Article(id=1256548245300494689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250319, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250319, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762963200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764604800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-02, onlineDate=1777514047216, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1776787200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777514047216, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777514047216, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777514047216, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256548241764639069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='250187', pageEnd='250358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777514046373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777516895320, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250319, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256548245891891556, articleId=1256548245300494689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Research progress and prospect of Ophiocordyceps gracilis in Xinjiang: resources, pharmacological activities, and artificial cultivation, columnId=1256263566726934769, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A distinctive medicinal fungus-insect complex formed by Ophiocordyceps gracilis on the larvae of Ahamus altaicola in the Altai Mountains of Xinjiang, China, has demonstrated considerable potential in immunomodulation, antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial activities due to its richness of bioactive compounds, such as nucleosides, polysaccharides, cordycepic acid, and amino acids. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on O. gracilis, covering its taxonomy and nomenclature, resource distribution and biological characteristics, chemical composition, pharmacological activities, and artificial cultivation. Key current challenges are proposed including evaluation of natural distribution and resources, pharmaceutical activities, artificial cultivation, and in vivo efficacy and clinical trials. Future research directions are proposed, emphasizing the need to enhance natural resource ecology and conservation, elucidation of the mechanisms of fungus-host interaction, and establishment of a multi-dimensional quality control system. This review aims at providing a scientific framework to guide the sustainable utilization and advanced development of this valuable medicinal resource.

, correspAuthors=Jing ZHU, Zhidong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHANG Zhidong, ;
ZHU Jing,
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ORCID: LIU Xiaojing (0009-0001-4965-7623), ZHANG Zhidong (0000-0001-8511-5867), ZHU Jing (0000-0001-8332-9378)

, authorsList=Xiaojing LIU, Haodong GAN, Tongyao LIU, Wei DENG, Xingzhong LIU, Jing ZHU, Zhidong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256548247242457458, articleId=1256548245300494689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=新疆细虫草的研究现状与展望, columnId=1256263569298043133, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

细虫草菌Ophiocordyceps gracilis在新疆专性寄生于阿尔泰蝠蛾Ahamus altaicola幼虫,形成虫菌复合体,是我国新疆阿尔泰山区的稀有药用资源,富含核苷类、多糖、虫草酸及氨基酸等多种生物活性成分,研究表明其在免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肿瘤及抑菌等方面具有良好潜力。本文系统综述了细虫草在分类学与命名沿革、资源分布与生物学特征、化学成分、药理活性及人工培育等方面的研究进展,并针对当前研究中存在的野生资源分布不清、人工子实体诱导困难及体内药效与临床证据缺乏等关键问题,提出未来应加强资源生态学与保护、虫-菌互作机制解析、多维质控体系构建等方向的研究,以期为该特色药用资源的可持续利用与深度开发提供借鉴。

, correspAuthors=朱静, 张志东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8weLVdIuPq4t6VjrI6iJgA==, magXml=m9B6C0Nar+PM4FLBlw9GKQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Nzf2GWw3bxVyLb1BM/vCsg==, pdfFileSize=585344, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HuIt+eR62mRtYHYhbZID8A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=89znkhvpjOmwBvF+wZbQLQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献

刘晓静:文献收集、论文撰写与修改;甘浩东:文献收集、论文初稿撰写;刘彤瑶:论文初稿撰写与修改;邓巍:数据整理;刘杏忠:论文审核与修改;朱静、张志东:论文构思与定稿。

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Chinese Journal of Antibiotics, 37(6): 411-414 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Isolation, identification and antimicrobial activity of a fungus from Ophiocordyceps gracilis collected in Xinjiang, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256548281438618317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548245300494689, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=34, issue=14, pageStart=1145, pageEnd=1148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Ma Y, Suo FY, Lu S, Wang AL, Gong J, Ye X, journalName=Chinese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Y, Suo FY, Lu S, Wang AL, Gong J, Ye X, 2014. In vitro antioxidant activities of Ophiocordyceps gracilis from different producing areas. 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新疆细虫草的研究现状与展望
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刘晓静 1 , 甘浩东 1 , 刘彤瑶 2 , 邓巍 2 , 刘杏忠 2 , 朱静 1, * , 张志东 1, *
菌物学报 | 综述 2026,45(4): 250319
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菌物学报 | 综述 2026, 45(4): 250319
新疆细虫草的研究现状与展望
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刘晓静1, 甘浩东1, 刘彤瑶2, 邓巍2, 刘杏忠2, 朱静1, * , 张志东1, *
作者信息
  • 1 新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院微生物研究所 新疆特殊环境微生物重点实验室 国家肥料微生物种质资源库(新疆), 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830091
  • 2 南开大学生命科学学院微生物学系 分子微生物与技术教育部重点实验室 药物化学生物学国家重点实验室, 天津 300071
Research progress and prospect of Ophiocordyceps gracilis in Xinjiang: resources, pharmacological activities, and artificial cultivation
Xiaojing LIU1, Haodong GAN1, Tongyao LIU2, Wei DENG2, Xingzhong LIU2, Jing ZHU1, * , Zhidong ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, National Microbial Germplasm Bank for Fertilizers (Xinjiang), Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, Xinjiang, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
出版时间: 2026-04-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250319
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细虫草菌Ophiocordyceps gracilis在新疆专性寄生于阿尔泰蝠蛾Ahamus altaicola幼虫,形成虫菌复合体,是我国新疆阿尔泰山区的稀有药用资源,富含核苷类、多糖、虫草酸及氨基酸等多种生物活性成分,研究表明其在免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肿瘤及抑菌等方面具有良好潜力。本文系统综述了细虫草在分类学与命名沿革、资源分布与生物学特征、化学成分、药理活性及人工培育等方面的研究进展,并针对当前研究中存在的野生资源分布不清、人工子实体诱导困难及体内药效与临床证据缺乏等关键问题,提出未来应加强资源生态学与保护、虫-菌互作机制解析、多维质控体系构建等方向的研究,以期为该特色药用资源的可持续利用与深度开发提供借鉴。

细虫草菌  /  资源分布  /  药理活性  /  虫菌互作

A distinctive medicinal fungus-insect complex formed by Ophiocordyceps gracilis on the larvae of Ahamus altaicola in the Altai Mountains of Xinjiang, China, has demonstrated considerable potential in immunomodulation, antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial activities due to its richness of bioactive compounds, such as nucleosides, polysaccharides, cordycepic acid, and amino acids. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on O. gracilis, covering its taxonomy and nomenclature, resource distribution and biological characteristics, chemical composition, pharmacological activities, and artificial cultivation. Key current challenges are proposed including evaluation of natural distribution and resources, pharmaceutical activities, artificial cultivation, and in vivo efficacy and clinical trials. Future research directions are proposed, emphasizing the need to enhance natural resource ecology and conservation, elucidation of the mechanisms of fungus-host interaction, and establishment of a multi-dimensional quality control system. This review aims at providing a scientific framework to guide the sustainable utilization and advanced development of this valuable medicinal resource.

Ophiocordyceps gracilis  /  resource distribution  /  pharmacological activities  /  fungus-host interaction
刘晓静, 甘浩东, 刘彤瑶, 邓巍, 刘杏忠, 朱静, 张志东. 新疆细虫草的研究现状与展望. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250319 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250319
Xiaojing LIU, Haodong GAN, Tongyao LIU, Wei DENG, Xingzhong LIU, Jing ZHU, Zhidong ZHANG. Research progress and prospect of Ophiocordyceps gracilis in Xinjiang: resources, pharmacological activities, and artificial cultivation[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250319 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250319
细虫草菌Ophiocordyceps gracilis (Grev.) G.H. Sung et al.专性寄生于阿尔泰蝠蛾Ahamus altaicola幼虫,形成俗称的阿尔泰虫草或新疆黑槌虫草,是菌核(僵虫)与子座构成的虫菌复合体(Samson & Brady 1983;曼孜拉木·扎曼等 2018)。此虫草菌核坚实,罕有中空;被菌丝完全侵染的寄主幼虫的虫体长2.3-3.8 cm,粗3.2-5.2 mm,表面呈土黄色至红棕色,体表环纹清晰,共20-40节,具胸足3对,腹足8对(赵恒等 1993;常玮等 2002;张际昭等 2022) (图1)。其无性型为疑羽束梗孢Paraisaria dubia (Delacr.) Samson & Brady (黄罗冬等 2014;Tong et al. 2022;Wang et al. 2023a)。O. gracilis与冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al.亲缘关系密切,同属线虫草科Ophiocordycipitaceae (Sung et al. 2007;Zhang et al. 2020)。O. gracilis虽在全球多个温带及高山地区有分布记录。但在我国,其核心资源集中分布于新疆阿尔泰山地,具有鲜明的地域特色(索菲娅等 2014a)。
新疆细虫草具有悠久的民间应用历史,是哈萨克族、蒙古族等世居民族的习用药材。其功效被记载为“固精益气、止血化痰、滋肺补肾”,常用于治疗腰膝酸痛、阳痿遗精、久咳虚喘等症(巴哈尔古丽和严萍 2009;徐新和巴哈尔古丽 2009)并具有镇静等功能(Wu et al. 2019)。现代分析化学研究证实,新疆细虫草富含腺苷、多糖、虫草酸及多种氨基酸等活性成分,部分成分含量接近或优于冬虫夏草,因此早在1987年便被《新疆维吾尔自治区药品标准》收录,作为冬虫夏草的替代品入药使用。
尽管与冬虫夏草相比,新疆细虫草的系统性科学研究起步较晚,但近十年来,随着天然药物筛选热潮的兴起,其独特的药用价值与开发潜力日益受到学界重视。冬虫夏草在人工培育、药效机制及临床转化方面的成熟经验,为新疆细虫草的后续研究提供了重要参考。相关研究已逐渐从早期的形态描述与资源调查,迅速拓展至化学成分解析、药理活性评价、人工发酵工艺及基因组学等前沿领域。本文旨在全面梳理该领域的研究进展,辨析当前存在的关键科学问题与技术瓶颈,并借鉴冬虫夏草的研究与产业化经验,展望新疆细虫草的未来发展方向,以期为该特色生物资源的保护与可持续利用提供坚实的理论支撑。
细虫草菌与Ophiocordyceps sinensis同属线虫草科,在系统发育上构成高度支持的姐妹群,二者在形态与遗传层面的高度相似性为其替代利用提供了生物学依据。新疆产细虫草菌的分类学地位经历了从形态学界定到分子系统学厘定的漫长过程。其早期研究可追溯至20世纪50年代,由进疆的中医药工作者在阿尔泰山地区发现。1963年,真菌学家邓叔群(1963)在《中国的真菌》中首次将其记录为“黑槌虫草菌”(Cordyceps gracilis),标志着其被正式纳入中国真菌志。在那个时代,几乎所有从昆虫或者地下长出子座的真菌,都被归入一个庞大的、广义的虫草菌属Cordyceps。这种分类完全是基于宏观和微观的形态特征,比如子座的形状、颜色、质地以及孢子的形态。因此,《新疆中草药》(新疆维吾尔自治区革命委员会卫生局等 1975)及赵恒(1987)的生物学研究均沿用此名。基于其药用价值,该虫菌复合体被《新疆维吾尔自治区药品标准》收录,并正式命名为“新疆虫草”(新疆维吾尔自治区食品药品监督管理局 2010)。随着研究的深入,其形态特征被更精确地描述,丘翠嫦等(1991)通过生药鉴定,首次初步将其与细虫草菌联系起来;梁宗琦等(1995)对来自新疆的标本进行了详细的形态学比较,将其子座、子囊壳、子囊及子囊孢子特征与文献报道的细虫草菌进行比对,进一步确认其为C. gracilis
随着分子系统学技术的广泛应用,Sung et al. (2007)利用多基因序列对虫草菌科进行了系统发育修订,揭示了广义虫草菌属是一个多系起源的类群。他们将原虫草菌属拆分并建立了线虫草菌科Ophiocordycipitaceae,原有的Cordyceps gracilis被转入线虫草菌属Ophiocordyceps,定名为O. gracilis。当时的系统发育分析结果显示,该物种与O. sinensis构成高度支持的姐妹群关系,从而在系统发育学层面确认了二者间紧密的亲缘关系(Sung et al. 2007;马红梅等 2016;Kajevska et al. 2019)。至此,新疆产细虫草菌在分类系统中的位置初步明确:子囊菌门Ascomycota,粪壳菌纲Sordariomycetes,肉座菌目Hypocreales,线虫草菌科Ophiocordycipitaceae,线虫草菌属Ophiocordyceps,这一分类框架在很长一段时间内被广泛接受。尽管在文献中可能会看到羽束梗孢Paraisaria gracilis这个名字,但它当时主要指该真菌的无性型阶段,根据2011年的“一个真菌,一个名称”(One Fungus, One Name)的国际命名法规,O. gracilis是新疆产细虫草菌的唯一科学种名。然而,线虫草菌属作为一个包含物种极多的大属,其属内系统发育关系一直备受关注。Mongkolsamrit et al. (2019)基于LSU、tefrpb1三基因联合数据集的分析,展示了广义线虫草菌属Ophiocordyceps sensu lato更为精细的内部拓扑结构。从系统发育树中可以看出,包含O. gracilis在内的分支(即Paraisaria 分支)形成了一个支持率极高(MP/BI/ML=93/ 100/87)的独立演化支。值得注意的是,该分支与冬虫夏草O. sinensis所在的unilateralis分支虽然均属于线虫草菌科,但在演化树上呈现出显著的平行分化关系,而非直接的姐妹群。基于这一分子证据及形态学特征(如拟被毛孢属无性型),该研究提出了恢复Paraisaria作为独立属的观点。尽管上述多基因分析为Paraisaria的独立性提供了强有力的证据,但考虑到分类系统的稳定性以及单基因或少量基因分析可能存在的基因树与物种树冲突(gene tree-species tree incongruence),目前完全将O. gracilis改名为 Paraisaria gracilis并在应用领域全面推广尚需审慎。随着测序技术的进步,系统发育基因组学(phylogenomics)已成为解决复杂类群分类争议的“金标准”。未来有必要进一步开展基于全基因组水平的系统发育分析,通过更海量的遗传信息来验证Paraisaria分支的单系性及其与核心线虫草菌属的演化距离,从而为确立其分类等级(是独立的属还是属下的一个组)提供最终的确凿证据。在此之前,本综述暂沿用Ophiocordyceps gracilis这一名称,同时也关注其潜在的分类学修订趋势。
系统发育基因组学(phylogenomics)的兴起为我们理解生命之树的深层演化历史带来了范式性的变革,它超越了传统依赖少数基因片段的方法,提供了前所未有的解析度。在此背景下,通过利用全基因组范围内的单拷贝直系同源基因集重建了高分辨率的虫草菌科的系统发育树,并将细虫草菌定位于Ophiocordyceps CladeⅠ的基部分支(Abuduaini et al. 2021)。分子钟分析将其分化时间追溯至距今约3 460万年。这一演化时间节点与地质学证据所揭示的青藏高原主隆升期高度契合,此时期对包括阿尔泰山脉在内的周边地区地质与气候格局产生了深远环境影响(Royden et al. 2008;孙涛等 2021)。这一时空上的关联强烈暗示,青藏高原-阿尔泰山脉地区所经历的重大古地质与古气候事件,可能通过形成巨大的地理屏障,隔离了原本连续分布的寄主昆虫种群,同时剧烈的地貌和气候变化创造了全新的生态选择压力和机遇,可能共同驱动了该支虫草菌开启其独立演化历程,并进行早期适应性辐射,最终为其现今高度特有的生物地理学分布格局奠定了基础。
细虫草菌为广布种,在全球多个温带及高山地区均有记录,包括俄罗斯西伯利亚、北欧、中美洲以及亚洲的尼泊尔、印度、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦和中国等地,该菌展现出广泛的寄主适应性,其寄主范围涵盖鳞翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目等多个目昆虫的幼虫、蛹及成虫阶段,呈现出丰富的物种多样性(Kobayasi 1937;Fan et al. 2024;常衬心等 2026;Xu et al. 2025)。在我国,该菌的分布范围涵盖新疆阿尔泰山地区、陕西太白山区、甘肃甘南藏族自治州夏河县、安徽岳西县鹞落坪自然保护区,以及江苏、云南部分地区(梁佩琼和陆大京 1988;梁宗琦等 1995;何苏琴等 2011;黄罗冬等 2019)。然而,细虫草菌在不同产区的寄主昆虫存在显著差异。例如,云南等地所报道的细虫草菌常寄生于鳞翅目蛾类幼虫或鞘翅目步甲属幼虫及成虫(Fan et al. 2024;常衬心等 2026;Xu et al. 2025)。新疆产的细虫草菌则专性寄生于阿尔泰蝠蛾Ahamus altaicola (曾用名Hepialus altaicola)。因此,尽管细虫草菌在我国多省有分布,但新疆阿尔泰山地是我国“新疆细虫草”这一特定药用资源最集中、最具代表性的分布区,其蕴藏量约占全国已知分布总量的80%以上(索菲娅等 2014b;黄罗冬等 2019)。与冬虫夏草类似,新疆细虫草的分布亦表现出高度的地域局限性与生境特异性,但其分布范围远窄于冬虫夏草,资源量更为稀缺。
在新疆境内,早期调查显示新疆细虫草曾见于阿尔泰与伊犁地区,但根据后续第三次全国中药资源普查新疆工作的结果,伊犁地区未再发现其种群,现存分布范围已收缩至阿勒泰地区的阿尔泰山脉沿线。实地考察进一步明确,此虫草沿阿勒泰山脉呈自西北向东南的狭长带状分布,核心种群集中于哈巴河县、布尔津县、阿勒泰市、福海县和富蕴县的山地林缘带。其典型生境为海拔1 116-2 076 m的西伯利亚落叶松与云杉针叶林旁50-100 m范围内的草木灌丛中,种群呈明显的隔离间断分布(赵恒等 1993;张际昭等 2022)。
阿尔泰蝠蛾早期主要取食块根芍药Paeonia hybrida与新疆芍药Paeonia sinjiangensis的根部(赵恒等 1999)。近年野外观察发现,受过度采挖与草场退化影响,部分种群寄主昆虫的食性发生改变,已转向柳兰Chamaenerion angustifolium及阿勒泰藜芦Veratrum lobeliaum等植物根部。这一生态位转移现象值得高度关注,特别是转向有毒植物藜芦,可能影响所形成虫草复合体的次生代谢产物组成,进而对其药用价值与安全性产生潜在影响,是未来研究中亟需阐明的问题(王岩等 2020)。此外,新疆细虫草分布区域狭窄,对微生境(如半阴坡、特定土壤湿度等)依赖性强,加之其完整生活史长达3-4年,子座在野外的自然形成率极低,导致自然资源更新缓慢。随着市场价格的持续攀升,掠夺式采挖行为加剧,致使野生资源量急剧下降。与冬虫夏草面临的资源枯竭问题相似,新疆细虫草的保护形势尤为严峻。第四次全国中药资源普查(2012-2020年)结果证实,新疆细虫草在阿尔泰山脉的种群密度已处于较低水平,资源濒危状况突出(张际昭等 2022)。
新疆细虫草的完整生活史约为3-4年,与冬虫夏草相近;但其菌核在地下可保持3-5年而不腐烂,这一特性显著优于冬虫夏草菌核在生长季末易腐解的特性,显示出其在资源保存方面的潜在优势。与多数细虫草菌相似,新疆产细虫草菌主要依赖无性繁殖,其在全球范围内均极少被发现形成有性子实体。在自然条件下,有性阶段(产生子囊孢子)的发生极为罕见;而无性阶段(分生孢子)可在土壤中长期存活,一旦接触适宜寄主幼虫即可完成侵染,实现仅依靠分生孢子即可独立传代(赵恒 1987;张际昭等2022)。这种以无性繁殖为主的生活史策略,可能是其对高寒地区短暂生长季与不稳定生境的一种关键适应机制,也直接导致其作为有性繁殖结构的子座在野外较为罕见。有性阶段难以观察并非新疆细虫草所独有,而是细虫草菌乃至整个虫草属真菌的普遍现象。有性生殖的启动通常依赖于一系列复杂且尚未明确的生态条件,如特定的温湿度周期、光照条件及土壤微生物群落等,这些条件在自然环境和实验室培养中均难以完全复现。因此,该类真菌在野外与人工条件下大多仅维持无性繁殖阶段,致使多数物种的完整有性形态至今仍未明确。
新疆细虫草多自寄主头部发出,常为单生,柄部略弯曲;子座上部明显膨大呈类圆形,表面密布颗粒状突起,为子囊壳着生部位(赵恒 1987)。子囊壳垂直埋生于子座内,形态为长卵圆形、芝麻形或圆锥形。子座形态受虫体埋深影响显著:近地表者可形成球形子实体,埋藏较深者则常呈叉状且不形成子实体(赵恒 1987;马忠杰 1997;巴哈尔古丽和严萍 2009)。马忠杰(1997)、巴哈尔古丽和严萍(2009)对其药材性状与显微结构进行了系统描述,指出虫体断面呈淡黄色,体壁表面粗糙、具网脉状纹理,可见红黄色毛片与圆形毛窝。
另外,王岩等(2020)通过长达6年的野外观察发现,阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫可取食包括新疆芍药、块根芍药、新疆藜芦、新疆猪牙花及白喉乌头等在内的10种植物,其中多数为阿尔泰山特有种类,甚至包括有毒植物。这种广谱而特殊的食性在蝠蛾属昆虫中较为罕见。人工饲养研究显示,胡萝卜与马铃薯可作为其良好的替代饲料(高有华和孔军 2012;王岩等2020)。
核苷类是虫草中重要的活性成分。新疆细虫草中腺苷等核苷类成分的含量与部分冬虫夏草样品相当或接近,提示其具备替代冬虫夏草的质量潜力。索菲娅等(2008a)采用HPLC法对新疆细虫草的核苷类成分进行了系统分析,检测到尿嘧啶、尿苷、肌苷、鸟苷、腺嘌呤、腺苷和2ʹ-脱氧腺苷等多种化合物。其中,腺苷作为关键活性成分,其含量在不同样品间存在差异,但与部分冬虫夏草样品含量范围相当或接近,显示出其潜在的质量优势(索菲娅等 2008a, 2013;Wang et al. 2023a)。
关于虫草中是否存在虫草素(3ʹ-脱氧腺苷),目前学界尚有争议。早期研究曾报道新疆细虫草中含有虫草素,但在系统对比新疆细虫草与冬虫夏草的核苷组成时,未在两者中检测到该成分(索菲娅 2014c;Xia et al. 2017)。
新疆细虫草多糖的结构与冬虫夏草、蛹虫草等具有高度相似性,如1,4-α-D-葡萄糖苷键、1,4-β-D-葡萄糖苷键和1,4-α-D-半乳糖苷键(Wu et al. 2014)。Wang et al. (2023a)对其无性型Paraisaria dubia的菌丝体多糖进行了研究,表明其胞内多糖主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖组成。
D-甘露醇(即虫草酸)在新疆细虫草中含量丰富。索菲娅等(2008b)测定其含量高达120.3 mg/g,显著高于青海和四川产冬虫夏草。作为已知的渗透性利尿剂和自由基清除剂,甘露醇对新疆细虫草的整体抗氧化活性具有重要贡献。
新疆细虫草氨基酸种类齐全,营养与药用价值显著。丘翠嫦等(1991)研究表明其含有18种氨基酸,总含量高于冬虫夏草,包括人体所需的全部8种必需氨基酸;其中谷氨酸(Glu)、精氨酸(Arg)和天冬氨酸(Asp)含量尤为丰富。精氨酸作为一氧化氮合成的前体,可能在免疫调节与血管功能改善中发挥作用。此外,新疆细虫草富含甾醇类成分(如麦角甾醇)以及锌、硒、铁、钙等多种微量元素,这些物质共同构成了其广泛的药理活性基础(常玮等 2004;索菲娅等 2008b)。
新疆细虫草在免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等方面的药理活性与冬虫夏草具有高度相似性,尤其在免疫激活途径(如TLR4/NF-κB信号通路)及抗氧化机制(如Nrf2通路)上表现出共同的作用模式。研究表明,在环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠模型中,新疆细虫草多糖能够有效逆转免疫器官萎缩,促进T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的增殖与分化,提高抗体生成水平,从而全面恢复免疫功能(Tong et al. 2022)。此外,新疆细虫草多糖能够通过识别巨噬细胞表面的TLR4等模式识别受体,激活MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,进而促进一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)等关键免疫因子的释放,增强机体固有免疫应答(Wang et al. 2012;Chen et al. 2024;Tong et al. 2025)。常玮(2009)以金水宝胶囊为对照进行研究,发现细虫草菌发酵菌丝体可显著提高小鼠胸腺指数与脾脏指数,并增强吞噬细胞功能,表明其具有增强非特异性免疫的作用。此外,细虫草菌多糖对巨噬细胞无细胞毒性,且能促进细胞代谢活力,表现为MTT活力增强,且以剂量依赖方式促进巨噬细胞分泌NO并增强其吞噬能力,提示其对先天性免疫具有潜在调节作用(王湘婵等 2019)。然而,与冬虫夏草相比,新疆细虫草的研究仍多局限于体外实验,缺乏系统的体内药效验证与临床证据,这是未来需要重点突破的方向。
研究表明,新疆细虫草不同组织部位(如子实体、菌丝体与菌核)及其提取物均表现出显著的抗氧化活性,且该活性在一定浓度范围内呈剂量依赖性。王玥(2023)比较了不同多糖组分的抗氧化能力,发现菌核多糖在清除DPPH自由基方面优于子实体多糖,而子实体多糖在清除ABTS⁺自由基及总还原力方面表现更佳(Wang et al. 2024)。马赟等(2014)和索菲娅等(2014a)报道新疆产细虫草菌的水提物与醇提物均对DPPH自由基具较强清除能力,且清除率随浓度升高而增强。此外,新疆细虫草的抗氧化能力存在明显地理差异,马赟等(2014)比较不同地理居群样品发现,来自白哈巴与布尔津的细虫草菌发酵液还原力最强。除直接清除自由基外,其抗氧化机制还可能涉及金属离子螯合(从而抑制Fenton反应)以及激活Nrf2/ARE等内源性抗氧化通路(Wang et al. 2023b)。
新疆细虫草的抗炎与抗肿瘤作用在机制上具有内在关联,常通过免疫调节与诱导细胞凋亡等途径共同实现。Qi et al. (2025)将新疆产细虫草菌多糖与硒纳米颗粒复合,构建出一种新型生物材料,该复合物在脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞炎症模型中不仅能抑制TNF-α、IL-6等促炎因子表达,还可通过激活Nrf2/Keap1通路减轻氧化应激,显示出协同抗炎与抗氧化效应。在抗肿瘤方面,其作用机制具有多途径特点:多糖类成分(如PDP-1a)可直接影响肿瘤细胞,抑制其增殖并诱导凋亡;同时通过激活机体免疫系统,增强NK细胞与细胞毒性T细胞的杀伤功能,发挥免疫监视作用。此外,提取物还表现出抑制肿瘤血管生成的潜力。Tong et al. (2025)通过微粒增强发酵技术提升多糖产量,所得多糖在实验中同步表现出抗氧化、抗炎及抑制HeLa细胞增殖的活性。叶星等(2015)发现新疆产细虫草菌醇提物不同萃取相对人胃癌AGS细胞均具抑制效果,其中氯仿相作用最强。曼孜拉木·扎曼等(2019)报道其发酵菌丝体醇提物对肺癌A549细胞具有显著抑制活性。
尽管现有细胞实验显示出良好的生物活性结果,但该领域研究仍处于初步阶段。目前多数证据仅限于体外水平,其在动物模型及临床层面的实际药效与作用机制尚需系统验证。此外,活性成分的生物利用度、体内代谢行为及潜在药物相互作用等关键药学性质仍有待深入阐明。
尽管吴念江等(1998)通过实验证实细虫草菌发酵菌丝体及发酵液对D-氨基半乳糖所致肝损伤具有明确保护作用,能够显著抑制血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)与谷草转氨酶(AST)的升高并改善肝组织病理变化,但该研究仍属早期探索阶段,其具体作用机制尚未深入阐明。值得关注的是,近年来对冬虫夏草及其相关菌物的研究为虫草类物质的保肝机制提供了更系统的解释,也为新疆细虫草的后续研究指明了方向。
新疆细虫草及其内生真菌在抑菌方面表现出潜在应用价值,索菲娅团队长期研究发现,从野生新疆细虫草体内分离得到的青霉属真菌变灰青霉SFYC003,其发酵液及乙醇提取液对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、汉森酵母菌、黑曲霉、根霉均具有抑菌活性(马赟等 2012;康瑞萍等 2022)。此外,该团队报道的SFYT002菌株及其6种不同极性提取物与发酵液,对变形杆菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌也表现出一定抑制作用(索菲娅等 2014b)。进一步比较提取方法发现,野生新疆细虫草的水提物与醇提物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、变形杆菌等常见菌株均具有抑菌效果,且醇提物的抑制能力强于水提物(索菲娅等 2014c)。这些结果提示,新疆细虫草在微生物抑制方面具备良好的开发潜力。
与冬虫夏草类似,新疆细虫草的人工培育也面临寄主昆虫生命周期长、菌-虫侵染机制不明等挑战。冬虫夏草在菌丝体发酵、半人工栽培和人工抚育方面已取得显著进展,为新疆细虫草的人工培育提供了可借鉴的技术路径。实现人工培育是缓解新疆细虫草野生资源压力、保障其可持续利用的根本途径。目前研究主要集中在寄主昆虫饲养与菌丝体发酵2个方向。在寄主昆虫研究方面,赵恒等(1998)较早系统观察了阿尔泰蝠蛾的生殖生物学特性,发现其在室内条件下的卵孵化率可达97.6%。黄罗冬等(2019)将幼虫移至低海拔的乌鲁木齐进行人工驯养,尝试以胡萝卜、马铃薯作为替代饲料,并结合组培百合与芍药构建仿生态培育体系,显著提高了幼虫的成活率。然而,由于阿尔泰蝠蛾生命周期长达1-2年,实现其全人工生活史循环与规模化繁殖仍是当前面临的主要挑战。
在菌丝体发酵方面,常玮等(2009)通过菌种选育与工艺优化,筛选出生长快速的优良菌株,并利用正交实验确定了10 L发酵罐的最佳培养参数(种龄96 h、接种量15%、温度26 ℃、初始pH 6.7),显著提高了菌丝体干重。高有华等(2012)评估了3株新疆产细虫草菌的温度适应性,确定其最适生长温度为25-30 ℃。张慧涛等(2022)则通过改进发酵过程控制策略,将菌丝体发酵成功率提升至90%以上。
尽管上述研究在局部环节取得进展,但全人工培育仍存在关键技术瓶颈,核心问题在于难以在可控条件下稳定完成菌-虫侵染循环并诱导形成有性子实体。目前,细虫草菌对寄主的专性侵染机制、子实体发育所依赖的关键生态因子(如土壤微生物群落、特定温光周期等)及其内在分子调控网络尚不明确,严重制约了人工培育技术的突破。柳勇(1991)曾报道在野外、半室内及全室内培育模式方面取得初步进展,但后续缺乏系统性的成功案例与公开报道,相关机制研究仍有待深入。
新疆细虫草作为一种特色药用资源,在化学成分与药理活性方面展现出良好潜力。与冬虫夏草相比,其在系统发育、活性成分及药理机制上具有高度相似性,具备成为冬虫夏草替代资源的潜力。然而,其在资源保护、人工培育及临床转化等方面仍存在明显差距。未来研究可重点从以下几个方面借鉴冬虫夏草的成功经验:
首先,建立原位保护区与种质资源库,开展野生抚育与生态修复。在全球气候变化与人为高强度采挖的双重压力下,新疆细虫草的生境持续退化,其种群动态、分布边界及关键适生环境因子尚未系统探明,而伊犁地区种群的消失是生态退化的明确警示。资源匮乏进一步限制了深入调查,而现行保护政策与基础研究之间衔接不足,导致资源动态监测与保护策略的制定缺乏充分依据。在此背景下,亟需建立原位保护区、探索野生抚育技术并制定科学采集规范,以实现资源的可持续利用。
其次,科学利用与开发深度不足。在人工培育方面,虽有菌丝体发酵作为支撑,但有性子实体的诱导仍未突破,其背后涉及的虫-菌-植物-微生物多元互作机制仍待解析。未来应综合利用多组学技术,深入解析细虫草菌识别寄主、免疫逃避、菌核形成及子实体发育的遗传调控网络,并明确温湿度、光照、土壤理化性质及微生物群落等环境因子在侵染与发育中的协同作用,为建立可控的仿生栽培体系提供理论依据。
当前研究多集中于体外实验及粗提物水平,尚缺乏系统的体内药效验证与临床证据支持;对于特征活性成分(如特定结构多糖、核苷类组合)的构效关系、体内代谢行为及其多靶点作用机制仍认识不足。未来研究应结合代谢组学与网络药理学等现代技术手段,定位其药效物质群,并在更贴近人体病理状态的动物模型或类器官模型中验证其生物学效能,这是推动新疆细虫草向药品或功能食品转化的重要路径。此外,有必要构建覆盖DNA条形码、化学指纹图谱、主要活性成分与风险物质检测的多维质量控制体系(马红梅等 2016),并针对人工培育产物与野生资源在化学成分、药效及安全性方面的差异,开展系统、独立的安全性及等效性评价,为其产业化开发提供科学依据。
展望未来,对新疆细虫草的研究亟需从生态系统整体视角切入,深入解析其专性生境的构成与维持机制。一个重要方向是揭示新疆阿尔泰山特有植物根系微环境在新疆细虫草生存与发育中的调控作用,应重点关注芍药根系分泌物对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫的定向吸引机制与取食偏好的形成规律;根际微生物群落的结构与功能及其在细虫草菌侵染与子实体发育中的协同作用;在气候变化背景下,“植物-昆虫-真菌-微生物”多元互作网络的动态响应与演化趋势。该方向的推进,不仅可从微生态层面阐明新疆细虫草分布的地域特异性,也为通过生境重构与微生态干预提升人工培育效率开辟新途径。在此基础上,应积极践行“One Health”理念,将生态环境保护、资源可持续利用与人类健康产品研发有机融合,通过跨学科整合与产学研协同,新疆细虫草有望在保护与利用并重的前提下,实现从野外珍稀资源到可持续利用特色药材的跨越,为我国虫草资源的多元化开发提供新路径。
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250319
  • 接收时间:2025-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-13
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    1 新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院微生物研究所 新疆特殊环境微生物重点实验室 国家肥料微生物种质资源库(新疆), 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830091
    2 南开大学生命科学学院微生物学系 分子微生物与技术教育部重点实验室 药物化学生物学国家重点实验室, 天津 300071

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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