Article(id=1256548247598936553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250351, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250351, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765123200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1769616000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-29, onlineDate=1777514047764, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1776787200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777514047764, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777514047764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777514047764, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256548241764639069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='250187', pageEnd='250358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777514046373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777516895320, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250351, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256548250077770230, articleId=1256548247598936553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Integrated analysis of network toxicology, machine learning, and multi-dimensional bioinformatics reveals the toxicological mechanisms of ochratoxin A in gastric carcinogenesis, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gastric cancer (GC) is a multifactorial malignancy closely linked to environmental risk factors. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a widely distributed mycotoxin, has been classified as a probable human carcinogen. This study systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying OTA-induced gastric carcinogenesis. For the first time, through an integrated approach combining network toxicology, machine learning, and Mendelian randomization analysis, four key pathogenic genes (ESR1, GSK3β, MET, and MMP2) were identified and validated. The research further clarifies how OTA disrupts hormone signaling, metabolic homeostasis, and the tumor immune microenvironment, thereby driving cancer development through multi-pathway synergy. Notably, GSK3β was genetically confirmed for the first time to have a causal relationship with gastric cancer. These gene markers play a central regulatory role in gastric carcinogenesis and demonstrate significant diagnostic potential, providing novel biomarkers and a theoretical foundation for risk prediction and targeted intervention in OTA-associated gastric cancer.

, correspAuthors=Wei WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*
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胃癌是一种受多重因素影响的恶性肿瘤,其发生与环境风险因素密切相关。赭曲霉毒素A (OTA)作为一种广泛存在的真菌毒素,已被列为潜在的人类致癌物。本研究系统揭示了OTA诱导胃癌的分子机制,首次通过整合网络毒理学、机器学习与孟德尔随机化分析,筛选并验证出4个关键致病基因(ESR1、GSK3β、MET、MMP2);并阐明了其通过扰乱激素信号、代谢稳态及免疫微环境的多通路协同致癌。其中GSK3β被首次在遗传学层面证实与胃癌存在因果关联。这组基因标志物在胃癌发生中起核心调控作用,具有显著的诊断潜力,为OTA相关胃癌的风险预警与靶向干预提供了新型生物标志物与理论依据。

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作者贡献

白薇:实验设计、数据分析、论文构思与撰写;钱紫星:论文撰写与修改;黄国栋、饶显俊:数据整理与分析;陈晓霄:文献整理;杨洋:论文修改;魏玮:研究设计、论文构思、审核及修改。

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A: Venn diagram of the targets of OTA and gastric cancer; B: The PPI network of the overlapping genes; C: Venn diagram identifying the core genes screened from the overlap; D: The PPI network of core targets., figureFileSmall=xXYDweTbNiB2fBhqPq/RZg==, figureFileBig=QTGxKQMNkxjhqrYd3I1gqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548286186533697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图1, caption=赭曲霉毒素A和胃癌关键靶点及差异基因筛选示意图 A:毒物基因与疾病基因交集图;B:交集基因PPI网络图;C:筛选核心基因交集图;D:核心基因PPI网络图, figureFileSmall=xXYDweTbNiB2fBhqPq/RZg==, figureFileBig=QTGxKQMNkxjhqrYd3I1gqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548286454969159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The “toxicant-component-gene-disease” interaction network., figureFileSmall=w1Hp9bD9Oxi0EaaaxFuX8g==, figureFileBig=Qz3FRmlrsaxzt9+KhuGHfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548286752764748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图2, caption=“毒物-成分-基因-疾病”图, figureFileSmall=w1Hp9bD9Oxi0EaaaxFuX8g==, figureFileBig=Qz3FRmlrsaxzt9+KhuGHfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548286933119824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Functional enrichment analysis of the overlapping genes. A: GO enrichment analysis of potential targets; B: KEGG enrichment analysis of potential targets. BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular component; MF: Molecular function., figureFileSmall=SUfwB9fQYfhbKWxh0ZLvlw==, figureFileBig=yHLGR9eL62OJULr6brsW4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548287151223636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图3, caption=交集基因功能富集分析图 A:关键靶点的GO功能;B:KEGG通路富集分析. BP:生物过程;CC:细胞成分;MF:分子功能, figureFileSmall=SUfwB9fQYfhbKWxh0ZLvlw==, figureFileBig=yHLGR9eL62OJULr6brsW4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548287302218584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Expression and interaction network analysis of core genes. A: Box plot of differential expression analysis of core genes between normal and gastric cancer (GC) samples. B: Heatmap of core gene expression in normal and gastric cancer samples. C: Circular layout of chromosomal locations of core genes. D: Co-expression network of core genes. E: Correlation analysis between core gene pairs. * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001. The same below., figureFileSmall=tDpCWX5bcxQuyrOSxPLN4g==, figureFileBig=PaabD/JRsOGtKWW5leYEQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548287465796443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图4, caption=核心基因表达与互作网络分析 A:正常样本与胃癌样本核心基因表达差异分析箱形图;B:正常和胃癌样本中核心基因表达热图;C:核心基因染色体位置圆形图;D:核心基因相关网络;E:2个核心基因间的相关分析图. * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001. 下同, figureFileSmall=tDpCWX5bcxQuyrOSxPLN4g==, figureFileBig=PaabD/JRsOGtKWW5leYEQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548287570654046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Visualization of key target selection using machine learning. A: Residuals of each machine learning model presented in box plots; B: Cumulative residual distribution across the machine learning models; C: Feature importance derived from the nine machine learning algorithms; D: ROC analysis of the nine machine learning models based on 5-fold cross-validation in the test cohort; E: ROC analysis of the four key genes., figureFileSmall=1VS1bcZHDQrVGzODbBzHDg==, figureFileBig=obS3Dn8AeVxWDtazEl9qTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548289281930081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图5, caption=采用机器学习的关键目标选择可视化 A:箱线图显示了每个机器学习模型的残差;B:各机器学习模型的累积残差分布;C:9种机器学习模型中的重要特征;D:测试队列中基于5折交叉验证的9种机器学习模型的ROC分析;E:4个关键基因ROC分析, figureFileSmall=1VS1bcZHDQrVGzODbBzHDg==, figureFileBig=obS3Dn8AeVxWDtazEl9qTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548289516811110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Diagnostic evaluation and prognostic model construction of key genes. A: Expression analysis of the four key genes; B: Correlation analysis among the key genes; C: Construction of the nomogram model; D: Calibration curve; E: Decision curve analysis., figureFileSmall=BQoXEjOcFtcNUiyb8uycuw==, figureFileBig=HsQddvxhvgfZe6qA/9FfRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548289634251625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图6, caption=关键基因诊断评估与预后模型构建 A:4个关键基因表达量分析;B:关键基因相关性分析;C:列线图模型构建;D:校准曲线;E:决策曲线, figureFileSmall=BQoXEjOcFtcNUiyb8uycuw==, figureFileBig=HsQddvxhvgfZe6qA/9FfRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548289772663657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The GSEA of the key genes., figureFileSmall=zi7HeJnhWwOARgYgQVMtog==, figureFileBig=X9cA2QTLSLcEDWi+wgjIog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548289990767469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图7, caption=关键基因GSEA富集分析图, figureFileSmall=zi7HeJnhWwOARgYgQVMtog==, figureFileBig=X9cA2QTLSLcEDWi+wgjIog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548290192094066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Immune infiltration analysis. A: Landscape of immune cell infiltration in gastric cancer; B: Differential immune cell abundance between normal and gastric cancer samples; C: Correlation analysis between key genes and immune cells., figureFileSmall=5pnDiOo6ZxTYOJgFrzabkg==, figureFileBig=PEY7LA5mbaTRsfl07kT1Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548290364060531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图8, caption=免疫浸润分析 A:胃癌免疫细胞浸润图;B:正常样本和胃癌样本间差异的免疫细胞图;C:关键基因和免疫细胞相关性图, figureFileSmall=5pnDiOo6ZxTYOJgFrzabkg==, figureFileBig=PEY7LA5mbaTRsfl07kT1Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548290460529527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Single-cell RNA sequencing of GSE184198. A: Unsupervised clustering identified 15 distinct cell clusters, visualized using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE); B: Cell type annotation revealed nine major cellular populations; C: Bubble plot displaying expression patterns of biomarkers across different cell types; D: Violin plot showing expression trends of biomarkers in the nine cell types; E: t-SNE projection illustrating expression patterns of biomarkers across cellular populations., figureFileSmall=NaRwgH3Yp9rvPCq/324OPQ==, figureFileBig=qDM+g9Zu19FM+IIY+4hMhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548290531832698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图9, caption=GSE184198单细胞RNA测序 A:聚类分析识别出15个不同的细胞簇,t-SNE可视化;B:注释揭示了9种主要的细胞类型;C:气泡图显示生物标志物在不同细胞类型中的表达模式;D:显示生物标志物在9种细胞类型中的表达趋势的小提琴图;E:t-SNE图显示了生物标志物在不同细胞类型中的表达趋势, figureFileSmall=NaRwgH3Yp9rvPCq/324OPQ==, figureFileBig=qDM+g9Zu19FM+IIY+4hMhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548290687021950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=The ceRNA network., figureFileSmall=XYr0Ikrx/BXikVQJN3yfAg==, figureFileBig=1CqS5eonUZdQgYkdwGh1/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548290783490945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图10, caption=ceRNA网络图, figureFileSmall=XYr0Ikrx/BXikVQJN3yfAg==, figureFileBig=1CqS5eonUZdQgYkdwGh1/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548290884154244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Molecular docking visualization. A: Molecular docking results; B: Interaction analysis of OTA and the core genes., figureFileSmall=HGcIoB4KaPTMNVt8WWsxLw==, figureFileBig=zNSBhs/NH5wSGNSuk3H4HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548290984817543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图11, caption=分子对接可视化 A:分子对接结果;B:OTA与关键基因相互作用分析, figureFileSmall=HGcIoB4KaPTMNVt8WWsxLw==, figureFileBig=zNSBhs/NH5wSGNSuk3H4HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548291169366921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Visualization of MR analysis. A-D: Forest plot, funnel plot, leave-one-out analysis and scatter plot of the MR analysis between GSK3β and GC., figureFileSmall=ooSxT1DAP1nsHGCaIlNcYA==, figureFileBig=gZ8b3mHfkIUPg9JbYELAZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548291291001740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=图12, caption=MR分析可视化 A-D依次为GSK3β与胃癌MR分析的森林图、漏斗图、留一法分析、散点图, figureFileSmall=ooSxT1DAP1nsHGCaIlNcYA==, figureFileBig=gZ8b3mHfkIUPg9JbYELAZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548291412636557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of targets obtained from MR analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Outcome
结局因素
Exposure
暴露因素
Method
分析方法
P value
OR
OR_lci95
OR_uci95
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 孟德尔随机化-Egger回归法
MR Egger
0.224 229 1.007 052 1.001 967 1.012 163
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 加权中位数法
Weighted median
0.001 693 1.004 1 1.001 538 1.006 667
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 逆方差加权法
Inverse variance weighted
0.008 606 1.003 854 1.000 978 1.006 739
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 简单模式法
Simple mode
0.475 504 1.002 533 0.996 843 1.008 256
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 加权模式法
Weighted mode
0.092 716 1.004 423 1.001 58 1.007 274
), ArticleFig(id=1256548291597185936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548247598936553, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

通过MR分析获得的靶点信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Outcome
结局因素
Exposure
暴露因素
Method
分析方法
P value
OR
OR_lci95
OR_uci95
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 孟德尔随机化-Egger回归法
MR Egger
0.224 229 1.007 052 1.001 967 1.012 163
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 加权中位数法
Weighted median
0.001 693 1.004 1 1.001 538 1.006 667
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 逆方差加权法
Inverse variance weighted
0.008 606 1.003 854 1.000 978 1.006 739
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 简单模式法
Simple mode
0.475 504 1.002 533 0.996 843 1.008 256
胃癌
Gastric cancer
GSK3β 加权模式法
Weighted mode
0.092 716 1.004 423 1.001 58 1.007 274
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基于网络毒理学与机器学习整合分析揭示赭曲霉毒素A诱导胃癌的关键生物标志物及其免疫调控机制
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白薇 1 , 钱紫星 2 , 黄国栋 2 , 饶显俊 2 , 陈晓霄 3 , 杨洋 2 , 魏玮 2, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(4): 250351
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(4): 250351
基于网络毒理学与机器学习整合分析揭示赭曲霉毒素A诱导胃癌的关键生物标志物及其免疫调控机制
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白薇1, 钱紫星2, 黄国栋2, 饶显俊2, 陈晓霄3, 杨洋2, 魏玮2, *
作者信息
  • 1 北京中医药大学, 北京 100102
  • 2 中国中医科学院望京医院, 北京 100102
  • 3 广州中医药大学, 广东 广州 510006
Integrated analysis of network toxicology, machine learning, and multi-dimensional bioinformatics reveals the toxicological mechanisms of ochratoxin A in gastric carcinogenesis
Wei BAI1, Zixing QIAN2, Guodong HUANG2, Xianjun RAO2, Xiaoxiao CHEN3, Yang YANG2, Wei WEI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
  • 2 Wang Jing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
  • 3 Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-04-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250351
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胃癌是一种受多重因素影响的恶性肿瘤,其发生与环境风险因素密切相关。赭曲霉毒素A (OTA)作为一种广泛存在的真菌毒素,已被列为潜在的人类致癌物。本研究系统揭示了OTA诱导胃癌的分子机制,首次通过整合网络毒理学、机器学习与孟德尔随机化分析,筛选并验证出4个关键致病基因(ESR1、GSK3β、MET、MMP2);并阐明了其通过扰乱激素信号、代谢稳态及免疫微环境的多通路协同致癌。其中GSK3β被首次在遗传学层面证实与胃癌存在因果关联。这组基因标志物在胃癌发生中起核心调控作用,具有显著的诊断潜力,为OTA相关胃癌的风险预警与靶向干预提供了新型生物标志物与理论依据。

赭曲霉毒素A  /  胃癌  /  网络毒理学  /  机器学习  /  分子对接  /  核心基因  /  肿瘤微环境

Gastric cancer (GC) is a multifactorial malignancy closely linked to environmental risk factors. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a widely distributed mycotoxin, has been classified as a probable human carcinogen. This study systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying OTA-induced gastric carcinogenesis. For the first time, through an integrated approach combining network toxicology, machine learning, and Mendelian randomization analysis, four key pathogenic genes (ESR1, GSK3β, MET, and MMP2) were identified and validated. The research further clarifies how OTA disrupts hormone signaling, metabolic homeostasis, and the tumor immune microenvironment, thereby driving cancer development through multi-pathway synergy. Notably, GSK3β was genetically confirmed for the first time to have a causal relationship with gastric cancer. These gene markers play a central regulatory role in gastric carcinogenesis and demonstrate significant diagnostic potential, providing novel biomarkers and a theoretical foundation for risk prediction and targeted intervention in OTA-associated gastric cancer.

ochratoxin A  /  gastric cancer  /  network toxicology  /  machine learning  /  molecular docking  /  core genes  /  tumor microenvironment
白薇, 钱紫星, 黄国栋, 饶显俊, 陈晓霄, 杨洋, 魏玮. 基于网络毒理学与机器学习整合分析揭示赭曲霉毒素A诱导胃癌的关键生物标志物及其免疫调控机制. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250351 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250351
Wei BAI, Zixing QIAN, Guodong HUANG, Xianjun RAO, Xiaoxiao CHEN, Yang YANG, Wei WEI. Integrated analysis of network toxicology, machine learning, and multi-dimensional bioinformatics reveals the toxicological mechanisms of ochratoxin A in gastric carcinogenesis[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250351 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250351
胃癌(gastric cancer, GC)作为威胁人类健康的重大疾病,是全球第五大常见癌症和第四大癌症相关死亡原因。尽管胃癌的总体趋势有所下降,但其全球流行程度仍然严重,尤其是在亚洲等地区,胃癌的发病率和死亡率居高不下,造成了极大的疾病负担(Rugge et al. 2023;Bray et al. 2024)。胃癌的发病是多种因素作用、多基因调控、多步骤参与的复杂过程,其直接病因尚不清楚。全球胃癌发病率呈下降趋势,这主要归因于对幽门螺杆菌感染、吸烟、饮酒、饮食及BMI等已知风险因素的积极管控,目前相关研究仍在不断深入(Smyth et al. 2020;He et al. 2024;Chen et al. 2025)。基于此,深入探索胃癌的环境致病因素及其分子机制,对于开发有效的早期预警生物标志物和新型预防策略具有至关重要的意义。
食品贸易的全球化加剧了霉菌毒素的污染与暴露风险,使其成为一项严峻的公共卫生挑战(Eskola et al. 2020)。其中,赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)作为一种广泛存在的霉菌毒素,它由曲霉属和青霉属真菌产生(van der Merwe et al. 1965),常见于谷物、干果、葡萄酒、葡萄汁、啤酒、茶、咖啡、可可、坚果、香料等多种食品中(Ben et al. 2024),因此几乎无法避免。OTA的毒性作用复杂,包括致癌性、致突变性、肝毒性、肾毒性、免疫毒性等(Liang et al. 2025;Sohn & Park 2025;Borchers et al. 2026),对人类健康构成严重威胁。早在1993年,国际癌症研究机构已将其归类为2B类可能的人类致癌物(Ganesan et al. 2022)。尤为重要的是,OTA是一种热稳定的霉菌毒素,其苯丙氨酸衍生物结构使其对加工过程具有显著耐受性,即使在高温处理后仍能保持高活性(Dahal et al. 2016)。这一特性意味着OTA可能在热加工食品中持续存在(Samuel et al. 2021),鉴于此,系统揭示其复杂的致病机制,是一个备受关注且亟待深入探索的关键科学问题。
尽管大量研究已揭示了OTA的全身性毒性,但其与胃癌发生的直接关联仍缺乏系统性的阐释。流行病学证据提示,在胃癌高发区,OTA暴露水平与疾病风险之间存在正相关趋势,此外研究表明,OTA 暴露增加了细胞内ROS的产生,诱导人类胃上皮细胞GES-1氧化DNA损伤和G2停滞(Cui et al. 2013),表明OTA 可能对胃黏膜造成毒性(Jia et al. 2016)。然而,目前尚不清楚OTA是否参与胃癌的发病机制,两者关联亟需更深入的分子机制研究予以支撑。因此,本研究旨在采用一种涉及网络毒理学、多种机器学习算法、CIBERSORT算法、单细胞RNA测序、分子对接模拟验证和孟德尔随机化分析整合性的计算生物学策略(Majumder & Mandal 2022),从多维生物信息学分析验证OTA核心靶标在疾病中的关键致病作用(Bratić et al. 2018)。我们期望构建一个从分子互作、细胞表型到免疫微环境的完整OTA致胃癌机制框架,不仅为OTA的胃毒性提供坚实的分子证据链,也为开发针对性的风险预警生物标志物和预防策略提供新的理论靶点。
本研究首先整合公共数据库资源获取基因表达谱与化合物潜在靶点;其次,通过集成多种机器学习算法系统性地筛选并验证核心特征基因;最后,综合利用免疫浸润分析、ceRNA网络构建、分子对接及孟德尔随机化分析,在多维度上阐释其潜在分子机制。
胃癌转录组数据源自美国国立生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI) GEO数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo),本研究选取GSE26899、GSE27342及GSE54129作为发现队列(附表1, https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.jwxb.00004)。对原始基因表达矩阵进行合并、去批次及标准化预处理,以确保数据质量与可比性。
基于从PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/)获取的OTA化学结构,将其规范SMILES结构式导入SwissTargetPrediction数据库(http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch)和SEA数据库,预测潜在作用靶点。同时,将OTA的3D结构SDF文件提交至PharmMapper服务器(http://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/),获得OTA的潜在作用基因,并通过UniProt数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/)对靶标基因名称进行标准化。以“Gastric cancer”为关键词,从GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org/)、CTD (https://ctdbase.org/)和OMIM (https://www.omim.org/)数据库检索GC相关基因。利用Venny在线软件(https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/)取OTA相关基因与GC相关基因的交集,获得OTA诱导GC的关键候选基因。并将上述靶基因通过STRING分析并构建蛋白相互作用网络(PPI),设置物种为“Homo sapiens”,互作阈值(confidence score)≥ 0.4,初步筛选关键靶点。
对关键靶基因进行GO生物过程分析和KEGG通路注释分析。按照q<0.05为显著性筛选标准,筛选具有显著性差异的富集结果。
本研究构建了一个集成多算法的机器学习框架以系统性地筛选最优诊断标志物。应用R包“caret”同时训练9种具有不同原理的机器学习模型,包括LASSO回归(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator)、SVM (support vector machine)、RF (random forest)、XGB (extreme gradient boosting)、NNET (neural network)等。所有模型均通过5折交叉验证进行训练与超参数调优,以评估其稳健性。通过系统比较各模型的残差分布与受试者工作特征曲线下面积,筛选出预测性能最优且最稳定的模型。随后,从该最佳模型中提取特征重要性排名前4的基因,将其定义为用于后续验证的关键基因。
根据关键基因表达中值将胃癌样本分为高、低表达组,对每个亚组进行GSEA分析,以校正后P<0.05为显著性标准。分析关键基因的表达水平及相关性,探讨其潜在关联。
采用R包的“CIBERSORT”估算各类免疫细胞亚型的相对比例。使用R包“GSVA”和“GSABase”进行单样本GSEA (ssGSEA),比较正常与胃癌样本的免疫细胞浸润差异。分析关键基因与ssGSEA分数的相关性并可视化。利用单细胞数据集GSE184198,经“Seurat”包进行质量控制、数据过滤、PCA降维以及UMAP聚类实现细胞亚群的无监督聚类和无偏可视化,通过“FindAllMarkers”包识别差异表达基因,使用“SingleR”包对每个簇内的亚群进行注释。
通过starBase (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn)和NCBI数据库预测关键基因的miRNA,进一步筛选互作lncRNA,构建mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA ceRNA网络,并使用Cytoscape进行可视化。
从RCSB数据库获取关键基因相关蛋白质结构,从PubChem数据库中获取OTA的化合物结构。使用Auto Dock软件预处理蛋白与配体,AutoDock Vina 1.1.2进行分子对接,设定结合口袋坐标,输出结合能热图,并使用Pymol软件可视化结合模式。
采用两样本孟德尔随机化分析探讨关键基因与胃癌风险的因果关系。从IEU OpenGWAS数据库(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/)获取关键基因(暴露因素)和胃癌(结局因素)的全基因组关联研究汇总数据。使用R包“TwoSampleMR”进行MR分析,采用逆方差加权法(IVW)评估关键基因表达水平与胃癌风险之间的因果关系。为评估结果的稳健性,采用Cochran's Q检验评估异质性,其中p<0.05表示IVW结果存在异质性。使用MR-Egger回归和MR-PRESSO评估水平多效性p<0.05表明IVW结果存在水平多效性。
本研究检索收集了OTA有效成分和相关靶标信息。在去除重复相关靶标信息后,我们获得了OTA的451个相关基因。在Genecards、CTD和OMIM这3个数据库中分别获得8 444个胃癌相关基因,随后我们使用Venny在线平台对毒物相关基因和疾病基因进行交集分析,得到340个与毒物和疾病直接相关的交集基因(图1A)。
为了更好地理解赭曲霉毒素A诱导胃癌疾病的作用机制,通过PPI网络以了解其交集基因间的相互作用。我们利用从STRING和Cytoscape软件对340个交集基因进行PPI网络构建,该网络包含337个节点、4 743条边,平均节点度为28.148。基于Degree、EPC、MCC和MNC这4种算法筛选前60个核心基因,最终确定32个核心基因用于后续分析(图1B-1D) (附表2, https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.28065)。Cytoscape构建的“毒物-成分-基因-疾病”网络包含34个节点(1个OTA节点、32个基因节点、1个疾病节点)和64条连线。网络拓扑分析显示,平均相邻节点数为3.765,异质性为1.875,网络密度为0.114,网络中心度为0.909 (图2)。
利用Bioconductor中的R包clusterprofiler version对疾病与药物交集靶点进行GO富集分析和KEGG信号通路的富集分析(图3)。GO富集分析得到2 017个条目,其中生物过程(biological process, BP)条目1 829个,主要涉及细胞对肽的反应、凋亡信号通路的调控、细胞对类固醇激素刺激的反应等;分子功能(molecular function, MF)条目142个,主要有核受体活性、配体激活的转录因子活性、胰岛素受体结合等;细胞成分(cellular component, CC)条目46个,主要涉及膜筏、膜微域、黏附斑等。KEGG通路富集分析得到151条信号通路(q<0.05),主要涉及脂质与动脉粥样硬化、内分泌抵抗、催乳素信号通路、EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药、雌激素信号通路、蛋白聚糖在癌症中的作用、孕酮介导的卵母细胞成熟、乙型肝炎、流体剪切应力与动脉粥样硬化、黏附斑等。
通过GEO数据库进行“gastric cancer”搜索,并对其进行数据类型和种类限制,最后选定GSE26899、GSE27342和GSE54129数据集(共113例正常组、287例胃癌组),为确保分析结果的稳定性和临床相关性,本研究已对所有整合数据集中样本的来源、组织类型及临床分期等关键特征进行了系统梳理与描述,并进行去批次和标准化处理(附图1, https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.28069)。差异表达分析鉴定出21个核心差异基因,其中AKT1、HSP90AA1、MMP9等17个基因在胃癌中高表达,ESR1、PPARG、JAK2、ESR2在正常组织中高表达(图4A, 4B)。核心基因染色体定位见图4C,共表达分析显示核心基因间以正相关为主(图4D, 4E)。
为了进一步确定具有高诊断价值的相关基因,根据合并的GC数据集表达谱,构建含LASSO、NNET、XGB、GBM、SVM等在内的9个成熟的机器学习模型。9种机器学习模型中,SVM与KNN模型的预测残差较低(图5A5B)。基于RMSE的特征重要性排序显示SVM模型性能最优(图5C)。ROC曲线分析进一步证实SVM模型区分胃癌的效能最高(AUC=0.855,图5D)。最终选取SVM模型中重要性排名前4的基因(ESR1、GSK3β、MET、MMP2)作为关键基因。
为了进一步评估机器学习模型的预测效率,对关键基因进行表达量和ROC曲线分析。ROC曲线分析显示4个关键基因(ESR1、GSK3β、MET、MMP2)均具有良好的诊断效能(AUC> 0.5,图5E)。此外表达量分析结果表明4个关键基因的表达均存在显著差异,且GSK3β、MET、MMP2在胃癌中显著上调(图6A)。相关性分析显示关键基因之间存在显著正相关,其中GSK3β与MET相关性最强(cor=0.30,图6B)。最后,本研究通过首先构建一个列线图来估计287名胃癌患者的风险(图6C)。应用校准曲线和决策曲线分析(DCA)来评估列线图模型的预测效率。根据校准曲线,实际胃癌样本风险与预测风险之间的误差非常小(图6D),此外DCA表明我们的列线图具有较高的准确性,可为临床决策提供依据(图6E)。
基于GSEA分析的结果(图7),揭示关键基因与胃癌相关的多条信号通路显著相关:ESR1高表达组富集于自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、异体移植排斥、哮喘等,低表达组富集于DNA复制、非同源末端连接、同源重组等;GSK3β高表达组富集于同源重组、肝炎病毒病毒体、类固醇生物合成等,低表达组富集于集合管酸分泌、尼古丁成瘾、嗅觉传导等;MET高表达组富集于DNA复制、真核生物核糖体生物合成、蛋白酶体等,低表达组富集于糖胺聚糖生物合成-硫酸软骨素/硫酸皮肤素、Hedgehog信号通路、集合管酸分泌等;MMP2高表达组富集于ECM-受体相互作用、拉沙病毒和SFTS病毒病毒体、疟疾等,低表达组富集于戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化、丁酸代谢、类固醇生物合成等。
胃癌的发病机制复杂,与免疫系统密切相关。因此,本研究使用CIBERSORT算法来探索胃癌患者与健康对照样本之间免疫微环境的差异。整体免疫细胞组分分析显示,胃癌样本中初始CD4 T细胞(T cells CD4 naive)、活化CD4记忆T细胞(T cells CD4 memory activated)、M0/M1/M2型巨噬细胞(macrophages M0/macrophages M1/macrophages M2)、静息树突状细胞(dendritic cells resting)浸润水平显著升高(P<0.05) (图8A, 8B)。为探究关键基因在免疫调控中的作用,本研究分析了其表达与免疫细胞浸润的相关性。其中关键基因与免疫细胞相关性分析表明,静息树突状细胞(dendritic cells resting)、活化CD4记忆T细胞(T cells CD4 memory activated)、M1型巨噬细胞(macrophages M1)与MET、GSK3β、MMP2呈正相关;M0型巨噬细胞(macrophages M0)与MET、GSK3β、MMP2正相关,与ESR1负相关(图8C)。GSE184198单细胞RNA测序数据集经质控与整合后,应用UMAP降维识别出15个细胞簇(图9A),注释为CD8+ T细胞、造血干细胞、B细胞、CD4+ T细胞、上皮细胞、单核细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞、中性粒细胞(图9B)。关键基因表达可视化显示GSK3β与MET在内皮细胞中高表达,MMP2在成纤维细胞及部分免疫细胞中表达显著(图9C, 9E)。各细胞亚群中关键基因表达差异显著(图9D)。
研究通过starBase和miranda数据库构建了一个基于4个关键基因的ceRNA网络。该ceRNA网络包含470个节点(4个关键基因、249个miRNAs、217个lncRNAs)和615条边(图10)。其中,65个miRNAs可通过竞争性结合hsa-miR- 214-3p、hsa-miR-449c-5p、hsa-miR-129-5p、hsa- miR-149-3p、hsa-miR-185-5p,从而调节GSK3β;37个miRNAs通过hsa-miR-129-5p、hsa-miR-18a- 3p、hsa-miR-625-5p调控ESR1;12个miRNAs通过hsa-miR-449c-5p调控MET;19个miRNA通过hsa-miR-149-3p调控MMP2。
既往研究认为基因蛋白与活性成分之间用对接分数表示相互作用强度大小,该活性成分与靶标自由结合数值为负数时结合度越好,当结合能小于-5 kcal/mol时,受体蛋白与配体小分子之间有较好的结合活性,当其小于-7 kcal/mol时,证明具有强烈结合活性(Zhang et al. 2023;Zhang Q et al. 2025)。分子对接显示OTA与4个关键基因结合良好:MMP2 (结合能:-7.04 kcal/mol,与HIS A:131形成氢键)、ESR1 (结合能:-7.36 kcal/mol,与CYS A:530形成氢键)、MET(结合能:-7.69 kcal/mol,与MET A:1160形成氢键)、GSK3β (结合能:-7.80 kcal/mol,与ASN A:280、LYS A:277、ASP A:293、GLU A:236形成氢键) (图11)。
此外选择MR分析来研究关键基因与胃癌之间的关系,分析显示GSK3β水平与胃癌风险增加相关(IVW OR=1.003 854,95% CI: 1.000 978- 1.006 739,P=0.008 606) (图12A12D表1)。漏斗图对称(图12B),Leave-one-out分析表明结果稳健(图12C)。异质性检验与多效性分析均无显著性(P>0.05)。
本研究综合运用了网络毒理学、多组学整合分析、机器学习、分子对接及孟德尔随机化等多种系统生物学方法,首次系统地揭示了环境污染物赭曲霉毒素A诱导胃癌的潜在分子网络与致病机制。我们的研究不仅识别出关键的致病基因,还构建了从毒物暴露到胃癌发生的多层级分子事件链,为理解环境毒素在胃癌病因学中的作用提供了全新的视角。
我们通过多数据库联合分析,成功鉴定出340个赭曲霉毒素A与胃癌的交集基因,这提示OTA对胃部的毒性作用具有多靶点、系统性的特征。随后的PPI网络分析进一步聚焦于32个核心基因,其高度互联的特性表明这些基因并非孤立发挥作用,而是构成了一个协同调控的分子网络。这一发现与AFB1诱导肝癌研究相呼应(Gao et al. 2025),即环境毒素的致病作用往往通过干扰一个复杂的分子模块来实现,而非单一的线性通路。
GO与KEGG富集分析结果为我们揭示了OTA致癌的潜在生物学过程。核心基因在核受体活性、类固醇激素刺激反应及雌激素信号通路中的显著富集,强烈提示OTA可能作为一种内分泌干扰物,通过模拟或拮抗内源性激素例如雌激素的作用,扰乱胃组织细胞的正常增殖、分化和凋亡程序(Wesołowska et al. 2016;Pimpie et al. 2025)。同时,动脉粥样硬化、内分泌抵抗等相关通路的富集,暗示OTA可能引起代谢重编程,已有研究发现肥胖、糖尿病等代谢性疾病与多种癌症的发生风险增加密切相关(Pearson-Stuttard et al. 2021),其涉及脂代谢紊乱、内分泌失衡及相关致癌信号通路(如PI3K/Akt/mTOR、AMPK、NF-κB等)的异常激活,改变机体的代谢与免疫微环境,构筑了促进肿瘤生长的“土壤”(Jaillon et al. 2020;Tsumita et al. 2022;Katsi et al. 2023)。此外,凋亡信号通路的调控异常直接指向OTA可能抑制癌细胞凋亡,促进癌细胞存活。由此得出OTA通过多维度信号交互与功能协同,系统构建了以激素调控失衡、代谢紊乱及细胞凋亡异常为核心驱动要素的胃癌发生发展分子调控网络,清晰揭示了三者在胃癌病理生理进程中的协同作用模式。
为了从复杂的分子网络中提炼出最具临床价值的靶点,我们借鉴既往研究(Feng et al. 2025),并在此基础上构建了9种机器学习模型。支持向量机模型凭借其最高的AUC值脱颖而出,并筛选出雌激素受体1 (estrogen receptor 1, ESR1)、糖原合酶激酶-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK3β)、间质上皮转化因子(mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, MET)、基质金属蛋白酶-2 (matrix metallopeptidase-2, MMP2)这4个关键基因。这4个基因的功能各异:ESR1是激素调控的核心,研究显示,ESR1对胃癌发生发展具有促进作用,可能显著增强了肿瘤的局部侵袭性,但对其淋巴结转移过程影响不大;此外ESR1在肿瘤中的表达还与患者的年龄、性别等关键因素密切相关(Luo et al. 2021;Yang et al. 2024)。GSK3β参与调节Wnt/β-catenin等多条癌信号通路及上皮间质转化(epithelial- mesenchymal transition, EMT)来影响肿瘤进展,通过调节Wnt和PI3K/Akt信号通路,负向调控癌细胞的生长与侵袭(Zhang WJ et al. 2025);相反抑制GSK3β会通过稳定β-catenin,从而驱动肿瘤淋巴管生成,这可能是促进胃癌淋巴转移的关键机制(Huiru et al. 2025;Zhou et al. 2025);此外p-GSK-3β(Ser9) [phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3beta at ser(9)]在胃癌组织中的表达显著高于癌旁正常黏膜,且与患者的不良预后呈显著正相关(P<0.05) (Zheng et al. 2010)。MET活化后可强力驱动肿瘤的增殖、侵袭与远端转移,是胃癌明确的致癌驱动因素,研究指出约39%-60%的GC病例存在MET蛋白过表达,而4%-7%的病例存在MET基因扩增,提示MET是胃癌重要的预后不良指标和治疗靶点(Ha et al. 2013;Callegarin et al. 2025)。MMP2则直接降解细胞外基质,间接影响细胞内信号通路,通过影响GSK3β的活性等,持续放大促癌信号,促进肿瘤细胞浸润、侵袭、转移等行为,使病情进一步恶化(Jin et al. 2025)。胃癌的发生发展由致瘤蛋白的激活、炎症应激、局部微环境、表观遗传机制和宿主遗传易感性共同参与决定。而这些关键基因的组合恰好覆盖了胃癌发生发展的多个关键环节,如激素调控、信号转导、侵袭与转移,构成了一个极具潜力的诊断标签。
鉴于肿瘤免疫微环境在肿瘤生长转移中的核心调控作用(Pandey et al. 2022)。免疫浸润分析结果显示活化CD4+记忆T细胞、M0/M1型巨噬细胞和静息树突状细胞的浸润水平发生显著改变,与既往研究相一致(Ke et al. 2022;Heras-Murillo et al. 2024;Zhang et al. 2024),协同启动免疫抑制程序,促进疾病恶化。值得注意的是,我们的分析结果显示GSK3β、MET和MMP2等关键基因的表达水平与这些免疫细胞群呈显著正相关;而ESR1则与某些免疫细胞呈负相关。这表明存在一种交互作用:OTA可能通过调控这些关键基因的表达,重塑肿瘤免疫微环境,例如向促炎、免疫抑制的方向转变,从而为胃癌的发生和发展创造了有利条件。
为深入探索关键基因表达如何与观察到的免疫微环境重塑相连接,我们结合单细胞测序数据进行了机制层面的整合分析。前期GSEA富集分析提示GSK3β、MET的高表达与“同源重组”“DNA复制”及“蛋白酶体”等肿瘤细胞增殖和存活相关的通路激活相关,间接影响巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等免疫细胞的募集与功能状态。其次,单细胞RNA测序分析在细胞分辨率上证实,GSK3β与MET在内皮细胞中特异性高表达,而MMP2主要在成纤维细胞中高表达。这种细胞类型特异性的表达模式,为解释其如何差异化地塑造免疫微环境提供了线索:内皮细胞中的GSK3β/MET高表达可能通过促进异常血管生成和改变血管通透性,影响免疫细胞的浸润与分布(Huiru et al. 2025);而成纤维细胞中MMP2的高表达则通过降解细胞外基质,不仅为肿瘤细胞侵袭开辟通道,同时可能通过释放基质衍生信号,直接调控巨噬细胞极化和T细胞功能(Li et al. 2023)。
为了探索基因的上游调控机制,我们构建了ceRNA网络,揭示了关键驱动基因并非独立发挥作用,而是受到由数百个非编码RNA (如lncRNA和miRNA)构成的复杂网络的精细调控,此ceRNA网络为OTA如何通过影响非编码RNA的表达,进而间接调控核心癌基因与抑癌基因的表达,提供了一个有数据支持的分子机制模型,为理解OTA表现遗传毒性提供了新的线索。miRNA和lncRNA在多种生物学过程中发挥着重要的调控作用,包括细胞发育和分化、增殖和凋亡、代谢和免疫等(Grammatikakis & Lal 2022),目前已成为具有巨大潜力的新型诊断生物标志物或治疗靶点,相较于mRNA,它们在体液中更为稳定,更易于检测。针对网络中关键的枢纽性lncRNA或miRNA进行干预,理论上可以同时调控整个致癌信号网络,可能达到比靶向单个基因更有效的治疗或预防效果。
化学物质与生物大分子的直接结合可能通过变构效应抑制或激活这些蛋白的功能,从而引爆下游的致癌级联反应。本研究分子对接结果提供了最直接的证据:OTA与4个关键蛋白均表现出较强的结合亲和力(结合能均< -7 kcal/mol)。这表明OTA与核心靶蛋白之间存在直接、稳定的结合。这显著增强了前期生物信息学预测的可靠性,将“关联性”推测向前推进到了“可行性”论证,完成了从“基因列表”到“分子相互作用”的机制闭环。此外对接结果还揭示了具体的结合位点,如GSK3β的ASP 293位点,这为未来开发针对OTA毒性的阻断剂或解毒剂提供了精确的分子蓝图。
我们通过两样本孟德尔随机化分析首次从遗传学角度证实了GSK3β的高基因表达与胃癌风险增加之间存在因果关系。这一发现为GSK3β在胃癌发生中的核心地位提供了强有力的、无混杂偏倚的遗传学证据,将其从以往研究中常见的“相关基因”提升为“因果基因”。尽管既往研究表明,在胃癌进展中,GSK3β的功能失活是驱动恶性表型的关键事件,但这与遗传学上“高表达增加风险”的结论在机制上并非矛盾,而是相辅相成、互为补充。这种多角度的证据汇聚,增强了我们研究结论的可靠性,为将GSK3β确立为胃癌预防和干预的潜在靶点提供了坚实且立体的科学依据。
本研究通过整合计算生物学方法,系统揭示了OTA经由多基因、多通路及多细胞类型共同参与胃癌发生的分子网络。其中ESR1、GSK3β、MET、MMP2这4个关键基因在胃癌中表达显著异常,展现出良好的诊断潜力,并与肿瘤免疫微环境密切相关。分子对接及孟德尔随机化分析进一步从结构互作与遗传因果层面验证了这些基因在OTA导致胃癌机制中的核心作用。研究成果不仅为理解OTA作为环境致癌物的致病机制提供了新理论依据与潜在生物标志物,也为高危人群风险预警及靶向预防策略的开发奠定了科学基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划“中医药现代化”重点专项(2023YFC3503600)
  • 中国中医科学院望京医院高水平中医医院建设项目-中医药临床循证研究专项(WJYY-XZKT-2023-06)
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2026年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250351
  • 接收时间:2025-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-08
  • 录用日期:2026-01-29
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China “Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine” Key Project(2023YFC3503600)
国家重点研发计划“中医药现代化”重点专项(2023YFC3503600)
Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences High-level Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Construction Project - Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Evidence-based Research Project(WJYY-XZKT-2023-06)
中国中医科学院望京医院高水平中医医院建设项目-中医药临床循证研究专项(WJYY-XZKT-2023-06)
作者信息
    1 北京中医药大学, 北京 100102
    2 中国中医科学院望京医院, 北京 100102
    3 广州中医药大学, 广东 广州 510006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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