Article(id=1256540738188394505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256540735885665031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250220, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250220, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1752940800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756828800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-03, onlineDate=1777512257381, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1769011200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777512257381, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777512257381, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777512257381, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256540735885665031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='250201', pageEnd='250283', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777512256833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777512529110, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256541877973693171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256540735885665031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256541877973693172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256540735885665031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250220, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256540738783985676, articleId=1256540738188394505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Biological characteristics, domestication and disease resistance of albino Oudemansiella raphanipes, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A wild white macrofungi collected from Leye County of Guangxi was identified as albino Oudemansiella raphanipes through morphological observation and molecular analysis. Optimal conditions for mycelial growth, including carbon source, nitrogen source, pH and temperature were determined using single-factor and orthogonal tests. The results showed that the suitable carbon source and nitrogen source were fructose (30 g/L) and yeast extract powder (8 g/L), respectively. The suitable pH and temperature were 8.0 and 25 ℃ respectively. The optimum combination condition for vigorous growth was fructose of 20 g/L, yeast extract powder of 6 g/L, pH of 7.0 and temperature of 25 ℃. Expanded bag-cultivation trials with 15 cm × 26 cm cultivation bag revealed that the bagful mycelial colonization time, in substrate containing 78% sawdust, was about 25 days, and subsequent cultivation for approximately 20 days resulted in appearance of the brown mottlement. The mushroom button arose approximately 60 days after soil-covering soil on the split of upside-down mushroom bag, and the fruiting bodies could be harvested after 4-6 days of subsequent cultivation. The average fresh fruiting body weight was 41.83 g/bag and the average biological efficiency was 16.09% in two fruiting stages. Albino O. raphanipes was susceptible to Trichoderma harzianum, with 33.04% inhibition rate before contact and 95.55% infection rate after contact. This research provides a theory reference for extended development and utilization of an albino O. raphanipes.

, correspAuthors=Liangliang QI, Taoju LAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* QI Liangliang, ;
LAN Taoju,
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#Co-first author

ORCID: YE Jianqiang (0009-0002-3349-3545),

ZHANG Fangfang (0000-0002-0965-222X),

QI Liangliang (0000-00002-4890-0441),

LAN Taoju (0000-0001-8039-5281)

, authorsList=Jianqiang YE, Fangfang ZHANG, Lixin CHEN, Liangliang QI, Taoju LAN, Xuzhou LIU, Yongqiang HU, Jun TANG, Shiyan WEI, Ning LANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256540744391770183, articleId=1256540738188394505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=白化卵孢小奥德蘑生物学特性、驯化及抗病性, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究对采自广西乐业县的1株野生白色大型真菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确认其为白化卵孢小奥德蘑Oudemansiella raphanipes。通过单因素及正交试验,明确了该菌株菌丝生长的最适碳源、氮源、pH和温度及其最佳组合。其中,最适碳源为果糖,最适浓度为30 g/L,最适氮源为酵母浸粉,最适浓度为8 g/L,最适pH值为8,最适温度为25 ℃,最佳组合为果糖20 g/L、酵母浸粉6 g/L、pH 7.0、温度25 ℃。在栽培试验中,菌株在78%杂木屑的栽培料中,25 d左右完全长满15 cm × 26 cm的栽培袋,经过继续培养20 d左右,出现褐色斑驳现象。该菌株在“菌袋底部割口+倒立”这一不脱袋覆土出菇方式中覆土培养60 d左右,出现了菇蕾,生长4-6 d即可采摘,一般可以采收2潮,每袋平均产量41.83 g,生物学效率16.09%。抗病性实验结果显示,哈茨木霉对该菌株抑制率为33.04%,侵染率为95.55%,表明其属于易感病种类。本研究为白化卵孢小奥德蘑的开发利用提供理论参考。

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country=null), Fund(id=1256540773617680700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, awardId=nycytxgxcxtd-2021-07-01, language=EN, fundingSource=Construction Fund for Guangxi Mushroom Innovation Team of the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(nycytxgxcxtd-2021-07-01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256540773831590207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, awardId=nycytxgxcxtd-2021-07-01, language=CN, fundingSource=国家现代农业产业技术体系广西食用菌创新团队建设资助项目(nycytxgxcxtd-2021-07-01), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1256540745176105037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1256540745197076560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, companyId=1256540745176105037, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1256540745209659474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, companyId=1256540745176105037, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广西壮族自治区农业科学院微生物研究所,广西 南宁 530007)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1256540764914499828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Phylogenetic tree generated from the combined ITS and nrLSU dataset using maximum likelihood (ML) method.

Bootstrap values (≥50%) derived from ML analysis and Bayesian posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference (≥0.8) are shown above or beneath the branches. The newly generated sequence of the study was in grey background.

, figureFileSmall=OXXEQSvnMGeB13L5qy5wUg==, figureFileBig=bTxb6+uA6qlyUKe+RXnhfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540765128409335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于ITS和nrLSU序列最大似然法(ML)构建的系统发育树

节点值(BS值/BPP值)分布在分支上或下,来自ML法的BS值≥50%,来自BI法的BPP值≥0.8. 本文新产生的序列标注灰色背景

, figureFileSmall=OXXEQSvnMGeB13L5qy5wUg==, figureFileBig=bTxb6+uA6qlyUKe+RXnhfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540765380067579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Basidioma of albino Oudemansiella raphanipes.

A: Upper view of pileus; B: Lower view of pileus (gills); C: Pseudorhizae of basidioma; D: Spore print.

, figureFileSmall=n9t+59MzCjSw4FRdCPvYhQ==, figureFileBig=XWwOf8vM8cpG8GqiSVoJkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540765522673918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=图2, caption=子实体形态特征

A:菌盖正面;B:菌盖背面菌褶;C:假根;D:孢子印

, figureFileSmall=n9t+59MzCjSw4FRdCPvYhQ==, figureFileBig=XWwOf8vM8cpG8GqiSVoJkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540765631725824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Microscopic features of albino Oudemansiella raphanipes.

A: Basidiospores; B: Basidia; C-F: Pleurocystidia; G-K: Cheilocystidia; L: Pileipellis; M: Stipitipellis. Bars=20 μm.

, figureFileSmall=F6KBlL2MKN0z6CNNIzY7XQ==, figureFileBig=yuDsZGd5YiXlVv7xqH72ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540765824663810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=图3, caption=子实体微观特征

A:担孢子;B:担子;C-F:侧生囊状体;G-K:褶缘囊状体;L:盖皮层;M:柄囊层;标 尺=20 μm

, figureFileSmall=F6KBlL2MKN0z6CNNIzY7XQ==, figureFileBig=yuDsZGd5YiXlVv7xqH72ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540767577882883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effects of different carbon sources and fructose concentrations on mycelial growth of the albino Oudemansiella raphanipes.

A: Carbon sources; B: Concentrations of fructose. 0+, no growth; 1+, weak growth; 2+, comparatively weak growth; 3+, moderate growth; 4+, comparatively vigorous growth; 5+, vigorous growth. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05). The same below.

, figureFileSmall=73zVAZOGtcw//T11Aidvxg==, figureFileBig=14KJ8UkXVXTqgFpea9EWxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540767712100612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同碳源及果糖浓度对白化卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝生长的影响

A:碳源种类;B:果糖浓度;0+表示不生长,1+表示菌丝长势弱,2+表示菌丝长势较弱,3+表示菌丝长势适中,4+表示菌丝长势较强,5+表示菌丝长势强;不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05). 下同

, figureFileSmall=73zVAZOGtcw//T11Aidvxg==, figureFileBig=14KJ8UkXVXTqgFpea9EWxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540767858901255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Effects of different nitrogen sources and yeast extract powder concentrations on mycelial growth of the albino Oudemansiella raphanipes.

A: Nitrogen sources; B: Concentrations of yeast extract powder.

, figureFileSmall=wF1DNJov/c4FzPzUb9KXdg==, figureFileBig=AHI1IZm1At764MkfXiW0Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540768018284811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同氮源及其浓度对白化卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝生长的影响

A:氮源种类;B:酵母浸粉浓度

, figureFileSmall=wF1DNJov/c4FzPzUb9KXdg==, figureFileBig=AHI1IZm1At764MkfXiW0Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540768244777230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effects of different pH and temperature on mycelial growth of the albino Oudemansiella raphanipes.

A: pH; B: Temperature.

, figureFileSmall=kUzdRu29j3FODftX2HzB0g==, figureFileBig=MViVvJW+L7jFX44vJ1tK7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540768504824081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同pH和温度对白化卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝生长的影响

A:pH;B:温度

, figureFileSmall=kUzdRu29j3FODftX2HzB0g==, figureFileBig=MViVvJW+L7jFX44vJ1tK7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540768794231060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Culture of the albino Oudemansiella raphanipes.

A, B: Plate culture; C, D: Spawn.

, figureFileSmall=35jJA7rEcAhX750AOQIB9A==, figureFileBig=HdFokVwdnLHntYNqlarwTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540769058472215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=图7, caption=白化卵孢小奥德蘑的菌种生长状态

A, B:母种培养基;C, D:原种培养基

, figureFileSmall=35jJA7rEcAhX750AOQIB9A==, figureFileBig=HdFokVwdnLHntYNqlarwTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540769201078553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Domestication and cultivation characteristic of the albino Oudemansiella raphanipes.

A, B: Bag-cultivation; C: Casing; D: Mushroom button; E, F: Mature fruiting body.

, figureFileSmall=BK+qUqvkGG9/Z5p4xVi72g==, figureFileBig=Xrqbx7UlWHgDPWP0pY9gGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540769444348185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=图8, caption=白化卵孢小奥德蘑的驯化栽培状态

A, B:栽培袋;C:覆土的菌袋;D:菇蕾;E, F:成熟子实体

, figureFileSmall=BK+qUqvkGG9/Z5p4xVi72g==, figureFileBig=Xrqbx7UlWHgDPWP0pY9gGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540769616314651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fungal taxa information and GenBank accession numbers of sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类地位
Taxon
来源地区
Geographic origin
标本号
Voucher
GenBank登录号
GenBank accession number
ITS5/ITS4 LROR/LR5
Cribbea gloriosa (holotype) Australia MEL2313432 FJ178108
C. gloriosa Australia MEL21710 FJ178110 FJ178111
Dactylosporina glutinosa Guyana MCA1775 HM005074 HM005138
D. steffenii Costa Rica TENN58785 HM005071 HM005132
Hymenopellis colensoi New Zealand PDD93362 HM005139 HM005119
H. gigaspora Australia REH8676 GQ913357 HM005121
H. incognita USA TENN58768 GQ913424 HM005105
H. limonispora USA TENN59438 GQ913406 HM005133
H. limonispora USA TENN61379 GQ913403 HM005134
H. radicata var. bispora Sweden TENN57277 GQ913379 HM005122
H. radicata Sweden TENN62837 GQ913375 HM005125
H. rubrobrunnescens USA TENN52479 GQ913371
H. rubrobrunnescens USA TENN52654 GQ913372 HM005112
H. rugosoceps USA TENN57307 GQ913395 HM005116
H. rugosoceps USA TENN60604 GQ913394 HM005117
H. vinocontusa Japan TMI7669 GQ913370
Mucidula brunneomarginata Russia TENN53020 GQ844243 HM005123
M. mucida var. asiatica Russia TENN49897 GQ844238 HM005100
M. mucida Australia TENN59324 GQ844235 HM005127
Ponticulomyces kedrovayae Russia TENN60767 HM005146 HM005110
P. orientalis China HKAS59611 KJ024102 KJ024107
Protoxerula flavo-olivacea Australia REH8931 HM005149 HM005111
Oudemansiella apalosarca Australia DUKE2875 AF321473
O. canarii Puerto Rico DUKE4057 AF321479 AF261351
O. cubensis Costa Rica TENN51190 GQ892794 HM005114
O. Chiangmaiae (holotype) Thailand TENN59791 KX964658
O. furfuracea Canada HKAS93109 KX688223 KX688250
O. furfuracea USA HKAS59927 KX688224 KX688251
H. furfuracea USA TENN61671 GQ913362 HM005101
H. furfuracea USA TENN59876 GQ913367 HM005126
O. japonica China HKAS61674 KX688225 KX688252
O. japonica China HKAS83175 KX688226 KX688253
O. orientiradicata China HKAS67938 KX688227 KX688254
O. orientiradicata China HKAS70323 KX688228 KX688255
O. raphanipes China JBZ2122002 KX688229 KX688256
O. raphanipes China JBZ2122001 KX688230 KX688257
O. raphanipes China HKAS93073 KX688231 KX688258
O. raphanipes China HKAS95781 KX688232 KX688259
O. raphanipes China HKAS93144 KX688233 KX688260
O. raphanipes China HKAS75607 KX688234 KX688261
O. raphanipes China HKAS80141 KX688235 KX688262
O. raphanipes China HKAS95782 KX688236 KX688263
O. raphanipes China HKAS93083 KX688237 KX688264
O. raphanipes China HKAS95783 KX688238 KX688265
O. raphanipes China HKAS93099 KX688239 KX688266
O. raphanipes China HKAS95784 KX688240 KX688267
O. raphanipes China HKAS69220 KX688241 KX688268
O. raphanipes China HKAS71518 KX688242 KX688269
O. raphanipes China HKAS38682 KX688243 KX688270
O. raphanipes China HKAS39593 KX688244 KX688271
O. raphanipes China HKAS42391 KX688245 KX688272
O. raphanipes China HKAS95785 KX688246 KX688273
O. raphanipes China HKAS95786 KX688247 KX688274
O. raphanipes Korea HKAS93070 KX688248 KX688275
O. raphanipes var. alba China GXAAS-WSWZP1376 PV731335 PV731340
O. yunnanensis China HKAS93106 KX688249 KX688276
Paraxerula americana USA CLO4746 HM005142 HM005094
Rhodotus palmatus China HMJAU6872 KC179742 KC179752
Strobilurus conigenoides USA TENN61318 GQ892821 HM005091
Xerula pudens Austria TENN59208 HM005154 HM005097
H. areolata Pakistan MH691/LAH37573 OQ438118 OQ438162
H. straminea (holotype) Thailand MFLU22-0138 OP265162 OP265157
H. utriformis (holotype) Thailand MFLU22-0140 OP265164 OP265159
H. biyangensis China HMJAU 67043 OR035770 OR036089
H. altissima China HMJAU67050 OR035776 OR036095
biyangensis (holotype) China HMJAU 67048 OR035775 OR036094
), ArticleFig(id=1256540769855389982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株分类信息及序列GenBank登录号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类地位
Taxon
来源地区
Geographic origin
标本号
Voucher
GenBank登录号
GenBank accession number
ITS5/ITS4 LROR/LR5
Cribbea gloriosa (holotype) Australia MEL2313432 FJ178108
C. gloriosa Australia MEL21710 FJ178110 FJ178111
Dactylosporina glutinosa Guyana MCA1775 HM005074 HM005138
D. steffenii Costa Rica TENN58785 HM005071 HM005132
Hymenopellis colensoi New Zealand PDD93362 HM005139 HM005119
H. gigaspora Australia REH8676 GQ913357 HM005121
H. incognita USA TENN58768 GQ913424 HM005105
H. limonispora USA TENN59438 GQ913406 HM005133
H. limonispora USA TENN61379 GQ913403 HM005134
H. radicata var. bispora Sweden TENN57277 GQ913379 HM005122
H. radicata Sweden TENN62837 GQ913375 HM005125
H. rubrobrunnescens USA TENN52479 GQ913371
H. rubrobrunnescens USA TENN52654 GQ913372 HM005112
H. rugosoceps USA TENN57307 GQ913395 HM005116
H. rugosoceps USA TENN60604 GQ913394 HM005117
H. vinocontusa Japan TMI7669 GQ913370
Mucidula brunneomarginata Russia TENN53020 GQ844243 HM005123
M. mucida var. asiatica Russia TENN49897 GQ844238 HM005100
M. mucida Australia TENN59324 GQ844235 HM005127
Ponticulomyces kedrovayae Russia TENN60767 HM005146 HM005110
P. orientalis China HKAS59611 KJ024102 KJ024107
Protoxerula flavo-olivacea Australia REH8931 HM005149 HM005111
Oudemansiella apalosarca Australia DUKE2875 AF321473
O. canarii Puerto Rico DUKE4057 AF321479 AF261351
O. cubensis Costa Rica TENN51190 GQ892794 HM005114
O. Chiangmaiae (holotype) Thailand TENN59791 KX964658
O. furfuracea Canada HKAS93109 KX688223 KX688250
O. furfuracea USA HKAS59927 KX688224 KX688251
H. furfuracea USA TENN61671 GQ913362 HM005101
H. furfuracea USA TENN59876 GQ913367 HM005126
O. japonica China HKAS61674 KX688225 KX688252
O. japonica China HKAS83175 KX688226 KX688253
O. orientiradicata China HKAS67938 KX688227 KX688254
O. orientiradicata China HKAS70323 KX688228 KX688255
O. raphanipes China JBZ2122002 KX688229 KX688256
O. raphanipes China JBZ2122001 KX688230 KX688257
O. raphanipes China HKAS93073 KX688231 KX688258
O. raphanipes China HKAS95781 KX688232 KX688259
O. raphanipes China HKAS93144 KX688233 KX688260
O. raphanipes China HKAS75607 KX688234 KX688261
O. raphanipes China HKAS80141 KX688235 KX688262
O. raphanipes China HKAS95782 KX688236 KX688263
O. raphanipes China HKAS93083 KX688237 KX688264
O. raphanipes China HKAS95783 KX688238 KX688265
O. raphanipes China HKAS93099 KX688239 KX688266
O. raphanipes China HKAS95784 KX688240 KX688267
O. raphanipes China HKAS69220 KX688241 KX688268
O. raphanipes China HKAS71518 KX688242 KX688269
O. raphanipes China HKAS38682 KX688243 KX688270
O. raphanipes China HKAS39593 KX688244 KX688271
O. raphanipes China HKAS42391 KX688245 KX688272
O. raphanipes China HKAS95785 KX688246 KX688273
O. raphanipes China HKAS95786 KX688247 KX688274
O. raphanipes Korea HKAS93070 KX688248 KX688275
O. raphanipes var. alba China GXAAS-WSWZP1376 PV731335 PV731340
O. yunnanensis China HKAS93106 KX688249 KX688276
Paraxerula americana USA CLO4746 HM005142 HM005094
Rhodotus palmatus China HMJAU6872 KC179742 KC179752
Strobilurus conigenoides USA TENN61318 GQ892821 HM005091
Xerula pudens Austria TENN59208 HM005154 HM005097
H. areolata Pakistan MH691/LAH37573 OQ438118 OQ438162
H. straminea (holotype) Thailand MFLU22-0138 OP265162 OP265157
H. utriformis (holotype) Thailand MFLU22-0140 OP265164 OP265159
H. biyangensis China HMJAU 67043 OR035770 OR036089
H. altissima China HMJAU67050 OR035776 OR036095
biyangensis (holotype) China HMJAU 67048 OR035775 OR036094
), ArticleFig(id=1256540770107048227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental results of L9(34) orthogonal array design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号
Test No.
果糖
Fructose/(g/L)
酵母浸粉
Yeast extract/(g/L)
pH 温度
Temperature/℃
菌丝生长速率
Mycelial growth
rate/(mm/d)
菌丝长势
Mycelial
growth vigor (+)
1 20 6 7 20 4.39±0.05 b 4
2 20 8 8 25 4.39±0.05 b 4
3 20 10 9 30 1.79±0.06 g 2
4 30 6 8 30 2.08±0.03 f 2
5 30 8 9 20 3.41±0.04 d 3
6 30 10 7 25 4.64±0.03 a 5
7 40 6 9 25 3.66±0.05 c 4
8 40 8 7 30 2.23±0.03 e 2
9 40 10 8 20 3.36±0.03 d 3
k1 3.52 3.38 3.75 3.72
k2 3.38 3.34 3.28 4.23
k3 3.08 3.26 2.95 2.03
R 0.44 0.12 0.80 2.20
), ArticleFig(id=1256540770312569124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

4因素3水平9组正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号
Test No.
果糖
Fructose/(g/L)
酵母浸粉
Yeast extract/(g/L)
pH 温度
Temperature/℃
菌丝生长速率
Mycelial growth
rate/(mm/d)
菌丝长势
Mycelial
growth vigor (+)
1 20 6 7 20 4.39±0.05 b 4
2 20 8 8 25 4.39±0.05 b 4
3 20 10 9 30 1.79±0.06 g 2
4 30 6 8 30 2.08±0.03 f 2
5 30 8 9 20 3.41±0.04 d 3
6 30 10 7 25 4.64±0.03 a 5
7 40 6 9 25 3.66±0.05 c 4
8 40 8 7 30 2.23±0.03 e 2
9 40 10 8 20 3.36±0.03 d 3
k1 3.52 3.38 3.75 3.72
k2 3.38 3.34 3.28 4.23
k3 3.08 3.26 2.95 2.03
R 0.44 0.12 0.80 2.20
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Evaluation of the albino Oudemansiella raphanipes resistance to Trichoderma harzianum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strains
菌丝生长速率
Mycelial growth rate/(mm/d)
抑制率
IRBC/%
侵染率
IRAC/%
拮抗线
Antagonistic line
色素
Pigment
对照组
CK
试验组
Test group
1376 7.15±0.52 a 4.79±1.04 a 33.04±14.51b 95.55±4.14 b 不存在
Nonexistence
浅褐色
Light brown
1370 5.76±0.68 b 5.40±0.39 a 6.35±6.86a 87.09±6.94 a 存在
Existence
浅褐色
Light brown
黑皮鸡𭎂菌-HZ
Heipijizongjun HZ
7.42±0.91 a 5.49±0.83 a 25.96±11.24 b 89.83±3.59 ab 存在
Existence
浅褐色
Light brown
黑皮鸡𭎂菌-TD
Heipijizongjun TD
6.60±0.89 ab 4.69±0.81 a 28.93±12.26 b 93.56±6.68 ab 存在
Existence
浅褐色
Light brown
), ArticleFig(id=1256540772200005929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540738188394505, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

卵孢小奥德蘑对哈茨木霉的抗病性评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strains
菌丝生长速率
Mycelial growth rate/(mm/d)
抑制率
IRBC/%
侵染率
IRAC/%
拮抗线
Antagonistic line
色素
Pigment
对照组
CK
试验组
Test group
1376 7.15±0.52 a 4.79±1.04 a 33.04±14.51b 95.55±4.14 b 不存在
Nonexistence
浅褐色
Light brown
1370 5.76±0.68 b 5.40±0.39 a 6.35±6.86a 87.09±6.94 a 存在
Existence
浅褐色
Light brown
黑皮鸡𭎂菌-HZ
Heipijizongjun HZ
7.42±0.91 a 5.49±0.83 a 25.96±11.24 b 89.83±3.59 ab 存在
Existence
浅褐色
Light brown
黑皮鸡𭎂菌-TD
Heipijizongjun TD
6.60±0.89 ab 4.69±0.81 a 28.93±12.26 b 93.56±6.68 ab 存在
Existence
浅褐色
Light brown
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白化卵孢小奥德蘑生物学特性、驯化及抗病性
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叶建强 # , 张芳芳 # , 陈丽新 , 祁亮亮 * , 蓝桃菊 * , 刘栩州 , 胡永强 , 唐军 , 韦仕岩 , 郎宁
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(1): 250220
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(1): 250220
白化卵孢小奥德蘑生物学特性、驯化及抗病性
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叶建强#, 张芳芳#, 陈丽新, 祁亮亮* , 蓝桃菊* , 刘栩州, 胡永强, 唐军, 韦仕岩, 郎宁
作者信息
  • 广西壮族自治区农业科学院微生物研究所,广西 南宁 530007
Biological characteristics, domestication and disease resistance of albino Oudemansiella raphanipes
Jianqiang YE, Fangfang ZHANG, Lixin CHEN, Liangliang QI* , Taoju LAN* , Xuzhou LIU, Yongqiang HU, Jun TANG, Shiyan WEI, Ning LANG
Affiliations
  • Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
  • ORCID: YE Jianqiang (0009-0002-3349-3545),

    ZHANG Fangfang (0000-0002-0965-222X),

    QI Liangliang (0000-00002-4890-0441),

    LAN Taoju (0000-0001-8039-5281)

出版时间: 2026-01-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250220
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本研究对采自广西乐业县的1株野生白色大型真菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确认其为白化卵孢小奥德蘑Oudemansiella raphanipes。通过单因素及正交试验,明确了该菌株菌丝生长的最适碳源、氮源、pH和温度及其最佳组合。其中,最适碳源为果糖,最适浓度为30 g/L,最适氮源为酵母浸粉,最适浓度为8 g/L,最适pH值为8,最适温度为25 ℃,最佳组合为果糖20 g/L、酵母浸粉6 g/L、pH 7.0、温度25 ℃。在栽培试验中,菌株在78%杂木屑的栽培料中,25 d左右完全长满15 cm × 26 cm的栽培袋,经过继续培养20 d左右,出现褐色斑驳现象。该菌株在“菌袋底部割口+倒立”这一不脱袋覆土出菇方式中覆土培养60 d左右,出现了菇蕾,生长4-6 d即可采摘,一般可以采收2潮,每袋平均产量41.83 g,生物学效率16.09%。抗病性实验结果显示,哈茨木霉对该菌株抑制率为33.04%,侵染率为95.55%,表明其属于易感病种类。本研究为白化卵孢小奥德蘑的开发利用提供理论参考。

卵孢小奥德蘑  /  鉴定  /  生物学  /  驯化  /  抗病性

A wild white macrofungi collected from Leye County of Guangxi was identified as albino Oudemansiella raphanipes through morphological observation and molecular analysis. Optimal conditions for mycelial growth, including carbon source, nitrogen source, pH and temperature were determined using single-factor and orthogonal tests. The results showed that the suitable carbon source and nitrogen source were fructose (30 g/L) and yeast extract powder (8 g/L), respectively. The suitable pH and temperature were 8.0 and 25 ℃ respectively. The optimum combination condition for vigorous growth was fructose of 20 g/L, yeast extract powder of 6 g/L, pH of 7.0 and temperature of 25 ℃. Expanded bag-cultivation trials with 15 cm × 26 cm cultivation bag revealed that the bagful mycelial colonization time, in substrate containing 78% sawdust, was about 25 days, and subsequent cultivation for approximately 20 days resulted in appearance of the brown mottlement. The mushroom button arose approximately 60 days after soil-covering soil on the split of upside-down mushroom bag, and the fruiting bodies could be harvested after 4-6 days of subsequent cultivation. The average fresh fruiting body weight was 41.83 g/bag and the average biological efficiency was 16.09% in two fruiting stages. Albino O. raphanipes was susceptible to Trichoderma harzianum, with 33.04% inhibition rate before contact and 95.55% infection rate after contact. This research provides a theory reference for extended development and utilization of an albino O. raphanipes.

Oudemansiella raphanipes  /  identification  /  biology  /  domestication  /  disease resistance
叶建强, 张芳芳, 陈丽新, 祁亮亮, 蓝桃菊, 刘栩州, 胡永强, 唐军, 韦仕岩, 郎宁. 白化卵孢小奥德蘑生物学特性、驯化及抗病性. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (1) : 250220 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250220
Jianqiang YE, Fangfang ZHANG, Lixin CHEN, Liangliang QI, Taoju LAN, Xuzhou LIU, Yongqiang HU, Jun TANG, Shiyan WEI, Ning LANG. Biological characteristics, domestication and disease resistance of albino Oudemansiella raphanipes[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (1) : 250220 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250220
卵孢小奥德蘑Oudemansiella raphanipes (Berk.) Pegler & T.W.K. Young,商品名称黑皮鸡𭎂菌,又称露水鸡𭎂菌、草鸡𭎂、长根菇等,是真菌界Fungi,担子菌门Basidiomycota,蘑菇纲Agaricomycetes,蘑菇目Agaricales、膨瑚菌科Physalacriaceae、小奥德蘑属Oudemansiella的一种商业化广泛栽培种(Petersen & Hughes 2010;Hao et al. 2016)。Berkeley (1850)发现并正式命名卵孢小奥德蘑。1993年首次在中国野外采集到子实体(杨祝良和臧穆 1993)。1966年我国首次报道人工栽培“长根菇”获得成功(邓庄 1966)。1982年纪大干等(1982)对云南地区称为“草鸡𭎂”“露水鸡𭎂”的野生长根菇进行驯化栽培并取得成功。2002年云南楚雄州等地出现“黑皮鸡𭎂菌”名称的木腐菌,被孙思国引种至山东省济宁市金乡县并驯化成功(孙思国 2010),2013年金乡县实现“黑皮鸡𭎂菌”周年化生产(连静 2013)。2016年,经过鉴定,我国栽培的长根小奥德蘑(长根菇)、鳞柄小奥德蘑、卵孢小奥德蘑和黑皮鸡𭎂菌均为卵孢小奥德蘑,而长根小奥德蘑和鳞柄小奥德蘑物种在中国未发现(Hao et al. 2016)。2019年卵孢小奥德蘑实现了工厂化栽培(颜振兰 2018),产品供不应求。由于口感脆嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富、形似鸡𭎂,卵孢小奥德蘑深受消费者青睐。目前,由于其价格相对较高,以及作为夏季少有可室外栽培的珍稀食药用菌,卵孢小奥德蘑已在山西、山东、江苏、四川、广东和福建等地得到广泛栽培(颜振兰 2018;杜娜等 2020)。
物种白化在自然界普遍存在,尤其在食用菌领域,已被报道的白化种类包括金针菇、斑玉蕈、巨大侧耳、茶树菇、蛹虫草、毛木耳等。其中,白色金针菇(黄色金针菇白化品种)是我国食用菌第五大、工厂化第一大的栽培种类(董浩然等 2024;中国食用菌协会 2025)。另外,白色斑玉蕈(商品名白玉菇和海鲜菇,褐色斑玉蕈白化品种)是我国第十大、工厂化第三大食用菌种类斑玉蕈的主要品种(吴莹莹等 2021;中国食用菌协会 2025)。因此,挖掘食用菌白化种质资源对食用菌产业发展具有重要意义。
白化卵孢小奥德蘑于1985年首次在欧洲地区被发现(Pegler & Young 1986),其后于1993年首次在我国云南昆明地区被发现(杨祝良和臧穆 1993),并于2015年在浙江被再次发现,至2019年被驯化成功(梁晓薇等 2021)。相关研究主要集中在物种鉴定、菌种制备、栽培出菇和子实体营养成分方面。李挺等(2011)指出白玉菇菌株(斑玉蕈白化种类)存在生长缓慢、生长周期长、生物学效率低、污染较高、出菇温度范围较窄等问题。余荣琳等(2020)进一步报道斑玉蕈白化品系相对于黑褐色品系抗病虫害能力较弱。在生产实践中,为提高子实体品质,卵孢小奥德蘑采用覆土方式出菇(颜振兰 2018;黄书文 2019)。覆土土壤常用石灰消毒,未进行灭菌,出菇过程中常出现大面积杂菌污染,尤其是木霉属Trichoderma危害最严重(黄书文 2019;杜娜等 2020;肖自添等 2022;詹颖馨等 2022;Zeng et al. 2022)。木霉属中以哈茨木霉为主要病原(吕骐羽等 2024),严重影响产量。目前,关于白化卵孢小奥德蘑的生物学特性和抗病性研究报道较少。本文对从广西野外采集的白化卵孢小奥德蘑进行物种鉴定、生物学特性分析、驯化栽培及抗病性研究,以期为白化卵孢奥德蘑的栽培和开发利用提供参考。
该野生白化卵孢小奥德蘑子实体于2021年5月19日从广西壮族自治区百色市乐业县逻西乡阔叶林林地采集(24°56′47″N, 106°38′45″E),保存于广西壮族自治区农业科学院微生物研究所标本馆,标本号:GXAAS-WSWZP1376,经过基木分离获得纯培养样本菌株GXAAS-WSWZP 1376 (简称1376),用于DNA提取、生物学特性和驯化栽培,菌株保藏于国家农业环境微生物种质资源库(广西)。
抗病性试验菌株:1376菌株为本研究样本菌株;GXAAS-WSWZP1370 (简称1370)为广西乐业县卵孢小奥德蘑野生褐色菌株;黑皮鸡𭎂-HZ为广西贺州市黑皮鸡𭎂菌栽培菌株;黑皮鸡𭎂菌-TD为引自江苏省江都天达食用菌研究所的黑皮鸡𭎂菌栽培菌株(品种代号为鸡𭎂菌);哈茨木霉为本单位保藏菌株(菌株编号YE614-2)。
PDA培养基:马铃薯200 g,葡萄糖20 g,琼脂粉20 g,去离子水1 L。基础培养基:马铃薯200 g,葡萄糖20 g,酵母浸粉2 g,琼脂粉20 g,去离子水1 L。原种及出菇培养基:杂木屑78%,麦麸20%,石灰1%,石膏1%,含水量60%,pH 7.0。
葡萄糖(分析纯)、一水麦芽糖(生化试剂)、蔗糖(分析纯)、可溶性淀粉(分析纯)、氢氧化钠(分析纯,片状)购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;酵母浸粉(生物试剂)购自北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司;琼脂粉、D-果糖(纯度99%以上)购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;蛋白胨(生化试剂)购自西陇科学股份有限公司/青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;氯化铵(纯度99.5%以上)、尿素(分析纯)、硝酸铵(纯度99.0%以上)、浓盐酸(分析纯)购自天津市大茂化学试剂厂。
形态学研究:参照Hao et al. (2016)的方法,鉴定1376标本的菌盖、菌柄等宏观特征和担孢子、侧生囊状体等微观特征,并对各性状进行详细地观察和记录。
分子系统发育分析:参照Hao et al. (2016)的方法,具体过程为:DNA提取采用杭州博日科技有限公司的Biospin真菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒。两对通用引物ITS4/ ITS5、LROR/LR5的PCR扩增反应体系为2×Es Taq MasterMix 20 μL,正向引物和反向引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板1 μL,最后用ddH2O补齐至40 μL。PCR反应程序为94 ℃预变性3 min;94 ℃变性30 s,56 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,35个循环;最后72 ℃延伸5 min。PCR扩增产物交由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。
将测序获得的2条1376菌株DNA序列在NCBI基因库中进行BLAST比对,记录相似序列,与Hao et al. (2016)的ITS和nrLSU序列一同从GenBank下载(表1),以Paraxerula americanaRhodotus palmatusStrobilurus conigenoidesXerula pudens 4个物种作为建树外群。ITS和nrLSU序列集分别在MAFFT v7.505中采用G-INS-i方法进行序列比对,各比对序列在BioEdit v7.0.9.1中手动去除序列1376前后未比对区域,修剪后的ITS和nrLSU比对序列在PhyloSuite v1.2.3的Concatenate Sequence程序串联为一个新的单序列,新序列在ModelFinder v2.2.0中采用Akaike information criterion (AIC)方法分别评估最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)和贝叶斯法(Bayesian inference, BI)建树的最优进化模型。ML法在IQ-TREE ver. 2.2.0软件中运行,模型选择优化模型,参数选择默认值,采用非参数引导方法在每1 000次重复中计算bootstrap (BS)值。BI法在MrBayes ver. 3.2.7a软件运行,模型选择优化模型,马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗方法(Markov chain Monte Carlo, MCMC)的参数设置:4条独立运行的马尔科夫链,每1 000代抽样1次,舍弃前25%采样样本数,利用剩余75%样本数构建系统发育树,当平均分割频率标准差(average standard deviation of split frequencies, ASDSF)小于0.01、有效样本(estimated sample size, ESS)值大于200和潜在规模缩减因子(potential scale reduction factor, PSRF)等于1.0时结束运行,计算贝叶斯后验概率(Bayesian posterior probabilities, BPP)。系统发育树建成后,使用Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL, https://itol.embl.de/)和Adobe Illustrator CS6软件对树图进行编辑和美化。
菌株复壮:将保藏菌株1376接种至PDA培养基(直径90 mm培养皿)中活化,转接,25 ℃恒温培养至菌丝长满培养皿,用于后续试验。
培养及测量方法:取复壮好的菌块(直径5 mm)接种至碳源、氮源等试验培养基中,每个处理设置5个重复,采用“十”字交叉法测量菌落直径,记录菌落生长量和菌丝长势,计算菌丝生长速度。除温度及正交试验外,其他试验均在25 ℃恒温培养箱中培养。其中,菌丝生长速度(mm/d)=菌落半径增长量(mm)/菌丝生长时间(d)。
碳源试验:以基础培养基中不添加葡萄糖作为对照,分别设置葡萄糖、果糖、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖和麦芽糖5种碳源,质量浓度均为20 g/L。
氮源试验:以基础培养基中不添加酵母浸粉作为对照,分别设置蛋白胨、尿素、酵母浸粉、氯化铵和硝酸铵5种氮源,质量浓度均为2 g/L。
pH试验:利用1.0 mol/L HCl和1.0 mol/L NaOH调节基础培养基pH值,应用pHS-3C实验室pH计校准,分别设置5个pH梯度:5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0和9.0。
温度试验:设置6个温度梯度,将接种的基础培养基分别置于10、15、20、25、30和35 ℃恒温培养箱中培养。
正交试验:根据单因子试验结果,从中选取菌丝生长最优的碳源和氮源因素酸碱度和温度,并选取最佳的3个水平,进行4因素3水平L9(34) 9组正交试验,筛选最优组合并验证。
母种、原种制备及观察:在无菌操作台上,将1块复壮的菌丝块(直径5 mm)接种于灭菌的PDA培养基中(培养皿直径90 mm)或原种培养基(550 mL玻璃瓶,含干料140 g)中,设5个重复,25 ℃恒温避光培养,观察菌丝生长情况。
菌袋制备及出菇培养:接种20 g原种于灭菌的出菇培养基中(聚丙烯塑料袋,规格15 cm × 26 cm × 0.05 cm,含260 g干料),共45袋,25 ℃恒温避光培养,待菌丝长满菌袋后,继续培养至全部菌袋表面出现斑驳现象。卵孢小奥德蘑采用3种常规出菇栽培方式驯化出菇,即脱袋覆土出菇、不脱袋覆土出菇和菌袋免覆土直接出菇方式(肖自添等 2022)。其中,不脱袋覆土出菇方式又分为“袋口直立”和“袋底部割口(直径2 cm)+倒立”2种覆土出菇方式。每种方式10袋。覆土土壤完全覆盖菌料表面,厚度3 cm左右,土壤湿度40%。菌袋免覆土直接出菇方式需打开袋口,呈圆锥型。在出菇过程中,空气湿度维持在85%-95%,土壤保持湿润,温度维持在20-35 ℃,光线为自然散射光,记录菌袋状态、子实体形态特征和产量等。其中,生物学效率(%)=子实体鲜重/培养料干重×100。
根据食用菌抗木霉的试验方法(马晓龙 2021;吕骐羽等 2024),将试验卵孢小奥德蘑菌株接种至PDA培养基的一侧,25 ℃恒温箱避光培养 5 d,在与菌株间隔4 cm处接种同样大小的哈茨木霉或空白PDA培养基,其中以接种空白PDA培养基为对照组,继续避光培养5 d,设5个重复,其间记录菌株与哈茨木霉菌丝接触之前卵孢小奥德蘑的菌丝生长量及时间,计算菌丝生长速率和哈茨木霉对卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝的抑制率(inhibition rate before contact, IRBC),菌株与哈茨木霉菌丝接触之后哈茨木霉菌丝侵入卵孢小奥德蘑菌落的距离,计算哈茨木霉对卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝的侵染率(infection rate after contact, IRAC),观察接触处是否产生色素、拮抗线等情况。
菌丝的抑制率(%)=(接种空白PDA培养基后的卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝生长速率-接种哈茨木霉后的卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝生长速率)/接种空白PDA培养基后的卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝生长速率×100;
哈茨木霉对卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝的侵染率(%)=哈茨木霉菌丝侵入卵孢小奥德蘑菌落的距离/卵孢小奥德蘑菌落半径×100。
采用WPS 2019 (表格)对试验数据进行整理及绘图,运用SPSS 20.0的Duncan法对单因素试验和正交试验数据进行统计分析,Adobe Illustrator CS6软件进行图片组合。数据以平均值±标准差表示。
通过测序获得1376野生大型真菌菌株的ITS序列和nrLSU序列,分别包含781 bp和965 bp碱基,GenBank登录号分别为PV731335和PV731340。从GenBank下载用于建树的ITS和nrLSU基因序列集包括24种物种的66个真菌样品(表1)。串联的“ITS+nrLSU”新单序列包括1 884位点,ML和Bayes法的系统发育树最优进化模型分别是GTR+F+I+I+R3和GTR+ F+I+G4。ML法在Bootstrap超快方式下运行5 000重复结束。BI法在运行400万代结束,这时ASDSF=0.008 433,ESSs>374和PSRFs=1.000。
由于ML与BI法两类系统发育树的拓扑结构相近,本文仅选择ML法构建的系统发育树进行展示(图1)。在系统发育树中,样本GXAAS- WSWZP1376与O. raphanipes的其他样品聚类在O. raphanipes分支下,支持率BS=100和BPP=1.00。
子实体单生(图2A-2C);菌盖直径9.8 cm,近平展,近圆形,白色,中部似脐状、淡褐色,表面有皱纹,湿时黏,光滑;菌肉白色,受伤后不变色;菌褶弯生,不等长,厚,乳白色;菌柄11.2 cm × 1.1 cm,近圆柱形,淡褐色,密被浅褐色毡毛状鳞片,先端近白色,触摸时颜色变深,表面脆骨质,内部纤维质且松软,基部稍膨大且延生成细长的假根,着生在腐木树根上,无特殊气味。
菌髓规律,由3.1-11.5 μm宽、分枝、无色透明、稍厚壁、丝状至膨胀的菌丝组成。担子 47-74 × 11-17 μm,棒状,着生4个担孢子,薄壁,无色透明,无嗜铁颗粒,担子梗长4-9 μm (图3B)。担孢子[20/1/1] (12)14-15(17) × (9)10-11 (13) μm,Q=(1.22)1.31-1.37(1.47), Q=1.34±0.08,椭球形、卵形至近柠檬形(图3A),薄壁,无色透明,无淀粉质反应,无糊精反应,孢子印乳白色(图2D)。侧生囊状体69-136 × 15-46 μm,有梗,梭形,顶部头状凸起,有时有金色物质包裹,薄壁至稍厚壁,无色透明(图3C-3F)。褶缘囊状体65-188 × 9-27 μm,多,拥挤,有梗,梭状至窄棒状,有时顶部膨大,薄壁,无色透明(图3G-3K)。盖皮层是一个127-197 μm厚的异膜层,由嵌入在胶质层的棒状、宽棒状和具梗的球状无色透明细胞18-83 × 13-38 μm组成(图3L)。盖囊体丰富,近圆柱形至窄纺锤形,130-293 × 8-20 μm,薄壁,近无色透明,顶部锐角或窄圆状。柄囊层,由2-7 μm宽、分枝、近无色透明、稍厚壁且纵向排列的丝状菌丝组成(图3M)。柄囊体58-258 × 11-22 μm,数量多,拥挤,簇生,窄棒状至近圆柱形,细胞壁薄至稍厚,近无色透明。菌丝锁状联合丰富。除菌盖和菌柄颜色外,笔者采集的1376野生白色大型真菌标本形态特征与卵孢小奥德蘑(Hao et al. 2016)的描述基本一致。结合系统发育分析结果,支持本研究的野生白色大型真菌鉴定为白化卵孢小奥德蘑。
培养基中添加葡萄糖等5种碳源显著促进了1376菌株的菌丝生长速率(图4AP<0.05),其中以果糖最佳,为4.27 mm/d。菌丝长势在葡萄糖、果糖和麦芽糖培养基中生长最佳,为“4+”,而在蔗糖培养基中则弱于对照。综合菌丝生长速率和菌丝长势,菌株在果糖培养基生长最佳。
以果糖为最优碳源的碳源浓度试验结果表明(图4B),随着果糖含量的增加,其菌丝生长速率和菌丝长势先升高后降低,均好于0 g/L时,以30 g/L时最优,分别为4.46 mm/d和“5+”。
基础培养基中添加不同种类氮源降低了1376菌丝生长速率(图5A),其中以酵母浸粉为氮源时降低幅度最小,为4.10 mm/d,与对照无显著差异,而以尿素为氮源时降低幅度最大,显著低于其他组;菌丝长势仅以酵母浸粉为氮源时强于对照,为“4+”,而以尿素、氯化铵和硝酸铵为氮源时,菌丝长势比对照弱。综合菌丝生长速率和菌丝长势,培养基中以酵母浸粉为氮源时,菌株生长表现佳。
以酵母浸粉为最优氮源的浓度试验结果表明(图5B),随着酵母浸粉含量升高,菌丝生长速率呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,其浓度在8 g/L时最高,为4.68 mm/d,与6 g/L仅相差0.01 mm/d,两者均与2 g/L和4 g/L存在显著差异,但与其他处理无显著差异;菌丝长势呈现先升后降趋势,在6 g/L和8 g/L时最佳,为“4+”。综合菌丝生长速率、菌丝长势,菌株最适氮源为酵母浸粉,最适浓度为8 g/L。
菌株在不同pH培养基中均能生长(图6A),在pH 8时菌丝生长速率最快,为4.67 mm/d,与pH 5、6和7存在显著差异;菌丝长势在pH 8、9时生长最佳,为“4+”。综合菌丝生长速率和菌丝长势,菌株最适pH为8。
除在10 ℃或35 ℃外,菌株在其他处理温度下均生长(图6B),其菌丝生长速率和菌丝长势随着温度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,在25 ℃时表现最佳,分别为3.91 mm/d和“4+”,其菌丝生长速率显著高于其他温度组。
综上所述,菌株1376最适碳源为果糖、最适浓度为30 g/L,最适氮源为酵母浸粉、最适浓度为8 g/L,最适pH为8,最适温度为25 ℃,选取最佳的3个水平,进行了4因素3水平共9组L9(34)正交试验(表2)。结果表明,9组试验中6号试验组生长最快,为4.64 mm/d,显著高于其他试验组,菌丝长势强,为“5+”,优于其他试验组。碳源、氮源、pH和温度4个因素的菌丝生长速率极差R分别为0.44、0.12、0.80和2.20,表明4个因素对菌株生长的影响程度为温度>pH>碳源>氮源。其中,氮源极差最小,表明其对菌丝生长影响最小,这与单因子氮源浓度试验结果相吻合,而温度极差最大,表明温度是影响菌丝生长的主要因素,也与单因子试验结果相吻合。k值由大到小,碳源为k1>k2>k3,氮源为k1>k2>k3,pH为k1>k2>k3,温度为k2>k1>k3,各因素预期最佳组合为A1B1C1D2,即果糖浓度为20 g/L,酵母浸粉浓度为6 g/L,pH为7,温度为25 ℃。经验证,在最佳组合培养基上,菌株菌丝生长速度为5.15 mm/d,长势为“5+”,表现最佳。
菌株1376在母种PDA培养基中,菌落白色、浓密、绒毛状,菌丝8-10 d长满培养皿(图7A),生长后期菌落出现褐色斑驳现象(图7B);在原种培养基中,菌丝洁白,边缘整齐,20 d左右完全长满(图7C),继续培养菌种表面也形成褐色斑驳(图7D);在15 cm × 26 cm栽培袋中,菌丝洁白,边缘整齐,培养25 d左右完全长满(图8A),继续培养20 d左右,菌袋表面出现褐色斑驳现象(图8B)。覆土3-5 d后,接触土壤菌料表面由白色转为红褐色(图8C),继续培养最终转为黑褐色。出菇方式中,仅“菌袋底部割口+倒立”的不脱袋覆土出菇方式可正常出菇,而脱袋覆土出菇、不脱袋覆土出菇(袋口覆土)和菌袋免覆土直接出菇方式,在出菇过程中菌袋全部被污染,未形成子实体,以木霉污染为主。覆土60 d左右菇蕾开始出现(图8D),菇蕾生长4-6 d即可采收(图8E),第一潮产量(33.37±8.83) g/袋,生物学效率(12.84±3.40)%,继续培养40 d左右,第二潮菇开始形成,第二潮产量(20.86±4.04) g/袋,生物学效率(8.02±1.05)%,总产量(41.83±6.71) g/袋,总生物学效率(16.09±2.58)%。
栽培子实体形态特征:子实体单生或群生,菇蕾白色,菌盖初为半球形(图8D),随着子实体生长逐渐平展(图8E)至反卷(图8F),成熟时直径6.0-10.1 cm,白色,有时出现褐色斑,中央淡褐色,表面有皱纹;菌肉厚0.2-1.5 cm,白色,伤不变色;菌褶弯生,不等长,厚,乳白色;菌柄3.8-11.2 cm × 1.0-2.2 cm,近圆柱形,淡褐色,密被淡褐色毡毛状鳞片,先端近白色,触摸时颜色变深,幼时实心而脆,成熟时表面脆骨质,内部纤维质且松软,基部稍膨大且延生成假根,无特殊气味,孢子印乳白色。该驯化栽培的子实体形态特征与野生采集样品的描述一致。
从对照组可知,卵孢小奥德蘑各菌株菌丝生长速率存在显著差异,其中黑皮鸡𭎂菌-HZ和菌株1376的菌丝生长速率快,显著快于菌株1370;从试验组的菌丝生长速率可知,在培养基另一侧接种哈茨木霉的菌丝块后,相比对照组,各菌株均受到不同程度的抑制,导致菌丝生长速率下降(表3)。其中黑皮鸡𭎂菌-HZ和菌株1370的菌丝生长速率较快,而黑皮鸡𭎂菌-TD生长最慢,但各菌株间无显著差异;木霉对卵孢小奥德蘑各菌株的抑制率存在显著差异,其中对菌株1370抑制作用最弱,仅为6.35%,显著低于对其他菌株的抑制作用,而对菌株1376的抑制最强,达到33.04%;木霉与卵孢小奥德蘑各菌株菌丝接触后,开始侵入各卵孢小奥德蘑菌落,继续培养5 d后,卵孢小奥德蘑菌株均产生淡褐色色素,仅菌株1376与木霉无拮抗线,且被木霉侵染率最高,达到95.55%,显著高于菌株1370。说明白化卵孢小奥德蘑菌株1376是一株菌丝生长速率快、易感哈茨木霉的菌株。
本文采集的野生白化卵孢小奥德蘑并非整体呈现白色,其菌盖顶部和菌柄呈现淡褐色,并且菌柄密被浅褐色毡毛状鳞片。这一特征与梁晓薇等(2021)于2015年在浙江采集的菌盖和菌柄光滑且呈现白色的白化卵孢小奥德蘑具有明显差异,表明其可能为一种新的白化卵孢小奥德蘑种质资源。通过显微镜观察,发现该种野生白化卵孢小奥德蘑的担子上着生4个担孢子,同时,其子实体的菌丝呈现出丰富的锁状联合特征,进一步表明其为四孢子型的卵孢小奥德蘑(李浩和张平 2012;Hao et al. 2016)。
生物学特性试验结果表明,白化卵孢小奥德蘑菌株1376最适碳源为果糖,最适氮源为酵母浸粉,最适pH为8,最适温度为25 ℃。该结果与卵孢小奥德蘑褐色品系部分菌株的最适碳源(谭伟 2001)、氮源(谭伟 2001;魏姣 2020;罗影等 2021)、pH (王越 2020)和培养温度(黄书文 2019;王越 2020)一致。但在不同氮源试验中,培养基中添加蛋白胨、尿素、酵母浸粉、氯化铵和硝酸铵5种氮源均降低了菌株菌丝生长速率。该结果与罗影等(2021)报道培养基中添加蛋白胨、尿素、氯化铵和硝酸铵降低了卵孢小奥德蘑褐色品系菌丝生长速率结果相似,但其添加酵母浸粉却促进了菌丝生长,可能与其添加酵母浸粉浓度偏高(3 g/L)相关。本研究氮源浓度试验结果也证明较高浓度的酵母浸粉(6、8和10 g/L)可以促进菌株菌丝生长。通过碳源、氮源、pH和温度的单因素和正交试验,最终优化得出碳源、氮源、pH和温度的最佳组合,最佳组合为果糖20 g/L、酵母浸粉6 g/L、pH 7.0和温度25 ℃。该最佳组合培养基的菌株菌丝生长速率为5.15 mm/d,相比对照提高了19.77% (图5A中的对照),可为菌种扩繁提供参考。
通过人工驯化栽培,卵孢小奥德蘑白化菌株1376与褐色品系(陈少珍等 2004;颜振兰 2018;黄书文 2019)相似,其母种、原种、栽培袋生长后期菌丝均出现褐色斑驳现象。在采用脱袋覆土出菇方式、不脱袋覆土出菇方式(包含“袋口直立”和“菌袋底部割口+倒立”覆土出菇)和菌袋免覆土直接出菇方式的3种褐色品系常规出菇方式中,仅在“菌袋底部开口+倒立”不脱袋覆土出菇方式中正常出菇,其他出菇方式的菌袋全部坏棒,未形成子实体,污染以木霉为主。哈茨木霉抗病性结果也显示,菌株1376对木霉的敏感性明显高于褐色品系。说明该菌株相对褐色品系抗病虫害能力偏弱。这一现象与斑玉蕈的白化品系在抗病虫害能力方面的弱势相似(余荣琳等 2020)。覆土3-5 d后,接触土壤的菌料表面由白色转为红褐色,继续培养最终转为黑褐色。该结果与褐色品系覆土后菌料表面颜色变化一致(纪大干等 1982;谭伟 2001;杜娜等 2020)。覆土60 d左右形成菇蕾,明显比褐色品系的覆土时间15-38 d长(张陶等 2005;孙思国 2020;黄书文 2019;万鲁长等 2019;费妤婕等 2024;李勖哲等 2025),也比白化菌株第一潮采收时间54 d长(梁晓薇等 2021),表明该菌株属于晚熟品种。采收完第一潮菇后,继续出菇培养40 d左右可采收第二潮,明显比褐色品系的20 d左右时间长(张陶等 2005;颜振兰 2018;黄书文 2019),进一步佐证该菌株晚熟特性。该菌株仅采收到2潮菇,平均生物学效率为16.09% (第一潮为12.84%),低于褐色品系的2-10潮和23%-100%的生物学转化率(纪大干等 1982;孙思国 2020;刘瑞壁 2017;杜萍等 2022;王月等 2022;姚春馨等 2023),但明显高于另外一株成功驯化栽培的白化菌株(梁晓薇等 2021),其第一潮生物学效率仅为8.12%。这表明该白化菌株产量高,但相对褐色菌株产量偏低。杜萍等(2022)报道通过培养基的优化,野生卵孢小奥德蘑菌株的生物学效率可以从22.97%提升至61.76%,这为该菌株产量的提高提供了新思路。
在我国,白色食用菌(白化品种)受到一定程度欢迎,其中白色双孢菇、白色金针菇和白色斑玉蕈已成为食用菌主栽品类(吴莹莹等 2021;董浩然等 2024;中国食用菌协会 2025)。本文成功驯化了一株白化卵孢小奥德蘑。该菌株幼菇通体白色,成熟子实体菌盖白色、中央淡褐色,菌柄及其鳞片淡褐色,明显区别于梁晓薇等(2021)驯化栽培呈现整体白色的卵孢小奥德蘑,为一株新的白化卵孢小奥德蘑,且产量相对较高,属于四孢子型菌株,具有很大的栽培研究价值。本研究结果为卵孢小奥德蘑白化种质资源开发利用、新品种选育提供了基础材料和数据参考。
叶建强:论文构思与撰写、数据管理;张芳芳:试验、数据分析;陈丽新、刘栩州:参与驯化栽培试验;祁亮亮、蓝桃菊:指导物种鉴定、论文写作;胡永强、唐军:提供实验材料、菌种;韦仕岩、朗宁:论文审核。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 广西农业科学院优势学科团队资助项目(2021YT093)
  • 广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科 2024YP077)
  • 国家食用菌产业技术体系专项资金(CARS-20)
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系广西食用菌创新团队建设资助项目(nycytxgxcxtd-2021-07-01)
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250220
  • 接收时间:2025-07-20
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-20
  • 录用日期:2025-09-03
基金
Strong Discipline Team Fund for Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2021YT093)
广西农业科学院优势学科团队资助项目(2021YT093)
Basic Scientific Research Project Fund for Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Guinongke 2024YP077)
广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科 2024YP077)
Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-20)
国家食用菌产业技术体系专项资金(CARS-20)
Construction Fund for Guangxi Mushroom Innovation Team of the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(nycytxgxcxtd-2021-07-01)
国家现代农业产业技术体系广西食用菌创新团队建设资助项目(nycytxgxcxtd-2021-07-01)
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    广西壮族自治区农业科学院微生物研究所,广西 南宁 530007

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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