Article(id=1256548242620277086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250252, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250252, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755878400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1758729600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-25, onlineDate=1777514046577, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1776787200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777514046577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777514046577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777514046577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256548241764639069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='250187', pageEnd='250358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777514046373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777516895320, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256560191206711469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256548241764639069, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250252, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256548243022930272, articleId=1256548242620277086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Analyses of CAZy extracellular degradative enzymes in 14 strains of edible and medicinal fungi, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phylogenetic relationships and the characteristics of CAZy extracellular degradative enzymes of edible and medicinal fungi, were analyzed based on annotated proteins from 14 strains of edible and medicinal fungi. By combining gene functions with substrate degradation capabilities, the degradation attributes of CAZy extracellular secretory enzymes in relation to substrates such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, chitin, and starch were inferred. The phylogenetic analysis results showed that truffles and morels belonging to the Ascomycota, clustered into one branch, while the remaining strains belonging to the Basidiomycota clustered into another, being consistent with the fungal classification framework and supporting their early evolutionary status. Analysis of extracellular CAZy degradation enzymes showed that the top three strains with the highest quantity of such enzymes were Auricularia subglabra, A. cornea, and Pleurotus ostreatus, whereas the bottom three were Tricholoma matsutake, Tuber borchii, and T. melanosporum. The arrangement of strains based on the quantity of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes from high to low was: Auricularia subglabra, A. cornea, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatu, Ganoderma sinense, G. leucocontextum, Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina filiformis ym5, Morchella sextelata, Flammulina filiformis wm14, Morchella conica, Tricholoma matsutake, Tuber borchii, and T. melanosporum. This study aims at providing preliminary reference for subsequent development of cultivation substrate formulations and ecological adaptability studies for these edible and medicinal fungi.

, correspAuthors=Dinghong JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*
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ORCID: JIA Dinghong (0000-0001-8406-7197)

, authorsList=Dinghong JIA, Di WANG, Xun LIU, Xiaolan HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256548246143492470, articleId=1256548242620277086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=14株食药用菌CAZy胞外降解酶分析, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以14株食药用菌的注释蛋白为研究对象,分析获得其系统发育关系、蛋白CAZy注释及其胞外分泌特性,结合基因功能与降解底物的关系,推断CAZy胞外分泌酶的降解属性与木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、果胶、几丁质、淀粉等基质的对应关系。系统发育分析结果显示分属于子囊菌的块菌、羊肚菌聚在一个分支,其余担子菌门的菌株聚在另一个分支,结果符合真菌分类框架,支持其早期演化地位;胞外CAZy降解酶预测结果显示,数量前3位的菌株是拟光滑木耳、毛木耳、糙皮侧耳,末3位是松口蘑、波氏块菌、黑孢块菌;木质纤维素降解酶的数量由高到低排序为拟光滑木耳、毛木耳、草菇、糙皮侧耳、紫芝、白肉灵芝、双孢蘑菇、金针菇ym5、六妹羊肚菌、金针菇wm14、尖顶羊肚菌、松口蘑、波氏块菌、黑孢块菌。本研究旨在为这些食药用菌的基料配方开发、生态适应性研究等后续分析提供初步参考。

, correspAuthors=贾定洪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=GA6xo9LPWMBWLupwnO4VPA==, magXml=aKOXx8hexzivIrAwzrPuRQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WMO+WUC3WDweyrpGyt2Yiw==, pdfFileSize=988936, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=e+/q0bjWxWqubYtRbLhJaA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TAE4Uc0BMpqugS25hNPQvw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献

贾定洪:论文撰写、试验数据调查及分析;王迪、刘询:野生资源搜集;何晓兰:论文构思。

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companyId=1256548247083016572, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1256548247099793791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, companyId=1256548247083016572, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川省食用菌研究所, 四川 成都 610066)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1256548259217138207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Species tree based on annotated proteins from 14 edible and medicinal fungi., figureFileSmall=lT70rwZ+ZR2VEAboT3SH3g==, figureFileBig=e+/q0bjWxWqubYtRbLhJaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548259569459744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于14个食药用菌注释蛋白的物种树, figureFileSmall=lT70rwZ+ZR2VEAboT3SH3g==, figureFileBig=e+/q0bjWxWqubYtRbLhJaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548260810973745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Bubble chart of the quantity of CAZy families in 14 edible and medicinal fungi. AA: Auxiliary activity; CBM: Carbohydrate binding module; CE: Carbohydrate esterase; PL: Polysaccharide lyase; GT: Glycosyltransferase; GH: Glycoside hydrolase., figureFileSmall=YMz5fZGXsFPgE9AyVC8aFg==, figureFileBig=8I/yu24zKnvlEd/MXGm+Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548262685827640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=CN, label=图2, caption=14种食药用菌CAZy家族酶数量气泡图 AA:辅助活性酶;CBM:碳水化合物结合模块;CE:碳水化合物酯酶;PL:多糖裂解酶;GT:糖基转移酶;GH:糖苷水解酶, figureFileSmall=YMz5fZGXsFPgE9AyVC8aFg==, figureFileBig=8I/yu24zKnvlEd/MXGm+Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548263205921343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The distribution of extracellular substrate-degrading enzymes of CAZy of different strains., figureFileSmall=bXRnW7mRM7fBw+66WARBQg==, figureFileBig=ArBncvH+ah/3ufItDWDCGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548263751180868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同菌株的胞外CAZy基质降解酶数量分布, figureFileSmall=bXRnW7mRM7fBw+66WARBQg==, figureFileBig=ArBncvH+ah/3ufItDWDCGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256548263944118857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Genomic and annotated protein information of edible and medicinal fungi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strains
学名
Scientific
name
分类地位
Taxonomic
status
组装类型
Assembly
type
基因组
大小
Genome
size
/Mb
GenBank
收录号
GenBank
accession
No.
组装水平
Assembly
level
注释蛋
白数
Quantity of
annotated
proteins
双孢蘑菇(H97)
Agaricus
bisporus
(H97)
Agaricus
bisporus
Agaricaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 30.2 GCA_
000300575.1
Scaffold 10 448
毛木耳(SH3-3)
Auricularia
cornea
(SH3-3)
Auricularia
cornea
Auriculariaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 69.1 / Contig 16 604
拟光滑木耳
(TFB-10046 SS5)
Auricularia subglabra
(TFB-10046 SS5)
Auricularia
subglabra
Auriculariaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 74.9 Mb GCA_
000265015.1
Scaffold 23 555
金针菇(wm14)
Flammulina
filiformis
(wm14)
Flammulina
filiformis
Physalacriaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 33.9 / Contig 12 874
金针菇(ym5)
F. filiformis (ym5)
F. filiformis Physalacriaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 36.5 / Contig 13 339
白肉灵芝(Dai12418)
Ganoderma
leucocontextum
(Dai12418)
Ganoderma
leucocontextum
Polyporaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 60.3 GCA_
022813035.1
Scaffold 16 950
紫芝(ZZ0214-1)
G. sinense (ZZ0214-1)
G. sinense Polyporaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 49 GCA_
002760635.1
Scaffold 15 478
尖顶羊肚菌
(CCBAS932)
Morchella conica
(CCBAS932)
Morchella
conica
Morchellaceae,
Ascomycota
Haploid 48.2 GCA_
003790465.1
Scaffold 11 593
六妹羊肚菌(SCLS)
M. sextelata
(SCLS)
M. sextelata Morchellaceae,
Ascomycota
Haploid 53.6 GCF_
020137385.1
Contig 13 182
糙皮侧耳(PC9)
Pleurotus
ostreatus
(PC9)
Pleurotus
ostreatus
Pleurotaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 34.9 GCF_
014466165.1
Contig 11 717
松口蘑(945)
Tricholoma
matsutake
(945)
Tricholoma
matsutake
Tricholomataceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 175.8 GCA_
014904895.1
Scaffold 22781
波氏块菌(Tbo3840)
Tuber borchi
(Tbo3840)
Tuber borchii Tuberaceae,
Ascomycota
Haploid 97.2 GCA_
003070745.1
Contig 12 345
黑孢块菌(Mel28)
T. melanosporum
(Mel28)
T. melanosporum Tuberaceae,
Ascomycota
Haploid 124.9 GCF_
000151645.1
Scaffold 7 420
草菇(WC 439)
Volvariella
volvacea
(WC 439)
Volvariella
volvacea
Pluteaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 35.3 GCA_
001691835.3
Scaffold 11 448
), ArticleFig(id=1256548264648761938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

食药用菌基因组及注释蛋白质信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strains
学名
Scientific
name
分类地位
Taxonomic
status
组装类型
Assembly
type
基因组
大小
Genome
size
/Mb
GenBank
收录号
GenBank
accession
No.
组装水平
Assembly
level
注释蛋
白数
Quantity of
annotated
proteins
双孢蘑菇(H97)
Agaricus
bisporus
(H97)
Agaricus
bisporus
Agaricaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 30.2 GCA_
000300575.1
Scaffold 10 448
毛木耳(SH3-3)
Auricularia
cornea
(SH3-3)
Auricularia
cornea
Auriculariaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 69.1 / Contig 16 604
拟光滑木耳
(TFB-10046 SS5)
Auricularia subglabra
(TFB-10046 SS5)
Auricularia
subglabra
Auriculariaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 74.9 Mb GCA_
000265015.1
Scaffold 23 555
金针菇(wm14)
Flammulina
filiformis
(wm14)
Flammulina
filiformis
Physalacriaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 33.9 / Contig 12 874
金针菇(ym5)
F. filiformis (ym5)
F. filiformis Physalacriaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 36.5 / Contig 13 339
白肉灵芝(Dai12418)
Ganoderma
leucocontextum
(Dai12418)
Ganoderma
leucocontextum
Polyporaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 60.3 GCA_
022813035.1
Scaffold 16 950
紫芝(ZZ0214-1)
G. sinense (ZZ0214-1)
G. sinense Polyporaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 49 GCA_
002760635.1
Scaffold 15 478
尖顶羊肚菌
(CCBAS932)
Morchella conica
(CCBAS932)
Morchella
conica
Morchellaceae,
Ascomycota
Haploid 48.2 GCA_
003790465.1
Scaffold 11 593
六妹羊肚菌(SCLS)
M. sextelata
(SCLS)
M. sextelata Morchellaceae,
Ascomycota
Haploid 53.6 GCF_
020137385.1
Contig 13 182
糙皮侧耳(PC9)
Pleurotus
ostreatus
(PC9)
Pleurotus
ostreatus
Pleurotaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 34.9 GCF_
014466165.1
Contig 11 717
松口蘑(945)
Tricholoma
matsutake
(945)
Tricholoma
matsutake
Tricholomataceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 175.8 GCA_
014904895.1
Scaffold 22781
波氏块菌(Tbo3840)
Tuber borchi
(Tbo3840)
Tuber borchii Tuberaceae,
Ascomycota
Haploid 97.2 GCA_
003070745.1
Contig 12 345
黑孢块菌(Mel28)
T. melanosporum
(Mel28)
T. melanosporum Tuberaceae,
Ascomycota
Haploid 124.9 GCF_
000151645.1
Scaffold 7 420
草菇(WC 439)
Volvariella
volvacea
(WC 439)
Volvariella
volvacea
Pluteaceae,
Basidiomycota
Haploid 35.3 GCA_
001691835.3
Scaffold 11 448
), ArticleFig(id=1256548265131106902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The quantity and proportion of extracellular enzymes in 14 medicinal and edible fungi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strains
CAZyme数量及比值
The quantity and ratio of CAZymes
碳水化合物
活性酶
CAZyme
Signal
P6.0
Secretome
P2.0
总体胞外酶
Total
extracellular
enzymes
总体胞外酶(CAZyme)
Total extracellular
enzymes (CAZymes)/%
糙皮侧耳(PC9)
Pleurotus ostreatus (PC9)
533 303 296 410 76.9
拟光滑木耳(TFB-10046 SS5)
Auricularia subglabra (TFB-10046 SS5)
671 380 366 512 76.3
双孢蘑菇(H97)
Agaricus bisporus (H97)
384 210 202 281 73.2
六妹羊肚菌(SCLS)
Morchella sextelata (SCLS)
390 220 216 279 71.5
紫芝(ZZ0214-1)
Ganoderma sinense (ZZ0214-1)
526 307 393 371 70.5
毛木耳(SH3-3)
Auricularia cornea (SH3-3)
665 367 436 457 68.7
草菇(WC 439)
Volvariella volvacea (WC 439)
510 284 371 348 68.2
白肉灵芝(Dai12418)
Ganoderma leucocontextum (Dai12418)
495 263 364 336 67.9
金针菇(wm14)
Flammulina filiformis (wm14)
459 242 334 290 63.2
尖顶羊肚菌(CCBAS932)
Morchella conica (CCBAS932)
381 209 250 239 62.7
金针菇(ym5)
Flammulina filiformis (ym5)
469 244 343 292 62.3
松口蘑(945)
Tricholoma matsutake (945)
300 122 195 172 57.3
黑孢块菌(Mel28)
Tuber melanosporum (Mel28)
199 73 82 106 53.3
波氏块菌(Tbo3840)
T. borchii (Tbo3840)
233 93 128 117 50.2
), ArticleFig(id=1256548267010155098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

14种食药用菌CAZyme中的胞外酶数量及比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strains
CAZyme数量及比值
The quantity and ratio of CAZymes
碳水化合物
活性酶
CAZyme
Signal
P6.0
Secretome
P2.0
总体胞外酶
Total
extracellular
enzymes
总体胞外酶(CAZyme)
Total extracellular
enzymes (CAZymes)/%
糙皮侧耳(PC9)
Pleurotus ostreatus (PC9)
533 303 296 410 76.9
拟光滑木耳(TFB-10046 SS5)
Auricularia subglabra (TFB-10046 SS5)
671 380 366 512 76.3
双孢蘑菇(H97)
Agaricus bisporus (H97)
384 210 202 281 73.2
六妹羊肚菌(SCLS)
Morchella sextelata (SCLS)
390 220 216 279 71.5
紫芝(ZZ0214-1)
Ganoderma sinense (ZZ0214-1)
526 307 393 371 70.5
毛木耳(SH3-3)
Auricularia cornea (SH3-3)
665 367 436 457 68.7
草菇(WC 439)
Volvariella volvacea (WC 439)
510 284 371 348 68.2
白肉灵芝(Dai12418)
Ganoderma leucocontextum (Dai12418)
495 263 364 336 67.9
金针菇(wm14)
Flammulina filiformis (wm14)
459 242 334 290 63.2
尖顶羊肚菌(CCBAS932)
Morchella conica (CCBAS932)
381 209 250 239 62.7
金针菇(ym5)
Flammulina filiformis (ym5)
469 244 343 292 62.3
松口蘑(945)
Tricholoma matsutake (945)
300 122 195 172 57.3
黑孢块菌(Mel28)
Tuber melanosporum (Mel28)
199 73 82 106 53.3
波氏块菌(Tbo3840)
T. borchii (Tbo3840)
233 93 128 117 50.2
), ArticleFig(id=1256548267559608925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The quantity and proportion of extracellular enzymes in 14 medicinal and edible fungi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strains
总蛋白数
Total protein count
胞外CAZyme数量
Extracellular CAZyme
count
胞外CAZyme占比
The proportion of extracellular
CAZymes/‰
糙皮侧耳(PC9)
Pleurotus ostreatus (PC9)
11 717 410 35.0
草菇(WC 439)
Volvariella volvacea (WC 439)
11 448 348 30.4
毛木耳(SH3-3)
Auricularia cornea (SH3-3)
16 604 457 27.5
双孢蘑菇(H97)
Agaricus bisporus (H97)
10 448 281 26.9
紫芝(ZZ0214-1)
Ganoderma sinense (ZZ0214-1)
15 478 371 24.0
金针菇(wm14)
Flammulina filiformis (wm14)
12 874 290 22.5
金针菇(ym5)
F. filiformis (ym5)
13 339 292 21.9
拟光滑木耳(TFB-10046 SS5)
Auricularia subglabra (TFB-10046 SS5)
23 555 512 21.7
六妹羊肚菌(SCLS)
Morchella sextelata (SCLS)
13 182 279 21.2
尖顶羊肚菌(CCBAS932)
M. conica (CCBAS932)
11 593 239 20.6
白肉灵芝(Dai12418)
Ganoderma leucocontextum (Dai12418)
16 950 336 19.8
黑孢块菌(Mel28)
Tuber melanosporum (Mel28)
7 420 106 14.3
波氏块菌(Tbo3840)
T. borchii (Tbo3840)
12 345 117 9.5
松口蘑(945)
Tricholoma matsutake (945)
22 781 172 7.6
), ArticleFig(id=1256548267937096290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256548242620277086, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

14种食药用菌胞外CAZyme数量及比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strains
总蛋白数
Total protein count
胞外CAZyme数量
Extracellular CAZyme
count
胞外CAZyme占比
The proportion of extracellular
CAZymes/‰
糙皮侧耳(PC9)
Pleurotus ostreatus (PC9)
11 717 410 35.0
草菇(WC 439)
Volvariella volvacea (WC 439)
11 448 348 30.4
毛木耳(SH3-3)
Auricularia cornea (SH3-3)
16 604 457 27.5
双孢蘑菇(H97)
Agaricus bisporus (H97)
10 448 281 26.9
紫芝(ZZ0214-1)
Ganoderma sinense (ZZ0214-1)
15 478 371 24.0
金针菇(wm14)
Flammulina filiformis (wm14)
12 874 290 22.5
金针菇(ym5)
F. filiformis (ym5)
13 339 292 21.9
拟光滑木耳(TFB-10046 SS5)
Auricularia subglabra (TFB-10046 SS5)
23 555 512 21.7
六妹羊肚菌(SCLS)
Morchella sextelata (SCLS)
13 182 279 21.2
尖顶羊肚菌(CCBAS932)
M. conica (CCBAS932)
11 593 239 20.6
白肉灵芝(Dai12418)
Ganoderma leucocontextum (Dai12418)
16 950 336 19.8
黑孢块菌(Mel28)
Tuber melanosporum (Mel28)
7 420 106 14.3
波氏块菌(Tbo3840)
T. borchii (Tbo3840)
12 345 117 9.5
松口蘑(945)
Tricholoma matsutake (945)
22 781 172 7.6
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14株食药用菌CAZy胞外降解酶分析
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贾定洪 * , 王迪 , 刘询 , 何晓兰
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(4): 250252
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(4): 250252
14株食药用菌CAZy胞外降解酶分析
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贾定洪* , 王迪, 刘询, 何晓兰
作者信息
  • 四川省食用菌研究所, 四川 成都 610066
Analyses of CAZy extracellular degradative enzymes in 14 strains of edible and medicinal fungi
Dinghong JIA* , Di WANG, Xun LIU, Xiaolan HE
Affiliations
  • Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-04-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250252
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以14株食药用菌的注释蛋白为研究对象,分析获得其系统发育关系、蛋白CAZy注释及其胞外分泌特性,结合基因功能与降解底物的关系,推断CAZy胞外分泌酶的降解属性与木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、果胶、几丁质、淀粉等基质的对应关系。系统发育分析结果显示分属于子囊菌的块菌、羊肚菌聚在一个分支,其余担子菌门的菌株聚在另一个分支,结果符合真菌分类框架,支持其早期演化地位;胞外CAZy降解酶预测结果显示,数量前3位的菌株是拟光滑木耳、毛木耳、糙皮侧耳,末3位是松口蘑、波氏块菌、黑孢块菌;木质纤维素降解酶的数量由高到低排序为拟光滑木耳、毛木耳、草菇、糙皮侧耳、紫芝、白肉灵芝、双孢蘑菇、金针菇ym5、六妹羊肚菌、金针菇wm14、尖顶羊肚菌、松口蘑、波氏块菌、黑孢块菌。本研究旨在为这些食药用菌的基料配方开发、生态适应性研究等后续分析提供初步参考。

食药用菌  /  蛋白  /  胞外酶  /  CAZy

Phylogenetic relationships and the characteristics of CAZy extracellular degradative enzymes of edible and medicinal fungi, were analyzed based on annotated proteins from 14 strains of edible and medicinal fungi. By combining gene functions with substrate degradation capabilities, the degradation attributes of CAZy extracellular secretory enzymes in relation to substrates such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, chitin, and starch were inferred. The phylogenetic analysis results showed that truffles and morels belonging to the Ascomycota, clustered into one branch, while the remaining strains belonging to the Basidiomycota clustered into another, being consistent with the fungal classification framework and supporting their early evolutionary status. Analysis of extracellular CAZy degradation enzymes showed that the top three strains with the highest quantity of such enzymes were Auricularia subglabra, A. cornea, and Pleurotus ostreatus, whereas the bottom three were Tricholoma matsutake, Tuber borchii, and T. melanosporum. The arrangement of strains based on the quantity of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes from high to low was: Auricularia subglabra, A. cornea, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatu, Ganoderma sinense, G. leucocontextum, Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina filiformis ym5, Morchella sextelata, Flammulina filiformis wm14, Morchella conica, Tricholoma matsutake, Tuber borchii, and T. melanosporum. This study aims at providing preliminary reference for subsequent development of cultivation substrate formulations and ecological adaptability studies for these edible and medicinal fungi.

edible and medicinal fungi  /  protein  /  extracellular enzyme  /  CAZy
贾定洪, 王迪, 刘询, 何晓兰. 14株食药用菌CAZy胞外降解酶分析. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250252 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250252
Dinghong JIA, Di WANG, Xun LIU, Xiaolan HE. Analyses of CAZy extracellular degradative enzymes in 14 strains of edible and medicinal fungi[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (4) : 250252 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250252
食药用菌集营养、药用、经济与生态价值于一体,常见种类有香菇、黑木耳、糙皮侧耳、毛木耳、金针菇、刺芹侧耳、双孢蘑菇、灵芝、松口蘑(松茸)、虫草、块菌等种类,多属于担子菌亚门,少数属于子囊菌亚门(Wu et al. 2019;侯娣等 2023)。
它们在生态系统中扮演着多样化的角色,其分布与营养方式、环境适应性及生物互作密切相关。比如木腐型种类通过分泌胞外酶(如纤维素酶、木质素酶)分解死亡有机质,促进碳氮循环(司静等2011),代表种类有香菇(杨瑞恒等 2018)、木耳(王相刚等 2015;郝振坤等 2022)、灵芝(Chen et al. 2014;陈永敢等 2018;程乐乐等 2018);土生型种类有羊肚菌(韩雨潼等 2023)、鸡油菌(茶丽娟等 2020),它们主要分解落叶/根系残体;粪草生型种类有草菇(陈志宏等 2012;贵甫 2012;陶永新等 2015)、蘑菇(蔡盼盼等 2019),以纤维素等降解基质为主,这些种类具有加速有机物矿化、维持土壤肥力的生态功能。共生型的种类有松口蘑(曾东方等 2010;李强等 2015)、牛肝菌(谢宪等 2019;杨利梅等 2020)、块菌(李杨等 2021;韩利红等 2022)等,它们的菌丝可以与松树、栎树等植物根系形成菌根,扩展根系吸收范围,形成互惠共生的关系。兼性寄生的蜜环菌(黄靖雯等 2019)分解木质素和纤维素,促进腐殖质形成,同时作为“营养桥梁”将树木养分传递给天麻,构成“天麻-蜜环菌-树木”共生链。还有一类为寄生型,如冬虫夏草(张四维等 2018;过立农等 2019;李苗苗等 2024),该虫草真菌寄生在蝙蝠蛾幼虫体内,后期形成棒状子实体,伸出地表。
食药用菌能够定植于不同海拔、不同森林土壤类型的生态环境,与其分泌的碳水化合物活性酶(CAZyme)种类及数量有着紧密的关系。比如陶永新(2015)在草菇转录组中发现降解纤维素的AA9家族基因高达32个,与其草腐菌的生态角色比较吻合。Shankar et al. (2025)在灵芝蛋白中鉴定出AA1、AA2和AA9几种降解酶类型,AA1、AA2家族蛋白酶可直接降解木质素,AA9类型的酶则可以切断纤维素微纤丝与木质素的共价键,释放被包裹的木质素片段,间接促进木质素降解。这些蛋白酶的发现也是其木质素降解能力的重要佐证。据报道,外生菌根菌丢失了降解植物细胞壁的主要基因家族,使得松口蘑菌丝不会主动降解宿主细胞壁(Min et al. 2020),从而侵害宿主,反而形成了互利互惠的共生关系。
食药用菌不仅分属不同的生态角色,同样也包含诸多的栽培种类,如金针菇、木耳、灵芝等,其生物转化率直接决定着经济产量和栽培效益,需要“良种良法”的优势配合,达到优良遗传资源(内在潜力)与最优环境管理(外部条件)完美结合。“良种”是指在全基因组层面具备综合优良性状的菌株,其特性包括CAZy相关的基质降解能力以及菌丝活力、抗逆性、丰产性、品质等关键农艺性状。“良法”则是根据“良种”基因组赋予CAZy等酶谱为基础的生物学特性研制的一套栽培管理技术体系,包括优化的基质配方,以及温、光、水、肥、气等环境因子的精准调控,最大限度地发挥菌株的遗传潜能,提升菌株的产量或有效物质的产率。因此,分析CAZyme数量及基因家族组合可以为菌株降解等能力提供依据。如李庭枢(2024)发现广叶绣球菌CAZyme中与侵染相关的GH和AA家族基因以及木质素酶数量较少,导致其对宿主的侵染和对木质素的分解代谢能力较弱,但GH28家族基因数量有优势,推测果胶降解能力较强。Tan et al. (2019)通过CAZymes的研究,发现羊肚菌丝体分泌的多种水解和氧化还原CAZyme是驱动底物分解的主要力量,使得营养袋中的小麦、稻壳等基质中的淀粉和纤维素等植物多糖迅速降解,导致厢面表层土壤有机碳含量迅速增加,此后又在羊肚菌子实体形成期被消耗掉。这些研究表明CAZyme数量及种类也可作为栽培食药用菌特性发掘和优化栽培技术的重要指标。
因此,通过分析食药用菌中CAZyme的种类与丰度,可揭示其生态角色(如腐生、共生、寄生)和种性特征的酶学基础,评估其对不同碳源的降解能力。基于此,本研究整合了当前NCBI数据库中已注释的食药用菌蛋白质数据,系统进行了CAZy、GO、Pfam、Secretome (非经典分泌蛋白组)及信号肽(SignalP)注释分析。重点解析了不同食药用菌整体CAZyme谱系及具有CAZy底物降解潜力的胞外酶的种类与丰度,从而为栽培食药用菌的基质配方优化、生态角色分析等提供参考。
实验分析数据为NCBI数据库下载的11个食药用菌基因组及蛋白质数据,以及实验室注释的金针菇、毛木耳3个菌株的基因组及蛋白数据,具体信息见表 1。实验菌株涵盖了担子菌门Basidiomycota和子囊菌门Ascomycota 2个门和伞菌科Agaricaceae、木耳科Auriculariaceae、泡头菌科Physalacriaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、侧耳科Pleurotaceae、口蘑科Tricholomataceae、光柄菇科Pluteaceae等9个科,分别是大宗食用菌、珍稀食用菌、药用菌、野生菌等类群的重要菌株。利用OrthoFinder分析所有物种蛋白质序列,获得一个基于全基因组尺度直系同源基因推断的、有根且带支持度的物种系统发育树(Emms & Kelly 2019;邓凌帆 2022)。
利用CAZy注释工具run_dbcan对获取的所有蛋白进行CAZy注释(夏雄飞等 2022;吴佳椰露等 2025)。
使用SignalP6.0对所有物种的CAZyme蛋白质序列进行注释,获得以信号肽为基础的经典分泌酶信息(Teufel et al. 2022);通过SecretomeP2.0对CAZyme蛋白质序列进行非经典分泌酶分析(Pestereva et al. 2023),NN-score阈值为0.6;合并经典分泌酶及非经典分泌酶,通过DeepTMHMM预测蛋白的跨膜结构域(Ramirez & Romero 2024),筛选无跨膜结构域的蛋白质为胞外分泌酶。
利用GFAP软件对胞外分泌酶进行GO、KEGG、Pfam注释(Xu et al. 2023),结合文献报道CAZy家族与降解底物的关系(Riley et al. 2014;Wu et al. 2015;Andlar et al. 2018;Tan et al. 2019;Steindorff et al. 2021),以及dbCAN2数据库对酶与底物的注解(https://bcb.unl.edu/dbCAN2/download/Databases/),推断蛋白酶的基质降解酶属性或其他属性。
实验利用OrthoFinder软件,整合1 150个直系同源基因簇,减少单基因树(如rRNA)可能受基因特异性进化事件(如水平转移、不完全谱系分选)干扰,推断出更接近真实物种进化关系的物种树(图1)。分析结果发现归属于子囊菌的块菌与羊肚菌聚在一个分支,与其余担子菌门的食药用菌种类发生分离,符合真菌分类框架,支持其早期演化地位。同一菌株单孢分离得到的金针菇wm14与ym5单核菌株(为课题组王波研究员前期工作获得),分支长度极短(0.003 7),表明它们遗传距离很近,这与其较近的遗传亲缘关系事实相符;白肉灵芝与紫芝分化程度高,其分支长度0.090 6,大于金针菇菌株间分支长度0.003 7,差异约24倍,这与种间差异明显大于种内差异的事实吻合。这些结果也侧面验证了该遗传聚类的可靠性。
实验利用run_dbcan软件对所有菌株的注释蛋白进行了CAZy注释,结果发现糖苷水解酶(GH)数量变化大,木耳属普遍高;糖基转移酶(GT)相对稳定,毛木耳最高,双孢蘑菇最低;多糖裂解酶(PL)中草菇最高,波氏块菌最低;碳水化合物酯酶(CE)木耳属最高,黑孢块菌最低;碳水化合物结合模块(CBM),糙皮侧耳显著高(23),灵芝属普遍低;辅助活性酶(AA),毛木耳和糙皮侧耳最高,块菌属最低(图2)。总体上,所有指标均显示较大变异(例如GH范围80-335,PL范围2-28)。GT指标最稳定(范围53-74,差异较小),表明糖基转移酶在不同真菌中相对保守。CBM和PL等指标呈右偏分布(多数值偏低,少数极高),例如CBM中位数为5,但糙皮侧耳高达23。
在物种类群上,木耳属(毛木耳和拟光滑木耳)在多个指标领先(GH、CE、AA),预示着其强大的碳水化合物降解能力,可能与其作为木腐真菌的生态角色相关(需降解木质纤维素)。糙皮侧耳在CBM和AA上突出,提示其高效底物结合和氧化辅助能力。块菌属(波氏块菌和黑孢块菌)在所有指标上均最低,尤其GH、CE和AA,这可能因其是菌根真菌,依赖宿主植物提供营养,自身酶系统简化。松口蘑(GH=121, AA=67)也相对较低,符合其共生特性。木耳属内毛木耳与拟光滑木耳两者高度相似,但拟光滑木耳在GH、PL、CE和CBM上略高,GT略低,这可能反映菌株间降解策略的微小差异,拟光滑木耳更侧重多糖裂解和酯酶活性。灵芝属内白肉灵芝与紫芝比较,紫芝GH和AA较高,但GT和CBM较低;两者PL和CE相同,预测在核心降解酶上保守,但紫芝可能更依赖糖苷水解酶。羊肚菌属的尖顶羊肚菌与六妹羊肚菌,它们GH数量相同,六妹羊肚菌在GT、PL、CE和AA上微升,CBM微降,提示其糖基转移酶和裂解酶活性稍强,但底物结合略弱。草菇的PL值最高(28),CBM (17)和AA (134)也较高,预示着其高效的多糖裂解能力,适合降解农业废弃物。糙皮侧耳CBM数量异常高(23,是平均值的3倍以上),且GH也处于上游水平,结合高AA (140),预测其在底物结合和氧化辅助上有优势,可能增强其在木质纤维素降解中的竞争力。双孢蘑菇GT最低(53),GH (160)和AA (93)中等,暗示着其糖基转移酶系统相对简单。
SignalP6.0软件预测的是带有信号肽的蛋白数量,SecretomeP2.0软件预测的是通过非经典分泌途径分泌的蛋白数量(独立于信号肽预测)。总体胞外酶是signalP6.0和SecretomeP2.0这两组预测结果合并,去除重复项,再去除DeepTMHMM预测的跨膜蛋白后计算得来,最后预测得到的胞外分泌酶是通过任何一种分泌途径(经典或非经典)输出到细胞外的蛋白总体,具体预测情况见表2
总体胞外CAZy降解酶数量排序为:拟光滑木耳(512) >毛木耳(457) >糙皮侧耳(410) >紫芝(371) >草菇(348) >白肉灵芝(336) >金针菇(ym5) (292) >金针菇(wm14) (290) >双孢蘑菇(281) >六妹羊肚菌(279) >尖顶羊肚菌(239) >松口蘑(172) >波氏块菌(117) >黑孢块菌(106),其中木耳属菌株(拟光滑木耳、毛木耳)和糙皮侧耳表现出分泌的胞外CAZy酶数量最多,而块菌属(波氏、黑孢)最少。
“总体胞外酶/CAZyme”比值,反映了CAZyme的胞外分泌潜力。这方面高分泌潜力(设定在60%以上)的菌株有毛木耳(68.7%)、拟光滑木耳(76.3%)、糙皮侧耳(76.9%)、草菇(68.2%);相对较低的是块菌和松口蘑:波氏块菌(50.2%)、黑孢块菌(53.3%)、松口蘑(57.3%),其预测分泌潜力占比相对较低,胞外酶的绝对数量也少得多。总体上,无论哪种营养类型(腐生或共生),这些食药用菌基因组中都编码了大量预测可能被分泌的CAZyme,腐生菌的比例和绝对数量最高。羊肚菌中,六妹羊肚菌总体胞外酶比尖顶羊肚菌多40个,预示着其可能更善于利用外源碳水化合物营养。
预测值差异方面,signalP6.0和SecretomeP2.0的预测值在大多数菌株上存在差异(如毛木耳:367 vs. 436;金针菇wm14:242 vs. 334;拟光滑木耳:380 vs. 366)。这反映了两种工具基于不同的算法原理(信号肽识别 vs.非经典分泌特征预测),预测结果有交集但也有各自独特的预测。
分泌CAZy蛋白酶数量范围从最低的106 (黑孢块菌)到最高的512 (拟光滑木耳) (表3)。总体CAZy分泌酶占比范围从最低的7.6‰ (松口蘑)到最高的35.0‰ (糙皮侧耳)。高于平均值的菌株有糙皮侧耳、草菇、毛木耳、双孢蘑菇、紫芝、金针菇wm14、金针菇ym5,共7个。低于平均值的菌株有拟光滑木耳、六妹羊肚菌、尖顶羊肚菌、白肉灵芝、黑孢块菌、波氏块菌、松口蘑,共7个。酶占比主要集中在19.8‰-30.4‰之间(10个菌株),而波氏块菌(9.5‰)和松口蘑(7.6‰)明显偏低,糙皮侧耳(35.0‰)则显著偏高(表3)。实验中松口蘑酶占比最低(7.6‰),但分泌蛋白酶绝对数量明显高出块菌,预示着其在这方面的代谢活动较弱,却强于块菌。
实验结合GFAP软件注释、文献报道以及dbCAN2软件数据库注解,获得不同胞外CAZy基质降解酶信息,预测结果发现木质素降解酶数量前3的是紫芝(37)、糙皮侧耳(35)、毛木耳/拟光滑木耳/白肉灵芝(33);纤维素降解酶数量前3的是草菇(69)、糙皮侧耳(61)、毛木耳(57);半纤维素降解酶数量前3的是拟光滑木耳(59)、毛木耳(46)、紫芝(43);果胶降解酶数量前3的是拟光滑木耳(66)、毛木耳(62)、六妹羊肚菌(42);几丁质降解酶数量前3的是紫芝(37)、拟光滑木耳(32)、白肉灵芝(27);淀粉降解酶数量前3的是紫芝(15)、毛木耳(13)、拟光滑木耳/糙皮侧耳/草菇(12)。综合结果预示着紫芝在木质素和几丁质降解方面比较突出(37, 37),草菇在纤维素降解能力上有优势(69),拟光滑木耳的果胶降解酶数量最高(66),且总体酶类分布较为均衡,羊肚菌属果胶降解较强(36, 42)但木质素/几丁质降解弱(图3)。
木质纤维素(lignocellulose)是由木质素、纤维素和半纤维素组成的天然生物质材料,广泛存在于植物细胞壁中(Zhang et al. 2021)。该物质通过木质素与纤维素、半纤维素交联形成致密结构,是限制生物质降解效率的主要因素,也是栽培菌株生物转化率的重要酶学基础。木质纤维素降解酶的排序为拟光滑木耳(144)>毛木耳(136)>草菇(131)>糙皮侧耳(130)>紫芝(110)>白肉灵芝(106)>双孢蘑菇(80)>金针菇(ym5) (78)>六妹羊肚菌(76)>金针菇(wm14) (75)>尖顶羊肚菌(74)>松口蘑(41)>波氏块菌(22)>黑孢块菌(19)。14个菌株中,木质纤维素降解酶数量超过100的有6个,为第一梯队,预测这些菌株对于木质纤维素可能具有较强的降解能力,这些菌株的栽培基质中一般可以有较高的木质素含量;双孢蘑菇、金针菇、羊肚菌处于第二梯队(木质纤维素降解酶数量50-100),尽管它们的木质纤维素降解酶相对较少,但是其果胶降解酶数量部分与第一梯队相当,明显高出其余的子囊菌菌株,预示着它们在纤维素、半纤维素及果胶基质降解方面也具有较大潜力。其中双孢蘑菇在栽培中的稻草等基质腐熟质量直接影响其产量,金针菇经常使用棉籽壳、棉渣、麦麸等高纤维材料,羊肚菌的营养袋主要以小麦、谷壳为主,其中小麦含量也是评价羊肚菌营养袋增产潜力的重要指标,这些栽培经验与这些菌株木质素降解酶数量布局略少、但纤维素、半纤维素及果胶基质降解能力并不逊色的实验数据吻合;块菌及松口蘑处于第三梯队(木质纤维素降解酶数量低于50),其纤维素、半纤维素及果胶基质降解酶数量全面落后,其中松口蘑在木质素降解酶预测数量上有一定优势,而块菌则没有优势项,第三梯队的食药用菌基质降解酶数量较少,没有构成完善的木质纤维素、果胶降解系统,无法仅靠自身完成木质纤维素等物质的降解和吸收转化,只能与宿主植物共建营养系统,形成独特的菌根结构。
基因组大小方面,其数值反映物种基因组的基本规模和复杂性,与基因数量、重复序列含量、内含子大小、基因组扩张/收缩事件等有关。研究表明松口蘑的基因组大小比其他物种大,原因在于其重复序列、内含子比例很高(Gregory 2005)。另外该种类具有较高的杂合度,不适合采用短读长测序方法对松口蘑基因组进行测序组装(Kurokochi et al. 2023)。块菌属中的波氏块菌与黑孢块菌,后者密度骤降,可能与基因组碎片化或特异重复序列爆发有关。本实验中也发现松口蘑和块菌的基因组巨大(松口蘑175.8 Mb,块菌97-125 Mb),与前期文献报道一致,但基因密度极低(松口蘑129.58个/Mb,黑孢块菌仅59.41个/Mb)。
共生菌研究中,Min et al. (2020)发现松口蘑基因组中没有降解结晶纤维素的GH6家族蛋白酶,如此松口蘑菌丝则不会主动降解宿主细胞壁,本实验同样没有在松口蘑基因组中发现GH6家族蛋白酶存在。松口蘑基因家族扩增的功能主要与酰胺、肽、甘油和水的运输,以及核膜和RNA聚合酶相关,主要涉及跨膜运输、水解酶活性和真菌型液泡等。完全删除的基因家族酶包括各种降解酶,如氧合酶、肽酶和葡糖苷酶,与植物成分如纤维素、果胶和甘油酯的降解过程有关(Kim et al. 2024)。这种酶谱布局应该与其共生菌的生态角色有关。
Martin et al. (2010)在黑松露基因组中预测到7 496个蛋白质编码基因,与本实验中的黑松露注释蛋白数量相当(7 420个),他在研究中发现该菌株缺乏大量的碳水化合物裂解酶,仅在共生组织中诱导了一些植物细胞壁降解酶,本实验也仅注释到了极低数量的CAZy胞外降解酶,两者结果比较一致。块菌是一类生长在地下的珍稀野生药食兼用的大型真菌,具有极高的营养保健价值,常生于针阔混交林,与多种宿主植物形成专性菌根共生体,主要分布在欧洲、大洋洲和我国西南地区,目前块菌还无法完全实现人工栽培(韩利红等 2022),这种生态类型应该是与其几乎全面落后的CAZy基质降解酶布局存在关联。
羊肚菌属的营养类型包含土壤腐生型和共生型,属内的六妹羊肚菌为土壤腐生型(Zhang et al. 2023),栽培面积最大(贾秉鑫等 2025),栽培过程中覆土掩盖菌丝,并在土壤表面形成白色菌霜后摆放含有大量小麦的营养袋,以便菌丝从土壤及周围基质中获取养分。在六妹羊肚菌与尖顶羊肚菌的酶谱中,胞外CAZyme总量中等偏低(239-279),高于菌根菌中的块菌及松口蘑,但显著低于其余腐生菌。它们的木质素降解酶数量最低(仅为4),半纤维素/纤维素降解酶数量中等(31/39),果胶降解能力突出(36-42),GH家族酶数量高于双孢蘑菇,PL多糖裂解酶丰富(21-22),接近甚至超过部分腐生菌,预示着实验中的羊肚菌对木质素的降解能力不足,但对纤维素、果胶的降解有一定潜力,基于此,栽培上可以尝试在营养袋中增加果皮等物质部分替代小麦,以实现产业降本增效的目的。实验分析中的羊肚菌仅有很少的几个几丁质降解酶,这可能导致其抗病性和生态适应性减弱等问题,但实验室中它也有菌丝生长速度非常快的优势,能够在全新无菌的环境中快速占据生存空间。这可能就解释了野外火烧过后的地上容易生长羊肚菌的奇特现象。
相对于尖顶羊肚菌,六妹羊肚菌在总蛋白数、胞外CAZyme数量、胞外CAZyme占比及半纤维素、果胶、淀粉、几丁质降解酶数量上全面占据优势,暗示着它比尖顶羊肚菌在这些基质降解方面更有能力,这与其在生产中作为主导栽培种类之一的事实相符(冉永红等 2023;刘理旭等 2024)。反之,尖顶羊肚菌则少有品种应用于生产。羊肚菌属的种类分为可栽培种类(如六妹羊肚菌Morchella sextelata、七妹羊肚菌M. eximia和梯棱羊肚菌M. importuna) (刘理旭等 2024)及非可栽培种类(如黑脉羊肚菌M. angusticeps、高羊肚菌M. elata、黄色羊肚菌类群Esculenta clade等) (刘伟等 2022),预示着这个属的种类在生态定位上差异较大,分化出了不同的生存策略。
在草菇的研究中,陶永新(2015)在草菇转录组中找到AA9家族基因高达32个,本实验利用HMMER工具也注释到了该家族基因33个,数据比较吻合。实验在其胞外CAZyme酶中还发现了纤维素降解酶69个、半纤维素降解酶37个,2个数据合并值仅比拟光滑木耳少5个,高于其余食药用菌实验菌株,是强力降解纤维素类基质的代表,也与其草腐菌的生态角色相匹配。
生态类型与酶谱方面,双孢蘑菇、毛木耳、拟光滑木耳、金针菇、白肉灵芝、紫芝、糙皮侧耳、草菇这些菌株作为腐生真菌,为木质纤维素等基质的高效分解者,胞外CAZyme总量极高(281-512),占比也高(62%-77%),远超其他类型,表明基因组资源大力支持降解酶的生产和分泌,以此可以分泌大量的 CAZy 胞外酶到细胞外的基质空间,赋予了它们具有降解复杂底物的能力。外生菌根真菌代表菌株为松口蘑、波氏块菌、黑孢块菌。它们与活体树木根系共生,从宿主获取简单碳源,避免分解宿主组织,其胞外CAZy总量极低(106-172),不足腐生菌的1/2甚至1/5,胞外CAZy占比最低(50%-57%),表明其基因组资源没有优先投入胞外分解酶,木质纤维素降解能力已逐渐弱化,仅保留最低限度的AA家族基因(27-48)。纤维素/半纤维素/果胶降解能力弱,远低于腐生菌。辅助模块CBM匮乏,底物适应能力也较弱。
生态修复方面,一些食药用菌能够应用到土壤修复、废水处理及固废资源化等领域。如灵芝菌糠对水中重金属Cu2+具有较好的吸附性能(饶毅萍等 2021),有较好的废水处理应用前景。而有一些后果十分严重的生态灾害,如2021年四川九龙森林火灾过火面积约6 670 m2,2020年3月的西昌森林火灾过火面积1 000余ha,毁坏面积为80余ha。这些灾害的事后微生物菌落及植被恢复等生态修复也面临着挑战。这些事件往往发生在高海拔地区,森林植被丰富,地面枯枝落叶厚实,也是松口蘑、块菌等珍稀野生食用菌的产地。基于实验分析结果,松口蘑和块菌的木质素、纤维素、几丁质等降解酶布局不足,影响了它们的基质降解力和与环境微生物的竞争力。因此,在这些地方及时撒施菌株的孢子液,让松口蘑、块菌等真菌快速占据森林土壤基质空间,形成优势生态位,利于松口蘑的快速种群恢复,也能通过菌根菌与宿主的共生关系,促进森林生态的尽速恢复。
本实验以当前获得的生物信息学手段,从14种食药用菌的注释蛋白中分析它们的系统发育关系,获得所有物种蛋白的CAZy基因家族类型、胞外酶分泌特性及木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、果胶、几丁质、淀粉等基质降解酶数量,为这些菌株的基料配方开发及生态适应性分析提供数据支持,也希望能够为酶谱互补性筛选细胞融合亲本的研究提供初步参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1200603)
  • 四川省农业科学院中试熟化与示范转化项目(2025ZSSFTP32)
  • 四川省农业科学院自主创新项目(2022ZZCX098)
  • 国家食用菌产业技术体系(CARS-20-2)
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2026年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250252
  • 接收时间:2025-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-23
  • 录用日期:2025-09-25
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1200603)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1200603)
Scientific and Technological Achievement Transformation Project of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2025ZSSFTP32)
四川省农业科学院中试熟化与示范转化项目(2025ZSSFTP32)
Independent Innovation Project of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2022ZZCX098)
四川省农业科学院自主创新项目(2022ZZCX098)
China Agriculture Research System(CARS-20-2)
国家食用菌产业技术体系(CARS-20-2)
作者信息
    四川省食用菌研究所, 四川 成都 610066

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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