleration σ/ (mm/s2)
2001110.000 911 326.408
135610.000 88407.550 1
1351610.000 98260.222 7
701110.000 783335.578 9
200620.000 912232.675 8
2001620.001 7322 017.953
1351120.000 8281 001.013
70620.000 63287.608 8
701620.002 922 062.109
2001130.001 021 332.408
135630.000 818138.252 7
1351630.001 8081 453.28
701130.000 797340.401 1
), ArticleFig(id=1240594175675126305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of results before and after optimization of three shapes of geophone tail vertebraes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态
State
尾椎形状
Shape of tail vertebra
尾椎半径
Radius of tail vertebra r/mm
尾椎长度
Length of tail vertebra L2/mm
位移耦合度均值
Mean value of displacement coupling degree /mm
加速度耦合度标准差
Standard deviation of acceleration coupling degree /(mm/s2)
优化前
Before optimization
16700.000 63287.608 8
优化后
After optimization
15.003 2152.320.000 75248.684 7
28.71868.2720.000 58269.149 3
38.288 375.250.000 80257.831 3
), ArticleFig(id=1240594175767400997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594157069194084, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三种形状的检波器尾椎优化前后结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态
State
尾椎形状
Shape of tail vertebra
尾椎半径
Radius of tail vertebra r/mm
尾椎长度
Length of tail vertebra L2/mm
位移耦合度均值
Mean value of displacement coupling degree /mm
加速度耦合度标准差
Standard deviation of acceleration coupling degree /(mm/s2)
优化前
Before optimization
16700.000 63287.608 8
优化后
After optimization
15.003 2152.320.000 75248.684 7
28.71868.2720.000 58269.149 3
38.288 375.250.000 80257.831 3
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油气勘探检波器尾椎-大地扫频振动耦合性能研究
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黄志强 1 , 段宇星 1 , 宋晓伟 2 , 王杰 1 , 付铭威 1 , 李刚 1
机械强度 | ·振动·噪声·监测·诊断· 2025,47(3): 104-112
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机械强度 | ·振动·噪声·监测·诊断· 2025, 47(3): 104-112
油气勘探检波器尾椎-大地扫频振动耦合性能研究
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黄志强1 , 段宇星1, 宋晓伟2, 王杰1, 付铭威1, 李刚1
作者信息
  • 1.西南石油大学 机电工程学院,成都 610500
  • 2.中国石油集团 东方地球物理勘探有限公司,涿州 072750
  • 黄志强,男,1968年生,四川眉山人,博士,教授;主要研究方向为石油装备与地震勘探等;E-mail:

Study on coupling performance of tail vertebra-earth sweep frequency vibration of oil and gas exploration geophone
Zhiqiang HUANG1 , Yuxing DUAN1, Xiaowei SONG2, Jie WANG1, Mingwei FU1, Gang LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 2.PetroChina Dongfang Geophysical Exploration Co., Ltd., Zhuozhou 072750, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.013
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油气勘探检波器作为采集信号的关键设备,其与大地振动耦合性能影响着采集信号的质量,决定了勘探准确度。为提高检波器勘探能力,以检波器尾椎结构为研究对象,基于单自由度耦合振动理论,提出一种用于扫频信号下检波器尾椎与地表耦合的振动模型,提取并分析了扫频情况下检波器尾椎接收信号的加速度、速度、位移响应情况,建立了振动位移均值、振动加速度标准差的耦合度评价指标,掌握了检波器尾椎与大地的耦合度响应情况。通过检波器接收测试试验,检波器尾椎所接收的加速度信号与试验所接收的加速度信号最大误差小于15%,验证了模型及方法的正确性。最后基于响应面法对不同形状下检波器尾椎的长度、半径关键参数进行优化研究,结果表明,三棱锥形状下尾椎耦合度最好,优化后的大地-检波器尾椎位移耦合均值降低了7.94%,加速度标准差降低了6.42%,有效提高了检波器尾椎接收信号的能力。

振动耦合性能  /  检波器尾椎  /  扫频振动耦合性能  /  结构优化

As the key equipment for collecting signals, the coupling performance of oil and gas exploration geophone and earth vibration affects the quality of collected signals and determines the exploration accuracy. In order to improve the exploration ability of the geophone, the structure of the tail vertebra of the geophone was taken as the research object. Based on the single-degree-of-freedom coupling vibration theory, a vibration model for the coupling of the tail vertebra of the geophone and the earth surface under the sweep frequency signal was proposed. The acceleration,velocity and displacement response of the received signal of the tail vertebra of the geophone under the sweep frequency were extracted and analyzed.The coupling degree evaluation index of the mean value of vibration displacement and the standard deviation of vibration acceleration was established, and the coupling degree response of the tail vertebra of the geophone and the earth was mastered.Through the geophone receiving test, the maximum error between the acceleration signal received by the geophone tail vertebra and the acceleration signal received by the test was less than 15%, which verified the correctness of the model and method. Finally, based on the response surface method, the key parameters of the length and radius of the tail vertebra under different shapes were optimized. The results show that the coupling degree of the tail vertebra under the triangular pyramid shape is the best. The coupling mean value of the displacement of the optimized ground-geophone tail vertebra is reduced by 7.94%, and the standard deviation of the acceleration is reduced by 6.42%, which effectively improve the ability of the geophone tail vertebra to receive signals.

Vibration coupling performance  /  Geophone tail vertebra  /  Coupling performance of swept-frequency vibration  /  Structural optimization
黄志强, 段宇星, 宋晓伟, 王杰, 付铭威, 李刚. 油气勘探检波器尾椎-大地扫频振动耦合性能研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (3) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.013
Zhiqiang HUANG, Yuxing DUAN, Xiaowei SONG, Jie WANG, Mingwei FU, Gang LI. Study on coupling performance of tail vertebra-earth sweep frequency vibration of oil and gas exploration geophone[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (3) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.013
油气勘探检波器作为油气勘探中采集反射波信号的关键设备,其实质是将机械振动转换为电信号的一种传感器,表示回波信号传到大地的波场特征,但在石油地震勘探过程中,检波器尾锥难以按“平、稳、正、直、紧”[1]1-4的要求插入地表以保证较好的耦合效果,它与大地表面的振动耦合性能直接影响采集数据的质量,进而影响勘探的准确性。其中检波器尾椎结构与大地介质的耦合作用最为关键,改进其结构减少信号接收误差,扩展接收地震波的频带宽度,对实现高精度地震勘探具有重要意义。
针对检波器与周围介质的耦合问题,国内外学者在理论和实践方面开展大量研究工作。魏继东等[2-5]指出检波器与大地耦合取决于两者的牢固程度、接触面积、检波器的质量等,并根据野外试验获得响应参数,通过计算获得解耦反褶积,可以消除耦合响应对地震数据的影响。孙超等[6]从振动力学角度推导倾斜检波器与地表双自由度耦合振动系统,指出倾角的增加将衰减信号的幅频响应。于富文等[7]采用单自由度有阻尼的自由振动系统来描述检波器-大地耦合响应,用参数扫描法对振动模型进行识别并还原介质振动,消除耦合响应。张凤蛟等[8]从理论上分析了双自由度耦合模型,揭示了检波器尾椎与地表之间的阻尼对地震信号的影响,尾椎与表土的固结程度影响耦合系统的阻尼,土壤固结程度越紧密则耦合系统阻尼越大。李培超等[9]对加速度和速度型检波器建立相对应的机电耦合动力学模型,揭示了耦合共振频率与检波器质量和长度的关系。石战结等[10]分别针对沙漠地区地表条件设计多种尾锥结构,优化了与介质的耦合性能。陈高翔等[11-12]开展了检波器-大地耦合理论分析,研究以泊松比、横波速度、尾锥长度及半径为代表的介质与检波器条件对耦合响应的影响。董世学等[13-14]在调查了地表物性的基础上,研制了检波器-地表的特殊耦合传递函数,即保证装置底面与表土保持水平接触。陈铸[15]以边坡为研究对象,采用有限元的方法分析了水与地震力作用下边坡加速度响应和应变响应规律,结果指出,水骤降对边坡加速度峰值放大效应更明显。江学良等[16]研究地震作用下边坡的加速度响应特性和动位移响应特性,探究三种激振方式下边坡对其的影响规律。张兴臣等[17]从频谱特性的角度分析黄土边坡地震动峰值加速度下的动力失稳机制,提出将反应谱的凸显作为坡体破坏的依据。
国内外学者基于互易弹射理论、波动力学、振动力学等理论开展了检波器与大地的耦合研究,并通过试验探究了影响耦合性能的因素,结果表明,检波器尾椎的形状取决于检波器和土壤的不同参数,增加尖峰半径和长度会降低共振频率[18-22],但对扫频信号下检波器尾椎结构优化缺乏深入研究。因此,本文针对检波器在接收信号过程中出现的问题,采用有限元瞬态响应方法,基于单自由度振动系统,建立检波器与大地耦合振动模型,以振动位移均值和振动加速度标准差作为评价检波器-大地耦合度的指标,开展了扫频谐振载荷作用下不同形状下的检波器尾椎长度、半径与大地振动耦合性能的研究,掌握尾椎结构形状参数对检波器与大地耦合振动性能的影响规律,并开展尾椎形状参数以及结构尺寸优化设计,以进一步提升检波器与大地表面的振动耦合性能,保障油气勘探的质量,确保精确找油找气。
油气勘探检波器主要由壳体和尾椎组成,与大地进行耦合振动的主要是尾椎。基于单自由度有阻尼的自由振动系统理论[1]1-4研究检波器尾椎插入大地地表时,检波器尾椎与地表构成单自由度耦合振动系统,并由此分析影响耦合性能的因素。
单自由度耦合振动系统可以用质量-刚度-阻尼的模型进行描述,图1所示为检波器耦合振动系统模型,其基本运动方程为
式中,MCK分别为检波器整体质量(包括检波器外壳内部质量)、系统阻尼系数、系统刚度矩阵;u为位移矢量,u̇为速度矢量,ü为加速度矢量;Ft)为外界施加力。
为简化方程,引入两个系数,即等效固有频率和质量阻尼系数C/2m=ξω0,对系统运动方程进行归一化处理,并引入模态坐标x做线性变换。所推导的模态运动方程为
式中,μ为摩擦因数;ω为角频率;ξ为阻尼比。检波器与大地耦合振动为“欠阻尼”振动,影响大地-尾椎系统参数的耦合质量M、耦合阻尼C、耦合刚度K的因素复杂,既包括尾椎的结构参数,又包含土壤本身的力学参数和尾椎插入土壤的力学参数。
参考东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司研制的eSeis检波器外形结构参数,检波器由尾椎、电源、微机电系统(MEMS)、传感器等构成,其实物及结构尺寸如图1所示。检波器外壳宽度L1=100 mm;外壳高度H1=105 mm;尾椎长度L2=70 mm;尾椎直径D1=12 mm;锥度θ=9.8°。
为降低计算量,并保证计算精度,简化检波器中的局部结构,如倒角、圆角、螺纹孔等。由WEI等[23]通过有限元分析可知,可控震源平板捕获的大地大约为一个半径为1.8 m的半球,所建立的大地反射波回收有限元模型能够包括被激发的大地模型。为准确表征检波器所接收信号的川渝地区的硬质黏土地,因此建立尺寸为2 m×2 m×2 m的大地模型,检波器与大地耦合振动三维模型如图2所示。
为准确合理地分析检波器尾椎的受力情况,采用试验的方法,如图3所示,将eSeis检波器插入硬质黏土中。检波器尾椎插入地面时,主要考虑尾椎与大地之间的紧密接触,两者之间的摩擦力、挤压力。通过试验测出检波器回收时所需拔出力,约为70 N。
依据检波器尾椎与大地之间的摩擦系数、检波器回收时所需拔出力,开展检波器尾椎与大地的挤压力分析,如图4所示[24],其中μ为摩擦因数,取值为0.3[25]。因此,已知拔出力,可由公式计算出挤压力为50 N。
为了验证网格无关性,以检波器尾椎接收信号的位移均值与加速度标准差作为参考值来验证网格无关性。设计6套网格数量对重要部分(尾椎与大地接触部分)和非重要部分(外壳)进行不同程度的加密处理。另外,检波器在工作时,大地的变形均处于弹性变形阶段,故将大地的材料设置为弹性材料,尾椎材料、检波器外壳分别参考实际选择结构钢、工程塑料,参照如表1所示的材料参数所设置的检波器整体质量小于2 kg,符合实际工程要求。网格无关性验证结果如图5所示。
当网格数量在15万以上时,尾椎接收信号的位移均值和加速度标准差趋于稳定,保持在0.000 63 mm和201.354 mm/s2,无明显变化,故选网格数量为15万进行模拟计算。这样在保证计算精度的同时减少了计算时间,故可认为此时的数值仿真结果已经收敛,网格无关性验证完毕。
检波器外壳结构规整,采用六面体网格划分;对于大地模型采用渐变型网格,检波器尾椎模型采用四面体网格划分,大地最终网格质量为0.85,符合计算要求,如图6所示。
大地接收反射波时,沿重力方向有微小的位移量,因此在大地底部施加远端位移约束,并模拟激振系统所反射于检波器时的正弦线性回收信号,线性扫描信号的瞬时速度振幅参考GOUJON等[26]91-95在地震勘探时给出的检波器振动峰值速度8 mm/s,以此作为大地回波信号的幅值[26]
检波器在接受大地所反射波信号时,所接受的线性扫描信号是瞬时速度振幅与时间的线性单调函数,频率的变化率为常数。速度正弦线性扫描信号可表示为
式中,A为速度的幅值(扫描幅值);fs为扫描起始频率,也就是可控震源开始振动时的频率;fe为扫描终止频率;T为扫描信号持续时间,又称为扫描长度;t为记录时间;fe-fs表示频带宽度。最终获得检波器所接收的反射波速度信号函数为
施加给大地的速度激振信号是频率为3~96 Hz的扫频信号,控制信号长度为0.5 s,峰值为8 mm/s。
检波器接收反射波信号过程是承受任意随时间变化载荷结构的动力学响应的过程之一,可以用瞬态动力学分析确定结构在稳态载荷、瞬态载荷、简谐载荷及其随机组合作用下,随时间变化的速度、位移、加速度等。
对检波器尾椎初始模型进行检波器-大地耦合振动瞬态特性分析,分别提取检波器尾椎A、B、C三点的节点振动速度、振动加速度、振动位移数据与大地接触面上对应的A1B1C1特征点数据,如图7所示,取这三点数据曲线的平均值,对检波器-大地耦合性能进行评价分析,并对所获得时域数据进行傅里叶变换,分析频域下的位移、速度、加速度响应如图8~图10所示。
图8可以看出,在31.68 Hz时尾椎振动速度峰值为0.618 3 mm/s,土壤速度峰值为0.615 2 mm/s,两者峰值点对应的振幅差为0.003 1 mm/s。定义土壤和尾椎接收值的值差为检波器-大地振动系统的速度耦合度:
式中,vo为土壤响应值;vi为尾椎接收值。
在频率为3~96 Hz的扫频信号作用下,土壤速度与尾椎接收速度的耦合度均值为0.001 3 mm/s,速度耦合度的标准差为0.074 7 mm/s。
图9可以看出,21.13 Hz时尾椎接收位移达到振动峰值4.689 2 μm,土壤位移的振动峰值为4.682 3 μm,两者振动峰值位移差为0.006 9 μm;输入位移与尾椎接收位移耦合度均值为0.000 6 mm,来表征检波器尾椎所接收信号相对于土壤位移信号的整体数据平均脱耦量。
位移差均值计算式为
式中,u为位移耦合度均值;xi为检波器尾椎接收的位移;xj为土壤位移;N为数据点的个数。
图10可以看出,32.06 Hz时尾椎接收加速度达到振动峰值154.935 3 mm/s2,土壤加速度峰值为153.768 1 mm/s2,两者振动峰值加速度差为1.167 2 mm/s2。加速度表示物体所受力大小的变化量,对比尾椎接收加速度与土壤的振动加速度可表征大地变形对检波器尾椎所作用的力。土壤加速度和尾椎振动加速度耦合度标准差为287.608 8 mm/s2,加速度标准差越大,加速度波动就越大,则尾椎结构对接收信号影响越大。
加速度标准差计算式为
式中,σ为加速度耦合度标准差;N为数据点个数;分别为各采样点处加速度耦合度值与其平均值。
上述研究了检波器-大地土壤耦合情况在垂直分量上的响应特性,将振动位移响应耦合度的平均值、振动加速度响应耦合度的标准差作为川渝地区耦合介质与检波器耦合信号的整体变动量和离散程度的评价指标,检波器尾椎初始模型位移耦合度均值为0.000 6 mm,加速度耦合度标准差为287.608 8 mm/s2,为减小检波器与大地介质的耦合误差,需要对检波器尾椎结构进行改进。
为了验证仿真模型的准确性,开展了检波器与大地耦合振动试验,选用了平整且土质均匀的试验场地,场地附近人烟稀少、建筑物少,对试验结果影响小。采用了震源车模拟扫频信号进行激振,将eSeis检波器插入土壤,进行检波器响应测试,读取检波器内传感器所接收的试验信号。试验所用的仪器主要包括一台可控震源车、一套振动控制系统、检波器和数据采集器等,设计了8道检波器排列方式,道距为1 m,每道有一个检波器,检波器布置及炮点位置如图11所示。调整检波器与震源激发中心点距离与仿真中一致,均为1 m。
图12所示为仿真模型所获得的检波器接收信号与试验所接收到的检波器信号曲线对比。由图12可以看出,试验曲线中检波器实测地震信号的加速度振幅在26.4 Hz处出现振动峰值172.9 mm/s2,仿真模型在32.1 Hz处出现振动峰值154.9 mm/s2,两组振动峰值数据相差10.38%;在后期趋于稳定之后,两组数据在3~96 Hz扫频信号范围内仿真振幅趋势与试验所测趋势基本一致,两者的最大误差在15%以内,满足工程实际要求。这表明构建的耦合模型能较好地描述检波器在扫频信号激振下的响应运动,仿真信号与试验信号在实际数据与仿真数据中的契合度较高,说明该仿真模型准确性较高。
试验测试曲线中出现畸变的主要原因是周围环境噪声的影响和机电转换过程中滤波响应干扰,造成信号的叠加,此外试验所测得的信号包含了部分来自地下深部反射层的反射信息,因此频率成分也相对丰富[3]411-417
为降低检波器接收信号的误差,基于响应面法改进检波器尾椎结构,提高其与大地振动耦合度。响应面法是指对实际数据的拟合方程,该方程能建立设计变量和目标变量的函数表达式,来预测不同自变量对响应值的影响[27]。结合工程实际,基于扫频激发信号的影响,建立了圆锥、三棱锥、四棱锥三种不同尾椎的有限元模型,如图13所示,探究不同形状下检波器尾椎结构参数对信号接收效果的影响规律。
由于接触面积影响着检波器尾椎-大地耦合性能,而尾椎可控结构参数如半径、长度等的改变会间接影响着尾椎-大地的接触面积,所以,为探究尾椎半径、长度及形状对耦合性能的隐式关系,基于响应面法,开展检波器尾椎的结构参数对信号接收效率的影响规律研究。以振动位移的平均值u和振动加速度的标准差σ作为优化目标,选取尾椎的长度、半径、形状作为设计变量。对于尾椎长度、半径的下限,取值为初始尾椎的10%;上限参考文献和工程实际选取,检波器尾椎长度为200 mm[26]91-95、尾椎半径为16 mm[28]。尾椎初始形状为圆锥,用1表征;为三棱锥,用2表征;为四棱锥,用3表征。优化分析时具体参数及变量优化参数范围如表2所示。
表3的13组试验中获得各参数对优化目标的灵敏度,分析可知,评价指标与尾椎半径、尾椎长度正相关,形状对其影响较小,如图14所示。
图15分析了尾椎长度、半径以及形状对检波器-大地耦合度的影响规律。图15(a)表明位移耦合均值与尾椎长度基本呈现正相关的变化趋势,而加速度耦合标准差随着尾椎长度的增加呈现先减后增的变化趋势,在尾椎长度为108 mm时达到最小。图15(b)表明,在尾椎半径为5~12 mm范围内,位移耦合均值基本无变化,之后随着半径增大而增大,加速度标准差与其关系基本类似;与尾椎长度基本呈现正相关的变化趋势,而加速度耦合标准差随着尾椎长度的增加呈现先减后增的变化趋势,在尾椎长度为108 mm时达到最小。图15(c)表明,尾椎形状变化影响位移耦合度均值和加速度耦合度标准差,尾椎形状为三棱锥时对耦合度评价指标影响最小。
尾椎结构参数与耦合度之间存在一定隐式关系,因此需要开展响应面优化研究,求出较为合适的结构参数。采用多目标遗传算法获得圆锥形、三棱锥形、四棱锥形检波器尾椎的最优响应点,尾椎振动速度耦合度均值、尾椎振动加速度耦合度标准差越小,信号质量越好。
设置优化目标和约束条件,将振动位移均值和振动加速度标准差两个评价指标设置为优化目标,评价指标值越小且大于0为约束条件,更新完成后,求解出9个候选点,获得三棱锥形状下3个候选点,选出输出参数值为最小的优化点,对其进行模型重建并仿真,结果如表4所示。
表4可知,与圆锥形、四棱锥形检波器尾椎对比,三棱锥形尾椎耦合效果最好,如图16所示,优化后的模型相比于优化前模型,即初始圆锥形尾椎、位移均值和加速度标准差均减少了7.94%和6.42%,进一步提高了检波器尾椎与大地的耦合性能,提高了信号接收的准确性。
通过对检波器尾椎结构进行形状设计和尺寸优化,得到结论如下:
1)基于单自由度耦合振动理论,建立了一种检波器尾椎与大地耦合振动模型,并通过现场测试,验证了模型准确性。
2)开展扫频激振下检波器尾椎接收信号分析,构建了位移耦合度均值和加速度耦合度标准差的评价指标,并基于响应面法探究了检波器尾椎形状、长度、半径对其耦合振动的影响。
3)开展三棱锥形、圆锥形、四棱锥形检波器尾椎长度和半径尺寸优化研究,优化后四棱锥形状下耦合性能最差,三棱锥形状下耦合性能最好,相较于初始圆锥形尾椎,位移均值减少了7.94%,加速度标准差减少了6.42%,检波器接收信号准确性得到提升。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41902326)
  • 四川省科技计划项目(22GJHZ0284)
  • 中国石油前瞻性基础性战略性技术攻关项目(2021DJ3601)
  • 南充市-西南石油大学市校科技战略合作专项(SXHZ048)
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.013
  • 接收时间:2023-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-24
  • 修回日期:2023-08-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41902326)
国家自然科学基金项目(41902326)
Sichuan Science and Technology Plan Project(22GJHZ0284)
四川省科技计划项目(22GJHZ0284)
Petro China ' s Forward-Looking Basic Strategic Technology Research Project(2021DJ3601)
中国石油前瞻性基础性战略性技术攻关项目(2021DJ3601)
Nanchong-Southwest Petroleum University Science and Technology Strategic Cooperation Project(SXHZ048)
南充市-西南石油大学市校科技战略合作专项(SXHZ048)
作者信息
    1.西南石油大学 机电工程学院,成都 610500
    2.中国石油集团 东方地球物理勘探有限公司,涿州 072750
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jxqd/CN/10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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