Article(id=1256548246827221357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250270, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250270, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757433600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1763222400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-16, onlineDate=1777514047581, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1776787200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777514047581, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777514047580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777514047580, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256548241764639069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='250187', pageEnd='250358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777514046373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777516895320, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250270, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256548247284400500, articleId=1256548246827221357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=The pathogen causing heart rot of Abies georgei var. smithii in southeastern Xizang and screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heart rot disease poses a severe threat to the health of Abies georgei var. smithii forests in southeastern Xizang. This study aimed at identifying the causal pathogen and screening highly antagonistic Trichoderma strains as well as evaluating their antifungal activity to provide potential biocontrol resources for managing this disease. The pathogen was identified through tissue isolation, morphology observation and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Antagonistic Trichoderma strains were initially screened using the dual-culture assay, and their inhibitory activity was further evaluated by assessing both volatile metabolites (via the two-sealed-base- plates method) and non-volatile metabolites (via the solid dilution method with sterile culture filtrates). Results indicated that the dominant pathogen infecting living A. georgei var. smithii trees was Fomitopsis subpinicola. In total, 36 Trichoderma strains were isolated, among which strain M28 exhibited the strongest inhibition in the dual-culture assay. Assessment of volatile metabolites revealed that Trichoderma afroharzianum M28 had the highest inhibitory effect, and T. atroviride M49 was in the next place. Tests with sterile culture filtrates demonstrated that filtrates of all seven selected Trichoderma strains inhibited the pathogen’s growth at different tested concentrations. The filtrate of T. atroviride M49 exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity at concentrations of 25% and 33%. This study confirms F. subpinicola as the causal agent of heartwood brown rot in A. georgei var. smithii in southeastern Xizang, and highly antagonistic Trichoderma strains M49 and M28 are excellent candidates of biological control agents.

, correspAuthors=Jiangrong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Institute of Microbiology, CAS. All rights reserved. jwxt@im.ac.cn Http://journals-myco.im.ac.cn Tel: +86-10-64807521, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jieting LI, Yi LI, Yuzhuo LIU, Ganggang CHEN, Yibo ZHANG, Ning JIANG, Yonglin WANG, Jiangrong LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256548258156036582, articleId=1256548246827221357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=藏东南急尖长苞冷杉心腐病病原及拮抗木霉菌筛选, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

心材腐朽病严重威胁藏东南急尖长苞冷杉林的健康。本研究旨在明确其病原菌种类,筛选高效拮抗木霉菌株,并评估其抑菌活性,以期为该病害的生物防治提供菌种资源和理论依据。采用组织分离法、形态学和分子系统发育分析对病原菌进行鉴定;通过平板对峙法初筛拮抗木霉菌,并综合采用平板对扣法和固体稀释法测定木霉菌株的挥发性代谢物与非挥发性代谢物(无菌发酵滤液)的抑菌活性。结果表明,病原菌为亚红缘拟层孔菌Fomitopsis subpinicola。共分离获得36株木霉菌,其中菌株M28对峙抑制效果最佳。挥发性代谢物测定表明,非洲哈茨木霉Trichoderma afroharzianum M28的抑菌作用最强,深绿木霉T. atroviride M49次之。无菌发酵滤液试验表明,所有测试浓度下7株木霉的滤液均能抑制病原菌生长,且在25%和33%浓度下,深绿木霉T. atroviride M49的滤液抑菌活性最高。本研究证实了亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola是导致急尖长苞冷杉心材褐色腐朽的病原菌,并成功筛选出具有高效拮抗活性的木霉菌株(M49, M28),为研发心腐病害的生防菌剂提供了优异的候选菌种。

, correspAuthors=李江荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=菌物学报编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+7WXaV96Ucay47kAH6ud0A==, magXml=ezCJ2hOte/TsVTF7dVr4+Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=21Bpa/wPg6/f8lbS2sZwrA==, pdfFileSize=1792188, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=WNdEhBqlwb902uV0mMjAEw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TO9etTY5ouxcB3JFRVKO8A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献

李杰婷:样品采集、试验操作、数据分析、论文撰写;李祎、刘昱灼:试验操作;陈刚刚、张一博:样品采集;姜宁:试验技术指导;王永林:试验方案指导;李江荣:试验方案指导、论文修改。

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Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1256548263210172958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, companyId=1256548263101121051, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室 北京 100101)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1256548281287623366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Heart rot damage in Abies georgei var. smithii. A: Distant view of fir forest affected by heart rot; B: Forest gap formed by heart-rot-killed fallen fir trees; C: Fallen fir tree killed by heart rot; D-H: Wood-decay fungal fruiting body., figureFileSmall=y/6GbUslLytQF+rusWQtLg==, figureFileBig=WNdEhBqlwb902uV0mMjAEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281396675275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图1, caption=急尖长苞冷杉心腐病危害 A:冷杉心腐枯朽林远景;B:冷杉心腐枯倒林窗;C:枯倒的心腐冷杉;D-H:木腐菌子实体, figureFileSmall=y/6GbUslLytQF+rusWQtLg==, figureFileBig=WNdEhBqlwb902uV0mMjAEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281614779090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Morphological characteristics of Fomitopsis subpinicola. A: Front view of a fresh basidioma; B: Hymenophore; C: Front view of a dried basidioma; D: Culture in 3 days; E: Culture in 9 days; F: Conidia; G-I: Hyphae. Scale bars: C=1 cm; F-I= 10 μm., figureFileSmall=dfz614EQwvsr6AJ+RsYFBw==, figureFileBig=pSo3fe/NBifTVigeErobCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281702859477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图2, caption=亚红缘拟层孔菌Fomitopsis subpinicola形态特征 A:新鲜担子果正面;B:子实层体;C:烘干担子果正面;D:培养3 d;E:培养9 d;F:分生孢子;G-I:菌丝;标尺:C=1 cm;F-I=10 μm, figureFileSmall=dfz614EQwvsr6AJ+RsYFBw==, figureFileBig=pSo3fe/NBifTVigeErobCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281799328474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Phylogenetic tree of Fomitopsis based on the combined dataset ITS+TEF+RPB2. Strains studied are highlighted in bold. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (≥50%) are shown at the nodes., figureFileSmall=Y1KuEIy6YL+N7b8i3YHFtg==, figureFileBig=AqWH1+43Ljp+VRFiwundYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281883214557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于ITS+TEF+RPB2序列构建的拟层孔菌属系统发育树 本研究菌株已加粗显示;最大似然法支持率≥50%, figureFileSmall=Y1KuEIy6YL+N7b8i3YHFtg==, figureFileBig=AqWH1+43Ljp+VRFiwundYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282017432288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Symptoms on branches following re-inoculation with the heart rot pathogen. A, E: Control treatment; B-D: Inoculated with Fomitopsis subpinicola; F: Inoculated with Heterobasidion linzhiense; G: Inoculated with Rhodofomes roseus; H: Pathogenicity re-isolation. Scale bars=1 cm., figureFileSmall=+mIXpjMoUT63FGBtOk5IwA==, figureFileBig=gVWR17Pn3rPsdLZtZ3H4Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282118095588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图4, caption=心腐病病原菌回接枝条症状 A, E:对照;B-D:接种Fomitopsis subpinicola枝条;F:接种Heterobasidion linzhiense枝条;G:接种Rhodofomes roseus枝条;H:致病性回接;标尺=1 cm, figureFileSmall=+mIXpjMoUT63FGBtOk5IwA==, figureFileBig=gVWR17Pn3rPsdLZtZ3H4Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282197787368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Colony and microscopic morphological characteristics of Trichoderma species. M6: T. minutisporum; M25, M43: T. paraviride; M28: T. afroharzianum; M41: T. polysporum; M48, M49: T. atroviride. Scale bars=10 μm., figureFileSmall=XTd74zpU8E/TQ8SD85b2jQ==, figureFileBig=qO2udT44T43Mt74RnbaLIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282294256363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图5, caption=木霉菌菌落及微观形态特征 M6:小孢木霉;M25, M43:近绿色木霉;M28:非洲哈茨木霉;M41:多孢木霉;M48、M49:深绿木霉;标尺=10 μm, figureFileSmall=XTd74zpU8E/TQ8SD85b2jQ==, figureFileBig=qO2udT44T43Mt74RnbaLIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282470417133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Phylogenetic tree of Trichoderma species based on the combined dataset TEF+RPB2. Strains studied are highlighted in bold. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (≥ 50%) are shown at the nodes., figureFileSmall=DaMiMTl0y3Vgmab4GEHRZA==, figureFileBig=5ud0Fxg4hdAIoqLMXtkzYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282604634864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于TEF+RPB2序列构建的木霉属系统发育树 本研究菌株已加粗显示;最大似然法支持率≥ 50%, figureFileSmall=DaMiMTl0y3Vgmab4GEHRZA==, figureFileBig=5ud0Fxg4hdAIoqLMXtkzYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282675938035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Antagonistic effects of putative Trichoderma strains against the heart rot pathogen of Abies georgei var. smithii in dual-culture assay. A dash “-” indicates no inhibitory effect., figureFileSmall=si5vkSxc+e+hp+1Cg1f0Xw==, figureFileBig=5t4IJoa+wtRsPZlePqHsvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282831127287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图7, caption=疑似木霉菌与急尖长苞冷杉心腐病病原菌对峙效果图 “-”表示无抑菌效果, figureFileSmall=si5vkSxc+e+hp+1Cg1f0Xw==, figureFileBig=5t4IJoa+wtRsPZlePqHsvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282990510842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Inhibition rates of volatile metabolites from Trichoderma species. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P≤0.05). The same below., figureFileSmall=z+oU7ToccjcpK/rZbqs7kg==, figureFileBig=bnoEKJshgLZTyPR25Fsx1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548283128922879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图8, caption=木霉菌挥发性代谢物抑菌率 不同小写字母表示差异显著(P≤0.05);下同, figureFileSmall=z+oU7ToccjcpK/rZbqs7kg==, figureFileBig=bnoEKJshgLZTyPR25Fsx1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548284873753345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Inhibitory effects of volatile metabolites from Trichoderma species against the pathogen. A: Double-plate assay; B: Frontal view of the double-plate assay; C: Expanded view of the separated plates of Trichoderma species; D: Expanded view of the separated plates of F. subpinicola., figureFileSmall=i0vWAwOuxlkAjThjU0EV0Q==, figureFileBig=Iy4s8YYqjnI2WcWwGuOkow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548285045719812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图9, caption=木霉菌挥发性代谢物对Fomitopsis subpinicola的抑菌效果 A:平板对扣法;B:平板对扣正面;C:木霉菌平板对扣展开图;D:F. subpinicola平板对扣展开图, figureFileSmall=i0vWAwOuxlkAjThjU0EV0Q==, figureFileBig=Iy4s8YYqjnI2WcWwGuOkow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548285255435016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Inhibitory effects of Trichoderma spp. culture filtrates at different concentrations against the pathogen. A: 25% culture filtrate; B: 33% culture filtrate; C: 50% culture filtrate., figureFileSmall=0QywXz1sYPIKO6ect325tg==, figureFileBig=seIH3ULXA0AKLe/iWJE8Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548285398041355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同浓度的木霉菌发酵滤液对病原菌的抑制率 A:表示发酵滤液浓度为25%;B:浓度为33%;C:浓度为50%, figureFileSmall=0QywXz1sYPIKO6ect325tg==, figureFileBig=seIH3ULXA0AKLe/iWJE8Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548285557424910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Inhibitory effects of Trichoderma spp. culture filtrates at different dual-culture durations. A: Confrontation in 3 d; B: Confrontation in 4 d; C: Confrontation in 5 d; D: Confrontation in 6 d., figureFileSmall=9WGCI6qEufwQe3m8KlMHbQ==, figureFileBig=00kAym3lMDkJVg+dLDJ7DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548285737779986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同对峙时间的木霉菌发酵滤液对病原菌的抑制率 A:对峙3 d;B:对峙4 d;C:对峙5 d;D:对峙6 d, figureFileSmall=9WGCI6qEufwQe3m8KlMHbQ==, figureFileBig=00kAym3lMDkJVg+dLDJ7DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548286048158486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Inhibitory effects of culture filtrates from Trichoderma species at different concentrations against Fomitopsis subpinicola., figureFileSmall=zWU7FRAT9LO7iRlcLcJNvw==, figureFileBig=CvT/3SNMcMUP4QdNcU/THA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548286262067993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=图12, caption=木霉菌不同浓度发酵滤液对Fomitopsis subpinicola的抑菌效果, figureFileSmall=zWU7FRAT9LO7iRlcLcJNvw==, figureFileBig=CvT/3SNMcMUP4QdNcU/THA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548286434034460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Record of the collected samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
Number
地区
Region
样品种类及数量(心腐/健康)
Sample types and quantities (heart rot/health)
经度
Longitude
纬度
Latitude
海拔
Altitude/m
1 色季拉山
Sêrjila Mountain
子实体
Basidiocarps
树芯
Heartwood of
trees (90/90)
94°43′13″E 29°38′46″N 3 700
2 工布江达县
Gongbujiangda County
子实体、树皮、土壤
Basidiocarps, bark, soil
树芯
Heartwood of trees
(40/38)
94°21′08″E 29°40′10″N 3 817
3 朗县
Nang County
土壤
Soil
树芯
Heartwood of trees
(52/44)
93°28′33″E 28°47′49″N 3 865
), ArticleFig(id=1256548286668915489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样本采集记录

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
Number
地区
Region
样品种类及数量(心腐/健康)
Sample types and quantities (heart rot/health)
经度
Longitude
纬度
Latitude
海拔
Altitude/m
1 色季拉山
Sêrjila Mountain
子实体
Basidiocarps
树芯
Heartwood of
trees (90/90)
94°43′13″E 29°38′46″N 3 700
2 工布江达县
Gongbujiangda County
子实体、树皮、土壤
Basidiocarps, bark, soil
树芯
Heartwood of trees
(40/38)
94°21′08″E 29°40′10″N 3 817
3 朗县
Nang County
土壤
Soil
树芯
Heartwood of trees
(52/44)
93°28′33″E 28°47′49″N 3 865
), ArticleFig(id=1256548286807327524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sporulation and characteristics of Trichoderma species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
No.
产孢量
Sporulation
孢子形态
Conidial
morphology
孢子大小
Spore size/μm, n=30
平均长
Length/μm
平均宽
Width/μm
长宽比Q
Ratio/L/W
M6 +++ 椭圆形Ellipsoidal 3.0-4.0 × 2.0-3.0 3.50 2.55 1.37
M25 +++ 椭圆形Ellipsoidal 3.5-5.5(-6.0) × (2.0-)2.5-4.0(-4.5) 4.29 3.32 1.29
M43 +++ 近球形Subglobose 3.5-5.5(-6.5) × (3.0-)3.5-5.5(-6.5) 4.78 4.23 1.13
M28 ++++ 近球形Subglobose (2.5-)3.0-3.5(-4.0) × 2.5-3.0(-3.5) 3.21 2.80 1.15
M41 + 宽椭圆形Broadly ellipsoidal 2.5-4.0 × 2.5-3.0 3.06 2.64 1.16
M48 +++ 宽椭圆形Broadly ellipsoidal 3.0-5.5(-6.0) × (2.0-)2.5-4.5 4.12 3.52 1.17
M49 +++ 近球形Subglobose 3.5-4.5(-5.0) × (3.0-)3.5-4.5 4.22 3.83 1.10
), ArticleFig(id=1256548286937350951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

木霉菌孢子产量及特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
No.
产孢量
Sporulation
孢子形态
Conidial
morphology
孢子大小
Spore size/μm, n=30
平均长
Length/μm
平均宽
Width/μm
长宽比Q
Ratio/L/W
M6 +++ 椭圆形Ellipsoidal 3.0-4.0 × 2.0-3.0 3.50 2.55 1.37
M25 +++ 椭圆形Ellipsoidal 3.5-5.5(-6.0) × (2.0-)2.5-4.0(-4.5) 4.29 3.32 1.29
M43 +++ 近球形Subglobose 3.5-5.5(-6.5) × (3.0-)3.5-5.5(-6.5) 4.78 4.23 1.13
M28 ++++ 近球形Subglobose (2.5-)3.0-3.5(-4.0) × 2.5-3.0(-3.5) 3.21 2.80 1.15
M41 + 宽椭圆形Broadly ellipsoidal 2.5-4.0 × 2.5-3.0 3.06 2.64 1.16
M48 +++ 宽椭圆形Broadly ellipsoidal 3.0-5.5(-6.0) × (2.0-)2.5-4.5 4.12 3.52 1.17
M49 +++ 近球形Subglobose 3.5-4.5(-5.0) × (3.0-)3.5-4.5 4.22 3.83 1.10
), ArticleFig(id=1256548287197397801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Source and characteristics of the Trichoderma isolates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
No.
菌株种类
Species
拮抗等级
Antagonism level
分离部位
Source
分离率
Isolation frequency/%
M6 小孢木霉 T. minutisporum 子实体 Basidiocarps 2.8
M28 非洲哈茨木霉T. afroharzianum 树皮 Bark 2.8
M41 多孢木霉T. polysporum 子实体 Basidiocarps 2.8
M25, M43 近绿色木霉T. paraviride 树芯 Heartwood of trees 38.9
M48 深绿木霉T. atroviride 土壤 Soil 5.6
M49 深绿木霉T. atroviride 树芯 Heartwood of trees 2.8
), ArticleFig(id=1256548287293866796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548246827221357, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

木霉菌来源及特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
No.
菌株种类
Species
拮抗等级
Antagonism level
分离部位
Source
分离率
Isolation frequency/%
M6 小孢木霉 T. minutisporum 子实体 Basidiocarps 2.8
M28 非洲哈茨木霉T. afroharzianum 树皮 Bark 2.8
M41 多孢木霉T. polysporum 子实体 Basidiocarps 2.8
M25, M43 近绿色木霉T. paraviride 树芯 Heartwood of trees 38.9
M48 深绿木霉T. atroviride 土壤 Soil 5.6
M49 深绿木霉T. atroviride 树芯 Heartwood of trees 2.8
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藏东南急尖长苞冷杉心腐病病原及拮抗木霉菌筛选
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李杰婷 1 , 李祎 1 , 刘昱灼 1 , 陈刚刚 1 , 张一博 1 , 姜宁 2 , 王永林 3 , 李江荣 1, 4, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(4): 250270
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(4): 250270
藏东南急尖长苞冷杉心腐病病原及拮抗木霉菌筛选
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李杰婷1, 李祎1, 刘昱灼1, 陈刚刚1, 张一博1, 姜宁2, 王永林3, 李江荣1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 西藏农牧大学高原生态研究所 西藏林芝高山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站 西藏高原森林生态教育部重点实验室西藏 林芝 860000
  • 2 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所 国家林业和草原局森林保护重点实验室, 北京 100091
  • 3 北京林业大学林学院, 北京 100083
  • 4 中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室 北京 100101
The pathogen causing heart rot of Abies georgei var. smithii in southeastern Xizang and screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains
Jieting LI1, Yi LI1, Yuzhuo LIU1, Ganggang CHEN1, Yibo ZHANG1, Ning JIANG2, Yonglin WANG3, Jiangrong LI1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 National Forest Ecosystem Observation & Research Station of Linzhi Xizang, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Xizang Plateau Affiliated with Ministry of Education, Institute of Xizang Plateau Ecology, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, Xizang, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
  • 3 College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
出版时间: 2026-04-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250270
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心材腐朽病严重威胁藏东南急尖长苞冷杉林的健康。本研究旨在明确其病原菌种类,筛选高效拮抗木霉菌株,并评估其抑菌活性,以期为该病害的生物防治提供菌种资源和理论依据。采用组织分离法、形态学和分子系统发育分析对病原菌进行鉴定;通过平板对峙法初筛拮抗木霉菌,并综合采用平板对扣法和固体稀释法测定木霉菌株的挥发性代谢物与非挥发性代谢物(无菌发酵滤液)的抑菌活性。结果表明,病原菌为亚红缘拟层孔菌Fomitopsis subpinicola。共分离获得36株木霉菌,其中菌株M28对峙抑制效果最佳。挥发性代谢物测定表明,非洲哈茨木霉Trichoderma afroharzianum M28的抑菌作用最强,深绿木霉T. atroviride M49次之。无菌发酵滤液试验表明,所有测试浓度下7株木霉的滤液均能抑制病原菌生长,且在25%和33%浓度下,深绿木霉T. atroviride M49的滤液抑菌活性最高。本研究证实了亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola是导致急尖长苞冷杉心材褐色腐朽的病原菌,并成功筛选出具有高效拮抗活性的木霉菌株(M49, M28),为研发心腐病害的生防菌剂提供了优异的候选菌种。

急尖长苞冷杉  /  心腐病  /  红缘拟层孔菌  /  木霉菌  /  生防菌

Heart rot disease poses a severe threat to the health of Abies georgei var. smithii forests in southeastern Xizang. This study aimed at identifying the causal pathogen and screening highly antagonistic Trichoderma strains as well as evaluating their antifungal activity to provide potential biocontrol resources for managing this disease. The pathogen was identified through tissue isolation, morphology observation and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Antagonistic Trichoderma strains were initially screened using the dual-culture assay, and their inhibitory activity was further evaluated by assessing both volatile metabolites (via the two-sealed-base- plates method) and non-volatile metabolites (via the solid dilution method with sterile culture filtrates). Results indicated that the dominant pathogen infecting living A. georgei var. smithii trees was Fomitopsis subpinicola. In total, 36 Trichoderma strains were isolated, among which strain M28 exhibited the strongest inhibition in the dual-culture assay. Assessment of volatile metabolites revealed that Trichoderma afroharzianum M28 had the highest inhibitory effect, and T. atroviride M49 was in the next place. Tests with sterile culture filtrates demonstrated that filtrates of all seven selected Trichoderma strains inhibited the pathogen’s growth at different tested concentrations. The filtrate of T. atroviride M49 exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity at concentrations of 25% and 33%. This study confirms F. subpinicola as the causal agent of heartwood brown rot in A. georgei var. smithii in southeastern Xizang, and highly antagonistic Trichoderma strains M49 and M28 are excellent candidates of biological control agents.

Abies georgei var. smithii  /  heart rot  /  Fomitopsis pinicola  /  Trichoderma spp.  /  biocontrol agent
李杰婷, 李祎, 刘昱灼, 陈刚刚, 张一博, 姜宁, 王永林, 李江荣. 藏东南急尖长苞冷杉心腐病病原及拮抗木霉菌筛选. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250270 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250270
Jieting LI, Yi LI, Yuzhuo LIU, Ganggang CHEN, Yibo ZHANG, Ning JIANG, Yonglin WANG, Jiangrong LI. The pathogen causing heart rot of Abies georgei var. smithii in southeastern Xizang and screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250270 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250270
我国冷杉属Abies植物资源丰富,拥有大量特有种,在森林生态系统中扮演着关键角色(吴征镒 1983;王瑞红等2021;Fu et al. 2023)。作为藏东南亚高山针叶林关键的建群树种,急尖长苞冷杉Abies georgei var. smithii对于维持生物多样性及水源涵养至关重要,但该种群目前已处于易危状态(汪松和解焱 2004)。调查显示,藏东南地区的急尖长苞冷杉正遭受普遍且严重的心材腐朽病害,导致树木风折死亡、林相破坏,严重削弱其生态功能(韦继光和潘秀湖 2005;邢亚娟等 2007;张一博等 2024)。心腐病的发生是林木老龄化与风害、雪压等外部干扰共同作用的结果(陈守常 1959;罗大庆等 2004)。
在针叶林生态系统中,褐腐菌因其对针叶树底物的特异性亲和及非酶促芬顿反应高效降解纤维素的独特机制,常成为优势病原菌,所致木材强度损失远快于白腐菌(Arantes et al. 2012;Jha 2020)。尽管全国尺度上白腐菌物种更丰富(戴玉成2012;戴玉成等2021a),但侵染针叶树种的褐腐菌在针叶林病害中占据重要地位。已知能侵染冷杉的病原木腐菌种类多样及病害发生特征各异。包括引起褐腐的红缘拟层孔菌Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst.和栗褐暗孔菌Phaeolus himalayanus Y.C. Dai et al.,以及引起白腐的冷杉异担子菌Heterobasidion abietinum Niemalä & Korhonen、哈尔蒂木层孔菌Fomitiporia hartigii (Allesch. & Schnabl) Fiasson & Niemalä等多种真菌(戴玉成等 2000, 2021b;Dai 2010;Wu et al. 2022;Yuan et al. 2022, 2023;Liu et al. 2023;Cui et al. 2025)。其中,红缘拟层孔菌F. pinicola寄主范围广,是造成冷杉褐色心腐的主要病原之一,近年有研究确诊木层孔菌属及其近似属真菌所致林木茎腐及根腐病高达13种(戴玉成等 2004;胡真臻 2020),其侵染可快速破坏木材结构,导致树木力学性能显著下降,加之外在因素影响,最终引发树木死亡(卯晓岚 2000;李姝江和朱天辉 2011;Sundararaj et al. 2023)。
对于此类病害,生物防治是环境友好的重要方向。木霉菌Trichoderma spp.是应用最广泛的生防真菌之一,其通过重寄生、竞争、抗生及诱导抗性等多重机制抑制病原菌(Reino et al. 2008;Bedine et al. 2020;梁晓洁等 2020)。研究表明,棘孢木霉T. asperellum等菌株对多种病原真菌如炭疽菌Colletotrichum spp.和尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum均表现出强拮抗活性(Wang et al. 2023a, 2023b)。目前全球已有约20个木霉种被开发为生防制剂(Abbey et al. 2019),其代谢产物的研究也日益深入(唐若怡等 2023;危潇等 2024)。然而,利用木霉菌防治由F. suspinicola引起的急尖长苞冷杉心腐病,国内外鲜有系统研究报道。
因此,本研究旨在明确藏东南地区急尖长苞冷杉心腐病的病原菌,并针对性筛选高效拮抗木霉菌株,探究其抑菌活性,以期为该病害的生物防治提供理论基础与菌种资源。
本研究于2023年8月、2024年6-8月,分别在西藏色季拉山、工布江达县和朗县地区,以急尖长苞冷杉纯林为研究对象,寻找并观察其心材腐朽病发生情况,随机对每株胸径超过40 cm的急尖长苞冷杉,在距离地面约1.3 m处使用树轮生长锥进行样芯钻取,采集心腐样芯,将其分为外皮(WP)、健康(JK)、交界(JJ)、腐朽(FX)这4个部分,分别用2 mL离心管保存并标记,并采集急尖长苞冷杉部分树皮木质部和子实体,带回室内保存于4 ℃冰箱,用于病原菌分离培养。采集样本记录见表1
树皮部分采用组织分离法获取冷杉心腐病的病原菌,首先用无菌水将急尖长苞冷杉树皮表面洗净,依次用75%乙醇消毒30 s,4%次氯酸钠消毒30 s,无菌水漂洗3次,将灭菌组织剪成0.4 cm × 0.4 cm的小块,接种于PDA平板(25 ℃培养3-5 d),待菌落形成后,选取边缘菌丝尖端转移至新的PDA培养基,重复纯化3次后的菌株用斜面培养基保存并鉴定。
木腐菌子实体在超净工作台中用小刀切下新鲜子实体部分,采用消毒和未消毒两种方式分别设3个重复,用75%乙醇进行消毒,并用无菌滤纸吸干水分,接入提前制作好的PDA培养基上,封好封口膜。
树芯病原菌分离时按照划分的4个部位,通过消毒(x)和未消毒(无标记)分别进行病原菌培养分离,每个部位3个重复。选择分离率最高且表现出同一形态特征的病原菌进行形态学初步鉴定。
用5 mm打孔器取病原菌或木霉菌株菌饼置于含有PDA培养基的9 cm培养皿中,于25 ℃培养7-14 d。期间分别记录菌丝生长速度、质地、颜色变化等。利用插片法进行菌丝和孢子的观察,在PDA培养基中间接种病原菌或木霉菌的菌饼,在距离菌饼0.5 cm上下左右4个方向倾斜45°插入灭菌的盖玻片,于25 ℃培养2 d后,取下盖玻片,在显微镜下观察木霉菌株的菌丝、孢子、分生孢子梗等特征。
从PDA培养基上培养7 d的菌落边缘获取新鲜菌丝,采用Ezup柱式真菌基因组DNA抽提试剂盒提取DNA。使用引物ITS1/ITS4、fRPB2-5f/7cR和EF1-728F/986R分别扩增ITS、RPB2和TEF基因片段(White et al. 1990;Carbone & Kohn 1999;Liu et al. 1999)。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。利用SeqMan校对并拼接原始测序序列。将本研究菌株序列与参考序列通过MAFFT v.7在线服务器进行多序列比对,再经BioEdit手动调整后拼接为多基因联合序列(Katoh et al. 2019)。基于CIPRES Science Gateway平台,采用最大似然法构建系统发育树(Miller et al. 2010)。使用RAxML-HPC工具,以GTR为替代模型,进行1 000次bootstrap重复评估分支支持率。系统发育树使用FigTree v. 1.4.2和Adobe Illustrator 2020编辑。
用高枝剪采集直径为1-2 cm的冷杉枝条,修剪为20 cm左右的长度,清水清洗后用75%乙醇擦拭表面,并用蜡封住枝条形态学上端,进行表皮烫伤,从保存的各菌株菌落边缘打取菌饼,将菌饼带菌丝体一侧扣在茎基伤口处,用无菌滤纸和封口膜包住,以接种无菌PDA圆片为对照。第3天除去滤纸和封口膜。每个菌株接种3个重复,每个枝条设置5个接种点,竖直放置于加有脱脂棉和无菌水的烧杯中,对枝条形态学下端进行保湿,每隔一周观察枝条发病情况,记录发病症状,对发病部位进行组织分离培养,与病原菌株进行比较是否一致。
心腐病菌与拮抗菌的平板对峙试验,采用两点对峙、三点对峙和五点对峙培养法。分别对部分拮抗木霉菌株进行初步筛选:均使用直径5 mm的菌苔在直径9 cm的PDA平板上操作。两点法:取平板边缘对称两点,分别接种病原菌菌苔与木霉菌苔;三点法:呈直线排列,于平板中央接种病原菌菌苔,其左右两侧2 cm处分别接种木霉菌苔;五点法:呈十字形排列,中央接种病原菌菌苔,上下左右4个方向距离2 cm处分别接种木霉菌苔。置于28 ℃暗培养,培养5 d后测量菌丝体生长速度。木霉菌株对冷杉心腐病原菌的拮抗系数采用5级分级标准。将所需的木霉菌与冷杉心腐病原菌进行活化,而后木霉菌分别与病原菌于9 cm的平板中进行平板对峙培养,打孔孔径直径为5 mm,以病原菌在平板单独生长作为对照,于第2-7天进行数据统计并计算抑菌率(每组设5个重复)。
$\mathrm{Y}=\frac{(\mathrm{DCK}-\mathrm{DT})}{\mathrm{DCK}} \times 100 \%$
式中:Y为抑制率,%;DCK为对照组当天菌落直径,mm;DT为试验组当天菌落直径,mm。
根据初筛结果采用最适合的对峙法进行复筛,并根据形态和分子鉴定结果,分别挑选出不同种类的具有生防效果的木霉菌,进一步研究木霉发酵滤液和挥发性代谢物对冷杉心腐病原菌的抑菌作用(鲁展彤 2023)。
发酵滤液制备及其对致病菌的抑菌活性测定采用固体稀释法(梁松等 2022)。使用5 mm 打孔器制取木霉菌菌饼10块,接种于250 mL锥形瓶(含100 mL PD培养基),置于28 ℃、180 r/min摇床中振荡培养7 d。培养结束后,纱布过滤离心收集上清液。依次采用0.45 µm和0.22 µm的微孔滤膜过滤除菌,获得无菌发酵滤液。将滤液与55 ℃ PDA培养基按体积比50%、33%、25%混合后倾注平板,以无菌水替代滤液作为对照。待平板凝固后,将5 mm病原菌菌饼置于平板中央,28 ℃培养,第3天开始每日测定发酵滤液对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率,每组设3个重复。
挥发性代谢物对心腐病原菌的抑菌能力测定采用9 cm PDA平板对扣培养法(Muthukumar et al. 2011)。上方平板中央接种冷杉心腐病原菌菌饼,下方平板中央接种木霉菌菌饼。将接种木霉菌的平板于28 ℃培养3 d后,与新鲜接种病原菌的平板对扣,密封后置于28 ℃恒温培养箱培养7 d。第3天开始每日采用十字交叉法测量病原菌落直径,以未接菌PDA平板为对照,每组设置5个重复,计算抑菌率。
使用Microsoft Excel 2017进行数据整理,采用Image J和Photoshop 2024处理图片,使用Biodeit分析基因序列,通过FigTree v. 1.4.2和Adobe Illustrator 2020对系统发育树可视化,采用SPSS 25进行数据统计分析。
根据树芯取样结果,选取的藏东南急尖长苞冷杉林的心材腐朽病害普遍发生于大胸径的成熟林和过熟林中,造成冷杉林枯折,形成大面积林窗,但未观察到小胸径的幼树发生心腐病害(图1)。根据病原木腐菌的侵染情况,亚红缘拟层孔菌Fomitopsis subpinicola B.K. Cui et al.多侵染于急尖长苞冷杉活立木约1.3-2.5 m的高度,造成心材褐色腐朽,产生于心腐病害前期,多为新鲜子实体状态。林芝异担子菌Heterobasidion linzhiense Y.C. Dai & Korhonen作为白色腐朽菌,造成心材白色腐朽,采集于急尖长苞冷杉腐朽活立木和倒木上。而高山锈迷孔菌Porodaedalea alpicola S.J. Dai et al. 多寄生于冷杉木3 m以上位置,经发现时多老化,不排除高山锈迷孔菌侵染位置过高,不易发现,出现肉眼误判(Wu et al. 2019)。经传统平板培养法分离鉴定出多种病原菌,包括亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola、林芝异担子菌H. linzhiense、玫瑰红层孔菌Rhodofomes roseus (Alb. & Schwein.) Kotl. & Pouzar、核果壳囊孢Cytospora leucostoma等,野外调查结果显示,寄生于急尖长苞冷杉林中,会造成冷杉心材腐朽的病原木腐菌,包括亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola、林芝异担子菌H. linzhiense,玫瑰红层孔菌R. roseus、高山锈迷孔菌P. alpicola等。结合病害症状表现、子实体采集调查结果得知,相较白腐菌,造成冷杉心材褐色腐朽的亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola,侵染前期对冷杉林造成的危害性更强,是引致藏东南急尖长苞冷杉心材褐色腐朽的病原菌。
亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola担子果多年生,呈半圆形至马蹄状;新鲜时硬木栓质,干后木质化且质轻。菌盖表面红褐至黑褐色;边缘钝圆,初期乳白色,成熟后转为红褐色(红缘特征显著,图2)。子实层无囊状体,拟担子为主。生殖菌丝具锁状联合,IKI-,CB-,KOH中菌丝组织变深褐色。担孢子大小为(5.1-)5.3-6.5(-7) × (3-)3.3-4(-4.5) μm,L=5.76 μm,W=3.67 μm,Q=1.54-1.60 (n=60/2)。PDA培养基上菌落为白色,边缘平滑,整体为白色绒毛状,产生低但密集的气生菌丝,无特殊气味;生长速度较慢,25 ℃ 培养约9 d长满平板,培养基的颜色基本不发生变化,也不形成子实体。
分子鉴定进一步证实了形态学判断。本研究分离菌株序列提交至国家微生物科学数据中心NMDC (http://nmdc.cn/),F. subpinicola系统发育研究所用物种名、标本和登录号见附表 1 (国家微生物科学数据中心NMDCX0002177)。
基于ITS、RPB2和TEF序列,bootstrap为1 000,采用最大似然法构建的系统发育树显示,本研究中的FP1WA和FP0001与已知的模式标本F. subpinicola Cui 9836聚为一支(图3),支持率为94%,分布于欧洲和北美常见的狭义种F. pinicola LT323则位于另一支上,并与近缘种F. ochraceaF. mounceae等明显分开,从而确证其分类地位。
对从急尖长苞冷杉上的疑似病原物上分离到的多个真菌,特别是疑似病原木腐菌如亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola、林芝异担子菌H. linzhiense、玫瑰红层孔菌R. roseus都进行了致病性测定。结果显示,在相同条件下接种30 d,唯有接种F. subpinicola的植株出现了木质部轻微褐变与中度软化(图4B),有4/9的植株出现了轻微的心腐症状,在接种F. subpinicola菌块的枝条里侧较为明显,但其病害未在所有重复中稳定出现,发病比例为44.9%。相比之下,接种H. linzhiense (图4F)和R. roseus (图4G)的植株在观察期内未表现任何可见病症,其症状与空白对照无异。因此,F. subpinicola存在潜在致病性,是本研究中需要优先防控的病原靶标。
木霉菌孢子产量大小见表2,微观形态特征见图5,木霉菌落颜色、质地、生长速度等形态特征见附表2 (国家微生物科学数据中心NMDCX0002177)。
分离得到的49株疑似木霉菌进行DNA提取,送公司测序的结果处理后在NCBI网站进行同源性比对,鉴定出有36株为木霉,共有5种不同种类菌株,选择其中7株木霉菌进行生防菌抑菌效果探究(表3)。本研究分离菌株序列提交至国家微生物科学数据中心NMDC (http://nmdc.cn/),木霉属系统发育研究所用物种名、标本和登录号见附表3 (国家微生物科学数据中心NMDCX0002177)。基于RPB2和TEF序列,采用最大似然法构建的系统发育树显示(图6),发现菌株M28与T. afroharzianum CBS 124620聚为一支,支持率为100%;M6与T. minutisporum G.J.S. 90-82聚为一支,支持率为100%;M41与T. polysporum CPK 3131聚为一支,支持率为100%;M48、M49与T. atroviride CBS142.95聚为一支,支持率为100%;M25、M43与T. paraviride YMF 1.04628聚为一支,支持率为100%。结合形态学鉴定结果,将菌株M28鉴定为非洲哈茨木霉T. afroharzianum;菌株M6鉴定为小孢木霉T. minutisporum;菌株M41鉴定为多孢木霉T. polysporum;菌株M48、M49鉴定为深绿木霉T. atroviride;菌株M25、M43鉴定为近绿色木霉T. paraviride
从标本中分离到49株疑似生防木霉菌株,以急尖长苞冷杉心腐病病原菌亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola为靶标,利用平板对峙法初步测定每株木霉菌的拮抗效果(图7),结果发现,不同种类的木霉菌株对F. subpinicola均具有不同程度的拮抗效果,其中M28、M48抑制效果最为显著(表3)。平板对峙试验显示,M28和M48菌丝最终占据平板面积超过2/3,并覆盖整个病原菌菌落,导致其消解,这两种木霉菌生长和繁殖速度快,可以迅速抢占空间并利用营养成分,可能对心腐病原菌进行了生长空间挤占和营养争夺,以此限制了病原菌的生长。
F. subpinicola分别与不同种类木霉菌挥发性代谢产物对扣培养7 d,因挥发性代谢物抑菌作用随时间变化不明显,所以仅呈现木霉菌第7天的抑菌能力比较(图8)。实验结果表明,不同种类的木霉菌挥发性代谢物对心腐病原菌的抑菌效果存在显著差异。处理第7天时,M28和M49菌株的挥发性代谢物表现出最强的抑菌活性,抑菌率分别为60.2%和57.2%,显著高于其他菌株(图8)。M6、M25、M41、M43和M48菌株的抑菌率介于33.3%-43.4%之间,其抑菌效果虽显著优于对照组,但与高效菌株存在明显差异。
通过平板对扣法效果图可以看出(图9),仅接种病原菌的CK对照组正常生长,M28和M49菌株的挥发性代谢物表现出最强的抑菌效果,接种于下方PDA培养基上的木霉已长满板(图9C),而接种于上方培养基的病原菌F. subpinicola几乎不生长;M6挥发性物质抑菌效果微弱,其上方的F. subpinicola菌落大小介于CK和M28等抑菌效果较强菌株之间。不同木霉菌挥发性代谢物的抑菌效果为M28>M49>M48>M25>M43> M41>M6>CK,并呈生长蔓延至上方培养基的趋势,对病原菌F. subpinicola的生长空间进行挤占掠夺(图9D)。
F. subpinicola分别接种在含有不同浓度木霉菌发酵滤液的PDA平板中,培养7 d,在第7天,所有木霉菌都长满平板,难以观察测量,因此以3-6 d数据来呈现,不同浓度(25%、33%、50%)木霉菌发酵滤液处理3-6 d后的抑菌率动态变化见图10,与对照相比,不同浓度的7株木霉菌的无菌发酵滤液对F. subpinicola均具有一定的抑制作用,但抑菌效果有差异。
当发酵滤液浓度为25%时(图10A),每株木霉菌发酵滤液抑菌率显著高于空白对照,对病原菌均具有一定的抑制作用,除M41呈现随处理时间延长抑菌率逐渐降低的趋势外,其余木霉发酵滤液抑菌率均随处理时间增加而稳定增长,第3-6天增幅约20%,在第6天表现出最强的抑菌效果,可能是在第6天木霉发酵滤液混合PDA培养基上已长出菌丝和有孢子释放,在一定程度上增强了对病原菌的抑制效果。M49、M6和M43的发酵滤液抑菌效果显著强于其他木霉菌,抑菌效果从大到小依次为:M49> M43>M6>M25>M28>M48>M41,25%浓度的M49发酵滤液对F. subpinicola的抑菌效果最强,在第6天的抑菌率达到了88.76%,表明低浓度下M49发酵滤液的抑菌能力优于空白对照和其他菌株。
当发酵滤液浓度为33%时(图10B),每株木霉菌发酵滤液抑菌率显著高于空白对照,对病原菌均具有一定的抑制作用,M41呈现随处理时间延长抑菌率逐渐降低的趋势,M6发酵滤液在第5天达到最高抑菌率,其余M49、M43、M25、M28、M48发酵滤液抑菌率随处理时间增加而稳定增长,抑菌率峰值出现在第6天,抑菌效果显著强于空白对照和其他木霉菌,抑菌效果从大到小依次为:M43>M49>M25>M28> M48>M6>M41,在33%浓度下,M43发酵滤液的抑菌活性表现最优。
当发酵滤液浓度为50%时(图10C),除M41自第3天后抑菌率逐渐降低外,其余木霉菌发酵滤液均呈现出显著的抑菌活性,抑菌率峰值均出现在第6天,抑菌率均接近90%,抑菌效果从高到低依次为:M48>M43>M25>M28>M49> M6>M41,由此可知在低中浓度下都呈现出较高抑菌活性的M49发酵滤液在高浓度下抑菌活性减弱。
处理第3天,M25、M41、M43和M49的发酵滤液,在33%浓度时抑菌活性最强,25%浓度时抑菌率最低(图11A)。M28、M43、M48的发酵滤液,均呈现出发酵滤液50%>33%>25%的抑菌活性。处理第4-5天时,除M6和M49外,其余木霉发酵滤液均在50%浓度时呈现出最高抑菌活性,在25%时抑菌效果最低(图11B, 11C)。处理第6天时,33%浓度的M49和50%浓度的M28发酵滤液抑菌率分别达到90.46%和90.60%的峰值,优于空白和其他处理组(图9D)。
随处理时间的变化,各个浓度的M28和M49发酵滤液始终位于抑菌率最高区域。处理3-6 d时(图11),M6抑菌活性都呈现在50%浓度下最高,25%浓度下次之,33%浓度下最低。其余木霉发酵滤液在33%和50%的抑菌率都显著高于空白对照和低浓度处理组。M43发酵滤液的抑菌活性在33%和50%浓度下趋近,表示中高浓度对M43的抑菌效果影响不大,其受低浓度影响更甚。并且,随着处理时间的增加,25%浓度组(图10)的木霉发酵滤液抑菌率呈稳定上升趋势,但在33%浓度和50%浓度时木霉发酵滤液抑菌能力出现分化,M41抑菌率自第3天后呈下降趋势。中效菌株M43、M48在33%浓度下表现出持续的抑菌增益(第6天达70%-75%),但在50%浓度时活性衰减10%-12%,表明长时间的高浓度可能诱导M43、M48代谢毒性或自抑制效应。其中M41在所有浓度下均处于最低活性层级,抑菌能力较其他木霉菌较弱。
本研究通过形态学与分子鉴定,结合心腐病调查结果和病害症状表现,明确亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola是导致藏东南急尖长苞冷杉心材褐色腐朽的病原菌。该发现与褐腐菌对高海拔针叶树底物具有普遍亲和性的规律相符(Simpson et al. 2024),也解释了其在藏东南地区急尖长苞冷杉成熟林中广泛分布的原因。近期对F. pinicola 复合群的分类学修订指出,病原菌F. subpinicola是主要分布于东亚地区的物种(Liu et al. 2021;Xu et al. 2025),这与本研究的藏东南地区地理位置高度吻合。因此,从病原菌区系地理学的角度来看,我们的鉴定结果是合理且可靠的。
与白腐菌相比,F. subpinicola作为褐腐菌能更快速地降解木材中的纤维素,导致其在侵染初期即可造成木材强度的严重损失(Pandey & Pitman 2003;Arantes & Goodell 2014)。侵染急尖长苞冷杉,造成其心材腐朽病害的病原菌,包含褐色腐朽真菌和白色腐朽真菌,褐腐菌如亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola,白腐菌如林芝异担子菌H. linzhiense,因其心腐病原木腐菌发生规律性不强,白腐菌和褐腐菌可能单独发生,也可能混合发生(Kaya et al. 2022;周林江等 2023)。F. subpinicola通过侵染衰弱树木,优先分解纤维素和半纤维素引发心材褐腐,破坏木材结构导致力学性能下降,造成林木空心易风折最终致树木死亡,形成冷杉心腐枯倒林窗,危害性更大。这一特性使其对林木结构的破坏性更强,凸显了将其作为前期心腐病害生防靶标的必要性,可有效避免心腐病害的不良影响悄然蔓延。
本研究虽然检测到F. subpinicola与心腐病的极强相关性,但在科赫氏法则验证病原菌时,幼苗枝条致病性回接试验中的致病症状不甚典型。这可能源于心腐病害作为一种隐蔽性病害,病原菌的致病过程极为缓慢,而实验室条件下的短期接种难以达到野外侵染效果。加之F. subpinicola具有弱寄生性、分布传播范围较广的特征,主要通过根系或树干基部伤口侵染弱势立木,其侵染过程依赖于老化木质部暴露形成的持续湿润微环境(袁海生等 2019;Arač et al. 2021)。对于老龄树木,其边材变薄,树皮开裂破损,一些病虫害导致的伤口增多,形成层中的“反应区”防御能力降低,病原真菌侵染树芯就造成了急尖长苞冷杉心材腐朽(张一博等 2024)。但用于接种的急尖长苞冷杉幼苗枝条可能具有较强的寄主抗病性,不易表现出病害症状。或该心腐病在自然条件下可能需要多种微生物的协同作用,难以模拟自然条件下病原菌通过伤口或自然孔口侵入心材,分泌胞外酶降解木质素、纤维素等成分,导致心材褐变、空心化,并伴随白蚁等次生虫害加剧冷杉树木死亡的多年侵染过程(Sundararaj et al. 2023),这亦是心腐病研究的一大挑战。
综上所述,尽管致病性测定未呈现强致病力,林分中并存林芝异担子菌H. linzhiense等白腐菌,但无论从致病能力还是所致腐朽类型判断,亚红缘拟层孔菌F. subpinicola均在病害发生前期占据主导地位(Arač et al. 2021;Simpson et al. 2024;王碧悦等2024)。其在自然生态系统中更倾向于在树木弱势或存在伤口时定殖并加剧腐朽的病原菌,因此,针对该病原菌开展生防研究具有明确针对性。其他不同病原菌间的互作及其在不同生境下的致病动态,是后续需要深入探讨的方向。
本研究成功筛选出对急尖长苞冷杉心腐病病原菌F. subpinicola具有拮抗作用的木霉菌,并评估了其挥发性代谢物和发酵滤液的抑菌活性。
平板对峙试验表明,7株木霉菌均能通过占据营养空间抑制病原菌生长。其中深绿木霉T. atroviride M48和非洲哈茨木霉T. afroharzianum M28菌丝生长迅速,最终占据平板面积超过2/3,可覆盖并消解病原菌菌落,体现了强大的空间竞争和营养争夺能力(Bedine et al. 2020;Marques et al. 2025)。哈茨木霉还能通过重寄生作用导致病原菌菌丝稀疏卷曲、解体和死亡(Pandey & Pundhir 2013;遇文婧等 2019)。非洲哈茨木霉对多种病原菌都具有抑制作用,其释放的挥发性有机化合物,尤其是倍半萜类物质,对多种真菌病原菌表现出显著抑菌活性(田淼等 2023;张芳 2023)。从山西大同的黄芪病根中分离的哈茨木霉T9131和宁夏吴忠分离的哈茨木霉EMF910都能抑制腐皮镰孢菌的生长,表明哈茨木霉可作为内生菌存在于植物体内(Zhou et al. 2020;Guzman-Guzman et al. 2023;张晓尘等 2024;牛景萍等 2025),这与本研究中木霉菌的分离来源结果一致,在一定程度上表明该木霉菌具有开发为林木心材腐朽病生防菌剂的潜力。
在挥发性代谢物测定中,所有木霉菌均表现出抑菌活性,但效果存在显著差异。非洲哈茨木霉M28和深绿木霉M49的抑菌效果最强,表明其挥发性代谢物中可能含有高效抑菌物质。木霉可产生包括烃类、醇类、木霉素等70余种次级代谢产物(Siregar et al. 2022),梁松等(2022)研究也发现深绿木霉的挥发性烃类物质具有广谱抑菌性。
在发酵滤液抑菌试验中,所有木霉菌的非挥发性代谢物均能抑制病原菌(图 12),说明其发酵滤液中均存在抑制病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的物质,但抑菌效果随浓度和处理时间变化。非洲哈茨木霉M28和深绿木霉M49在各浓度下均保持较高抑菌率。近绿木霉T. paraviride M43和深绿木霉T. atroviride M48在33%浓度下增加,但在50%浓度时活性衰减,表明高浓度可能诱导代谢毒性或自抑制效应。多孢木霉T. polysporum M41的抑菌活性最弱,虽然其可有效防治甜瓜枯萎病(Gava & Pinto 2016),但其代谢物对本病原菌抑菌能力较弱。深绿木霉M49在高浓度下抑菌效果有所降低,也可能与处理时间延长致其抑菌物质减少或菌体自抑制有关,因此未来应用中需根据菌株生长特性注意浓度调控。
综合分析,深绿木霉M49和非洲哈茨木霉M28的生防效果源于空间营养竞争与代谢产物协同作用。非洲哈茨木霉M28生长速度快,能产生色素并寄生病原菌菌丝(梁松等 2022),深绿木霉产孢能力强,抗菌谱广(遇文婧等 2019)。平板对峙与代谢物的协同作用为心腐病的生物防治提供了有效思路。
本研究为防治急尖长苞冷杉心腐病提供了具有潜力的生防菌株资源。后续研究应明确其挥发性代谢物中的关键抑菌物质、菌株产漆酶生物学特性并开发生防菌剂,以实现对藏东南急尖长苞冷杉心腐病害的绿色有效防控。
  • 西藏自治区林芝市科技计划项目(SYQ2024-14)
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  • 西藏农牧大学林学博士点(一期)(533325001)
  • 西藏高原森林生态教育部重点实验室研究生创新计划课题(JYBSYS-202404)
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250270
  • 接收时间:2025-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-10
  • 录用日期:2025-11-16
基金
Science and Technology Project of Nyingchi City, Xizang Autonomous Region(SYQ2024-14)
西藏自治区林芝市科技计划项目(SYQ2024-14)
Science and Technology Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Xizang Autonomous Region(XZ202301JD0001G)
西藏自治区科技计划项目(XZ202301JD0001G)
Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University Doctoral Program in Forestry (PhaseⅠ)(533325001)
西藏农牧大学林学博士点(一期)(533325001)
Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Xizang Plateau (Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University), Ministry of Education(JYBSYS-202404)
西藏高原森林生态教育部重点实验室研究生创新计划课题(JYBSYS-202404)
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    1 西藏农牧大学高原生态研究所 西藏林芝高山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站 西藏高原森林生态教育部重点实验室西藏 林芝 860000
    2 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所 国家林业和草原局森林保护重点实验室, 北京 100091
    3 北京林业大学林学院, 北京 100083
    4 中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室 北京 100101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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