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This study primarily investigates the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory components in the fermentation product of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata FL7 from Huperzia serrata. Using silica gel column chromatography, preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (preparative HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), 19 monomeric compounds were isolated and identified. These include mannitol (1), uracil (2), alternariol monomethyl ether (3), cerevisterol (4), 1-methyl 5-acetamidopentanoate (5), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Pro) (6), stigmasterol (7), xanthine (8), 2(3H)-benzothiazolethione (9), catechol (10), 1-methyl β-D-glucopyranoside (11), cycol (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (12), cycol (L-Pro-L-Val) (13), alteamide (14), (4S,5S)-5-[(S)-sec-butyl]-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one (15), allahabadolactones A (16), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (17), methyl 4-acetamidobutanoate (18) and 2-phenylethyl α-D-glucopyranoside (19). Compound 3 was found to exhibit moderate AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of (15.8±0.13) µmol/L, as determined using the modified Ellman method. Molecular docking simulations suggest that serine at position 122 of AChE may be its binding target. Additionally, compounds 5, 15, and 18 are reported as newly identified natural products, and the structure of compound 14 is revised. This study provides reference for the development and utilization of microbial resources from Huperzia serrata.

, correspAuthors=Yiwen XIAO, Du ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*XIAO Yiwen: ;
ZHU Du:
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本文主要探究蛇足石杉内生真菌Alternaria alternata FL7大米发酵产物中的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)抑制活性成分。采用硅胶柱层析、制备型高效液相色谱、核磁共振波谱和高分辨质谱技术对其成分进行化合物的分离与鉴定,共鉴定单体化合物19个,包括甘露醇(1)、尿嘧啶(2)、链格孢酚单甲醚(3)、啤酒甾醇(4)、methyl 5-acetamidopentanoate (5)、cyclo(L-Pro-L-Pro) (6)、β-sitosterol (7)、黄嘌呤(8)、2(3H)-benzothiazolethione (9)、邻苯二酚(10)、1-methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (11)、cycol (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (12)、cycol (L-Pro-L-Val) (13)、alteamide (14)、(4S,5S)-5-[(S)-sec-butyl]-4- hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one (15)、allahabadolactones A (16)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(17)、methyl 4-acetamidobutanoate (18)和2-phenylethyl α-D-glucopyranoside (19)。通过改良后的Ellman法测定,化合物3具有中等AChE抑制活性,IC50值为(15.8±0.13) µmol/L,分子对接模拟显示AChE 122位的丝氨酸可能为其结合靶点。此外,化合物51518作为天然产物首次报道,对化合物14的结构进行了修正。该研究可为蛇足石杉内生菌来源代谢产物的开发和利用提供参考。

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作者贡献

谢嘉豪:实验设计;数据分析;标本采集与图片拍摄;论文撰写、审核与修改。张浩:实验方案指导;数据分析;标本采集与图片拍摄;论文构思、审核与修改。肖依文:实验方案指导;审核与修改。朱笃:实验方案指导;审核与修改。

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A: Front view of colony morphology cultured on PDA for 7 days. B: Reverse side view of colony morphology cultured on PDA for 7 days. C: Mycelial morphology. D, E: Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. 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蛇足石杉内生真菌Alternaria alternata FL7中乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性成分
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谢嘉豪 1 , 张浩 2 , 肖依文 1, * , 朱笃 1, 2, 3, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(4): 250248
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(4): 250248
蛇足石杉内生真菌Alternaria alternata FL7中乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性成分
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谢嘉豪1, 张浩2, 肖依文1, * , 朱笃1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 江西科技师范大学生命科学学院 南昌市微生物资源与代谢重点实验室 天然微生物药物研究江西省重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330013
  • 2 江西师范大学化学与材料学院 生物多样性保护与资源利用江西省重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330022
  • 3 东华理工大学, 江西 南昌 330013
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory active constituents of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata FL7 isolated from Huperzia serrata
Jiahao XIE1, Hao ZHANG2, Yiwen XIAO1, * , Du ZHU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Natural Microbial Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and Metabolism of Nanchang City, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
  • 2 Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
  • 3 East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250248
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本文主要探究蛇足石杉内生真菌Alternaria alternata FL7大米发酵产物中的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)抑制活性成分。采用硅胶柱层析、制备型高效液相色谱、核磁共振波谱和高分辨质谱技术对其成分进行化合物的分离与鉴定,共鉴定单体化合物19个,包括甘露醇(1)、尿嘧啶(2)、链格孢酚单甲醚(3)、啤酒甾醇(4)、methyl 5-acetamidopentanoate (5)、cyclo(L-Pro-L-Pro) (6)、β-sitosterol (7)、黄嘌呤(8)、2(3H)-benzothiazolethione (9)、邻苯二酚(10)、1-methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (11)、cycol (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (12)、cycol (L-Pro-L-Val) (13)、alteamide (14)、(4S,5S)-5-[(S)-sec-butyl]-4- hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one (15)、allahabadolactones A (16)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(17)、methyl 4-acetamidobutanoate (18)和2-phenylethyl α-D-glucopyranoside (19)。通过改良后的Ellman法测定,化合物3具有中等AChE抑制活性,IC50值为(15.8±0.13) µmol/L,分子对接模拟显示AChE 122位的丝氨酸可能为其结合靶点。此外,化合物51518作为天然产物首次报道,对化合物14的结构进行了修正。该研究可为蛇足石杉内生菌来源代谢产物的开发和利用提供参考。

蛇足石杉  /  内生真菌  /  Alternaria alternata  /  乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性

This study primarily investigates the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory components in the fermentation product of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata FL7 from Huperzia serrata. Using silica gel column chromatography, preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (preparative HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), 19 monomeric compounds were isolated and identified. These include mannitol (1), uracil (2), alternariol monomethyl ether (3), cerevisterol (4), 1-methyl 5-acetamidopentanoate (5), cyclo (L-Pro-L-Pro) (6), stigmasterol (7), xanthine (8), 2(3H)-benzothiazolethione (9), catechol (10), 1-methyl β-D-glucopyranoside (11), cycol (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (12), cycol (L-Pro-L-Val) (13), alteamide (14), (4S,5S)-5-[(S)-sec-butyl]-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one (15), allahabadolactones A (16), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (17), methyl 4-acetamidobutanoate (18) and 2-phenylethyl α-D-glucopyranoside (19). Compound 3 was found to exhibit moderate AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of (15.8±0.13) µmol/L, as determined using the modified Ellman method. Molecular docking simulations suggest that serine at position 122 of AChE may be its binding target. Additionally, compounds 5, 15, and 18 are reported as newly identified natural products, and the structure of compound 14 is revised. This study provides reference for the development and utilization of microbial resources from Huperzia serrata.

Huperzia serrata  /  endophytes  /  Alternaria alternata  /  acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity
谢嘉豪, 张浩, 肖依文, 朱笃. 蛇足石杉内生真菌Alternaria alternata FL7中乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性成分. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250248 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250248
Jiahao XIE, Hao ZHANG, Yiwen XIAO, Du ZHU. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory active constituents of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata FL7 isolated from Huperzia serrata[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250248 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250248
蛇足石杉Huperzia serrata为石杉属Huperzia石杉科Huperziaceae多年生药用蕨类植物(吴其濬 1957),具清热、除湿、消痛和止血等功效(蔡龚莉等 2015)。其化学成分石杉碱甲(huperzine A, Hup A)因乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase, AChE)抑制活性高、可逆、分子量小、脂溶性高和易透过血脑屏障等特点,已被应用于轻中度阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)的临床治疗(Liu et al. 1986)。然而,从野生H. serrata中挖掘新型乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂(inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, AChEIs)效率低下,并且野生资源的大量采伐也会导致生态系统被破坏,于是建立新的AChEIs资源库,寻找新的AChEIs具有一定的可行性。
植物内生真菌(endophytes)是指全部生活史或部分阶段定殖于健康植物组织内,且不引发宿主产生病变的微生物(Zou & Tan 2001;唐官美等2024)。自Stierle et al. (1993)从太平洋短叶红豆杉Taxus brevifolia韧皮部分离出一株可产紫杉醇的内生真菌Taxomyces andreanae后,研究人员们意识到药用植物内生真菌在生产药用活性成分方面具有巨大的潜力。许多研究证明蛇足石杉内生真菌的次级代谢产物表现出多样的化学结构与生物活性,包括细胞毒性(Ying et al. 2013)、乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性(Li et al. 2019)、抑菌活性等(Yang et al. 2019)和抗真菌活性(Cao et al. 2021)。
本课题组前期对江西省中国科学院庐山植物园的H. serrata内生真菌展开了系统的研究,并从大量的内生真菌中筛选出多株具有AChE抑制活性的内生真菌,包括Alternaria alternata FL7 (Wang et al. 2016)。为探讨A. alternata FL7抗AChE的药效物质基础,本研究对FL7的大米固体发酵提取物的化学成分进行分离与鉴定,并系统测定了其AChE抑制活性,最后通过分子对接技术对活性成分与靶蛋白之间的作用方式和位点进行探究。
内生真菌FL7分离自江西省中国科学院庐山植物园的Huperzia serrata健康叶组织内,现保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心和天然微生物药物研究江西省重点实验室,保藏编号为:CCTCC M 2023428。
乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase, AChE)、碘化硫代乙酰胆碱(acetylthiocholine iodide, ATCI)、5,5-二硫代-2-硝基苯甲酸(dithiobis- nitrobenzoic acid, DTNB)均购自Sigma公司,石杉碱甲(huperzine A, Hup A)购自中国药品生物制品检定所。
Bruker AV 400 MHz核磁共振波谱仪(Bruker公司),S1000型PCR仪、多功能酶标仪和凝胶成像系统(Bio-Rad公司),电泳仪、电泳槽和WD-9403F紫外检测分析仪(北京六一厂),Waters 1525分析型和制备型高效液相色谱仪(Waters公司),YMC-Pack Pro C18分析色谱柱(5 µm, 250 mm × 10 mm)、YMC-Pack Pro C18制备色谱柱(10 µm, 250 mm × 10 mm) (YMC公司),超纯水仪(Milli-Q公司),制备型薄层色谱、GF254薄层硅胶板和200-300目柱色谱硅胶填料(青岛海洋化工厂),分析纯石油醚、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、乙腈和氯仿(西陇化工),色谱级甲醇和乙腈(Merck公司)。
菌株FL7由超低温冰箱取出,接种至PDA培养基中,在光照培养箱28 ℃下培养7 d,观察其菌落形态,并用光学显微镜观察其菌丝和孢子形态,参照《真菌鉴定手册》(魏景超 1979)进行初步比对。
分子生物学鉴定采用CTAB法(Conlon et al. 2022)提取内生真菌总DNA,使用通用ITS1 (5ʹ-T CCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3ʹ)和ITS4 (5ʹ-TCC TCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3ʹ)扩增真菌ITS-rDNA序列。扩增后引物序列送往生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序,将测序得到的ITS rDNA序列在NCBI的GenBank序列库进行比对,并构建系统发育树。
将内生真菌FL7接种至PDA平板培养基上28 ℃活化7 d。用灭菌竹签挑取适量菌丝至装有120 mL PDB培养基的250 mL锥形瓶中28 ℃、120 r/min扩大培养5 d获得种子液。配制500瓶大米固体培养基(80 g大米,120 mL自来水),每瓶接入5 mL种子液,28 ℃静置培养30 d。
待培养完毕,用甲醇浸提11次,每次24 h,过程中使用木棍进行搅拌,然后减压旋蒸除去甲醇,共获得甲醇浸膏(含溶剂) 10.5 kg。将甲醇浸膏溶于蒸馏水,超声振荡形成水相悬浊液,然后分别用石油醚、乙酸乙酯各萃取3次,获得石油醚浸膏和乙酸乙酯浸膏(EA浸膏) (192 g)。EA浸膏与硅胶拌样,采用干法装柱,流动相使用石油醚:乙酸乙酯(3:1-0:1)梯度洗脱,获得馏分Fr.1-Fr.4,使用乙酸乙酯:甲醇(3:1-0:1)梯度洗脱,获得馏分Fr.5-Fr.8。经乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测定,Fr.1的AChE抑制活性最高,故对其进行进一步分离。将Fr.1 (35.4 g)与硅胶拌样,采用干法装柱,流动相使用石油醚:乙酸乙酯(3:1、1:1、1:3和0:1)洗脱,获得馏分Fr.1.1-Fr.1.4,使用二氯甲烷:甲醇(3:1、1:1、1:3和0:1)洗脱,获得馏分Fr.1.5-Fr.1.8。经乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性测定,Fr.1.3的AChE抑制活性最高,进行系统分离。Fr.1.3 (4.67 g)采用湿法装柱,流动相使用环己烷和乙酸乙酯(10:1、10:3、10:5、5:5、5:10、3:10和1:10)进行洗脱,获得Fr1.3.1-Fr1.3.7。
Fr.1.3.4甲醇溶液在室温下析出白色簇状晶体,经鉴定为化合物1 (95.9 mg)。Fr.1.3.6在室温下析出深棕色粉末,经鉴定为化合物2 (399.5 mg)。Fr.1.3.1在二氯甲烷和甲醇混合溶液中析出无色针尖状晶体,经鉴定为化合物3 (130.7 mg)。Fr.1.3.1 (32.2 mg)经制备型HPLC (乙腈:水,70:30,体积比)纯化,获得化合物4 (13.6 mg,tR=14.5 min),剩余馏分浓缩,经制备型TLC薄层板(二氯甲烷:甲醇,10:1,体积比)纯化,获得化合物5 (1.9 mg,Rf=0.48)。Fr.1.3.2经制备型HPLC (乙腈:水,60:40,体积比)纯化,获得化合物6 (10.2 mg,tR=10.1 min)、化合物7 (10.2 mg,tR=17.2 min)和化合物8 (4.3 mg,tR=34.1min)。Fr1.3.3经制备型HPLC (乙腈:水,50:50,体积比)纯化,获得化合物9 (2.8 mg,tR=16 min)和化合物10 (2.6 mg,tR=26.1 min)。将Fr1.3.3剩余溶液浓缩,经制备型TLC薄层板(纯二氯甲烷)纯化,获得化合物11 (1.1 mg,Rf=0.2)。Fr1.3.4湿法上样,经正相硅胶色谱柱,洗脱溶剂比例为二氯甲烷:甲醇(40:1和20:1)获得化合物12 (10.0 mg)和化合物13 (9.6 mg)。Fr.1.3.5经制备型HPLC (甲醇:水,30:70,体积比)纯化,获得化合物14 (4.1 mg,tR=19.5 min)、化合物15 (6.1 mg,tR=42 min)和化合物16 (3.5 mg,tR=107-123 min)。Fr.1.3.6经制备型TLC (二氯甲烷:甲醇,10:1,体积比)获得化合物17 (5.1 mg,Rf=0.7)和化合物18 (4.3 mg,Rf=0.45)。Fr.1.3.7经制备型HPLC (乙腈:水,70:30,体积比)纯化,获得化合物19 (2.1 mg,tR=23.5 min)。
采用改良的Ellman法测定各单体化合物的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性(Liu et al. 2017)。在96孔板中每孔加入100 µL的PBS缓冲液(pH 8.0),20 µL的乙酰胆碱酯酶(50 U/L,溶于PBS中),20 µL的样品溶液(终浓度为1 mg/mL,溶于含2% DMSO的PBS溶液中),20 µL 1.2 mmol/L的碘代硫代乙酰胆碱作为酶的反应底物。在37 ℃下恒温孵育30 min后加入20 µL 4%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)终止反应,并加入20 µL 0.6 mmol/L的DTNB,立即测定反应体系在405 nm波长下的吸光度。单体化合物的百分抑制率通过公式I=[1-(A样品-A背景)/A空白]×100%计算获得,其中A样品为加药组,A背景为没有加入酶的对照组,A空白为未加入样品组。通过计算不同样品浓度对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制率来计算不同单体化合物的IC50值,以上每组实验重复3次,石杉碱甲作为阳性对照。
靶蛋白和小分子化合物的下载、处理和对接参考Hsin et al. (2013)的方法,具体对接参数如下:center_x=-52.859,center_y=32.657,center_z= -45.656;size_x/y/z=20.0,exhaustiveness=8,num_modes=9,energy_range=3,取打分较高的构想并用PYMOL和discovery studio进行可视化分析。
菌株FL7在PDA培养基中培养7 d后,对PDA培养基中菌株进行形态学观察,菌落整体呈圆形,中央菌丝浓密,呈灰白色,边缘菌丝生长缓慢呈土灰白色,背部中央墨绿色,有不明显的轮纹(图 1A1B)。通过光学显微镜观察其菌丝具有明显的隔段,侧生较少(图1C),菌丝生长时,由顶端先行膨大(图1D);分生孢子梗褐色,单生,直立或者弯曲(图1E);分生孢子为椭圆形或卵形,深褐色,具有多个横隔膜,分割处不缢缩或者略微缢缩(图 1F)。根据FL7的培养性状和形态特征,查阅资料《中国真菌志-链格孢属》(张天宇 2003),初步鉴定为链格孢属真菌。
对菌株FL7进行ITS-rDNA基因PCR扩增,将获得的目的条带进行测序,并登录NCBI数据库进行Blast比对,与GenBank中链格孢Alternaria alternata对应序列的相似性为100%。按照ITS-rDNA基因顺序拼接构建系统发育树,选用Curvularia canadensis为外群,与链格孢A. alternata聚类成一个分支而与其他种类菌株各构成独立分支(图2)。根据亲缘发生关系,将FL7鉴定为链格孢A. alternata
化合物1白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δH:4.4.(2H, d, J=5.5 Hz, 1/6-OH),4.33(2H, t, J=5.0 Hz, 3/4-OH),4.13(2H, d, J=7.2 Hz, 1/6-OH),3.37-3.61(8H, m);13C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δC:63.8(s, C-1/6),69.83(s, C-2/5),71.40(s, C-3/4)。以上数据与Forcina et al. (2015)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为甘露醇。
化合物2棕色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δH:11.04(1H, s, NH-2),10.84(1H, s, NH-4),7.39(1H, t, J=7.6 Hz, H-6),5.44(1H, d, J=7.6 Hz, H-5);13C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δC:151.96(s, C-2),164.79(s, C-4),100.69(s, C-5),142.60(s, C-6)。以上数据与罗影子等(2023)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为尿嘧啶。
化合物3无色针状;1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δH:11.82(1H, s, OH-2),10.36 (1H, s, OH-10),7.21(1H, d, J=2.0 Hz, H-5),6.72(1H, d, J=2.5 Hz, H-11),6.64(1H, d, J=2.5 Hz, H-9),6.61(1H, d, J=2.5 Hz, H-3),3.91(3H, s, -OCH3),2.73(3H, s, H-15);13C NMR(100 MHz, C5D5N)δC:98.5(s, C-1),164.7(s, C-2),98.8(s, C-3),165.0(s, C-4),103.3(s, C-5),137.9(s, C-6),117.7(s, C-7),138.06(s, C-8),122.11(s, C-9),152.9(s, C-10),108.9(s, C-11),152.9(s, C-12),159.3(s, C-13),54.8(s, C-14),24.5(s, C-15),22.0(-OCH3),165.9(s, C-17)。以上数据与Tan et al. (2008)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为链格孢酚单甲醚。
化合物4白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, C5D5N)δH:5.7(1H, m, H-7),5.2(3H, dd, J =15.3, 6.9 Hz, H-22),5.16(3H, dd, J=15.3, 7.7 Hz, H-23),4.80(1H, m, H-3),1.52(3H, s, H-19),1.06(3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, H-21),0.96(3H, d, J=6.8 Hz, H-28),0.88(3H, d, J=6.8 Hz, H-26),0.86(3H, d, J=6.8 Hz, H-27),0.68(3H, s, H-18);13C NMR (100 MHz, C5D5N)δC:33.8(s, C-1),32.6(s, C-2),67.6(s, C-3),41.9(s, C-4),76.2(s, C-5),74.3(s, C-6),120.5(s, C-7),141.1(s, C-8),43.8(s, C-9),38.1(s, C-10),22.4(s, C-11),40.0(s, C-12),43.7(s, C-13),55.2(s, C-14),23.5(s, C-15),28.4(s, C-16),56.3(s, C-17),12.5(s, C-18),18.8(s, C-19),40.8(s, C-20),21.4(s, C-21),136.2(s, C-22),132.2(s, C-23),43.1(s, C-24),33.4(s, C-25),20.1(s, C-26),19.9(s, C-27),17.8(s, C-28)。以上数据与Zhang et al. (2005)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为啤酒甾醇。
化合物5白色粉末;1H NMR(500 MHz, CD3OD)δH:3.64(3H, s, OCH3),3.15(2H, t, J=6.8 Hz, H-5),2.34(2H, t, J=7.4 Hz, H-2),1.92(3H, s, H-8),1.61(2H, m, H-3),1.50(2H, m, H-4);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:52.0(q, -OCH3),175.8(s, C-1),34.3(t, C-2),23.2(t, C-3),29.7(t, C-4),40.0(t, C-5),173.2(s, C-7),22.6(q, C-8)。以上数据与Li et al. (2023)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为 methyl 5-acetamidopentanoate。
化合物6白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, CD3OD)δH:4.33(1H×2, t, J = 7.5 Hz, α-H Pro),3.48(2H×2, m, β-H Pro),2.31(1H×2, β-H Pro),1.98(1H×2, m, β-H Pro),1.98(2H×2, m, γ-H Pro);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:168.9(s, C-1/7),46.5(s, C-3/9),24.5(s, C-4/16),29.0(s, C-5/11),62.0(s, C-6/12)。以上数据与Bouř et al. (2002)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为cyclo(L-Pro- L-Pro)。
化合物7白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3)δH:5.34(1H, m, H-6),3.46(1H, m, H-3),2.16-2.28(2H, m, H-4/7),1.77-1.87(3H, m, H-21),1.01(3H, s, H-19),0.92-0.78-0.87(9H, m, H-26/ 27/29),0.69(3H, s, H-18);13C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl3)δC:37.0(s, C-1),30.2(s, C-2),72.2(s, C-3),40.4(s, C-4),141.5(s, C-5),122.0(s, C-6),30.2(s, C-7),29.7(s, C-8),50.8(s, C-9),36.7(s, C-10),20.1(s, C-11),39.9(s, C-12),42.9(s, C-13),57.3(s, C-14),24.8(s, C-15),28.7(s, C-16),56.6(s, C-17),12.3(s, C-18),20.1(s, C-19),36.7(s, C-20),19.1(s, C-21),34.4(s, C-22),26.5(s, C-23),46.4(s, C-24),29.7(s, C-25),19.7(s, C-26),19.3(s, C-27),23.6(s, C-28),12.1(s, C-29)。以上数据与肖本游等(2022)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为β-sitosterol。
化合物8白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δH:13.30(1H, s, 3-NH),11.51(1H, s, 7-NH),10.82(1H, s, 9-NH),7.92(1H, s, H-4);13C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δC:151.2(s, C-2),148.9(s, C-4),106.5(s, C-5),155.4(s, C-6),140.4(s, C-8)。以上数据与Chai et al. (2014)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为黄嘌呤。
化合物9淡黄色粉末;HR-ESI-MS:m/z 165.979 5 [M+H]+ (计算值165.979 1),确定化合物分子式为C7H4NS21H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δH:7.36 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz, H-7),7.23(1H, d, J=6.0 Hz, H-8),7.06(1H, t, J=6.0 Hz, 6.0 Hz, H-9),6.89(1H, t, J=6.0 Hz, 60 Hz, H-1);13C NMR(100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δC:120.0(C-1),156.0(C-2),184.8(C-4),124.0(C-6),116.7(C-7),118.8(C-8),137.14(C-9)。以上数据与Stierle et al. (1991)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为2(3H)-benzothiazolethione。
化合物10白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, CD3OD)δH:8.18(2H, s, H-1/4),8.12(2H, s, H-5/6);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:152.29(s, C-2/3),139.85(s, C-1/4)。以上数据与Parveen et al. (2020)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为邻苯二酚。
化合物11白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, CD3OD)δH:4.65(1H, d, J=3.7 Hz, H-1),3.80(d, J=2.2 Hz, H-6a),3.77(1H, dd, J = 11.8, 2.2 Hz, H-2),3.62(1H, t, J=9.3 Hz, H-3),3.65(d, J=2.2 Hz, H-6b),3.51(1H, m, H-5),3.38(3H, s, H-7),3.28(1H, t, J=9.3 Hz, H-4);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:101.3(C-1),73.5(C-2),75.2(C-3),71.8(C-4),73.6(C-5),62.7(C-6),55.5(C-7)。以上数据与Boaventura & Galotta (2009)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为1-methyl-β-D- glucopyranoside。
化合物12白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, CD3OD)δH:7.03(1H, s, H-12),7.02(1H, s, H-16),6.70(1H, s, H-13),6.68(1H, s, H-15),4.35(1H, m, H-9),4.05(2H, m, H-6),3.54/3.33(1H, m, H-3),1.21/2.09(m, H-5),1.79(m, H-4);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:167.0(s, C-1),45.9(s, C-3),22.7(s, C-4),29.4(s, C-5),60.0(s, C-6),170.8(s, C-7),57.9(s, C-9),37.6(s, C-10),127.7(s, C-11),132.0(s, C-12),116.2(s, C-13),157.7(s, C-14),116.2(s, C-15),132.0(s, C-16)。以上数据与Yang et al. (2021)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为cycol (L-Pro-L-Tyr)。
化合物13白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, CD3OD)δH:4.19(2H, m, H-6),4.02(1H, s, H-9),3.51-3.54(1H, m, H-3),2.31-2.35(1H, m, H-10),1.09(3H, d, J=9.0 Hz, H-11),0.92(3H, d, J=7.8 Hz, H-12);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:167.5(s, C-1),46.2(s, C-3),23.2(s, C-4),29.9(s, C-5),60.1(s, C-6),172.5(s, C-7),61.5(s, C-9),29.5(s, C-10),18.8(s, C-11),16.7(s, C-12)。以上数据与Yang et al. (2021)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为cycol (L-Pro-L-Val)。
化合物14白色粉末;1H NMR(500 MHz, CD3OD)δH:5.70(1H, br s, H-7),3.68(2H, t, J = 6.6 Hz, H-10),3.65(3H, s, OCH3),3.21(2H, t, J=6.9 Hz, H-4),2.36(2H, t, J=7.4 Hz, H-2),2.31(2H, br s, J=6.6 Hz, H-9),2.10(3H, br s, H-8a),1.79(2H, m, H-3);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:175.5(C-1),32.2(C-2),25.8(C-3),39.3(C-4),169.7(C-6),120.9(C-7),151.5(C-8),44.5(C-9),60.8(C-10),18.5(C-8a),52.1(OCH3)。以上数据与文献报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为alteamide,经过C-8a的化学位移比较,并参考Cystodiones A-FC-6处所连甲基的化学位移,确定化合物14 C-8双键应为E构型(Wang et al. 2021)。
化合物15白色粉末;1H NMR(500 MHz, CD3OD)δH:4.36(1H, br dd, J=5.5 Hz, 4.1 Hz, H-4),3.31(1H, overlapped, H-5),2.64(1H, dd, J=17.0 Hz, 5.5 Hz, H-3a),2.20(1H, br d, J= 17.0 Hz, H-3b),1.78(1H, m, H-6),1.63(1H, m, H-7a),1.20(1H, m, H-7b),0.96(3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz, H-9),0.94(3H, d, J = 7.5 Hz, H-8);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:69.1(C-4),66.2(C-5),179.6(C-2),42.7(C-3),34.5(C-6),27.1(C-7),15.1(C-9),10.8(C-8)。以上数据与Schmidt et al. (1993)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为(4S,5S)-5-[(S)- sec-Butyl]-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one。
化合物16白色粉末;1H NMR(400 MHz, CD3OD)δH:5.92(1H, br d, J = 12.0 Hz, H-16),5.72(1H, dd, J=16.0, 8.0, 4.0 Hz, H-15),5.65(1H, d, J=8 Hz, H-1),5.57(1H, ddd, = 10.1, 4.4, 2.6 Hz, H-2),4.48(1H, dd, J=4.4 Hz, H-14),4.28-4.33(1H, m, H-17),2.40-2.44(1H, m, H-3),1.99-1.87(each 1H, m, H-9/10),1.82-1.75(1H, m, H-6/7),1.33-1.25(1H, m, H-5),1.43-1.57(1H, m, H-8),1.30(3H, d, J=6.4 Hz, H-18),1.25(3H, d, J=4.4 Hz, H-18),1.12(3H, s, H-13),0.87-0.99(1H, m, H-7),0.94(3H, d, J=4.4 Hz, H-11),0.82(1H, q, J=12.2 Hz,H-9);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:135.6(s, C-1),122.0(s, C-2),52.6(s, C-3),46.0(s, C-4),41.3(s, C-5),26.6(s, C-6),36.2(s, C-7),34.0(s, C-8),42.7(s, C-9),37.5(s, C-10),22.7(s, C-11),181.6(s, C-12),16.4(s, C-13),84.7(s, C-14),126.7(s, C-15),141.0(s, C-16),68.1(s, C-17),22.7(s, C-18)。数据与Sadorn et al. (2016)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为allahabadolactones A。
化合物17无色油滴状;1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)δH:7.69-7.71(2H, m, H-3ʺ/6ʺ),7.51-7.54 (2H, m, H-4ʺ/5ʺ),4.20-4.23(4H, m, H-1/1ʹ),1.63-1.69(2H, m, H-2/2ʹ),1.25-1.43(16H, m, H-3/3ʹ, 4/4ʹ, 5/5ʹ, 7/7ʹ),0.87-0.93(6H, m, H-6/6ʹ, 8/8ʹ);13C NMR(100 MHz, CDCl3)δC:167.7(s, C=O),132.5(s, C-1ʺ/2ʺ),130.8(s, C-4ʺ/5ʺ),128.5(s, C-3ʺ/6ʺ),68.2(s, C-1/1ʹ),38.7(s, C-2/2ʹ),30.4(s, C-3/3ʹ),29.0(s, C-4/4ʹ),23.8(s, C-5/5ʹ),11.0(s, C-6/6ʹ),23.0(s, C-7/7ʹ),14.0(s, C-8/8ʹ)。以上数据与赵丽艳等(2010)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为邻苯二甲酸二辛酯。
化合物18白色粉末,1H NMR(400 MHz, CD3OD)δH:3.65(3H, s, OCH3),3.18(2H, t, J= 6.9 Hz, H-4),2.35(2H, t, J=7.4 Hz, H-2),1.92(3H, s, H-7),1.77(2H, m, H-3);13C NMR(100 MHz, CD3OD)δC:175.5(C-1),32.04(C-2),25.6(C-3),39.6(C-4),173.6(C-6),22.5(C-7)。其余数据与Tsuge et al. (1986)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为methyl 4-acetamidobutanoate。
化合物19白色粉末,1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δH:7.29(2H, s, C-4/6),7.26(2H, s, C-1/3),7.18(2H, m, H-2/5),4.68(3H, d, H-1ʹ),3.77(2H, m, H-β),3.56(4H, m, H-β/6),3.40(m, H-5ʹ/6ʹ),3.27(1H, m, H-5ʹ),3.19(1H, m, H-3ʹ),3.05(4H, t, H-α);13C NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δC:139.0(s, C-1),128.2(s, C-2/6),128.9(s, C-3/5),126.1(s, C-4),35.5(s, C-α),68.0(s, C-β),98.6(s, C-1ʹ),72.0(s, C-2ʹ),72.8(s, C-3ʹ),70.3(s, C-4ʹ),73.3(s, C-5ʹ),60.9(s, C-6ʹ)。以上数据与Shu & Lawrence (1994)报道数据基本一致,鉴定该化合物为2-phenylethyl α-D-glucopyranoside。
在乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测定过程中,化合物3的溶解度欠佳,所以最终测试时的最大浓度为0.2 mg/mL,其余化合物均为1 mg/mL。乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测定结果(图4)显示,化合物3具有明显的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,进一步系统测定其IC50值为(15.8±0.13) µmol/L,阳性对照组Hup A为(1.8±0.6) nmol/L,其余化合物IC50均大于100 mmol/L,无明显抑制活性。
采用PyMol和Discovery Studio软件对化合物Hup A与AChE的分子对接结果进行3D和2D结构可视化分析(图5A-5C)。Hup A能够有效地结合到蛋白的活性口袋,其结合能为-10.1 kcal/mol,其结合能小于-7,表示化合物能够与蛋白结合口袋发生较强氢键相互作用、Pi-Pi T-shaped和Pi-Alkyl/Alkyl共轭相互作用。随后通过分析三维相互作用,化合物与蛋白的SER122和SER200氨基酸形成氢键相互作用,其氢键长为3.0、3.3和3.1埃,化合物与蛋白LEU127、TRP84和PHE330形成Pi-Alkyl/Alkyl共轭相互作用,化合物的苯环与蛋白的PHE330形成PI-PI共轭相互作用,从而使Hup A结合到蛋白的活性口袋形成复合物。
化合物3能够有效地结合到蛋白的活性口袋,其结合能为-11.0 kcal/mol,其结合能小于-7,表示化合物能够与蛋白结合口袋发生较强氢键相互作用、Pi-Pi T-shaped和Pi-Alkyl/Alkyl共轭相互作用,随后通过分析三维相互作用;化合物与蛋白的SER122氨基酸形成氢键相互作用,其氢键长为3.3埃,化合物与蛋白TYR334和PHE330形成Pi-Alkyl/Alkyl共轭相互作用,化合物的苯环与蛋白的PHE330形成PI-PI共轭相互作用,化合物与蛋白的TRP84和TRP432形成carbon hydrogen bond,从而使 ligand结合到蛋白的活性口袋形成复合物(图5D-5F)。
蛇足石杉内生真菌及其代谢产物丰富度高、生物活性优异,是新型AChEIs筛选的潜在资源宝库。FL7是实验室前期从蛇足石杉中获得的具有显著AChE活性的菌株。本文利用正相硅胶柱色谱、制备型薄层色谱以及反相制备型高效液相色谱对FL7大米发酵产物的Fr.1.3馏分进行系统分离,获得单体化合物19个,然后采用核磁共振波谱和质谱方法对其结构进行确定。首次从天然产物中发现化合物51518,其中化合物5的核磁数据为首次报道;化合物15曾作为他汀类药物合成中间体报道(Schmidt et al. 1993);化合物18同样由化学法获得,无天然产物来源的报道(Tsuge et al. 1986)。同时发现结构纠错化合物 1个(14),该化合物由Wang et al. (2021)从芍药Paeonia lactiflora内生真菌A. alternata中获得,经C-8a化学位移确定C-8处应为E构型。采用改良后的Ellman法对所有化合物进行了乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测定,结果显示除化合物3具有中等乙酰胆碱酯酶活性外,其余化合物均无明显抑制活性,其IC50为(15.8±0.13) µmol/L。最后通过分子对接技术模拟发现,AChE 122位的丝氨酸可能是化合物3的作用靶点。
本研究结果丰富了蛇足石杉内生真菌A. alternata的化学成分,为该植物内生真菌资源进一步地开发和利用提供了参考和科学依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82160671)
  • 江西省自然科学基金(20224BAB215023)
  • 江西科技师范大学博士科研启动基金(2023BSQD01)
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250248
  • 接收时间:2025-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-19
  • 录用日期:2025-10-09
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82160671)
国家自然科学基金(82160671)
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20224BAB215023)
江西省自然科学基金(20224BAB215023)
Doctoral Research Initiation Fund Project of Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University(2023BSQD01)
江西科技师范大学博士科研启动基金(2023BSQD01)
作者信息
    1 江西科技师范大学生命科学学院 南昌市微生物资源与代谢重点实验室 天然微生物药物研究江西省重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330013
    2 江西师范大学化学与材料学院 生物多样性保护与资源利用江西省重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330022
    3 东华理工大学, 江西 南昌 330013

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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