Article(id=1240594156637180768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707148800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-06, revisedDate=1714838400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773710296066, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773710296066, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773710296066, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773710296066, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240594155198534488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773710295724, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773714468205, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240611655898420098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240611655902614403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=96, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240594156901421922, articleId=1240594156637180768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Fault diagnosis of gearbox under variable working condition based on weighted subdomain adaptive adversarial network, columnId=1240594156813341537, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=·Vibration·Noise·Monitoring·Diagnosis·, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In practical engineering, gearboxes are subject to complex and variable operating environments, which hinder the ability of a single vibration signal to accurately and effectively represent fault information under different working conditions. To address this issue, a gearbox fault diagnosis method for variable working conditions based on weighted subdomain adaptive adversarial networks was proposed. Initially, a multi-source heterogeneous signal fusion strategy was employed to transform vibration signal spectrograms, current signal Gramian matrices, and infrared thermograms into a multi-channel dataset, offering diverse perspectives on gearbox operational states. Subsequently, a self-calibrated convolutions network (SCNet) incorporating an efficient channel attention (ECA) mechanism acted as a feature extractor, dynamically adjusting the interactions and dependencies between multi-source heterogeneous signals to balance the scale differences between the source and target domain heterogeneous data. Concurrently, during adversarial training of the feature extractor and domain discriminator, maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were introduced to measure the domain alignment degree of the current cross-domain task feature representation and the diagnostic task decision boundary. A dynamic balancing factor was constructed to real-time adjust domain alignment loss and class discriminability loss, effectively aligning each class space between the source and target domains. Finally, validated by a collected gearbox fault dataset under variable operating conditions. The results show that the proposed method achieves diagnostic accuracy exceeding 95% across different conditions, demonstrating its feasibility and effectiveness.

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YANG Ting, E-mail:
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实际工程中齿轮箱受复杂多变的运行环境影响,导致单一振动信号难以准确有效地表征齿轮箱在不同工况下的故障信息。为此,提出了一种基于加权子域自适应对抗网络的齿轮箱变工况故障诊断方法。首先,采用多源异构信号融合策略,将振动信号时频图、电流信号格拉姆矩阵和红外热力图转换为多通道数据集,从不同视角描述齿轮箱运行状态;其次,构建嵌入高效通道注意力机制(Efficient Channel Attention, ECA)的自校正卷积神经网络(Self-calibrated Convolutions Network, SCNet)作为特征提取器,动态调整多源异构信号间相互作用和依赖关系,平衡源域和目标域的多源异构数据间尺度差异;再次,在特征提取器和域判别器进行对抗训练的同时,引入最大均值差异(Maximum Mean Discrepancy, MMD)和线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA)衡量当前跨域任务特征表示的域对齐程度及诊断任务决策边界,并构造动态平衡因子实时调整域对齐损失和类分辨性损失,有效地对齐源域和目标域每个类空间。最后,通过采集的齿轮箱变工况故障数据集进行验证。结果表明,所提方法在不同工况的诊断精度均达到95%以上,证明了所提方法的可行性和有效性。

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杨婷,女,1991年生,四川眉山人,硕士,讲师;主要研究方向为现代新型传动技术与机器人技术;E-mail:
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张慧云,女,1978年生,陕西渭南人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为机械设计与制造;E-mail:

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张慧云,女,1978年生,陕西渭南人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为机械设计与制造;E-mail:

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张慧云,女,1978年生,陕西渭南人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为机械设计与制造;E-mail:

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articleId=1240594156637180768, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=域自适应)], refs=[Reference(id=1240594171262718347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594156637180768, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=51, issue=11, pageStart=39, pageEnd=50, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=李东东, 蒋海涛, 赵耀, journalName=电力系统保护与控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李东东,蒋海涛,赵耀,等. 极端条件下基于改进深度森林的行星齿轮箱故障诊断方法[J]. 电力系统保护与控制202351(11):39-50., articleTitle=极端条件下基于改进深度森林的行星齿轮箱故障诊断方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240594171359187345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594156637180768, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=51, issue=11, pageStart=39, pageEnd=50, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=LI Dongdong, JIANG Haitao, ZHAO Yao, journalName=Power System Protection and Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI DongdongJIANG HaitaoZHAO Yao,et al. 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different τ values, figureFileSmall=t04Qa3hbBSQlcD0Es9slxA==, figureFileBig=j0DNo8XM5B+hhG2u1L7HOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594170482577772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594156637180768, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同τ值的准确率, figureFileSmall=t04Qa3hbBSQlcD0Es9slxA==, figureFileBig=j0DNo8XM5B+hhG2u1L7HOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594170583241070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594156637180768, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Fault diagnosis results of different methods

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方法
Methods
A→BA→CB→CB→AC→AC→B平均1
Average 1
A→AB→BC→C平均2
Average 2
DCNN⁃XGBoost89.2088.3287.7290.1389.8791.7889.5094.4093.2491.1392.92
CORAL⁃JMMD96.8095.3693.2997.1296.6195.5295.7895.8493.7895.4495.02
DBN95.0093.2894.8098.1394.5596.1695.3296.2896.8595.3296.15
FDACNN97.4094.7598.4596.2195.6096.6896.5297.3296.9798.4297.57
DAN92.7191.6194.0690.6389.3796.7692.5293.6494.3192.8893.61
所提方法 Proposed method99.2195.5098.5598.1996.9797.1297.5999.2898.0299.8999.06
), ArticleFig(id=1240594170700681588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594156637180768, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同方法的故障诊断结果

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方法
Methods
A→BA→CB→CB→AC→AC→B平均1
Average 1
A→AB→BC→C平均2
Average 2
DCNN⁃XGBoost89.2088.3287.7290.1389.8791.7889.5094.4093.2491.1392.92
CORAL⁃JMMD96.8095.3693.2997.1296.6195.5295.7895.8493.7895.4495.02
DBN95.0093.2894.8098.1394.5596.1695.3296.2896.8595.3296.15
FDACNN97.4094.7598.4596.2195.6096.6896.5297.3296.9798.4297.57
DAN92.7191.6194.0690.6389.3796.7692.5293.6494.3192.8893.61
所提方法 Proposed method99.2195.5098.5598.1996.9797.1297.5999.2898.0299.8999.06
), ArticleFig(id=1240594170813927804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594156637180768, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Diagnostic accuracy of different signals in transfer task

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振动
Vibration
电流
Current
温度
Temperature
准确率
Accuracy/%
提升
Increase/%
××91.34
××88.63↓2.71
××90.12↓1.22
×94.78↑3.44
×95.10↑3.76
×92.87↑1.53
98.55↑7.21
), ArticleFig(id=1240594170893619579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594156637180768, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同信号在迁移任务中的诊断精度

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振动
Vibration
电流
Current
温度
Temperature
准确率
Accuracy/%
提升
Increase/%
××91.34
××88.63↓2.71
××90.12↓1.22
×94.78↑3.44
×95.10↑3.76
×92.87↑1.53
98.55↑7.21
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基于加权子域自适应对抗网络的齿轮箱变工况故障诊断
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张慧云 1 , 左芳君 1 , 余熹 2 , 杨婷 1
机械强度 | ·振动·噪声·监测·诊断· 2025,47(3): 96-103
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机械强度 | ·振动·噪声·监测·诊断· 2025, 47(3): 96-103
基于加权子域自适应对抗网络的齿轮箱变工况故障诊断
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张慧云1 , 左芳君1, 余熹2, 杨婷1
作者信息
  • 1.成都工业学院 智能制造学院,成都 610031
  • 2.四川大学 机械工程学院,成都 610065
  • 张慧云,女,1978年生,陕西渭南人,硕士,副教授;主要研究方向为机械设计与制造;E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨婷,女,1991年生,四川眉山人,硕士,讲师;主要研究方向为现代新型传动技术与机器人技术;E-mail:
Fault diagnosis of gearbox under variable working condition based on weighted subdomain adaptive adversarial network
Huiyun ZHANG1 , Fangjun ZUO1, Xi YU2, Ting YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2.College of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.012
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实际工程中齿轮箱受复杂多变的运行环境影响,导致单一振动信号难以准确有效地表征齿轮箱在不同工况下的故障信息。为此,提出了一种基于加权子域自适应对抗网络的齿轮箱变工况故障诊断方法。首先,采用多源异构信号融合策略,将振动信号时频图、电流信号格拉姆矩阵和红外热力图转换为多通道数据集,从不同视角描述齿轮箱运行状态;其次,构建嵌入高效通道注意力机制(Efficient Channel Attention, ECA)的自校正卷积神经网络(Self-calibrated Convolutions Network, SCNet)作为特征提取器,动态调整多源异构信号间相互作用和依赖关系,平衡源域和目标域的多源异构数据间尺度差异;再次,在特征提取器和域判别器进行对抗训练的同时,引入最大均值差异(Maximum Mean Discrepancy, MMD)和线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA)衡量当前跨域任务特征表示的域对齐程度及诊断任务决策边界,并构造动态平衡因子实时调整域对齐损失和类分辨性损失,有效地对齐源域和目标域每个类空间。最后,通过采集的齿轮箱变工况故障数据集进行验证。结果表明,所提方法在不同工况的诊断精度均达到95%以上,证明了所提方法的可行性和有效性。

齿轮箱  /  不同工况  /  故障诊断  /  数据融合  /  域自适应

In practical engineering, gearboxes are subject to complex and variable operating environments, which hinder the ability of a single vibration signal to accurately and effectively represent fault information under different working conditions. To address this issue, a gearbox fault diagnosis method for variable working conditions based on weighted subdomain adaptive adversarial networks was proposed. Initially, a multi-source heterogeneous signal fusion strategy was employed to transform vibration signal spectrograms, current signal Gramian matrices, and infrared thermograms into a multi-channel dataset, offering diverse perspectives on gearbox operational states. Subsequently, a self-calibrated convolutions network (SCNet) incorporating an efficient channel attention (ECA) mechanism acted as a feature extractor, dynamically adjusting the interactions and dependencies between multi-source heterogeneous signals to balance the scale differences between the source and target domain heterogeneous data. Concurrently, during adversarial training of the feature extractor and domain discriminator, maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were introduced to measure the domain alignment degree of the current cross-domain task feature representation and the diagnostic task decision boundary. A dynamic balancing factor was constructed to real-time adjust domain alignment loss and class discriminability loss, effectively aligning each class space between the source and target domains. Finally, validated by a collected gearbox fault dataset under variable operating conditions. The results show that the proposed method achieves diagnostic accuracy exceeding 95% across different conditions, demonstrating its feasibility and effectiveness.

Gearbox  /  Variable operating condition  /  Fault diagnosis  /  Data fusion  /  Domain adaptation
张慧云, 左芳君, 余熹, 杨婷. 基于加权子域自适应对抗网络的齿轮箱变工况故障诊断. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (3) : 96 -103 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.012
Huiyun ZHANG, Fangjun ZUO, Xi YU, Ting YANG. Fault diagnosis of gearbox under variable working condition based on weighted subdomain adaptive adversarial network[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (3) : 96 -103 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.012
齿轮箱由于其高效率、结构紧凑和高承载能力等优点,被广泛应用于大型旋转机械设备。但齿轮箱长期在高速、重载等环境中工作,难免出现性能衰退,甚至运行故障,轻则造成设备停机、停产,重则导致灾难性的安全事故,造成生命、财产损失。因此,对齿轮箱进行故障诊断不仅是维持机械运行效率和可靠性的关键,更是防止产生重大经济损失的必要措施[1]
近年来,随着工业自动化和智能化的迅速发展,深度学习凭借其强大的数据处理能力、自学习和特征提取能力,为故障诊断提供了新解决方案[2]1059-1066,卷积神经网络[3](Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)及其变种网络[4]547-553[5]在故障诊断领域得到了广泛应用。然而受限于机械设备运行环境、温度、负载等环境因素的影响,工况多变且运行状态监测困难,不同工况下的数据分布差异显著,导致现有基于深度学习诊断模型的性能严重下降[6]
迁移学习通过迁移策略将源域数据训练的模型更好地泛化到目标域数据上,在处理不同类型数据时兼具灵活性和有效性,在变工况下的故障诊断表现出显著优势[7]。当前研究主要是在深度学习框架中加入适配层以进行跨域距离度量,如:王琦等[8]在一维卷积神经网络(One⁃Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network,1DCNN)中引入最大均值差异,在目标域存在少量标签样本的情况下,实现了变工况故障诊断。朱朋等[9]构建残差注意力模型弱化模型的强共享条件,并结合子领域自适应实现了时变转速下滚动轴承故障诊断。沈飞等[10]通过最小化领域均值差异拉近源领域和目标域数据低纬空间距离,提高了变工况下的齿轮箱故障诊断精度。也有一些研究采取“finetune”方式尝试微调参数进行迁移,其迁移参数受数据量与故障类型影响较大。陈仁祥等[11]127-133构建了深度置信网络提取故障特征,并结合微调策略实现了不同工况下的齿轮箱故障诊断。最新研究已经开始尝试采用新的学习模型结合领域自适应思想进行诊断。AN等[12]提出了一种基于对比学习的领域适应模型,以实现跨工况的滚动轴承故障诊断。
上述方法取得了较好的诊断结果,但随着机械设备结构日益复杂,单一振动信号难以完全表征其复杂的动态响应特性,不能满足当前机械设备的高精度诊断要求。相较于单一传感器信号,多传感器信号可以捕获机械设备不同视角的运行状态信息,增强模型对判别性特征的完整表达[13]。侯召国等[14]采用信息熵对多传感器信号进行加权,并结合深度迁移模型实现了源域到目标域的迁移。MAO等[15]119构建了域自适应CNN模型提取振动信号和红外热力图的域不变特征,用于齿轮箱在不同运行条件下的故障诊断。ZHANG等[16]提出了一种多传感器数据和多尺度特征融合模型,通过捕获来自多个传感器的特征,实现了域间知识的有效迁移。
以上方法为故障诊断提供了新思路,但仍存在以下几个问题:①信号采集:融合多组振动信号虽然提供了空间上的多维信息,但实际工程中受机械设备结构限制,传感器无法直接在主轴等关键位置布置。振动信号本身易受到环境因素干扰,伴随着嘈杂环境、耦合剂和工作温度等影响,齿轮箱变工况故障诊断难度增加;②信号融合:多源异构信号由不同传感器采集,在量程、测量范围和灵敏度等方面差异显著,直接融合尺度不同的信号易出现信息不平衡,加剧两域之间的分布差异,使得域间转移更加困难;③数据特征:由于跨域迁移过程中数据分布和特征表达的动态性,孤立地考虑特征表示的域对齐和诊断任务的决策边界,导致迁移效果差。
针对上述问题,提出了一种基于加权子域自适应对抗网络的齿轮箱变工况故障诊断方法,该方法是一种无监督迁移学习方法,通过将振动信号、电流信号和红外热力图进行多源异构数据融合,提高齿轮箱故障信号表达的完整性;其次,构建嵌入高效通道注意力(Efficient Channel Attention, ECA)的自校正卷积神经网络(Self⁃calibrated Convolutions Network, SCNet)作为特征提取器自适应地编码远距离区域的信息,平衡源域和目标域中多源异构数据间的尺度差异;在特征提取器和域判别器进行对抗训练的同时,引入最大均值差异(Maximum Mean Discrepancy, MMD)和线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA)衡量当前跨域任务特征表示的域对齐程度及诊断任务决策边界,以构造动态平衡因子实时调整域对齐损失和类分辨性损失,有效缩小源域和目标域的分布差异;最后,通过采集的齿轮箱变工况故障数据集进行验证,所提方法诊断精度均达到95%以上,证明了所提方法的有效性。
除振动信号外,电流信号和红外热成像作为非侵入式的数据采集手段,有效地降低了设备运行环境对故障诊断任务的干扰。为将振动信号、电流信号和红外热力图进行融合,需将其转换为相同维度,因此采用连续小波变换(Continuous Wavelet Transform, CWT)、格拉姆角场(Gramian Angular Field, GAF)分别将振动信号、电流信号转换成时频矩阵和格拉姆矩阵,以二维矩阵形式展示运行状态信息;采用数据融合策略将振动信号时频矩阵、电流信号格拉姆矩阵以及温度信号的红外热力图进行通道拼接,构成多通道数据集。
自校正卷积神经网络[17]是一种卷积神经网络的改进模型,自校正卷积在处理每个空间位置的特征时,不仅利用局部信息,还能够参考由其他卷积路径提供的信息,使得不同传感器的故障表征信息之间相互流通,降低因尺度不一而导致的信息不平衡现象出现的频率。通过显式和更丰富的信息,帮助模型生成更多差异性特征表示。
自校正卷积将输入特征图XRC×H×W按通道拆分为尺寸相等的两部分X1X2。将这两部分在两种不同的尺度下进行特征变换,一种是使用下采样的潜在空间映射,另一种则是原始比例空间的特征映射,具体步骤如下所示:
1)潜在空间映射:对特征图X1采用大小为r×r、步长为r的平均池化(Avgpool)进行采样操作,得到低维特征表示T;其次,通过卷积核K2对低维特征表示T进行卷积操作,并采用双线性插值进行上采样。然后,使用sigmoid激活函数对K3卷积提取的特征进行校准输出特征Y',最后通过K4卷积得到输出Y1
2)原始空间映射:对于特征图X2采用K1卷积提取特征得到Y2
3)特征融合:将特征表示Y1Y2进行融合得到最终输出Y
式中,F1(·)、F2(·)、F3(·)、F4(·)表示卷积函数,具体实现与式(3)一致;σ(·)为sigmoid激活函数;*为卷积操作;fAvgpool(·)为平均池化函数;fUp(·)为双线性插值函数;fconcat(·)为特征拼接操作。
高效通道注意力机制[18]自适应地强化关键通道特征。其实现注意力步骤如下:
对于每个通道的特征图Xc,首先,进行全局平均池化聚合空间信息;其次,通过卷积核大小为k的一维卷积对跨通道的局部依赖关系进行建模,计算注意力权重;最后,将计算的权重应用于原特征图,得到通道加权的特征表示。
式中,HW分别为特征图的高度和宽度;Xc(ij)为第c个通道的第i行和第j列的特征值;σ(·)为sigmoid激活函数,用于将注意力权值标准化[0,1]之间,∙表示逐元素乘法;fConv1D k(·)为卷积核大小为k的一维卷积,其卷积核大小k根据式(8)自适应调整。通过这种方式,ECA模块可以动态地调整每个通道的重要性,增强或抑制某些通道的特征。
式中,|∙|odd为取奇数操作;γb分别固定为2和1。
假设来自源域Dsns个标记样本和来自目标域Dtnt个未标记样本边缘概率分布和条件概率分布均不相同,为学习在源域和目标域之间的一致性特征表示来减少两个域之间差异,使用特征提取器G和域判别器D进行对抗训练。特征提取器G旨在从源域样本和目标域样本中提取域不变特征,而域判别器D则试图区分这些特征来自源域还是目标域,域对齐损失函数具体如下:
式中,Lda(·)为域对抗损失函数;θgθd分别为特征提取器和域判别器的参数;分别为输入的源域和目标域样本。
领域自适应能够有效地实现领域对齐,但是并未考虑到具体诊断任务中不同类别的决策边界,不能有效实现源域和目标域的子域自适应。因此引入3个分类器CC1C2,通过训练最大化分类器之间输出的差异来检测远离源支持的目标样本,同时,特征生成器学习G生成接近源域的目标特征。这种训练方式增强了模型对目标域数据的判别能力[19],其损失函数如下:
式中,CC1C2为通过源域中有监督预训练的3个分类器。
为避免过度偏向域对齐或类可辨别,分别使用MMD和LDA衡量当前跨域特征表示域对齐程度及类可辨别性,并通过二者构造一个动态平衡因子τ控制域对齐损失和类分辨性损失,具体实现过程如下:
式中,fMMD(·)为最大均值差异函数;J(W)为基于LDA的可判别性估计器;W为线性变换矩阵。因此所提方法最终动态加权模型如下:
式中,Lce(·)为交叉熵损失函数。通过等式中的动态加权,有效地避免由于过度对齐导致点类可分辨性消失或由于过度偏向类可分辨性导致的域偏移现象出现。
基于加权子域自适应对抗网络的齿轮箱变工况故障诊断模型如图1所示,其诊断具体步骤如下:
1)采用传感器信号融合策略将不同工况下的振动信号时频图、电流信号格拉姆矩阵和红外热力图转换为多通道数据集,构建源域训练样本Ds和目标域样本Dt作为模型的输入。
2)构建嵌入ECA的自校正卷积神经网络作为特征提取器G,平衡多源异构数据尺度差异。
3)通过源域数据由监督训练分类器CC1C2固定特征提取器G的参数,最大化目标域中3个分类器输出的差异。同时,通过训练G最小化差异,使得提取到的目标域特征具有较强的判别性。
4)将源域和目标域数据输入到特征提取器G中,进行特征提取器和分类器的对抗训练,通过动态加权调节域对齐损失和类分辨性损失使得源域和目标域的子空间对齐,从而实现对齿轮箱的变工况故障诊断。
试验数据来自齿轮箱故障试验台(图2)。齿轮包括正常、点蚀、断齿、裂纹和磨损5种状态,其中振动信号通过加速度传感器进行采集、电流信号通过钳式电流传感器进行采集、温度信号通过红外热像仪进行采集。
以10 kHz的采样频率在1 000 r/min(工况A)、1 200 r/min(工况B)及1 400 r/min(工况C)下采集多组故障振动、电流信号。采用无重叠样本分割方式,对振动信号、电流信号分别以2 048个点截取数据样本,红外热力图则通过帧截取进行划分。
对每一个工况下(A、B、C)中的3种信号按8∶2比例随机划分,训练集每类400个样本,共2 000样本,测试集每类100个样本,共500样本。如在A→B迁移任务中,源域工况A中的有标签训练集样本2 000个,目标域工况B中的无标签样本500个,在迁移过程中不使用目标域的标签信息。
振动信号、电流信号分别使用CWT和GAF转换为时频图和格拉姆矩阵,图3所示为1 000 r/min下振动信号时频图、电流信号格拉姆矩阵及温度信号红外热力图的不同故障表现形式。
网络主要超参数设置如下,优化器采用随机梯度下降算法,初始学习率为0.000 1,动量为0.9,权重衰减为10-4,批大小64,迭代轮数150轮。试验均在CPU为Intel Core i7⁃11800H,GPU为6 GB显存的NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060,内存为16 GB,Python3.8.13上的Pytorch1.10环境下进行。为验证所提方法的有效性,将所提方法与深度卷积神经网络和XGBoost(Deep Convolutional Neural Network and XGBoost, DCNN-XGBoost)算法[2]1059-1066、相关对齐联合最大均值差异(Correlation Alignment Joint Maximum Mean Discrep⁃ancy, CORAL⁃JMMD)法[4]547-553、深度置信网络(Deep Belief Network, DBN)[11]127-133、融合域适应卷积神经网络(Fusion Domain Adaptation Convolutional Neural Net⁃work, FDACNN)[15]119、深度适应网络(Deep Adaptation Network, DAN)[20]分别在同转速下和不同转速下的齿轮箱故障数据集上进行对比试验。
为验证所提方法在同转速和不同转速情况下的故障诊断效果,分别在固定工况(A、B、C)及不同工况(A→B、A→C、B→C、B→A、C→A、C→B)下进行对比试验,结果如表1所示,表1为不同方法的故障诊断结果。
表1可知,在3种同工况下DCNN⁃XGBoost、CORAL⁃JMMD、DBN、DAN分类准确率均低于FDACNN和本文所提方法,这是因为上述几种方法仅使用了振动信号进行故障诊断,并不能完整刻画齿轮箱故障运行状态信息,导致精度不佳。而FDACNN方法虽融合了多源异构信号,但由于不同类别间的传感器信号的尺度信息差异导致融合效果降低,平均诊断精度为97.57%,比所提方法低了1.49%。而所提方法通过嵌入ECA的自校正卷积平衡多源异构数据间的尺度差异,同工况下平均诊断精度达到了99.06%,证明了所提方法在同工况下的诊断性能。
通过进一步对比不同工况下的迁移任务结果可知,DCNN⁃XGBoost在含有分布差异的变工况数据集上效果最差,准确率仅为89.5%,这是由于未使用任何迁移策略,导致难以在含有数据分布差异的数据集上实现有效的故障诊断。相较于DCNN⁃XGBoost,CORAL⁃JMMD和DAN平均分类准确率分别提升了6.28%、3.02%,这是由于这两个方法添加了适配层,在一定程度上能够拉进源域和目标域之间的分布,但是这两个方法只考虑了特征表示的域对齐,却忽视了诊断任务中不同类别的决策边界,因而不能保证类间的可区分性,导致诊断结果不佳。预训练方法DBN也由于不能适应分布差异导致结果偏低,相较于上述几种方法,FDACNN方法准确率有所提升,但是该方法直接融合尺度不同的信号且独立地考虑特征表示的域对齐和类间辨别性,导致迁移效果降低。
而所提方法一方面通过多源异构信号融合充分描述了齿轮箱的运行状态信息,并通过自校正卷积跨通道信息交互平衡异构信号的尺度差异;另一方面通过动态加权领域自适应充分考虑特征表示的域对齐和决策边界间的交互关系,使得所提方法在迁移任务中取得较高的准确率,证明了所提方法的有效性和泛化性。
为直观地展示同工况和不同工况下各方法的特征提取效果,分别对1 000 r/min和A→B迁移任务中各方法的提取到的特征进行t⁃SNE降维和可视化,如图4图5所示。图4表示1 000 r/min下特征分布可视化,图5表示A→B迁移任务下特征分布可视化。
通过图4图5可知,DCNN⁃XGBoost、CORAL⁃JMMD、DBN、DAN在同工况和不同工况下特征分布均出现了大部分重叠,单一的振动信号不能完整地表征齿轮箱全部故障信息。由于FDACNN直接融合尺度不同的信号,忽略了具体诊断任务中不同类别的决策边界,导致源域和目标域的分布差异加剧,使得其点蚀故障的目标域数据特征分布未能与目标域对齐,迁移效果不如所提方法。所提方法在同工况下和不同工况下的数据特征分布均具有较好的类内聚拢效果,类间分离明显,进一步说明了所提方法的优势和泛化性。
为展示所提方法解决分布差异的效果,以C→B迁移任务为例,不同方法的概率密度图如图6所示,其中DCNN⁃XGBoost方法由于没有分布适配能力,因此其源域、目标域概率分布曲线距离最远,而CORAL⁃JMMD、DBN、FDACNN、DAN在一定程度上拉近了两域之间的分布差异,但由于具体诊断任务中不同类别的决策边界不一,其迁移效果均低于所提方法的迁移效果。
为验证所提方法中多源异构信号融合对故障诊断结果的影响,在工况B→C的迁移任务上分别针对振动信号、电流信号、温度信号单独作为模型的输入与3种信号融合作为输入进行对比。结果如表2所示。
为进一步证明所提方法中动态加权的作用,通过在C→A迁移任务上固定τ值为[0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9]与动态更新τ值策略进行试验对比,结果如图7所示。
通过图7可知,固定τ值诊断准确率均低于动态更新,这是因为在跨域迁移不同训练阶段中特征分布是动态变化的,固定τ值会导致过度偏向域对齐或类可辨别,进一步影响迁移效果。而所提方法根据当前跨域特征表示的域对齐程度及决策边界,动态更新τ值调整域对齐损失和类分辨性损失,证明了所提方法中动态加权的有效性。
基于加权子域自适应对抗网络的齿轮箱变工况故障诊断方法,将振动信号、电流信号和红外热力图进行多源异构数据融合,并通过加权子域自适应对抗网络实现了齿轮箱变工况故障诊断。该方法主要优势如下:
1)融合了电流信号、温度信号和振动信号,能够完整刻画齿轮箱运行状态信息,提高了故障诊断结果的可靠性。
2)构建了嵌入高效通道注意力机制的自校正卷积神经网络动态调整多源异构信号间的相互作用和依赖关系,平衡了多源异构数据间的尺度差异。
3)采用了加权子域自适应对抗方法定量估计源域和目标域对齐程度和决策边界,适配两域子空间特征分布差异。通过试验对比证明了所提方法具有较强诊断性能和泛化性。
  • 四川省自然科学基金面上项目(24NSFSC1295)
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.012
  • 接收时间:2024-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-06
  • 修回日期:2024-05-05
基金
Sichuan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(24NSFSC1295)
四川省自然科学基金面上项目(24NSFSC1295)
作者信息
    1.成都工业学院 智能制造学院,成都 610031
    2.四川大学 机械工程学院,成都 610065

通讯作者:

杨婷,女,1991年生,四川眉山人,硕士,讲师;主要研究方向为现代新型传动技术与机器人技术;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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