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Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are present in fungi, but their functions remain poorly understood. In this study, analysis of differentially expressed genes between sclerotia and mycelia of Sclerotinia nivalis revealed that genes encoding pore-forming toxin proteins were highly expressed in sclerotia. Further proteomic profiling by mass spectrometry confirmed the abundant accumulation of these proteins in sclerotia. Sequence and structural analyses indicated that three pore-forming toxin proteins SnCry6Aa1, SnCry6Aa2, and SnCry6Aa3 were encoded by S. nivali SnTB1. All of which contain the conserved ClyA_Cry6Aa-like PFTs domain and exhibit the characteristic three-dimensional structure of α-PFTs. The recombinant SnCry6Aa1 and SnCry6Aa2 were successfully expressed and purified using a prokaryotic system, and their hemolytic activity and nematidal/insecticidal toxicity were subsequently assessed. The results showed that SnCry6Aa1 exhibited significant hemolytic activity at concentrations over 6.25 ng/mL under acidic conditions, whereas no similar activity was detected for SnCry6Aa2. Neither SnCry6Aa1 nor SnCry6Aa2 showed notable toxicity against Caenorhabditis elegans, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Grapholita molesta, or Bradysia odoriphaga. However, both displayed low but detectable insecticidal activity against larvae of Pnyxia scabiei, with corrected mortality rates of 14% and 17%, respectively. This study is the first to identify the presence of ClyA_Cry6Aa-like PFTs at high abundance in the sclerotia of S. nivalis and provides initial insights into their biological roles, laying a foundation for further functional studies and potential applications of these proteins.

, correspAuthors=Sanhong FAN, Xiaoping HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*HU Xiaoping, ;
FAN Sanhong,
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真菌中存在类成孔毒素,但其功能研究鲜有报道。本研究在分析菌核菌丝差异表达基因时发现,类成孔毒素基因在雪腐核盘菌菌核中高丰度表达;通过质谱鉴定菌核可溶性蛋白时进一步明确,类成孔毒素蛋白在菌核中高丰度存在。序列及结构分析表明,雪腐核盘菌SnTB1编码3种类成孔毒素蛋白SnCry6Aa1、SnCry6Aa2和SnCry6Aa3,三者均包含ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素保守结构域,具有α-螺旋成孔毒素典型的空间结构。利用原核系统表达纯化获得了可溶性SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2,并对其红细胞裂解活性及线虫和昆虫毒力进行分析。结果显示:6.25 ng/mL以上的SnCry6Aa1在酸性环境中表现出显著的溶血活性,而SnCry6Aa2则未检测到类似活性;SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2对秀丽隐杆线虫、棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾、梨小食心虫及韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫均未表现出明显毒性,但对异型眼蕈蚊幼虫表现出一定的杀虫活性,校正死亡率分别为14%和17%。本研究首次发现ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素在核盘菌菌核高丰度存在,并对其生物活性进行了初步探索,为相关蛋白的深入研究及利用奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=范三红, 胡小平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7VjB4vqhaVRMURyJmH4OZQ==, magXml=okVx2Ik8AUeApTw3wvO1Eg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=EmQmKhUn504g/RIqqM4arw==, pdfFileSize=1085362, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=DOLjFYsr1FIuhUnifK3RLQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Y834G60I8vuqG3bhN/FxHg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献

曹燕霞:实验、数据分析处理与论文撰写;耿士帅、张恒嘉、李文杰、刘健、杨舒涵、王思钧:实验;范三红:研究指导、试验核验与论文修改。胡小平:经费获取,研究方案设计、研究指导及监督、论文修改。

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A: Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes between sclerotia and mycelia; B: KEGG enrichment analysis of upregulated genes in sclerotia., figureFileSmall=64jCgSWtqFpD94cVXjgBOg==, figureFileBig=DOLjFYsr1FIuhUnifK3RLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548280545174213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=图1, caption=雪腐核盘菌菌核菌丝转录组分析 A:菌核菌丝差异基因火山图;B:菌核上调基因KEGG聚类分析, figureFileSmall=64jCgSWtqFpD94cVXjgBOg==, figureFileBig=DOLjFYsr1FIuhUnifK3RLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281224651465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=SDS-PAGE analysis of sclerotial proteins from Sclerotinia nivalis. M: Protein marker; 1: 10 μL; 2: 5 μL., figureFileSmall=CGkTr8cBhu9buWB5szTPlQ==, figureFileBig=9c7JxhiaGNNfTmgdlSLOkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281400812236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=图2, caption=雪腐核盘菌菌核蛋白SDS-PAGE分析 M:蛋白Marker;1:点样量10 μL;2:点样量5 μL, figureFileSmall=CGkTr8cBhu9buWB5szTPlQ==, figureFileBig=9c7JxhiaGNNfTmgdlSLOkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281518252753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Bioinformatics analysis of pore-forming toxin-like SnCry6Aa proteins. A: Phylogenetic analysis of SnCry6Aa proteins; B: Domain analysis of SnCry6Aa proteins; C: The predicted three-dimensional structure of SnCry6Aa proteins., figureFileSmall=BmrFBKYh1MuRo6cW8s81SQ==, figureFileBig=EuDatk3ILqtz9mUxwXOmLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281790882517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=图3, caption=类成孔毒素SnCry6Aa的生物信息学分析 A:SnCry6Aa系统发育分析;B:SnCry6Aa蛋白结构域分析;C:SnCry6Aa蛋白三维结构预测, figureFileSmall=BmrFBKYh1MuRo6cW8s81SQ==, figureFileBig=EuDatk3ILqtz9mUxwXOmLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548281891545817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Expression, purification and SDS-PAGE analysis of the pore-forming toxin-like proteins SnCry6Aa1 and SnCry6Aa2. A: Expression and SDS-PAGE analysis of the pore-forming toxin-like protein MBP-SnCry6Aa1, M: Protein marker, lanes 1 and 5: Before induction, lanes 2 and 6: After induction, lanes 3 and 7: Supernatant, lanes 4 and 8: Precipitate; B: Expression and SDS-PAGE analysis of the pore-forming toxin-like protein MBP-SnCry6Aa2, M: Protein marker, lanes 1 and 5: Before induction, lanes 2 and 6: After induction, lanes 3 and 7: Supernatant, lanes 4 and 8: Precipitate; C: Purification and SDS-PAGE analysis of the pore-forming toxin-like proteins SnCry6Aa1 and SnCry6Aa2, M: Protein marker, lanes 1 and 6: MBP-SnCry6Aa2 and MBP-SnCry6Aa1, respectively; lanes 2 and 7: Total supernatant containing the cleaved MBP tag and SnCry6Aa2/SnCry6Aa1, lanes 3 and 8: Supernatant after centrifugation, lanes 4 and 9: Precipitate after centrifugation, lanes 5 and 10: Purified SnCry6Aa2 and SnCry6Aa1, respectively. The arrow indicates the position of the fusion proteins, and the box indicates the position of the target proteins after the tag is removed., figureFileSmall=mejy/1LSBv+an2ekyWqZ1w==, figureFileBig=yKvJDS+Ch+na+o9ZWMi8bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282214507228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=图4, caption=类成孔毒素蛋白SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2的表达、纯化及SDS-PAGE分析 A:类成孔毒素蛋白MBP-SnCry6Aa1的表达及SDS-PAGE分析,M:蛋白Marker,1和5为诱导前,2和6为诱导后,3和7为上清,4和8为沉淀;B:类成孔毒素蛋白MBP-SnCry6Aa2的表达及SDS-PAGE分析,M为蛋白Marker,1和5为诱导前,2和6为诱导后,3和7为上清,4和8为沉淀;C:类成孔毒素蛋白SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2的纯化及SDS-PAGE分析,M为蛋白Marker,1和6分别为MBP-SnCry6Aa2和MBP-SnCry6Aa1,2和7分别为切割后得到的MBP标签与SnCry6Aa2和SnCry6Aa1的总上清,3和8分别为离心后得到的上清,4和9分别为离心后得到的沉淀,5和10分别为纯化后得到的SnCry6Aa2和SnCry6Aa1;箭头表示融合蛋白的位置,方框表示去除标签后的目标蛋白的位置, figureFileSmall=mejy/1LSBv+an2ekyWqZ1w==, figureFileBig=yKvJDS+Ch+na+o9ZWMi8bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282315170529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Hemolysis results of SnCry6Aa protein. A: Hemolysis results of SnCry6Aa protein under different pH conditions; B: Hemolysis results of different concentrations of SnCry6Aa1 protein under acidic conditions (pH 5.0)., figureFileSmall=R5Vgxn8SlitEzmFnFGfJPw==, figureFileBig=vAztn5c0/rbhad70DybYYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282633937636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SnCry6Aa蛋白的溶血结果 A:不同pH条件下的SnCry6Aa蛋白的溶血结果;B:酸性条件下(pH 5.0)不同浓度SnCry6Aa1蛋白的溶血结果, figureFileSmall=R5Vgxn8SlitEzmFnFGfJPw==, figureFileBig=vAztn5c0/rbhad70DybYYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548282789126887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Analysis of nematode virulence of SnCry6Aa protein. A: Escherichia coli HT115 strains carrying different plasmids all contain the target protein; B: Survival of nematodes after 96 h feeding; C: Survival rate of nematodes after 96 h feeding; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=yAcKU8k90pfEn8Q5avJWBw==, figureFileBig=8dRf+ZuKlAaPHNN9qfnnXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548283049173739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SnCry6Aa蛋白对线虫毒力分析 A:携带不同质粒的大肠杆菌HT115菌株中已包含目标蛋白;B:饲养96 h后线虫的存活情况;C:饲养96 h后线虫的存活率;ns:差异不显著, figureFileSmall=yAcKU8k90pfEn8Q5avJWBw==, figureFileBig=8dRf+ZuKlAaPHNN9qfnnXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548283141448431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Survival rates of different insect larvae after feeding on diets containing pore-forming toxin-like proteins. A: Survival rate of Helicoverpa armigera after 8 days of feeding on pore-forming toxin-like protein diet; B: Survival rate of Spodoptera litura after 8 days of feeding on pore-forming toxin-like protein diet; C: Survival rate of Bradysia odoriphaga after 7 days of feeding on pore-forming toxin-like protein diet; D: Survival rate of Grapholita molesta after 7days of feeding on pore-forming toxin-like protein diet; E: Survival rate of Pnyxia scabiei after 2 days of feeding on pore-forming toxin-like protein diet. CK: Protein solubilization buffer; SnCry6Aa1, SnCry6Aa2 and BSA: 200 μg/g; Different lowercase letters indicated significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=mywEfhZBJ84+8yo4qbaQzw==, figureFileBig=QnVX352nQ8l71nedONlldQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548284873695986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同昆虫幼虫在喂食含有类成孔毒素蛋白饲料后的存活率 A:棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera喂食类成孔毒素蛋白饲料后8 d存活率;B:斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura喂食类成孔毒素蛋白饲料后8 d存活率;C:韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga喂食类成孔毒素蛋白饲料后7 d存活率;D:梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta喂食类成孔毒素蛋白饲料后7 d存活率;E:异型眼蕈蚊Pnyxia scabiei喂食类成孔毒素蛋白饲料后2 d存活率;CK:溶蛋白buffer;SnCry6Aa1、SnCry6Aa2和BSA:200 μg/g;不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05), figureFileSmall=mywEfhZBJ84+8yo4qbaQzw==, figureFileBig=QnVX352nQ8l71nedONlldQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548285062439670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in the study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物
Primer
序列
Sequences (5′→3′)
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa1-F GCGATATCGTCGACGGATCCATGGCTACTTCAGCTGGCG
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa1-R CCTGCAGGGAATTCGGATCCTCAAGCTTTAGCCGCATTGGC
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa2-F GAACCTGTACTTCCAGATGAGTGGTATAACTGACGATCCGG
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa2-R GCCGCCCATCAGCATTTATTTCTTCTCAAGTTCAGTATTAACCTGCCTG
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa3-F GAACCTGTACTTCCAGATGTCGTTCGATCCCTCAAGG
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa3-R GCCGCCCATCAGCATTCAACATCTTCTCGCGACGAAAAC
), ArticleFig(id=1256548285263766264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物
Primer
序列
Sequences (5′→3′)
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa1-F GCGATATCGTCGACGGATCCATGGCTACTTCAGCTGGCG
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa1-R CCTGCAGGGAATTCGGATCCTCAAGCTTTAGCCGCATTGGC
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa2-F GAACCTGTACTTCCAGATGAGTGGTATAACTGACGATCCGG
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa2-R GCCGCCCATCAGCATTTATTTCTTCTCAAGTTCAGTATTAACCTGCCTG
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa3-F GAACCTGTACTTCCAGATGTCGTTCGATCCCTCAAGG
pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa3-R GCCGCCCATCAGCATTCAACATCTTCTCGCGACGAAAAC
), ArticleFig(id=1256548285402178301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Functional annotation of significantly upregulated genes in sclerotia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因编号
Gene ID
TPM (菌核)
TPM
(Sclerotium)
TPM (菌丝)
TPM
(Hypha)
log2倍数
变化
log2FC
校正P
P adj
功能
Function
SnTb1_005973 2 977.38 0.71 11.06 1.12E-120 致病有关胞外膜蛋白
Virulence-associated extracellular membrane protein
SnTb1_000527 1 598.48 0.61 10.94 8.95E-196 磷脂酰丝氨酸脱羧酶
Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase
SnTb1_006744 1 095.97 0.06 13.30 2.75E-119 类成孔毒素
Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_011404 1 288.80 0.57 10.60 8.36E-118 类成孔毒素
Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_008171 723.02 2.29 7.76 1.03E-98 类成孔毒素
Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_003450 1 443.23 1.03 9.76 8.47E-80 未知 Unknown
SnTb1_000525 1 861.74 0.70 11.03 1.35E-76 肽酶二聚结构域
Peptidase dimerisation domain
SnTb1_006429 596.80 0.02 13.85 1.23E-72 类黏附蛋白 Adhesin-like protein
SnTb1_005038 3 270.00 0.42 12.85 2.18E-70 发育特异性蛋白Ssp2
Development-specific protein Ssp2
SnTb1_005909 322.66 1.50 7.16 8.74E-67 富含脯氨酸的细胞壁蛋白
Proline-rich cell wall protein
SnTb1_012547 918.42 0.97 9.24 3.56E-57 果胶酸裂解酶超家族蛋白
Pectate lyase superfamily protein
SnTb1_008710 567.49 0.48 9.79 3.00E-47 富半胱氨酸真菌跨膜蛋白
Cysteine-rich fungal transmembrane protein
SnTb1_008805 686.14 1.67 8.07 5.16E-41 糖转运蛋白 Sugar transporters
SnTb1_002061 3 241.40 11.55 7.38 8.28E-33 蓖麻毒素型β三叶凝集素
Ricin-type beta-trefoil lectin
), ArticleFig(id=1256548285561561855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌核表达显著上调基因功能注释

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因编号
Gene ID
TPM (菌核)
TPM
(Sclerotium)
TPM (菌丝)
TPM
(Hypha)
log2倍数
变化
log2FC
校正P
P adj
功能
Function
SnTb1_005973 2 977.38 0.71 11.06 1.12E-120 致病有关胞外膜蛋白
Virulence-associated extracellular membrane protein
SnTb1_000527 1 598.48 0.61 10.94 8.95E-196 磷脂酰丝氨酸脱羧酶
Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase
SnTb1_006744 1 095.97 0.06 13.30 2.75E-119 类成孔毒素
Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_011404 1 288.80 0.57 10.60 8.36E-118 类成孔毒素
Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_008171 723.02 2.29 7.76 1.03E-98 类成孔毒素
Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_003450 1 443.23 1.03 9.76 8.47E-80 未知 Unknown
SnTb1_000525 1 861.74 0.70 11.03 1.35E-76 肽酶二聚结构域
Peptidase dimerisation domain
SnTb1_006429 596.80 0.02 13.85 1.23E-72 类黏附蛋白 Adhesin-like protein
SnTb1_005038 3 270.00 0.42 12.85 2.18E-70 发育特异性蛋白Ssp2
Development-specific protein Ssp2
SnTb1_005909 322.66 1.50 7.16 8.74E-67 富含脯氨酸的细胞壁蛋白
Proline-rich cell wall protein
SnTb1_012547 918.42 0.97 9.24 3.56E-57 果胶酸裂解酶超家族蛋白
Pectate lyase superfamily protein
SnTb1_008710 567.49 0.48 9.79 3.00E-47 富半胱氨酸真菌跨膜蛋白
Cysteine-rich fungal transmembrane protein
SnTb1_008805 686.14 1.67 8.07 5.16E-41 糖转运蛋白 Sugar transporters
SnTb1_002061 3 241.40 11.55 7.38 8.28E-33 蓖麻毒素型β三叶凝集素
Ricin-type beta-trefoil lectin
), ArticleFig(id=1256548285741916931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Identification results of high abundance protein bands by mass spectrometry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条带
Band
蛋白编号
Protein ID
分子量
Molecular weight/kDa
iBAQ数值
iBAQ value
功能
Function
B1 SnTb1_011404 43.04 5.21E+09 类成孔毒素 Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_006744 43.37 1.11E+09 类成孔毒素 Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_009877 43.00 2.79E+08 甘露醇-1-磷酸 5-脱氢酶 Mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase
SnTb1_001633 43.76 2.30E+07 半胱氨酸脱硫酶样蛋白 Cysteine desulfurase-like protein
B2 SnTb1_005038 36.51 1.92E+09 发育特异性蛋白 Ssp2 Development-specific protein Ssp2
SnTb1_009444 36.75 8.29E+08 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
B3 SnTb1_010643 34.88 3.39E+09 发育特异性蛋白 Ssp1 Development-specific protein Ssp1
SnTb1_002438 35.20 1.98E+08 转醛醇酶 Transaldolase
SnTb1_003941 34.52 1.19E+07 苹果酸脱氢酶 Malate dehydrogenase
), ArticleFig(id=1256548286048101126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548243224256865, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高丰度蛋白条带质谱鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条带
Band
蛋白编号
Protein ID
分子量
Molecular weight/kDa
iBAQ数值
iBAQ value
功能
Function
B1 SnTb1_011404 43.04 5.21E+09 类成孔毒素 Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_006744 43.37 1.11E+09 类成孔毒素 Pore-forming toxin-like protein
SnTb1_009877 43.00 2.79E+08 甘露醇-1-磷酸 5-脱氢酶 Mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase
SnTb1_001633 43.76 2.30E+07 半胱氨酸脱硫酶样蛋白 Cysteine desulfurase-like protein
B2 SnTb1_005038 36.51 1.92E+09 发育特异性蛋白 Ssp2 Development-specific protein Ssp2
SnTb1_009444 36.75 8.29E+08 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
B3 SnTb1_010643 34.88 3.39E+09 发育特异性蛋白 Ssp1 Development-specific protein Ssp1
SnTb1_002438 35.20 1.98E+08 转醛醇酶 Transaldolase
SnTb1_003941 34.52 1.19E+07 苹果酸脱氢酶 Malate dehydrogenase
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雪腐核盘菌ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素蛋白功能
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曹燕霞 1 , 耿士帅 2 , 张恒嘉 1 , 李文杰 1 , 刘健 2 , 杨舒涵 3 , 王思钧 2 , 范三红 2, * , 胡小平 1, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(4): 250263
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(4): 250263
雪腐核盘菌ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素蛋白功能
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曹燕霞1, 耿士帅2, 张恒嘉1, 李文杰1, 刘健2, 杨舒涵3, 王思钧2, 范三红2, * , 胡小平1, *
作者信息
  • 1 西北农林科技大学植物保护学院 植保资源与病虫害治理教育部重点实验室 农业农村部西北黄土高原作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 2 西北农林科技大学生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 3 西北农林科技大学化学与药学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
Functions of ClyA_Cry6Aa-like pore-forming toxin proteins in Sclerotinia nivalis
Yanxia CAO1, Shishuai GENG2, Hengjia ZHANG1, Wenjie LI1, Jian LIU2, Shuhan YANG3, Sijun WANG2, Sanhong FAN2, * , Xiaoping HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • 3 College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250263
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真菌中存在类成孔毒素,但其功能研究鲜有报道。本研究在分析菌核菌丝差异表达基因时发现,类成孔毒素基因在雪腐核盘菌菌核中高丰度表达;通过质谱鉴定菌核可溶性蛋白时进一步明确,类成孔毒素蛋白在菌核中高丰度存在。序列及结构分析表明,雪腐核盘菌SnTB1编码3种类成孔毒素蛋白SnCry6Aa1、SnCry6Aa2和SnCry6Aa3,三者均包含ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素保守结构域,具有α-螺旋成孔毒素典型的空间结构。利用原核系统表达纯化获得了可溶性SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2,并对其红细胞裂解活性及线虫和昆虫毒力进行分析。结果显示:6.25 ng/mL以上的SnCry6Aa1在酸性环境中表现出显著的溶血活性,而SnCry6Aa2则未检测到类似活性;SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2对秀丽隐杆线虫、棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾、梨小食心虫及韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫均未表现出明显毒性,但对异型眼蕈蚊幼虫表现出一定的杀虫活性,校正死亡率分别为14%和17%。本研究首次发现ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素在核盘菌菌核高丰度存在,并对其生物活性进行了初步探索,为相关蛋白的深入研究及利用奠定了基础。

雪腐核盘菌  /  菌核  /  ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素蛋白  /  红细胞裂解  /  杀虫活性

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are present in fungi, but their functions remain poorly understood. In this study, analysis of differentially expressed genes between sclerotia and mycelia of Sclerotinia nivalis revealed that genes encoding pore-forming toxin proteins were highly expressed in sclerotia. Further proteomic profiling by mass spectrometry confirmed the abundant accumulation of these proteins in sclerotia. Sequence and structural analyses indicated that three pore-forming toxin proteins SnCry6Aa1, SnCry6Aa2, and SnCry6Aa3 were encoded by S. nivali SnTB1. All of which contain the conserved ClyA_Cry6Aa-like PFTs domain and exhibit the characteristic three-dimensional structure of α-PFTs. The recombinant SnCry6Aa1 and SnCry6Aa2 were successfully expressed and purified using a prokaryotic system, and their hemolytic activity and nematidal/insecticidal toxicity were subsequently assessed. The results showed that SnCry6Aa1 exhibited significant hemolytic activity at concentrations over 6.25 ng/mL under acidic conditions, whereas no similar activity was detected for SnCry6Aa2. Neither SnCry6Aa1 nor SnCry6Aa2 showed notable toxicity against Caenorhabditis elegans, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Grapholita molesta, or Bradysia odoriphaga. However, both displayed low but detectable insecticidal activity against larvae of Pnyxia scabiei, with corrected mortality rates of 14% and 17%, respectively. This study is the first to identify the presence of ClyA_Cry6Aa-like PFTs at high abundance in the sclerotia of S. nivalis and provides initial insights into their biological roles, laying a foundation for further functional studies and potential applications of these proteins.

Sclerotinia nivalis  /  sclerotium  /  ClyA_Cry6Aa-like pore-forming toxin protein  /  erythrocyte lysis  /  insecticidal efficiency
曹燕霞, 耿士帅, 张恒嘉, 李文杰, 刘健, 杨舒涵, 王思钧, 范三红, 胡小平. 雪腐核盘菌ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素蛋白功能. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250263 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250263
Yanxia CAO, Shishuai GENG, Hengjia ZHANG, Wenjie LI, Jian LIU, Shuhan YANG, Sijun WANG, Sanhong FAN, Xiaoping HU. Functions of ClyA_Cry6Aa-like pore-forming toxin proteins in Sclerotinia nivalis[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250263 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250263
成孔毒素(pore-forming toxins, PFTs)广泛存在于原核生物和真核生物,通过寡聚化作用在细胞膜上形成孔道结构,破坏细胞膜完整性并导致渗透压失衡,最终引发细胞裂解(贺政新等 2009;宋超和郭顺星 2013)。成孔毒素作为一种经典的武器参与物种间的生存竞争,可调节免疫应答、诱导细胞凋亡和参与生长发育,也在抗肿瘤药物研发等领域展现出应用潜力(Schachter et al. 2005;Li et al. 2018;García-Montelongo et al. 2021;杨静 2021)。根据成孔过程中二级结构的差异,PFTs主要分为α-螺旋成孔毒素(α-PFT)和β-桶状成孔毒素(β-PFT)两大类(Parker & Feil 2005;许炼 2018)。
ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素是α-PFT的一个子类,其代表性成员溶血素E (HlyE, ClyA)最早在大肠杆菌K-12菌株中被鉴定(Oscarsson et al. 1996),随后在多种革兰氏阴性菌中发现类似成员(Hunt et al. 2010)。电镜研究证实HlyE可在人工脂质体膜上形成致密的环形孔结构(Wallace et al. 2000),并在特定培养条件下表现出溶解哺乳动物红细胞的生物学活性(Murase et al. 2012)。苏云金芽孢杆菌中存在该家族的另一个典型成员Cry6Aa,其通过α-螺旋穿孔机制发挥毒性作用(Dementiev et al. 2016),该蛋白可通过ASP-1介导的特殊坏死途径杀伤秀丽隐杆线虫,展现出与传统Bt毒素不同的作用模式(Zhang et al. 2016)。
真菌中也存在具有溶血活性的成孔毒素,如曲霉属Asp-溶血素(Ebina et al. 1994)和刺芹侧耳溶血素PlyA和PlyB (Sakurai et al. 2004),这些蛋白在致病过程中发挥重要作用。宋超和郭顺星(2013)发现溶血素基因在猪苓菌核发育早期显著上调,提示其可能参与菌核形态发育的调控过程。但上述溶血素均不属于ClyA_Cry6Aa-like家族。真菌中是否存在ClyA_Cry6Aa-like家族成孔毒素?它们具有哪些生物学活性?均是尚待解决的科学问题。
我们前期研究发现雪腐核盘菌是引起西洋参菌核病的病原真菌,对其生物学特性进行系统研究(王聪浩 2021),并完成全基因组测序(Fan et al. 2023)。本研究拟结合组学技术明确雪腐核盘菌中ClyA_Cry6Aa-like成孔毒素的表达模式,阐明其序列和结构特征,并测试其生物学活性,为该类真菌毒素的功能解析及潜在应用奠定基础。
韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga、异型眼蕈蚊Pnyxia scabiei Hopkins、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、秀丽隐杆线虫Caenorhabditis elegans、梨小食心虫幼虫Grapholita molesta及雪腐核盘菌SnTB1菌株由西北农林科技大学植物保护学院作物病害监测与治理实验室提供,无菌脱纤维羊血购自傅宁生物。
采集雪腐核盘菌SnTB1培养5 d的菌丝和21 d的菌核各3份,采用磁珠法富集mRNA,经片段化处理和反转录合成双链cDNA,加接测序接头构建获得测序文库,利用BGISEQ-500平台(华大基因)完成双端测序。过滤后的转录组数据经HISAT2软件比对到参考基因组(GCA_ 029531795.1),使用StringTie软件对转录组数据进行组装重构转录本,使用DESeq2软件分析菌核和菌丝之间的差异表达基因。设置显著性阈值为P adj≤0.01,表达差异标准为|log2FoldChange|≥ 1。对筛选获得的显著上调基因进行KEGG通路富集分析,探究其在菌核形成过程中的潜在生物学功能。
参照Saito (1997)的方法提取SnTB1菌核可溶性蛋白。每克菌核加入50 mmol/L pH 8.3 Tris-HCl缓冲液5 mL,加入石英砂后冰浴研磨,4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心20 min后收集上清(可溶性总蛋白)。SDS-PAGE分离菌核可溶性蛋白,切胶回收高丰度条带,胰蛋白酶胶内酶解目标蛋白为肽片段。酶解后的肽片段先通过UltiMate 3000 UHPLC进行分离,随后通过Q-Exactive HF质谱仪进行鉴定(华大基因)。以雪腐核盘菌预测蛋白为参考数据库,使用Mascot v2.3.02进行搜索,使用Percolator对搜索进行预处理及打分,获得显著性鉴定的谱图和肽段列表(PSM-level FDR≤0.01),并计算每一个蛋白的iBAQ值进行定量。
在NCBI搜索(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)并下载SnCry6Aa蛋白同源序列,并使用MEGA v12进行序列比对和系统发育分析。InterProScan (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/result/InterProScan/)用于分析蛋白序列的保守结构域。AlphaFold3 (https://alphafoldserver.com)用于预测并分析SnCry6Aa蛋白的三级结构。
以SnCry6Aa1/2/3编码序列(KAJ8059757、KAJ8064400、KAJ8062921)为参考设计引物(表1),通过RT-PCR克隆各自CDS,并通过无缝克隆与AlwNI线性化的表达载体pMAL-c6T融合获得原核表达载体。将融合表达载体转化至大肠杆菌BL21菌株,加入终浓度1 mmol/L IPTG,分别于25 ℃或16 ℃进行过夜诱导表达。收集菌体并超声破碎,12 000 r/min离心10 min后取上清。使用Amylose柱纯化获得融合蛋白,然后按照酶与底物1:25的比例加入TEV蛋白酶切除标签,再经镍柱纯化去除标签获得目标蛋白,液氮速冻后-80 ℃保存备用。
将无菌脱纤维羊血与PBS (pH 7.2)缓冲液按1:7比例混合,1 500 r/min离心5 min后弃上清,继续重复加入相同比例PBS缓冲液洗至上清不显示红色为止,获得红细胞积液。将红细胞积液与不同pH的醋酸-醋酸钠或磷酸氢二钠-磷酸二氢钠缓冲液按照1:9比例配成pH为4.6-8.0的10%红细胞悬液,将500 μL不同pH的10%红细胞悬液、400 μL对应pH缓冲液及100 μL待测样品混合,在37 ℃水浴锅中孵育1 h,于2 500 r/min离心5 min后观察溶血情况。阳性对照用水代替不同pH的缓冲溶液,BSA为对照蛋白。参照章宝娟(2007)的方法判断结果:上清呈红色表明溶血;沉淀完整且上清无色说明无溶血;出现棕红色絮状沉淀且振荡不散则为凝集。
参照Bischof et al. (2006)的报道,将含空载体pMAL-c6T及重组质粒pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa的大肠杆菌HT115分别接种于含50 μg/mL氨苄青霉素的LB培养基,37 ℃振荡培养过夜。次日转接至新鲜培养基继续培养1 h,加入IPTG于30 ℃诱导表达3 h。测定OD600后统一调整菌液浓度至2.0左右。分别取30 μL空载体对照及3种毒素表达菌液涂布于60 mm ENG平板,25 ℃过夜培养。随后将约20条同步化L4期线虫转移至各平板,20 ℃条件下培养,并于96 h内定期观察线虫存活情况,统计存活率。
利用混合饲料法,将一定剂量的SnCry6Aa蛋白与人工饲料充分混匀。将SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2蛋白设置0、200 μg/g这2个浓度梯度。每个处理设3个重复,每个重复约20头试虫。以溶解蛋白的缓冲液和BSA为对照,在1-8 d观察棉铃虫等5种害虫的死亡率,通过体壁溶解等特征判定死亡情况,评估蛋白毒力。
死亡率(%)=(处理死亡总虫数/处理总虫数)×100。
校正死亡率(%)=(处理死亡率-对照死亡率)/(1-对照死亡率)×100。
采用GraphPad Prism 9软件进行绘图,并利用SPSS Statistics进行统计分析,数据以mean±SD表示,P<0.05。
菌核是核盘菌发育的特殊阶段及休眠结构,为了筛选菌核特异表达基因,本研究利用RNA-seq技术对菌核菌丝两种发育状态下的转录组展开分析(图1)。共筛选出4 407个差异表达基因,其中2 463个基因在菌核中上调表达,1 944个基因在菌核中下调表达。KEGG通路富集结果显示,不同环境中的微生物代谢(microbial metabolism in diverse environments)、芳香族化合物降解(degradation of aromatic compounds)、半乳糖代谢(galactose metabolism)、黑色素生成(melanogenesis)和甜菜碱生物合成(betalain biosynthesis)等相关通路基因在菌核中上调表达。菌核环境适应性强,通过降解复杂有机物(如芳香烃、氯代烷)和利用多样碳源在恶劣环境中存活。次级代谢(如甜菜碱、黑色素)相关基因上调表达则可增强其致病性或抗逆性。
为了筛选出菌核中超量表达基因,我们进一步将TPM阈值提高300以上,将log2FC阈值提高到7以上,筛选结果见表2。其中3种类成孔毒素E蛋白和蓖麻毒素型β三叶凝集素等毒素蛋白编码基因在菌核中超量表达,这些蛋白是否有助于保护休眠期菌核免受土壤害虫侵害需要后续实验验证。其次编码类黏附蛋白、发育特异性蛋白Ssp2、富含脯氨酸的细胞壁蛋白、富半胱氨酸真菌跨膜蛋白等结构性蛋白的基因在菌核中超量表达,它们可能参与菌核的形成和发育。另外编码磷脂酰丝氨酸脱羧酶、肽酶、果胶酸裂解酶、糖转运蛋白等代谢相关基因在菌核中高表达,可能参与菌核特异代谢和物质转化。
雪腐核盘菌菌核可溶性蛋白SDS-PAGE分析结果见图2,其中有3个条带的丰度显著高于其他条带,B1条带的分子量约为43 kDa,B2和B3条带的分子量约为36 kDa和34 kDa。为了明确3个条带对应的蛋白,我们对3个条带分别进行了回收和质谱鉴定(表3)。基于表示相对丰度的iBAQ数值可以判断,B1条带对应于蛋白SnTb1_011404和SnTb1_006744,两种蛋白均编码类成孔毒素;B2条带对应于蛋白SnTb1_ 005038,该蛋白对应于油菜核盘菌中参与发育的Ssp2蛋白;B3条带对应于蛋白SnTb1_010643,该蛋白对应于油菜核盘菌中参与发育的Ssp1蛋白。该结果和转录组结果一致表明,类成孔毒素蛋白和发育特异蛋白在菌核中超量表达。
转录组数据显示SnTb1_011404SnTb1_ 006744SnTb1_008171这3个编码类成孔毒素蛋白的基因在菌核中超量表达,其编码蛋白依据功能分别命名为SnCry6Aa1、SnCry6Aa2和SnCry6Aa3。菌核可溶性高丰度蛋白分析结果显示SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2在菌核中高丰度存在。同源搜索结果显示,三者的同源序列在部分细菌和真菌中有分布,其中核盘菌属中均有分布。系统发育分析结果见图3A,SnCry6Aa1与SnCry6Aa2具有较高的序列同源性,在进化树上聚为同一分支,而SnCry6Aa3则单独形成一个分支。利用InterProScan对保守结构域进行分析,结果显示三者均包含ClyA_Cry6Aa-like结构域,均归属于细菌溶血素超家族(图 3B)。通过AlphaFold3预测获得三者的三维结构(图 3C),三者的空间结构高度相似,且与来自苏云金杆菌的成孔毒素Cry6Aa相似(Dementiev et al. 2016)。
为了获得可溶性的SnCry6Aa,本研究采用了MBP融合表达系统,并试图通过诱导表达温度的改变提高蛋白的可溶性。将重组质粒pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa1/2导入BL21菌株,并分别在16 ℃和25 ℃进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析结果显示(图4A, 4B),融合蛋白MBP-SnCry6Aa1和MBP-SnCry6Aa2均主要以可溶性形式存在,且16 ℃的溶解性略高于25 ℃。通过淀粉亲和层析纯化后,在电泳图谱中可观察到明显的目标蛋白条带(图4C,第1和6泳道)。随后采用TEV蛋白酶处理切除MBP标签,并通过镍柱纯化去除标签,最终获得SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2蛋白(图4C,第10和5泳道)。
溶血是细菌溶血素家族成员的典型特征,由于SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2属于细菌溶血素超家族,因而本研究以无菌脱纤维羊血为材料,测试了两者在不同pH下的溶血活性。结果显示,SnCry6Aa1仅在pH 4.6-5.0范围内表现出明显的溶血活性,而SnCry6Aa2在所测的整个pH范围内均未显示任何溶血现象(图 5A)。为了进一步分析SnCry6Aa1发生溶血所需的蛋白浓度,将SnCry6Aa1进行逐级稀释后测试其在酸性条件下的溶血能力,结果显示,6.25 ng/mL以上的SnCry6Aa1呈现出明显的红细胞裂解能力(图 5B)。
为了明确类成孔毒素蛋白SnCry6Aa对线虫是否具有毒力,将重组质粒pMAL-c6T-SnCry6Aa1/ 2/3 (实验组)和空载体pMAL-c6T (对照组)分别导入大肠杆菌HT115,并进行诱导表达,SDS- PAGE分析结果显示菌株中均已包含目标蛋白(图6A)。使用包含不同目标蛋白的HT115饲喂线虫,体型大小、体色等表观特征也无明显区别(图 6B),且对照组和实验组的线虫存活率无明显差异(图6C)。
通过饲喂实验评估SnCry6Aa1/2蛋白对棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾、梨小食心虫及韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫的毒杀活性发现,在摄入含毒素蛋白饲料后,实验组与对照组的存活率均在90% 以上,未表现出显著差异(图 7A-7D),表明SnCry6Aa1/2蛋白对这些昆虫不具有毒性。但异型眼蕈蚊对该蛋白表现出一定敏感性。经SnCry6Aa1处理的校正死亡率为14%;而SnCry6Aa2处理的校正死亡率为17% (图7E),表明SnCry6Aa1/2蛋白对异型眼蕈蚊有一定毒杀作用。
成孔毒素在原核和真核生物中均有分布。原核生物通过分泌成孔毒素,作用于宿主或其他微生物,从而在资源有限的环境中占据优势,促进自身的快速增殖与生存竞争(Yang et al. 2021;杨静 2021)。成孔毒素在真核系统中作用多样,机制复杂,可诱发免疫与线粒体损伤,并参与神经病变(Hassan et al. 2021;Shwe et al. 2021;杨静 2021)。本研究通过RNA-seq技术在雪腐核盘菌中鉴定出编码成孔毒素的基因,类成孔毒素基因在雪腐核盘菌SnTB1菌核中高丰度表达,通过质谱鉴定菌核可溶性蛋白时进一步明确在菌核中高丰度存在。菌核形成阶段特异性高表达的基因主要参与细胞壁生物合成及应激化合物生物合成,这种表达模式可能与其增强环境抗性密切相关。溶血毒素相关基因的显著上调表达可能形成了一种保护机制,使菌核能够有效抵御土壤生物的侵害(马碧书等 2018)。
序列特征及结构域分析表明,成孔毒素蛋白SnCry6Aa1、SnCry6Aa2和SnCry6Aa3,具有α-螺旋成孔毒素典型的空间结构,包含ClyA_ Cry6Aa-like保守结构域,归属于细菌溶血素超家族。为了探究其生物学功能,本研究利用原核系统实现了SnCry6Aa1和SnCry6Aa2的可溶性表达。研究表明,ClyA家族成员可以裂解哺乳动物红细胞(Murase et al. 2012)。同样,SnCry6Aa1也显示出显著的膜穿孔活性,在酸性条件下可以裂解羊的红细胞,这一特性与病原菌适宜在酸性条件下生长较为一致(王聪浩 2021)。苏云金芽孢杆菌产生成孔毒素Cry6Aa,Cry6Aa通过α-螺旋穿孔机制发挥毒性作用(Dementiev et al. 2016),该蛋白可通过ASP-1介导的特殊坏死途径杀伤线虫(Zhang et al. 2016)。研究发现,与苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry6Aa蛋白不同,来自雪腐核盘菌的SnCry6Aa对秀丽隐杆线虫没有表现出显著的毒杀作用,两种成孔毒素虽然结构类似,可能具有不同的靶标和作用机制(余子全 2008)。刘臣等(2017)研究表明,Cry蛋白对测试的6种鳞翅目昆虫具有显著的毒杀作用,Cry2Ab4对棉铃虫和斜纹夜蛾毒力显著。SnCry6Aa蛋白对昆虫毒性测试结果显示,虽然该蛋白对棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾等多数测试昆虫幼虫无毒性,但对异型眼蕈蚊幼虫却显示出特异性的低毒活性。异型眼蕈蚊是西洋参田间发现的一种昆虫,SnCry6Aa1/2对异型眼蕈蚊的这种选择性毒性可能源于二者在西洋参病害中长期协同进化形成的特殊互作关系。不同昆虫、不同发育阶段、不同生理条件下肠道pH值有所差异,肠道pH是影响杀虫效果的重要因素,可能是造成饲喂结果显示毒杀效果不强的原因。本研究结果表明SnCry6Aa1在弱酸条件下有一定溶血活性,后续可选择一些肠道pH酸性的昆虫进行更广泛的毒力测试。成孔毒素研究多集中于细菌与宿主的互作,真菌领域较少。解析雪腐核盘菌中此类蛋白的结构与功能,将为其开发利用奠定基础。
  • 国家现代农业(小麦)产业技术体系项目(CARS-03-37)
  • 西北农林科技大学作物病虫害监测与治理创新团队项目(XYTD2023-04)
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2026年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250263
  • 接收时间:2025-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-02
  • 录用日期:2025-09-30
基金
China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03-37)
国家现代农业(小麦)产业技术体系项目(CARS-03-37)
Innovation Team Project for Crop Disease and Pest Monitoring and Management of Northwest A&F University(XYTD2023-04)
西北农林科技大学作物病虫害监测与治理创新团队项目(XYTD2023-04)
作者信息
    1 西北农林科技大学植物保护学院 植保资源与病虫害治理教育部重点实验室 农业农村部西北黄土高原作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100
    2 西北农林科技大学生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
    3 西北农林科技大学化学与药学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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