Article(id=1240594155940926296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691424000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-08, revisedDate=1694016000000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773710295900, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773710295900, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773710295900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773710295900, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240594155198534488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773710295724, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773714468205, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240611655898420098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240611655902614403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, issueId=1240594155198534488, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=23, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240594156276470620, articleId=1240594155940926296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, language=EN, title=Study on generation performance of a dual-speed bump energy harvester based on half-wave mechanical rectifier, columnId=1228282192162390694, journalTitle=Journal of Mechanical Strength, columnName=Experimental Research·Testing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to eliminate the restriction of the return spring stiffness on the power generation and system reliability of the energy harvesting speed bump with the full wave mechanical rectifier, a dual-speed bump energy harvester (DBEH) based on the half-wave mechanical rectifier was proposed. The device utilized a mechanical transmission module to convert the downward linear movement of two speed bumps, driven by wheels, into the one-way rotary movement of a single generator shaft, thereby converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The unidirectional motion conversion reduced the demand for the load of the return spring. The theoretical model of the wheel excitation and speed bump dynamics was established and verified by road tests. Based on the theoretical model, the power generation performance of DBEH was studied by numerical simulation. The research results indicate that the root mean square (RMS) power and output electrical energy of the system increase with the increase of external excitation amplitude and the decrease of the spring stiffness. When the load resistance value is 7-9 Ω, the output performance of the system is optimal. Compared to reducing the gear radius, increasing the speed of the gearbox has a more significant impact on the improvement of system output. A small inertia flywheel can effectively improve the system’s capture of the mechanical energy and the conversion rate from the mechanical energy to the electrical energy.

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LI Jing, E-mail:
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为了消除含全波机械整流器减速带馈能装置的发电量和系统可靠性受到复位弹簧刚度的约束,提出了一种基于半波机械整流器的双减速带馈能装置(Dual-speed Bump Energy Harvester, DBEH)。该装置利用机械传动模块将两条减速带在车轮驱动下的向下线性运动转换成单个发电机轴的单向旋转运动,将机械能转换成电能。单向的运动转换降低了对复位弹簧载荷的要求。建立了车轮激励以及减速带动力学理论模型并通过了道路试验的验证。基于理论模型的数值仿真研究了双馈能减速带的发电性能。研究结果表明,系统的均方根(Root Mean Square, RMS)功率与输出电能随着外部激励幅值的增加,以及弹簧刚度的减小而增加;当负载电阻阻值为7~9 Ω时,系统的输出性能最优;与减小小齿轮半径相比,增大齿轮箱的增速比对系统输出的提升影响更明显;小惯量的飞轮更能有效提高系统对机械能的捕获与机械能到电能的转化率。

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李竞,男,1986年生,湖北十堰人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为噪声与振动控制、振动能量回收;E-mail:

周贺,男,1999年生,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为道路振动能量回收技术;E-mail:

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李竞,男,1986年生,湖北十堰人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为噪声与振动控制、振动能量回收;E-mail:

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李竞,男,1986年生,湖北十堰人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为噪声与振动控制、振动能量回收;E-mail:

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周贺,男,1999年生,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为道路振动能量回收技术;E-mail:

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周贺,男,1999年生,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为道路振动能量回收技术;E-mail:

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Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering202039(10):1511-1519.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Research on power generation performance of speed bump vibration energy harvester under random excitation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240594169488527677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, awardId=52005433, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52005433), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240594169576608067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, awardId=52005433, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52005433), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240594169660494150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, awardId=20KJB460001, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Institutions(20KJB460001), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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model of the DBEH and the resistance circuit model of the generator, figureFileSmall=gVmJ8fKwXTHw6+iprNIBVg==, figureFileBig=nAhLl8jMX9O6NXrTSDFbMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594165512327311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DBEH动力学模型及发电机电阻电路模型, figureFileSmall=gVmJ8fKwXTHw6+iprNIBVg==, figureFileBig=nAhLl8jMX9O6NXrTSDFbMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594165587824790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Numerical simulation results of the DBEH, figureFileSmall=R6bgIY/BBiHZs61x/PYRVQ==, figureFileBig=9fUVNlLtqdoeK9zntOdUGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594165738819746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DBEH数值仿真结果, figureFileSmall=R6bgIY/BBiHZs61x/PYRVQ==, 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journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=图7, caption=道路试验以及数值仿真结果, figureFileSmall=OaMf/KH93eYWXjKaudEIRw==, figureFileBig=JXx382JN3gDX0+f/jj14AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594166275690695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Output variation of the system with the wheel excitation, figureFileSmall=s7Md3fMYWlGlKBDG0kuAxg==, figureFileBig=ddJfAtenzorTiaPORDagxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594166363771089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=图8, caption=系统输出随车轮激励变化, figureFileSmall=s7Md3fMYWlGlKBDG0kuAxg==, figureFileBig=ddJfAtenzorTiaPORDagxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594166460240085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Output variation of the system with the spring stiffness, figureFileSmall=MxCCW74xMPsOcaMdjhDpHQ==, figureFileBig=de5Z5DTlr7CkYrIQqyhS8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594166581874906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=图9, caption=系统输出随弹簧刚度变化, figureFileSmall=MxCCW74xMPsOcaMdjhDpHQ==, figureFileBig=de5Z5DTlr7CkYrIQqyhS8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594166699315430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Output simulation results under different loads, figureFileSmall=01AtqtDaxPc/fmr9I1Ltzg==, figureFileBig=u99KZg6/6JxWh+WsiOX2GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594166783201516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同负载下的输出仿真结果, figureFileSmall=01AtqtDaxPc/fmr9I1Ltzg==, figureFileBig=u99KZg6/6JxWh+WsiOX2GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594166883864820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Output variation of the system with the pinion radius and the acceleration ratio, figureFileSmall=yQvz6ub/daVjrLNVpQQP1Q==, figureFileBig=1S7OBTfjurjMNWmKCm1qPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594168389619965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=图11, caption=系统输出随小齿轮半径及增速比变化, figureFileSmall=yQvz6ub/daVjrLNVpQQP1Q==, figureFileBig=1S7OBTfjurjMNWmKCm1qPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594168511254786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Simulation result under different flywheel inertias, figureFileSmall=6MSDBRL6fdZEUNZ3wcFejA==, figureFileBig=WZ04h5GOFtCL9SISYDdhnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594168632889608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同飞轮惯量下的仿真结果, figureFileSmall=6MSDBRL6fdZEUNZ3wcFejA==, figureFileBig=WZ04h5GOFtCL9SISYDdhnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594168783884559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Influence of the change of the inertia mass ratio between the flywheel and the generator rotor on the system’s output, figureFileSmall=4PWFaHSJm/ZSPS+2TWG9Rg==, figureFileBig=KnGAn5IdwKOwtUQkudmE7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594168859382038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=图13, caption=飞轮与发电机转子惯性质量比的变化对系统输出的影响, figureFileSmall=4PWFaHSJm/ZSPS+2TWG9Rg==, figureFileBig=KnGAn5IdwKOwtUQkudmE7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240594168960045340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Numerical simulation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Parameter值 Value
减速带质量Speed bump mass mb/kg7.5
结构等效质量Equivalent mass of the structure mgm/kg5.87
附加等效质量Additional equivalent mass mge /kg10.77
复位弹簧刚度Return spring stiffness k/(N/m)12 000
等效黏滞阻尼系数Equivalent viscous damping
coefficient cm /(N·s/m)
500
反电动势系数
Back electromotive voltage constant ke/(V·min·r)
0.044
电磁转矩系数
Electromagnetic torque coefficient kt /(N·m/A)
0.098
增速比Acceleration ratio iT2 740.5
发电机内阻Generator internal resistance Rin3.492
负载电阻Load resistance RL10
减速带宽Speed bump width L/m0.3
小齿轮半径Pinion radius r/m0.018 75
附加等效转动惯量
Additional equivalent moment of the inertia Je/(kg·m2)
3.78×10-3
车轮激励幅值Amplitude of the wheel excitation F0 /N1 000
车速Vehicle speed v/(km/h)5
), ArticleFig(id=1240594169102651687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值仿真参数

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参数 Parameter值 Value
减速带质量Speed bump mass mb/kg7.5
结构等效质量Equivalent mass of the structure mgm/kg5.87
附加等效质量Additional equivalent mass mge /kg10.77
复位弹簧刚度Return spring stiffness k/(N/m)12 000
等效黏滞阻尼系数Equivalent viscous damping
coefficient cm /(N·s/m)
500
反电动势系数
Back electromotive voltage constant ke/(V·min·r)
0.044
电磁转矩系数
Electromagnetic torque coefficient kt /(N·m/A)
0.098
增速比Acceleration ratio iT2 740.5
发电机内阻Generator internal resistance Rin3.492
负载电阻Load resistance RL10
减速带宽Speed bump width L/m0.3
小齿轮半径Pinion radius r/m0.018 75
附加等效转动惯量
Additional equivalent moment of the inertia Je/(kg·m2)
3.78×10-3
车轮激励幅值Amplitude of the wheel excitation F0 /N1 000
车速Vehicle speed v/(km/h)5
), ArticleFig(id=1240594169220092207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mechanical energy capture and output electrical energy of the system under different flywheel inertia masses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Jfw/JM单个减速带捕获的机械能
Mechanical energy captured by a
single-speed bump/J
输出电能
Output electrical
energy/J
023.459.78
526.6314.73
727.0315.65
927.1616.04
1
1
27.1016.25
1326.8916.21
1526.5616.00
), ArticleFig(id=1240594169341727031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227999626482147330, articleId=1240594155940926296, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同飞轮惯性质量下系统机械能的捕获及输出电能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Jfw/JM单个减速带捕获的机械能
Mechanical energy captured by a
single-speed bump/J
输出电能
Output electrical
energy/J
023.459.78
526.6314.73
727.0315.65
927.1616.04
1
1
27.1016.25
1326.8916.21
1526.5616.00
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基于半波机械整流器的双减速带馈能装置发电性能研究
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李竞 , 周贺
机械强度 | ·实验研究·测试技术· 2025,47(3): 23-31
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机械强度 | ·实验研究·测试技术· 2025, 47(3): 23-31
基于半波机械整流器的双减速带馈能装置发电性能研究
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李竞 , 周贺
作者信息
  • 扬州大学 机械工程学院,扬州 225127
  • 李竞,男,1986年生,湖北十堰人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师;主要研究方向为噪声与振动控制、振动能量回收;E-mail:

    周贺,男,1999年生,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生;主要研究方向为道路振动能量回收技术;E-mail:

Study on generation performance of a dual-speed bump energy harvester based on half-wave mechanical rectifier
Jing LI , He ZHOU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.003
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为了消除含全波机械整流器减速带馈能装置的发电量和系统可靠性受到复位弹簧刚度的约束,提出了一种基于半波机械整流器的双减速带馈能装置(Dual-speed Bump Energy Harvester, DBEH)。该装置利用机械传动模块将两条减速带在车轮驱动下的向下线性运动转换成单个发电机轴的单向旋转运动,将机械能转换成电能。单向的运动转换降低了对复位弹簧载荷的要求。建立了车轮激励以及减速带动力学理论模型并通过了道路试验的验证。基于理论模型的数值仿真研究了双馈能减速带的发电性能。研究结果表明,系统的均方根(Root Mean Square, RMS)功率与输出电能随着外部激励幅值的增加,以及弹簧刚度的减小而增加;当负载电阻阻值为7~9 Ω时,系统的输出性能最优;与减小小齿轮半径相比,增大齿轮箱的增速比对系统输出的提升影响更明显;小惯量的飞轮更能有效提高系统对机械能的捕获与机械能到电能的转化率。

半波机械整流器  /  单向离合器  /  馈能减速带  /  道路能量收集  /  发电性能

In order to eliminate the restriction of the return spring stiffness on the power generation and system reliability of the energy harvesting speed bump with the full wave mechanical rectifier, a dual-speed bump energy harvester (DBEH) based on the half-wave mechanical rectifier was proposed. The device utilized a mechanical transmission module to convert the downward linear movement of two speed bumps, driven by wheels, into the one-way rotary movement of a single generator shaft, thereby converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The unidirectional motion conversion reduced the demand for the load of the return spring. The theoretical model of the wheel excitation and speed bump dynamics was established and verified by road tests. Based on the theoretical model, the power generation performance of DBEH was studied by numerical simulation. The research results indicate that the root mean square (RMS) power and output electrical energy of the system increase with the increase of external excitation amplitude and the decrease of the spring stiffness. When the load resistance value is 7-9 Ω, the output performance of the system is optimal. Compared to reducing the gear radius, increasing the speed of the gearbox has a more significant impact on the improvement of system output. A small inertia flywheel can effectively improve the system’s capture of the mechanical energy and the conversion rate from the mechanical energy to the electrical energy.

Half-wave mechanical rectifier  /  One-way clutch  /  Energy harvesting speed bump  /  Energy harvesting on road  /  Generation performance
李竞, 周贺. 基于半波机械整流器的双减速带馈能装置发电性能研究. 机械强度, 2025 , 47 (3) : 23 -31 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.003
Jing LI, He ZHOU. Study on generation performance of a dual-speed bump energy harvester based on half-wave mechanical rectifier[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2025 , 47 (3) : 23 -31 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.003
当今社会,电力资源的短缺已经成为了一个全球性的问题,利用太阳能、风能及潮汐能[1]等可持续电力技术已经成为国内外的研究重点。同时,无论是城市还是农村地区,道路上的车流量都在不断增加。因此,利用交通工具产生的能量发电已经成为了一种可持续的能源解决方案。馈能减速带作为一种新型的能量回收方法,可以将汽车行驶时所产生的动能转化为电能,从而实现对能量的有效利用。其中,发电类型包括压电[2]、摩擦式[3]、液压式[4]、电磁式[5]。跟其他3种发电方式相比,电磁式馈能减速带可以更好地承受车辆的冲击并具备高功率的输出能力。
根据转换减速带的运动方式,电磁式馈能减速带可分为线性、旋转两类。ZHANG等[6]提出了一种用于公路隧道的线性发电减速带动能采集装置,在车速为40 km/h的道路测试中获得了194 V的峰值电压输出。然而,此装置的垂直安装尺寸达到了1 m,这意味着需要对当前的道路结构进行一定的破坏。与之相比,旋转电磁式馈能减速带则通过机械传动设计将减速带的线性运动转换成旋转运动,大幅缩小了安装空间,如齿轮齿条[7]、滚珠丝杠[8]及空间连杆[9]等。AZAM等[10]利用双面齿条齿轮传动,将减速带的双向运动转换成发电机轴的单向旋转,这种机构被称为机械运动整流器(Mechanical Motion Rectifier,MMR)[11],在激励速度为120 mm/s,输入激励为150 N时,获得了11.99 W的峰值功率,以及20.57 V的峰值电压输出。WANG等[12]设计了一种单轴式MMR,利用双齿轮齿条,以及双单向离合器的传动模式,进一步缩小了减速带的安装尺寸,实车测试结果获得了200 W的峰值功率输出。LI等[13]设计了一种采用齿轮齿条以及滚珠丝杠耦合的U型MMR,分别将减速带的上下往复运动转换成发电机轴的单向旋转运动,可以实现在减速带的压缩以及回弹行程中提供不同的阻尼力,从而提高车辆通过时的舒适度,台架试验结果表明该系统的一个模块的平均输出功率为15.67 W,可多个组合安装用于近零能耗的停车场门禁系统。SUN等[14]设计了一种空间双V型连杆式MMR,在500 N输入力和0.1 Hz的输入频率的方波激励台架试验中,最大输出电压为12.64 V。
MMR又称为全波机械整流器,上述文献表明,其在减速带回弹行程中能够回收储存在弹簧中的有限势能,但受电磁阻尼的影响降低了减速带的回弹速度,这就导致现有馈能减速带的发电量和系统可靠性受到复位弹簧刚度的显著约束。因此,本文提出一种半波机械整流器[15],其只将减速带向下的单向线性运动转换成发电机轴的单向旋转运动,通过单向离合器在减速带回弹的行程中断开减速带与发电机之间的动力传递,大幅降低了减速带回弹行程中的阻尼,消除了对弹簧载荷不足的担忧;并通过双减速带的设置增加系统的输出能力。为进一步探索其发电性能,建立了机电耦合动力学模型,并通过了试验验证。最后,分析了不同结构参数对减速带的输出性能的影响。
双减速带馈能装置(Dual-speed Bump Energy Harvester, DBEH)是一种能量转换装置,能够将车辆作用在减速带上的动能转换成电能,从而为智慧路面提供绿色可持续能量。DBEH包括减速带、复位弹簧、传动模块、整流模块、发电模块及箱体,如图1所示。其中,每个减速带下方放置2个复位弹簧,以提供平稳支撑;采用齿轮齿条副将高速直线运动转化为旋转运动;采用单向离合器对旋转运动进行整流处理;利用直流发电机将机械运动转化为电能并输出。
DBEH工作时的传动路径如图2所示。当车轮下压减速带A时,减速带A在车轮激励作用下产生向下运动,进入向下行程。通过红色传动链1~6传递减速带A的运动,通过齿轮齿条副将减速带A的直线运动转换成旋转运动,转速为ωp1;锥齿轮传动起到换向作用,齿轮A与齿轮C之间的增速比为iG1,此时齿轮C逆时针转动,转速为ωgc;进而通过单向离合器A驱动中间轴13做逆时针运动;最终经过齿轮箱进一步驱动,发电机转子逆时针高速旋转。当车轮下压减速带B时,减速带B在压力作用下产生向下运动,进入向下行程。通过蓝色传动链1~6传递减速带A的运动,通过齿轮齿条副将减速带A的直线运动转换成旋转运动,转速为ωp2;锥齿轮传动起到换向作用,齿轮B与齿轮D之间的增速比为iG2,此时齿轮D逆时针转动,转速为ωgd;进而通过单向离合器B驱动中间轴13做逆时针运动;最终经过齿轮箱进一步驱动,发电机转子逆时针高速旋转。
当车轮离开减速带时,减速带在复位弹簧的弹簧力作用下向上运动,传动链1~6在齿条的驱动下变换运动方向,但单向离合器断开动力传递,中间轴和之后的部件在惯性驱动下继续沿逆时针方向转动,并在电磁阻尼的作用下不断减速,直到下一次车轮的激励到来或减速至停止。
两个减速带均在车轮的冲击力作用下垂直向下运动,复位弹簧被压缩,产生与车轮激励方向相反的弹簧力。两个减速带的直线运动最终被转化成中间轴的逆时针单向旋转运动,并将动力传至发电机转子。与此同时,发电机转子旋转切割磁感线,产生感应电动势,并在负载电路中形成电流。齿轮B与齿轮D中的单向离合器传递动力的方向一致,因此,当其中一个在传递动力时,另一个相对转动与结合方向相反,两个减速带在驱动发电机运行之间不会形成干涉。
车轮作用在减速带上的力为冲击脉冲载荷,这种载荷往往在极短时间内达到峰值,且随着车轮的离开又迅速消失。因此,车轮激励的形状并不重要,本文将车轮的激励近似看成正弦半波激励,表示为
式中,F0为车轮激励幅值;v为车辆行驶速度;L为减速带A或B的宽度。图3显示了单个减速带受车轮激励的时域曲线。减速带受压时长T=L/v,减速带受压时间间隔Ts=D/v,其中,D为车轮间距。
在不考虑齿轮传动系统振动特性[16]的情况下,根据DBEH的传动过程可将单个减速带系统的动力学模型简化成单自由度质量弹簧阻尼系统,如图4(a)所示。根据单向离合器的结合与分离特性,系统可被分为结合模式与分离模式。结合模式下,系统的动力学方程为
式中,mb为减速带质量;mgm为传动模块中单向离合器之前传动部件的等效质量;mge为单向离合器之后包括齿轮箱,以及发电机转子等部件的等效质量;cm为系统的等效黏滞阻尼系数;ce为发电机产生的电磁阻尼系数;k为系统的等效刚度;x为系统的动态响应。图4(a)中,H表示减速带的最大下降位移。
在分离模式下,单向离合器前的结构依旧可视为单自由度质量弹簧阻尼系统,而单向离合器后的结构可视为单自由度质量阻尼系统,即
当车轮离开减速带时,系统输入激励Fv为0。根据直流发电机的工作原理,发电机模块可被简化为电阻电路模型,如图4(b)所示。发电机产生的感应电动势为
式中,ke为直流发电机的反电动势系数;ωm为发电机转子转速。发电机发电时产生的电磁阻力转矩与电路中的感应电流相关,即
式中,kt为直流发电机的转矩系数;Rin为发电机的内部阻值;RL为发电机外接的负载电阻;iT为齿条至发电机转子之间的增速比。观察式(5)可知,ẋ前的系数为电磁阻尼系数,即
图5显示了单轮下压单个减速带时,减速带位移、发电机转子转速,以及发电机发电功率随时间变化的规律。根据减速带位移随时间变化的规律,可以将其分为下压、保持和释放3个过程,如图5(a)所示。其中,在下压过程中,超越离合器进入结合模式;而减速带处于保持和释放过程时,超越离合器进入分离模式。受此规律影响,发电机转速将在结合模式下迅速升高,而在分离模式时成指数下降趋势。这是由于在结合模式时,发电机的转速与式(2)的解有关,而在分离模式下,其转速与式(3)的解有关。根据发电机转子转速变化,可进一步获得发电机输出功率随时间变化的规律,如图5(c)所示。如图5(a)所示,由于发电机所提供的电磁阻尼相对较小,可近似认为减速带在车轮激励下向下运动的过程为结合模式,而到达极限位置以及减速带回弹过程中为分离模式。数值仿真的参数如表1所示。根据图5(b)、图5(c)中的数值仿真结果可以发现,发电机转子在单向离合器断开动力传递之后,仍在惯性驱动下持续旋转和输出功率,并在电磁阻尼的影响下逐渐减速。分离后的发电机转速可通过微元法表示为
式中,ωmtn+1)为下一时刻的发电机转速;ωmtn)则为此时的发电机转速;a为电磁转矩所产生的加速度;Δt为时间间隔。其中电磁转矩所产生的加速度为
式中,Je为分离模式下持续转动部件的附加等效转动惯量。
为了验证DBEH动力学模型的准确性,制作了DBEH试验样机,并对其进行了试验,如图6所示。测试的车辆为一辆电动两轮轻便摩托车,车净质量为91 kg,测试者体重为65 kg,车辆的前后轮轴距为1.33 m。用高精度万用表及数字采集卡搭建发电机输出的电压数据采集系统,利用电脑端上位机程序对数据进行可视化并保存。
电动车的行驶速度无法精准控制或识别,故通过对道路试验的输出电压信号进行采集与分析,进而识别电动车行驶速度[17]。将电动车行驶速度代入式(1)中获得创建的车轮激励数据。再将车轮激励数据导入动力学模型中,对减速带的动态响应进行求解。最后利用数值仿真程序输出仿真结果。
图7显示了不同负载电阻下试验和仿真结果,试验结果和仿真结果十分吻合,所提出的机电耦合动力学模型得到了很好的验证。道路试验结果表明,当负载电阻为100 Ω时,峰值电压为43.67 V,峰值功率为18.61 W,如图7(a)、图7(b)所示;当负载电阻为20 Ω时,峰值电压为33.53 V,峰值功率为56.22 W,如图7(c)、图7(d)所示。
由前文可知,DBEH受到的激励近似于脉冲激励,因此,输出功率峰值很高但持续时间较短。故有效输出功以及均方根(Root Mean Square, RMS)功率更能反映DBEH的发电性能[18]。其中,有效输出功为功率在时间上的积分,即
式中,P为输出功率;T为工作时长。RMS功率为
式中,N为采集电压数据总数。对试验数据计算可得,当负载电阻为100 Ω时,RMS功率为6.58 W,输出电能为4.82 J;当负载电阻为20 Ω时,RMS功率为11 W,输出电能为7.32 J。这说明DBEH具备为道路系统中的用电设备供电的可能性。
观察式(1)~式(6)不难发现,外部激励、等效质量、等效阻尼系数及等效刚度等均对DBEH的响应特性产生影响,故本节将分析上述参数对DBEH馈能特性的影响规律。
图8显示了DBEH的RMS功率和输出电能与激励幅值之间的关系。由图8可以看出,RMS功率和总输出电能基本随着激励幅值线性增加。这说明激励幅值的大小决定了DBEH的能量输入的多少,同时不影响能量转化的效率。
图9显示了DBEH的有效功率和输出电能与弹簧刚度之间的关系。由图9可以看出,有效平均功率和总输出电能随着弹簧刚度增加而减小。由于减速带运动行程固定,所以弹簧刚度越大,弹簧所储存的能量就越多,相对转换成的电能就越少。弹簧所存储的能量在减速带复位过程中被机械摩擦消耗。因此,弹簧的选取中,弹簧在满足能够将减速带快速恢复到初始位置的条件下,尽可能减小弹簧的刚度更有利于系统的输出。根据设计经验,弹簧的刚度选择符合以下条件即可:
式中,tv为车轮前后两次经过减速带的时间间隔。
由动力学模型的建立可知,本系统中的阻尼可分为两类,即传动过程中的摩擦阻尼和馈能过程中的电磁阻尼。当系统结构固定后,摩擦阻尼一般不会发生较大变化,因此忽略其对系统输出的影响。根据式(6)可知,电磁阻尼与发电机齿轮箱的增速比、小齿轮半径及负载电阻有关。因此,可以通过对上述参数进行调整的方式,对电磁阻尼进行调节。
图10(a)显示了不同负载电阻时发电机转子的运动变化。由图10可知,随着负载电阻的增加,其所提供的电磁阻尼系数逐渐减小。因此,发电机转子的转速更高,且在分离模式下的持续转动时间更长。但通过图10(b)可以发现,系统的输出功率并没有随着负载的趋势变化,而是呈现出负载电阻RL=10 Ω>RL=1 Ω>RL=100 Ω。这是因为发电机的输出功率Pe=Ie2RL,其与RL/(RL+Rin2有关,即负载阻值的增加在提高发电机转速产生更多电能的同时,发电机内阻所耗散的能量增加了。理论上当RL=Rin时,系统的输出峰值功率最大,但分离模式下发电机转子持续转动的时间却随着负载电阻的增大而增大,因此,如图10(c)所示,DBEH的RMS功率以及输出的电能在负载电阻为7~9 Ω时取得最优。
图11所示,当增速比在5~50时,增速比的增加有利于提高系统的输出,这是因为增速比的增大,电磁阻尼系数随之变大,更多的能量被转换成电能。减小小齿轮的半径也有提升系统输出的效果,但与增速比的变化相比,其对系统的影响不太明显。这是由于电磁阻尼系数与增速比的平方成正比,与小齿轮半径的一次方成反比。
飞轮作为一种储能装置,被广泛应用于机械能量回收装置的设计中,通常被加装在发电机转子上,以延长发电机转子在分离模式下的转动时间,从而提高发电的输出及稳定性。图12显示了不同飞轮惯量下的系统输出与时间的关系。由图12(a)不难发现,随着飞轮转动惯量的增加,发电机转子的最高转速降低了,但是在分离模式下,发电机转子持续转动的时间更持久。这是由于飞轮惯量的增加使得在相同大小的驱动力下,发电机转子更难转动,而在分离时更大的转动惯量使得分离后的转速曲线变得更为缓和。图12(b)中的功率曲线与发电机转子转速变化趋势相同。
图13显示了在不同飞轮惯性质量的情况下,系统机械能转化率、能量以及RMS功率的变化关系。图13中蓝色区域表示系统将机械能转化成电能的转化率,红色区域表示将机械能转化成其他能量的转化率,如弹簧势能、传动部件的动能以及摩擦阻尼耗散的热能等。由图13可以看出,小惯量的飞轮提升了系统对于机械能的捕获以及电能的输出。不同飞轮惯性质量下系统机械能的捕获及输出电能如表2所示,当Jfw为发电机转子惯量JM的9~13倍时,系统对机械能的捕获以及电能输出均达到最优,并且系统将机械能转化成电能的转化率也达到最高,约为30%。这可以归因于小惯量的飞轮使得减速带在正弦半波激励下更缓慢到达极限位置,使得车轮激励的做功更充分,同时又延缓了发电机转子惯性驱动的时间。因此,在输入与输出同时增加时,系统将机械能转换成电能的转化率有所提高。随着飞轮惯量的增加,可能出现在同样幅值的激励下,减速带无法到达极限位置的情况,从而系统捕获的机械能变少,且大惯量的飞轮使得系统的RMS功率呈下降趋势,输出的电能也有所降低,因此,系统对机械能的捕获及输出电能的能力有所下降。同时,大惯量的飞轮没有增加系统机械能到电能的转化率。
提出一种基于半波机械整流器的双减速带馈能装置,建立了车轮激励以及减速带动力学模型,并通过了试验验证。道路试验结果表明,所制作的样机在电动两轮轻便摩托车的激励下,当负载电阻为100 Ω时,RMS功率为6.58 W,输出电能为4.82 J;当负载电阻为20 Ω时,RMS功率为11 W,输出电能为7.32 J。此外,详细分析了不同参数对系统发电性能的影响,得出的结论可总结如下:
1)外部激励幅值以及弹簧刚度对系统的输出影响是接近线性的,系统的RMS功率和电能输出随着车轮激励的增加及弹簧刚度的减小而线性增加。
2)在影响系统电磁阻尼系数的参数中,通过调节负载电阻的阻值,发现系统在负载电阻为7~9 Ω时,输出达到最优;对比减小小齿轮的半径,增加传动结构的增速比对提高系统的输出更加明显。
3)小惯量的飞轮可提升系统对机械能的捕获及机械能到电能的转化率;随着飞轮惯量的增加,系统对于机械能的捕获及电能的输出能力有所下降,但机械能到电能的转化率不受影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52005433)
  • 江苏省高等学校自然科学基金项目(20KJB460001)
  • 扬州市校合作专项基金项目(YZU202102)
  • 扬州国际合作基金项目(YZ2022202)
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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2025.03.003
  • 接收时间:2023-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-08
  • 修回日期:2023-09-07
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52005433)
国家自然科学基金项目(52005433)
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Institutions(20KJB460001)
江苏省高等学校自然科学基金项目(20KJB460001)
Special Cooperation Foundation for Yangzhou and YZU(YZU202102)
扬州市校合作专项基金项目(YZU202102)
International Cooperation Foundation of Yangzhou(YZ2022202)
扬州国际合作基金项目(YZ2022202)
作者信息
    扬州大学 机械工程学院,扬州 225127
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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