Article(id=1256548248056115692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250187, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250187, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750176000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1759766400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-07, onlineDate=1777514047873, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1776787200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777514047873, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777514047873, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777514047873, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256548241764639069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='250187', pageEnd='250358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777514046373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777516895320, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250187, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256548249578648050, articleId=1256548248056115692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Causal agent of anthracnose on Citrus maxima var. ‘Guanximiyou’ in Fujian, China, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The pomelo (Citrus maxima) is one of the most important cultivated fruit trees in the genus Citrus of the Rutaceae. It has a long cultivation history and great economic value in China. In recent years, a pomelo disease locally called “red flower blight” has been discovered in Pinghe County of Fujian Province, the largest pomelo production area in China. It could cause new shoot blight, rotting and reddening of the flower buds and petals of the variety “Guanximiyou”, ultimately leading to flower and fruit drop. In the seriously infected orchards, over 80% of fruitlets dropped. The disease has been spreading from mountainous areas to plains, with affected orchard areas expanding year by year. Based on the disease symptoms, it was speculated to be post-bloom fruit drop (PFD), a citrus disease reported in South America and Florida. However, there are still some differences in host range and infected organs between this disease and PFD. From the infected specimens, orange powdery substances and conidia resembling to Colletotrichum acutatum were observed. Five single-spore isolates showing identical colonial morphology were obtained. Based on the morphological characteristics, multi-loci (ACT, CHS-1, GAPDH, HIS3, ITS and TUB2) phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity test, the causal agent was identified as C. fioriniae in C. acutatum species complex. Given that this disease has only been found on pomelo so far, affecting not only flowers but also young shoots and fruits, and the pathogen differs from that of PFD and common anthracnose, this disease is named as “pomelo anthracnose”. This is the first report of C. fioriniae as a pathogen infecting citrus and causing anthracnose. The accurate identification of the pathogen provides a scientific basis for precise control of the disease.

, correspAuthors=Chen JIAO, Hongye LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*JIAO Chen, ;
LI Hongye,
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Citrus maxima是芸香科柑橘属中的重要栽培果树之一,在我国具有悠久的栽培历史和重要的经济价值。近年,在我国最大的柚生产基地福建省平和县发生了一种可引起琯溪蜜柚新梢枯死,花蕾、花瓣发红腐烂,进而落花落果,被当地果农称之为“红花病”的新病害。该病为害严重果园落果率超过80%,而且病害自山区向平原地区扩展,发病果园面积逐年扩大。观察发病症状,其与南美洲和佛罗里达报道的花后落果病(post-bloom fruit drop, PFD)有些相似,但也存在寄主和发病部位的不同。从发病果园采集的病害标本上可观察到橙色粉状物和疑似尖孢刺盘孢菌Colletotrichum acutatum的分生孢子。单孢分离获得5个菌落形态一致的菌株,通过形态学表征、基于多基因位点(ACT、CHS-1、GAPDH、HIS3、ITS和TUB2)的系统进化分析和致病性验证,福建平和地区发生的“红花病”病原真菌被鉴定为尖孢刺盘孢复合种中的松针刺盘孢C. fioriniae。鉴于迄今该病害只在柚上发现,除为害花器外,还为害叶片、新梢和果实,病原与“花后落果病”,以及常规炭疽病存在差异,我们将该病害定名为“柚炭疽病”。这是国内外首次发现松针刺盘孢可为害柑橘引起炭疽病,病原的准确鉴定为病害精准防控提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=焦晨, 李红叶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=LNkfayFfcTASLiA0GCyY+g==, magXml=ccNlezMEPE2sDd4hApWdpg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bJdZoT9/3LL1TIZmNial2Q==, pdfFileSize=1014013, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9NyJ6H/suFAwooaAUnyTBQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Ucx/T/jdnge17fR7RXyQJQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献

徐胡彬:为害症状和发生情况调查、病原菌分离培养、致病性测定、数据分析;黄峰:数据分析、菌株鉴定和论文修订;蔡金炉、黄碧荣和林婷婷:果园病害发生情况调查;肖小娥:病原分子鉴定;焦晨:实验指导、论文审阅;李红叶:试验整体设计、研究监管与指导、论文写作、审阅与修订。

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A: Infected flower buds, new shoots and young leaves at the bud stage. B: Infected petals at the bud whiting stage. C: Infected pedicels and sepals at the bud whiting stage. D: Infected petals, stigma and fruitlets at the stage of flowers falling period. E: The remained flower discs, sepals and pedicels continued to grow and form button-shaped calyx after the diseased petals and young fruits fall off. F: The infected leaves at unfolding stage. G: The infected fruitlets; H: Infected mature fruits. Red arrow: Conidial mass., figureFileSmall=9BNLU9AkFu9FcVYdrNo1cw==, figureFileBig=9NyJ6H/suFAwooaAUnyTBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281124008712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548248056115692, language=CN, label=图1, caption=柚炭疽病症状 A:花蕾期的花蕾、新梢和幼叶发病;B:露白期花瓣发病;C:露白期花柄和萼片发病;D:谢花期的花瓣、柱头和幼果发病;E:发病的花瓣和幼果脱落后,留下花盘、萼片和花柄继续生长(纽扣状宿萼);F:展叶后的叶片发病;G:幼果发病;H:成熟果实发病;红色箭头:分生孢子堆, figureFileSmall=9BNLU9AkFu9FcVYdrNo1cw==, figureFileBig=9NyJ6H/suFAwooaAUnyTBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281518273294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548248056115692, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Morphological characteristics of Colletotrichum fioriniae conidia and colony. A: Conidia; B: Obverse of the colony on PDA medium (5 days); C: Reverse of the colony on PDA medium (5 days)., figureFileSmall=iociHDqS1R03+/S9kGyjaw==, figureFileBig=YEXvhx8msMFILAsFX4wCoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281912537876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548248056115692, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Colletotrichum fioriniae的分生孢子和菌落特性 A:分生孢子;B:PDA培养基上的菌落正面(5 d);C:PDA培养基上的菌落背面(5 d), figureFileSmall=iociHDqS1R03+/S9kGyjaw==, figureFileBig=YEXvhx8msMFILAsFX4wCoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282352939802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548248056115692, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Pathogenicity determination of Colletotrichum fioriniae. ZJUPH08: Inoculated with isolate ZJUPH08; ZJUPH17: Inoculated with isolate ZJUPH17; H2O: Inoculated with H2O. The petals of Citrus maxima ‘Guanximiyou’ used for inoculation were from Pinghe, Fujian., figureFileSmall=Yp1t+ZpIM25C9wFsg8/HOw==, figureFileBig=EY8nJxqE7LJqYN6vce63TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282512323356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548248056115692, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Colletotrichum fioriniae的致病性测定 ZJUPH08和ZJUPH17为2个待测菌株接种,H2O为无菌水接种,接种所用的花瓣来自福建平和的琯溪蜜柚, figureFileSmall=Yp1t+ZpIM25C9wFsg8/HOw==, figureFileBig=EY8nJxqE7LJqYN6vce63TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282738815776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548248056115692, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The most parsimonious (MP) tree of the tested strains and the reference fungi from Acutatum complex of the genus Colletotrichum. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the combined DNA sequences of actin (ACT), chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), histone 3 (HIS3), ribosome internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and β-tubulin 2 (TUB2). T represents the extype or ex-epitype. The strains produced in this study are shown in bold., figureFileSmall=ngOpGE4OUXclbl6OYWVL1Q==, figureFileBig=LIsfwVidhzRMIjMRdbl/kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282982085412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548248056115692, language=CN, label=图4, caption=供试菌株与刺盘孢属Acutatum复合群参考真菌的最大简约树 进化树的构建基于真菌肌动蛋白(ACT)、几丁质合成酶(CHS-1)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、组蛋白(HIS3)、核糖体转录间隔区(ITS)和β-微管蛋白(TUB2)基因的部分序列;T表示模式或副模式标本菌株,本研究产生的菌株以粗体显示, figureFileSmall=ngOpGE4OUXclbl6OYWVL1Q==, figureFileBig=LIsfwVidhzRMIjMRdbl/kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548283179217705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548248056115692, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位点
Sites
引物名称
Primer
方向
Primer direction
序列
Sequence (5ʹ→3ʹ)
引用文献
Reference
真菌肌动蛋白
Actin (ACT)
ACT-512F 前引物
Forward
ATGTGCAAGGCCGGTTTCGC Carbone &
Kohn (1999)
ACT-783R 后引物
Reverse
TACGAGTCCTTCTGGCCCAT Carbone &
Kohn (1999)
几丁质合成酶
Chitin synthase 1
(CHS-1)
CHS-79F 前引物
Forward
TGGGGCAAGGATGCTTGGAAGAAG Carbone &
Kohn (1999)
CHS-345R 后引物
Reverse
TGGAAGAACCATCTGTGAGAGTTG Carbone &
Kohn (1999)
甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
GDF1 前引物
Forward
GCCGTCAACGACCCCTTCATTGA Guerber et al.
(2003)
GDR1 后引物
Reverse
GGGTGGAGTCGTACTTGAGCATGT Guerber et al.
(2003)
组蛋白
Histone 3 (HIS3)
CYLH3F 前引物
Forward
AGGTCCACTGGTGGCAAG Crous et al.
(2004)
CYLH3R 后引物
Reverse
AGCTGGATGTCCTTGGACTG Crous et al.
(2004)
核糖体转录间隔区
Ribosome internal
transcribed spacer (ITS)
ITS1 前引物
Forward
TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG White et al.
(1990)
ITS4 后引物
Reverse
TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC White et al.
(1990)
β-微管蛋白
β-tubulin 2 (TUB2)
T1 前引物
Forward
AACATGCGTGAGATTGTAAGT O’Donnell &
Cigelnik (1997)
Bt2b 后引物
Reverse
ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC Glass &
Donaldson (1995)
), ArticleFig(id=1256548284865327914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548248056115692, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究使用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位点
Sites
引物名称
Primer
方向
Primer direction
序列
Sequence (5ʹ→3ʹ)
引用文献
Reference
真菌肌动蛋白
Actin (ACT)
ACT-512F 前引物
Forward
ATGTGCAAGGCCGGTTTCGC Carbone &
Kohn (1999)
ACT-783R 后引物
Reverse
TACGAGTCCTTCTGGCCCAT Carbone &
Kohn (1999)
几丁质合成酶
Chitin synthase 1
(CHS-1)
CHS-79F 前引物
Forward
TGGGGCAAGGATGCTTGGAAGAAG Carbone &
Kohn (1999)
CHS-345R 后引物
Reverse
TGGAAGAACCATCTGTGAGAGTTG Carbone &
Kohn (1999)
甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
GDF1 前引物
Forward
GCCGTCAACGACCCCTTCATTGA Guerber et al.
(2003)
GDR1 后引物
Reverse
GGGTGGAGTCGTACTTGAGCATGT Guerber et al.
(2003)
组蛋白
Histone 3 (HIS3)
CYLH3F 前引物
Forward
AGGTCCACTGGTGGCAAG Crous et al.
(2004)
CYLH3R 后引物
Reverse
AGCTGGATGTCCTTGGACTG Crous et al.
(2004)
核糖体转录间隔区
Ribosome internal
transcribed spacer (ITS)
ITS1 前引物
Forward
TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG White et al.
(1990)
ITS4 后引物
Reverse
TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC White et al.
(1990)
β-微管蛋白
β-tubulin 2 (TUB2)
T1 前引物
Forward
AACATGCGTGAGATTGTAAGT O’Donnell &
Cigelnik (1997)
Bt2b 后引物
Reverse
ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC Glass &
Donaldson (1995)
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福建平和琯溪蜜柚炭疽病病原
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徐胡彬 1 , 黄峰 2 , 蔡金炉 3 , 黄碧荣 3 , 林婷婷 3 , 肖小娥 1 , 焦晨 1, * , 李红叶 1, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(4): 250187
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(4): 250187
福建平和琯溪蜜柚炭疽病病原
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徐胡彬1, 黄峰2, 蔡金炉3, 黄碧荣3, 林婷婷3, 肖小娥1, 焦晨1, * , 李红叶1, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学生物技术研究所 农业农村部作物病虫分子生物学重点实验室 浙江省作物病虫生物学与生态调控重点实验室 作物病虫害生物防控技术浙江省工程研究中心, 浙江 杭州 310058
  • 2 广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所, 广东 广州 510640
  • 3 福建省平和县农业农村局, 福建 漳州 363700
Causal agent of anthracnose on Citrus maxima var. ‘Guanximiyou’ in Fujian, China
Hubin XU1, Feng HUANG2, Jinlu CAI3, Birong HUANG3, Tingting LIN3, Xiaoe XIAO1, Chen JIAO1, * , Hongye LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pest, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
  • 3 Agricultural and Rural Affairs Bureau of Pinghe County, Zhangzhou 363700, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2026-04-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250187
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Citrus maxima是芸香科柑橘属中的重要栽培果树之一,在我国具有悠久的栽培历史和重要的经济价值。近年,在我国最大的柚生产基地福建省平和县发生了一种可引起琯溪蜜柚新梢枯死,花蕾、花瓣发红腐烂,进而落花落果,被当地果农称之为“红花病”的新病害。该病为害严重果园落果率超过80%,而且病害自山区向平原地区扩展,发病果园面积逐年扩大。观察发病症状,其与南美洲和佛罗里达报道的花后落果病(post-bloom fruit drop, PFD)有些相似,但也存在寄主和发病部位的不同。从发病果园采集的病害标本上可观察到橙色粉状物和疑似尖孢刺盘孢菌Colletotrichum acutatum的分生孢子。单孢分离获得5个菌落形态一致的菌株,通过形态学表征、基于多基因位点(ACT、CHS-1、GAPDH、HIS3、ITS和TUB2)的系统进化分析和致病性验证,福建平和地区发生的“红花病”病原真菌被鉴定为尖孢刺盘孢复合种中的松针刺盘孢C. fioriniae。鉴于迄今该病害只在柚上发现,除为害花器外,还为害叶片、新梢和果实,病原与“花后落果病”,以及常规炭疽病存在差异,我们将该病害定名为“柚炭疽病”。这是国内外首次发现松针刺盘孢可为害柑橘引起炭疽病,病原的准确鉴定为病害精准防控提供科学依据。

柚  /  炭疽病  /  病原鉴定  /  刺盘孢属  /  系统进化分析

The pomelo (Citrus maxima) is one of the most important cultivated fruit trees in the genus Citrus of the Rutaceae. It has a long cultivation history and great economic value in China. In recent years, a pomelo disease locally called “red flower blight” has been discovered in Pinghe County of Fujian Province, the largest pomelo production area in China. It could cause new shoot blight, rotting and reddening of the flower buds and petals of the variety “Guanximiyou”, ultimately leading to flower and fruit drop. In the seriously infected orchards, over 80% of fruitlets dropped. The disease has been spreading from mountainous areas to plains, with affected orchard areas expanding year by year. Based on the disease symptoms, it was speculated to be post-bloom fruit drop (PFD), a citrus disease reported in South America and Florida. However, there are still some differences in host range and infected organs between this disease and PFD. From the infected specimens, orange powdery substances and conidia resembling to Colletotrichum acutatum were observed. Five single-spore isolates showing identical colonial morphology were obtained. Based on the morphological characteristics, multi-loci (ACT, CHS-1, GAPDH, HIS3, ITS and TUB2) phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity test, the causal agent was identified as C. fioriniae in C. acutatum species complex. Given that this disease has only been found on pomelo so far, affecting not only flowers but also young shoots and fruits, and the pathogen differs from that of PFD and common anthracnose, this disease is named as “pomelo anthracnose”. This is the first report of C. fioriniae as a pathogen infecting citrus and causing anthracnose. The accurate identification of the pathogen provides a scientific basis for precise control of the disease.

pomelo (Citrus maxima)  /  anthracnose  /  pathogen identification  /  Colletotrichum  /  phylogenetic analysis
徐胡彬, 黄峰, 蔡金炉, 黄碧荣, 林婷婷, 肖小娥, 焦晨, 李红叶. 福建平和琯溪蜜柚炭疽病病原. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250187 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250187
Hubin XU, Feng HUANG, Jinlu CAI, Birong HUANG, Tingting LIN, Xiaoe XIAO, Chen JIAO, Hongye LI. Causal agent of anthracnose on Citrus maxima var. ‘Guanximiyou’ in Fujian, China[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250187 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250187
Citrus maxima是芸香科Rutaceae柑橘属的重要栽培果树之一,在我国具有悠久的栽培历史,目前,我国是全球最大的柚子生产国。其中,福建省漳州市平和县是我国最大的柚子生产基地,现有种植面积超过4亿m2,年产量170余万t,在当地农民致富和乡村振兴中发挥重要作用。然而,随着种植规模的不断扩大,供过于求矛盾日益突显,经济效益下滑明显,以致整体管理水平下降,柑橘黄龙病、黑点病(砂皮病)和黑斑病(棕斑病)等问题日益突显,逐渐成为制约平和县柚产业可持续发展的关键问题。近年来,一种被当地果农称之为“红花病”的新病害在平和县柚园发生,且发生范围、面积逐年扩大。据当地柚农反映,病害最初在高海拔山区、雾气重的柚园发生,主要发生在开花坐果期前后,导致花蕾、花瓣发红腐烂,柱头、幼果、嫩叶和新梢黑褐色腐烂,田间症状与巴西、美国佛罗里达州等美洲柑橘产区报道的花后落果病(post-bloom fruit drop, PFD),也称花腐病,具有很多相似之处(Fagan 1979;Timmer et al. 1994),但在寄主柑橘和为害部位方面存在明显的不同,具体病原种类和发生规律还亟须研究确定。
PFD最早于1979年在巴西发现(Fagan 1979)。病菌在开花前即可为害花蕾,导致花蕾枯死,在露白和开花阶段为害花瓣,引起桃色至橙色的病斑,随后扩展腐烂脱落。柱头和幼果(子房)发病后从基部脱落,留下花盘和花萼。这种花盘和萼片可继续生长,发育成“纽扣”状结构,留在枝梢上保持很长时间。发病花簇周围的新叶通常叶脉肿胀,扭曲变形(Fagan 1979;Timmer et al. 1994)。据了解PFD可为害大多数柑橘类植物,以甜橙、柠檬和莱檬受害最严重,葡萄柚和橘类影响较轻(Peres et al. 2008)。病害在美洲所有潮湿的柑橘生产区均有发生,严重时可导致果实产量损失达80%以上,是制约佛罗里达、巴西、墨西哥、哥斯达黎加和加勒比群岛高降雨地区柑橘生产的一个重要因素(Timmer et al. 1994;Timmer & Brown 2000;Lima et al. 2011)。根据形态学特征,PFD的病原真菌最早被鉴定为胶孢刺盘孢菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (Fagan 1979),随后被确定为胶孢刺盘孢的橙色慢生长型C. gloeosporioides slow- growing orange (Agostini et al. 1992)。随着对其研究的深入和DNA序列引入真菌的分类鉴定,依据核糖体转录间隔区(ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, ITS)部分序列,该病原真菌被重新鉴定为尖孢刺盘孢菌C. acutatum (Brown et al. 1996)。随着刺盘孢属真菌多相分类系统和种复合群概念的引入,PFD的病原真菌被鉴定为尖孢刺盘孢Acutatum复合群下的C. abscissum Pinho & O.L. Pereira (Damm et al. 2012)。此外,有资料显示胶孢刺盘孢同样也是巴西甜橙花后落果病的病原真菌之一(Lima et al. 2011)。
PFD主要为害柑橘的花器,引起花腐和幼果脱落,只有少数文献提及受害花穗周围的幼叶的叶脉,引起叶脉肿胀和叶片的扭曲畸形;发病的柑橘主要包括甜橙、酸橙和柠檬等,未见在柚子上发生的报道(Fagan 1979;Denham & Waller 1981;Timmer et al. 1994;Timmer & Brown 2000;Lin 2001;Marques et al. 2013)。而据笔者初步调查,平和琯溪蜜柚上的“红花病”主要发生在蜜柚上,与之相邻的鸡尾葡萄柚、爱媛、芦柑等品种未见发病;而且幼叶、新梢和幼果上的症状明显。准确鉴定病害的病原是进一步研究病害发生规律和制定针对性防控方案的基础,本文进行了该病害病原鉴定的研究。
2023年8月-2025年4月,深入果园观察并拍照记录新梢、幼叶、花蕾、花瓣、萼片、花柄和幼果受害后的症状。2024年4月上旬和 2025年3月中旬开展发病率调查,调查地点包括平和县的霞寨镇寨里村蕉锣鼎周贤德果园、寨里村周大福果园和群英村龙潭山庄周联辉果园,面积分别为1 200、1 466.7、646.7 m2。采用对角线5点取样法,每个果园随机选择5株树,每株树按东南西北中方向随机调查一个结果枝,直接统计发病花朵数、未发病花朵数。
发病率(%)=发病花朵数/(发病花朵数+未发病花朵数)×100。
用无菌挑针从发病的花瓣、叶片或幼果上,取下少量的橘红色孢子堆,转移至1 mL的无菌水中,混匀,适当稀释后,取孢子悬浮液20 μL,在尼康显微镜(eclipse 80i)下观察,测量并记录至少50个分生孢子的大小。同时,取少量上述孢子悬浮液经系列稀释后,取50 μL不同浓度孢子悬浮液至添加50 μg/mL的链霉素和50 μg/mL氨苄青霉素的1/2 PDA培养基上,再用灭菌的三角玻璃棒涂布均匀,培养皿封口后,转移至26 ℃培养箱中诱导孢子萌发,待长出单菌落,挑取单菌落转移到新的培养皿中培养,即为单孢菌株。菌株在10%甘油中-80 ℃保存。
对得到的单孢菌株,显微镜下观察记录来源于发病组织的病菌和纯培养获得的分生孢子形态特征,测量其大小。从新鲜菌落的边缘打取直径为0.5 cm的菌饼,移至含PDA培养基的培养皿中央,每天测定菌落直径,计算菌落的生长速率。
选取菌株ZJUPH08和ZJUPH17进行病菌的致病性测定。向PDA培养基上培养5 d的菌落加10 mL无菌水,用无菌玻璃棒轻轻摩擦菌落,促进分生孢子脱落。收集孢子悬浮液,加水稀释至105个/mL,备用。取即将开放的琯溪蜜柚花朵和已开放的花瓣,在70%的乙醇溶液中浸泡30 s后,立即用无菌水冲洗,并置于吸水纸上晾干。每一个花朵(或每片花瓣)滴加5 μL的孢子悬浮液,以滴加相同体积的无菌水作为对照。
根据所分离的真菌菌株在培养基上的形态特征,可初步将所获得菌株鉴定为刺盘孢属下Acutatum复合群内的真菌。为进一步鉴定其所属的复合群下的种类,开展基于多基因位点的分子系统发育分析。根据来源的果园、发病部位不同,选择ZJUPH08、ZJUPH14、ZJUPH16、ZJUPH17和ZJUPH20开展鉴定。待在PDA培养基上培养5 d后,收集菌丝,采用CTAB法提取真菌基因组DNA。采用针对Acutatum复合群的特异性引物对ACT-512F/ACT783R、CHS-79F/ CHS-354R、GDF1/GDR1、CYLH3F/CYLH3R、ITS-5/ITS-4、T1/Bt-2b分别扩增真菌肌动蛋白(ACT)、几丁质合成酶(CHS-1)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、组蛋白(HIS3)、核糖体转录间隔区(ITS)和β-微管蛋白(TUB2)基因的部分序列(表1)。PCR在伯乐T100 PCR仪中进行,扩增程序为94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸60 s,共35个循环;72 ℃延伸10 min;12 ℃保存。PCR扩增产物通过1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳,获得目标条带后,送至浙江尚亚生物技术有限公司进行测序。以ZJUPH08作为代表菌株,获得的ITS、GAPDH、ACT、TUB、CHS和HIS序列上传至NCBI的GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/),序列登录号分别为:PV849042、PV843935、PV843936、PV843937、PV843938、PV843939。
扩增和下载获得的DNA序列通过MEGA v. 11.0.13软件进行拼接和比对,比对方法选用MUSCLE (multiple sequence alignment)。比对后,ITS、GAPDH、ACT、TUB、CHS和HIS各区段包含碱基长度分别为550、273、248、499、282和393 bp,序列总长为2 245 bp。比对结果在同一软件中进行最大简约法(maximum parsimony, MP)分析,通过启发式搜索(Bootstrap重复数为1 000)构建系统进化树,并获取相关的参数:最大简约树树长为1 456,一致性系数为0.61,保留系数为0.8,复定系数为0.49。
病害在花蕾初现期就可发生,表现为整个花蕾呈红棕色枯死,刚萌发的新梢发病也产生红褐色至黑褐色凹陷的斑点,严重时多个病斑连成片,导致幼梢枯死(图 1A)。露白后的花瓣发病,初生凹陷的橙色小点,逐渐扩大成斑块,条件适宜时整个花苞尚未开出就呈橘红色至绛红色腐烂枯死,其上常可见橙色粉状物,即病菌的分生孢子堆(图 1B,红色箭头)。开放后的花瓣受害,最初呈橘红色斑点,病斑很快扩大到整片,乃至整个花器的花瓣坏死、腐烂、脱落(图 1D)。柱头发病呈红褐色至黑褐色坏死,并延及幼果(子房)后导致幼果(子房)自基部脱落(图 1D),而其花盘、萼片和花柄保持不落,并且可继续生长,形成“纽扣”状结构,留在枝梢上几个月,甚至可跨年不落(图1E)。幼叶和幼梢发病,初生水渍状淡黑褐色凹陷的斑点,病斑很快扩大,具轮纹,常多个病斑愈合呈大斑,很快皱缩腐烂枯死(图 1A),完全展叶后的叶片发病,病斑褐色,近圆形,轮纹明显,常因中间腐烂脱落而呈穿孔(图1F)。幼果发病,病斑褐色,近圆形,凹陷,常多个病斑与合成大斑(图 1D1G),病果极易脱落。据初步观察果实膨大期和采摘前,未见果实发病,但2024年3月至4月,在果园地面上一年的落果上可观察到发病的症状。病斑仅限于果皮,红褐色,近圆形,常多个病斑愈合成片(图 1H)。
此病另一个显著特点是花瓣病斑表面布满橙色粉状物,即病菌分生孢子堆(图1B1D,红色箭头),而叶片病斑早期先产生轮纹状排列的黑色小点(分生孢子盘),继而产生橙色粉状物或粘液(分生孢子堆)。
2023年4月,福建省平和县农业农村局蔡金炉高级农艺师反映多年来当地蜜柚花果期存在一种新发病害,当地果农称之为“红花病”。该病害最早在西部乡镇高、中海拔山区果园发生,并逐年向东部乡镇中的低海拔及平原果园蔓延。因未明确具体发病原因,也不了解在蜜柚嫩梢及嫩叶、幼果上发生的与花朵上发生的是否为相同病原引起。病因不明,影响病害的防治。根据发生季节和症状描述,初步怀疑为类似PFD的病害。2023年8月实地考察平和县几个柚园,发现普遍存在“纽扣状”的宿萼,进一步怀疑类似PFD病害的存在。2024年3月,蜜柚抽梢开花期多雨,“红花病”发生普遍,据初步调查,平和县的霞寨镇寨里村蕉锣鼎周贤德果园、寨里村周大福果园和群英村龙潭山庄周联辉果园的发病率分别达80%、55%和65% (附表1,国家微生物科学数据中心NMDCX0002163)。平和县西部乡镇高、中海拔山区果园发生严重,东部乡镇中、低海拔及平原果园发病轻重不一。而2025年除国强乡发生较重外,文峰、山格、小溪、板仔、南胜、五寨和霞寨等地均只有部分果园轻度发生。究其原因,一方面得益于2024年对病害性质的确定,2025年现蕾后普遍开展了预防;另外,2025年1月份几乎无下雨,入春后雨水相对较少,不利发病。
在走访和调查期间,发现相同果园柑橘,只有琯溪蜜柚和沙田柚发病,而脐橙、沃柑、爱媛(红美人)、柠檬、鸡尾葡萄柚则尚未观察到发病。
发病组织和培养条件下获得分生孢子形态特征一致。分生孢子近梭形或近长椭圆形,一头尖,另一头圆钝,单胞无色,大小为8-11 × 3-5 μm (N=50),光滑、透明、内有若干小油球(图2A)。在26 ℃,PDA培养基上菌落生长较慢,生长5 d的菌落直径为5.37 cm (1.07 cm/d)。气生菌丝中等发达,白色,病菌分泌可溶性色素,使培养基变紫红色(图2B2C)。
菌株ZJUPH08和ZJUPH17的离体花瓣接种实验表明,孢子悬浮液接种3 d后,接种部位产生紫红色的小点,病斑逐渐扩大,变红褐色,最后病斑表面布满粉红色粉状物(图3)。从接种发病的花瓣上均能分离到与接种菌株一致的菌株(经形态学和测序验证)。
通过序列比对,本实验中的菌株(ZJUPH08、ZJUPH14、ZJUPH16、ZJUPH17、ZJUPH20)在 6个基因位点的序列一致。将代表菌株(ZJUPH08)的不同序列提交到NCBI数据库(https://blast.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)进行比对(附表2,国家微生物科学数据中心NMDCX0002162),发现ZJUPH08与登记为C. fioriniae种的菌株在序列上高度一致,如在ITS位点(覆盖率100%,一致性100%)和GAPDH位点上(覆盖率100%,一致性100%)。进一步构建Acutatum复合群的系统进化树(图4),证实菌株ZJUPH08、ZJUPH14、ZJUPH16、ZJUPH17、ZJUPH20与C. fioriniae的代表菌株(模式菌株CBS 128517,以及CBS 125396、IMI 324996、CBS 129948、CBS 119293和CBS 129947)归为同一进化分支(自展支持率100%)。
通过果园调查和文献查阅,确认福建平和琯溪蜜柚上新发现的“红花病”与文献上记录的柑橘花后落果病(post-bloom fruit drop, PFD),也称花腐或花疫(flower blight)症状相似。典型症状为花蕾、花瓣、柱头、幼果发病,病幼果自幼果基部脱落,留下宿萼经久不落,病斑上产生橙色粉状物。但不同于PFD,发病花朵周围的叶片通常表现为扭曲畸形、叶脉膨大(Timmer et al. 1994),“红花病”在新梢上的症状明显,不仅可引起叶斑,严重时还可造成幼叶和新梢发病枯死;PFD主要发生在甜橙、柠檬、酸橙和葡萄柚等柑橘上(Timmer et al. 1994;Timmer & Brown 2000),而至今已知“红花病”仅发生在琯溪蜜柚和沙田柚上。经形态学和基于多基因位点的分子鉴定,结合致病性验证,本研究将“红花病”的病原菌鉴定为尖孢刺盘孢复合群Colletotrichum acutatum species complex 下的松针刺盘孢C. fioriniae。“红花病”病原的确定为病害的流行规律和制定防治方案奠定了基础。考虑到该病害的病原种类、发病柑橘种类、为害器官与国际上已报道的“花后落果病”,以及常见的炭疽病C. gloeosporioides存在显著的差异,为使病害名称能更好地反映病害情况,包括寄主、病原和症状等基本特征,作者将该病害定名为“柚炭疽病”,而将“红花病”和“花后落果病”作为其俗名或异名。
刺盘孢属是十大重要植物病原真菌属之一(Dean et al. 2012),刺盘孢属真菌种类繁多,寄主广泛,迄今至少有16个种复合群和280个物种(Liu et al. 2022),在柑橘上至少存在C. boninenseC. acutatumC. truncatumC. gloeosporioides 4个复合群和30余个物种(Huang et al. 2013;Guarnaccia et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2021),所引起的病害主要包括采后烂果、花后落果和莱檬炭疽(key lime anthracnose),前者的病原主要为C. gloeosporioides,后两者分别为C. acutatum复合群下的C. abscissumC. limetticola (Damm et al. 2012)。中国柑橘上报道的刺盘孢有4个复合群和38种,以C. gloeosporioides为优势种(Damm et al. 2012;Huang et al. 2013),而C. acutatum只在云南的莱檬枯梢和四川广安的柚上有报道,这些研究尚未将菌株鉴定到具体物种(陈国庆 2010;王雪莲 2015)。尖孢刺盘孢在我国分布广泛,可引起多种作物的炭疽病(Jayawardena 2016),但尚无文献记载其在我国柑橘上的显著为害。松针刺盘孢C. fioriniae的寄主广泛,可引起包括桉树、苹果(苦腐病)、茶油、海桐、狭叶十大功劳、薄壳山核桃、金合欢和鳄梨等植物的炭疽病(Shivas & Tan 2009;Kou et al. 2014;Garibaldi et al. 2020;Chang et al. 2022;Zhang et al. 2023),甚至对某些疥虫Fiorinia externa有致病性(Marcelino et al. 2008),而在柑橘上未见报道(Talhinhas & Baroncelli 2021)。本研究首次正式报道“花后落果病”在中国的发生,也是国际上首次报道松针刺盘孢C. fioriniae可引起柑橘的“花后落果病”,并且发现我国的“花后落果病”与已报道的存在显著差异,并命名“柚炭疽病”这一新的病害名称
据报道,C. abscissum在甜橙上只引起花后落果,一般不进一步危害柑橘的其他部位,与发病花序临近的叶片只表现叶脉肿胀、扭曲畸形(Fagan 1979;Timmer et al. 1994;Lima et al. 2011)。C. abscissum的生活史可分为2个阶段,第一阶段在开花期侵染花瓣,其生活方式为死体营养型,条件适宜时着落在花瓣上的分生孢子萌发侵入,经生长后形成分生孢子盘和分生孢子,这些分生孢子还可以自我繁殖,短时间内产生大量的分生孢子,通过雨水飞溅传播,引起开花期病害的流行。第二阶段为无花期,病菌分生孢子不进行自我繁殖,而是萌发成附着胞,以附着胞的形式在叶片、嫩梢、受害花瓣幼果掉落后残留的宿萼上继续存活,或侵染后潜伏,以活体营养型生存,并以此越冬(Timmer et al. 1994)。第二年,越冬的附着胞受花瓣浸出液的刺激而萌发产生新的分生孢子,再通过雨水传播,引发新一轮病害(Agostini et al. 1992;Timmer et al. 1994;Zulfiqar et al. 1996;MacKenzie et al. 2010)。不同于C. abscissumC. fioriniae在果园引起幼叶、新梢和谢花后的果实,以及成熟叶片和果实发病,其病害循环和发病规律有待深入研究。
据国外报道,花期降雨极有利病害的发生,病害严重程度和花期降雨密切相关(Lima et al. 2011)。防治花后落果病的综合措施包括通过肥水管理措施的调控,促使花期集中,清除黄龙病病树等衰弱病树,避免不适时开花,以缩短感病期。化学防治是防治花后落果病重要手段,国外早期通常使用苯菌灵、多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵等苯并咪唑类杀菌剂,以及克菌丹、敌菌丹、代森锌等保护性杀菌剂,而目前广泛使用甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂与三唑类杀菌剂的混配剂,如肟菌酯+戊唑醇等,一般建议在花蕾期开始喷药保护,以后根据天气情况,每隔7-15 d喷一次杀菌剂,直到谢花坐果期,其中最关键的是露白期、初花期和谢花期(Timmer & Brown 2000;Silva-Junior et al. 2014)。根据果园观察,柚炭疽病在花蕾初现期就普遍发生,引起叶疫、嫩梢和花蕾枯死。因此,认为其预防时间需在花蕾期前,具体措施亟待试验研究确定。
基于病害田间症状观察、疑似病原物的分离和培养、真菌形态学特征、基于多基因序列的系统进化分析和接种试验,我们将引起福建省平和地区柚子“红花病”的病原真菌鉴定为尖孢刺盘孢复合群中的松针刺盘孢C. fioriniae,综合受害柑橘种类、症状和病原,将其定名为柚炭疽病。
  • 国家现代农业(柑橘)产业技术体系专项(CARS-26)
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250187
  • 接收时间:2025-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-18
  • 录用日期:2025-10-07
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Earmarked Fund for China Agricultural Research System(CARS-26)
国家现代农业(柑橘)产业技术体系专项(CARS-26)
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    1 浙江大学生物技术研究所 农业农村部作物病虫分子生物学重点实验室 浙江省作物病虫生物学与生态调控重点实验室 作物病虫害生物防控技术浙江省工程研究中心, 浙江 杭州 310058
    2 广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所, 广东 广州 510640
    3 福建省平和县农业农村局, 福建 漳州 363700

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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