Article(id=1256540737756381190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256540735885665031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250230, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250230, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1760889600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineDate=1777512257279, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1769011200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777512257279, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777512257279, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777512257279, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256540735885665031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='250201', pageEnd='250283', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777512256833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777512529110, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256541877973693171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256540735885665031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256541877973693172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256540735885665031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250230, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256540738175811592, articleId=1256540737756381190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Domestication of nine Morchella strains from pine forest post-fire area in Sichuan, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nine wild Morchella strains collected from pine forest post-fire area in Yajiang County, Sichuan Province were identified and domesticated. Based on morphological observation and DNA sequence analysis, the tested strains were identified as Morchella eximia. On PDA medium, strain 6278 showed the fastest mycelial growth and formed the most quantity of sclerotia; mycelial growth of YJ082186 was the slowest, and 6288 did not form sclerotia. Under the current cultivation mode, 6751-1 had the highest yield (1.33 kg/m2), and 6288 was next in yield (1.31 kg/m2). Among the nine strains, 6288 showed the best commercial traits, while YJ082176 has the highest density of fruiting, and the basidioma average size of 6283 was the largest. This study laid a foundation for the screening and breeding of M. eximia cultivars.

, correspAuthors=Yu LI, Xiaolan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* LI Yu, ;
HE Xiaolan,
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对采自四川雅江火烧地的9株野生羊肚菌菌株进行了鉴定和驯化栽培。通过形态学特征及DNA序列分析,确认所有供试菌株均为七妹羊肚菌Morchella eximia。在PDA培养基上,菌株6278菌丝生长速度最快、形成菌核最多,YJ082186生长最慢,6288不形成菌核。依照当前栽培模式进行大田出菇试验,其中6751-1产量最高,达到1.33 kg/m2,6288次之,达到1.31 kg/m2,6288的商品性状最好;YJ082176的出菇密度最大,6283子实体平均大小最大。本研究为进一步七妹羊肚菌新品种选育奠定了基础。

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journalName=菌物研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=戴玉成, 2022. 中国食药用真菌研究发展的新趋势——以《菌物学报》2000-2021年发表论文分析. 菌物研究, 20(2): 141-156, articleTitle=中国食药用真菌研究发展的新趋势——以《菌物学报》2000-2021年发表论文分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256540774687228237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=贺新生, journalName=羊肚菌生物学基础、菌种分离制作与高产栽培技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=贺新生, 2017. 羊肚菌生物学基础、菌种分离制作与高产栽培技术. 北京: 科学出版社. 1-60, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256540774838223184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=24, issue=4, pageStart=222, pageEnd=229, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=贺新生, 张能, 赵苗, 谢敬宜, 王银, 陈波, 刘超洋, journalName=食药用菌, refType=null, unstructuredReference=贺新生, 张能, 赵苗, 谢敬宜, 王银, 陈波, 刘超洋, 2016. 栽培羊肚菌的形态发育分析. 食药用菌, 24(4): 222-229, 238, articleTitle=栽培羊肚菌的形态发育分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256540776486584659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=33, issue=2, pageStart=86, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=彭卫红, 闫世杰, 周洁, 罗建华, 王勇, journalName=食药用菌, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭卫红, 闫世杰, 周洁, 罗建华, 王勇, 2025. 羊肚菌研究中几个值得关注的问题. 食药用菌, 33(2): 86-92, articleTitle=羊肚菌研究中几个值得关注的问题, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256540776650162518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=65, issue=5, pageStart=1184, pageEnd=1189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=吴玉勇, 蒋芯, 董荷玲, 顾天飞, 俞爱英, 朱丽娟, journalName=浙江农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴玉勇, 蒋芯, 董荷玲, 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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Plant Protection, College of Mycology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1256540742852460589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, companyId=1256540742818906155, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 吉林农业大学植物保护学院 菌物学院,吉林 长春 130118)]), AuthorCompany(id=1256540742982484016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1256540743091535921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, companyId=1256540742982484016, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China), 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A: 6285; B: 6751-1; C: 6278; D: 6283; E: 6755-1; F: 6288; G: 6280.

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A: Ascospores; B: Asci and ascospores.

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A:子囊孢子;B:子囊和子囊孢子

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A: 6278; B: 6280; C: 6283; D: 6285; E: 6288; F: 6751-1; G: 6755-1; H: 82183; I: YJ082176.

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A: 6278; B: 6280; C: 6283; D: 6285; E: 6288; F: 6751-1; G: 6755-1; H: 82183; I: YJ082176.

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PCR and sequencing primers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位点
Locus
引物
Primer
序列
Sequence (5′→3′)
参考文献
Reference
RPB1 RPB1B-F AACCGGTATATCACGTYGGTAT Du et al. 2019
RPB1B-R GCCTCRAATTCGTTGACRACGT Du et al. 2019
RPB2 RPB2B-F TAGGTAGGTCCCAAGAACACC Du et al. 2019
RPB2B-R GATACCATGGCGAACATTCTG Du et al. 2019
EF1-a EF-595F CGTGACTTCATCAAGAACATG Kauserud & Schumacher 2001
EF-1R GGARGGAAYCATCTTGACGA Du et al. 2019
ITS rDNA ITS4 TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC White et al. 1990
ITS5 GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG White et al. 1990
LSU rDNA NL1 GCATATCAATAAGCGGAGG O’Donnell et al. 1997
NL4 GGTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG O’Donnell et al. 1997
), ArticleFig(id=1256540763547156710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PCR和测序引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位点
Locus
引物
Primer
序列
Sequence (5′→3′)
参考文献
Reference
RPB1 RPB1B-F AACCGGTATATCACGTYGGTAT Du et al. 2019
RPB1B-R GCCTCRAATTCGTTGACRACGT Du et al. 2019
RPB2 RPB2B-F TAGGTAGGTCCCAAGAACACC Du et al. 2019
RPB2B-R GATACCATGGCGAACATTCTG Du et al. 2019
EF1-a EF-595F CGTGACTTCATCAAGAACATG Kauserud & Schumacher 2001
EF-1R GGARGGAAYCATCTTGACGA Du et al. 2019
ITS rDNA ITS4 TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC White et al. 1990
ITS5 GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG White et al. 1990
LSU rDNA NL1 GCATATCAATAAGCGGAGG O’Donnell et al. 1997
NL4 GGTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG O’Donnell et al. 1997
), ArticleFig(id=1256540763832369385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

GenBank accession numbers of the tested Morchella strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株号
Strain
登录号
GenBank accession number
ITS LSU EF1-α RPB1 RPB2
6278 PV874425 PV875635 PV877865 PV877847 PV877856
6280 PV874424 PV875634 PV877864 PV877846 PV877855
6283 PV874423 PV875633 PV877863 PV877845 PV877854
6285 PV874422 PV875627 PV877862 PV877844 PV877853
6288 PV874421 PV875632 PV877861 PV877843 PV877852
6751-1 PV874420 PV875631 PV877860 PV877842 PV877851
6755-1 PV874419 PV875630 PV877859 PV877841 PV877850
82183 PV874418 PV875629 PV877858 PV877840 PV877849
YJ082176 PV874417 PV875628 PV877857 PV877839 PV877848
), ArticleFig(id=1256540764088221932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

供试羊肚菌菌株的基因号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株号
Strain
登录号
GenBank accession number
ITS LSU EF1-α RPB1 RPB2
6278 PV874425 PV875635 PV877865 PV877847 PV877856
6280 PV874424 PV875634 PV877864 PV877846 PV877855
6283 PV874423 PV875633 PV877863 PV877845 PV877854
6285 PV874422 PV875627 PV877862 PV877844 PV877853
6288 PV874421 PV875632 PV877861 PV877843 PV877852
6751-1 PV874420 PV875631 PV877860 PV877842 PV877851
6755-1 PV874419 PV875630 PV877859 PV877841 PV877850
82183 PV874418 PV875629 PV877858 PV877840 PV877849
YJ082176 PV874417 PV875628 PV877857 PV877839 PV877848
), ArticleFig(id=1256540764390211823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mycelial growth characteristics

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菌株
Strain
菌丝
Mycelial
菌核数量
Quantity of sclerotia
显著性
Significance (P<0.05)
生长速度
Growth rate/(mm/d)
颜色
Color
6278 16.54±0.11 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
+++ a
6288 13.59±0.03 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
- b
6751-1 12.90±0.14 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
+ c
82183 12.86±0.14 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
++ c
6755-1 12.52±0.15 初期白色,后期浅棕色
Initially white, becoming light brown
++ d
6285 12.50±0.01 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
++ d
6280 12.38±0.03 初期白色,后期浅棕色
Initially white, becoming light brown
++ d
6283 12.54±0.03 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
+ d
YJ082176 12.09±0.07 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
++ e
), ArticleFig(id=1256540764696396018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

菌丝生长特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strain
菌丝
Mycelial
菌核数量
Quantity of sclerotia
显著性
Significance (P<0.05)
生长速度
Growth rate/(mm/d)
颜色
Color
6278 16.54±0.11 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
+++ a
6288 13.59±0.03 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
- b
6751-1 12.90±0.14 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
+ c
82183 12.86±0.14 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
++ c
6755-1 12.52±0.15 初期白色,后期浅棕色
Initially white, becoming light brown
++ d
6285 12.50±0.01 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
++ d
6280 12.38±0.03 初期白色,后期浅棕色
Initially white, becoming light brown
++ d
6283 12.54±0.03 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
+ d
YJ082176 12.09±0.07 初期白色,后期棕色
Initially white, becoming brown
++ e
), ArticleFig(id=1256540764948054261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Morphologic characteristics and production of the nine strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strain
菌盖
Pileus
菌柄
Stipe
折干率
Discount
rate/%
产量
Production
/(kg/5m2)
颜色
Color
长度
Length
/cm
直径
Diameter
/cm
形状
Morphology
颜色
Color
长度
Length
/cm
直径
Diameter
/cm
6751-1 灰褐色至褐色
Grayish brown
to brown
6.7-8.7 4.1-5.1 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色偏黄
Milk white
with yellowish
tint
3.5-4.4 1.6-2.1 9.98 6.65
6288 褐色
Brown
7.4-11.3 4.8-6.8 圆锥形
Conical
乳白色
Milk white
3.1-4.1 1.6-2.9 9.50 6.54
YJ082176 橄榄褐色
至灰褐色
Olive brown
to grayish
brown
8.3-9.5 4.7-5.4 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色
Milk white
1.8-3.7 1.6-2 11.35 5.40
6280 浅褐色至褐色
Pale brown
to brown
8-10.7 3.9-5.5 圆锥形
Conical
乳白色偏黄
Milk white
with yellowish
tint
2.2-5.6 1.7-2.6 11.17 4.90
6278 灰褐色
Grayish
brown
9.1-11 3.7-4.3 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色偏黄
Milk white
with yellowish
tint
2.5-4.2 2.1-2.9 11.66 4.36
6285 黄褐色、
橄榄褐色
至浅褐色
Yellowish
brown,
olive brown
to pale brown
7.9-10.1 3.9-4.7 圆锥形
Conical
乳白色
Milk white
2.0-3.3 1.4-2.4 11.68 4.46
6283 橄榄褐色
Olive brown
11.1-14 5.1-8.4 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色
Milk white
2.5-3.9 2.3-2.7 8.75 4.21
82183 浅褐色
Pale brown
9-11.2 3.7-5.4 近圆柱形至
圆锥形
Subcylindrical
to conical
乳白色
Milk white
3.6-6.2 1.4-3.1 9.82 3.31
6755-1 灰褐色
Grayish brown
7.5-9.9 3.7-4.7 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色
Milk white
2.5-4.4 1.3-1.7 10.72 3.11
), ArticleFig(id=1256540765145186552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540737756381190, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

子实体性状及产量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strain
菌盖
Pileus
菌柄
Stipe
折干率
Discount
rate/%
产量
Production
/(kg/5m2)
颜色
Color
长度
Length
/cm
直径
Diameter
/cm
形状
Morphology
颜色
Color
长度
Length
/cm
直径
Diameter
/cm
6751-1 灰褐色至褐色
Grayish brown
to brown
6.7-8.7 4.1-5.1 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色偏黄
Milk white
with yellowish
tint
3.5-4.4 1.6-2.1 9.98 6.65
6288 褐色
Brown
7.4-11.3 4.8-6.8 圆锥形
Conical
乳白色
Milk white
3.1-4.1 1.6-2.9 9.50 6.54
YJ082176 橄榄褐色
至灰褐色
Olive brown
to grayish
brown
8.3-9.5 4.7-5.4 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色
Milk white
1.8-3.7 1.6-2 11.35 5.40
6280 浅褐色至褐色
Pale brown
to brown
8-10.7 3.9-5.5 圆锥形
Conical
乳白色偏黄
Milk white
with yellowish
tint
2.2-5.6 1.7-2.6 11.17 4.90
6278 灰褐色
Grayish
brown
9.1-11 3.7-4.3 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色偏黄
Milk white
with yellowish
tint
2.5-4.2 2.1-2.9 11.66 4.36
6285 黄褐色、
橄榄褐色
至浅褐色
Yellowish
brown,
olive brown
to pale brown
7.9-10.1 3.9-4.7 圆锥形
Conical
乳白色
Milk white
2.0-3.3 1.4-2.4 11.68 4.46
6283 橄榄褐色
Olive brown
11.1-14 5.1-8.4 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色
Milk white
2.5-3.9 2.3-2.7 8.75 4.21
82183 浅褐色
Pale brown
9-11.2 3.7-5.4 近圆柱形至
圆锥形
Subcylindrical
to conical
乳白色
Milk white
3.6-6.2 1.4-3.1 9.82 3.31
6755-1 灰褐色
Grayish brown
7.5-9.9 3.7-4.7 近圆柱形
Subcylindrical
乳白色
Milk white
2.5-4.4 1.3-1.7 10.72 3.11
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四川九株松树火烧地羊肚菌驯化栽培
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王建生 1, 2 , 刘询 2 , 刘天海 2 , 王迪 2 , 余洋 2 , 梁欣敏 2 , 李玉 1, * , 何晓兰 2, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(1): 250230
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(1): 250230
四川九株松树火烧地羊肚菌驯化栽培
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王建生1, 2, 刘询2, 刘天海2, 王迪2, 余洋2, 梁欣敏2, 李玉1, * , 何晓兰2, *
作者信息
  • 1 吉林农业大学植物保护学院 菌物学院,吉林 长春 130118
  • 2 四川省食用菌研究所,四川 成都 610066
Domestication of nine Morchella strains from pine forest post-fire area in Sichuan
Jiansheng WANG1, 2, Xun LIU2, Tianhai LIU2, Di WANG2, Yang YU2, Xinmin LIANG2, Yu LI1, * , Xiaolan HE2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Plant Protection, College of Mycology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
  • 2 Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-01-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250230
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对采自四川雅江火烧地的9株野生羊肚菌菌株进行了鉴定和驯化栽培。通过形态学特征及DNA序列分析,确认所有供试菌株均为七妹羊肚菌Morchella eximia。在PDA培养基上,菌株6278菌丝生长速度最快、形成菌核最多,YJ082186生长最慢,6288不形成菌核。依照当前栽培模式进行大田出菇试验,其中6751-1产量最高,达到1.33 kg/m2,6288次之,达到1.31 kg/m2,6288的商品性状最好;YJ082176的出菇密度最大,6283子实体平均大小最大。本研究为进一步七妹羊肚菌新品种选育奠定了基础。

羊肚菌  /  鉴定  /  驯化栽培

Nine wild Morchella strains collected from pine forest post-fire area in Yajiang County, Sichuan Province were identified and domesticated. Based on morphological observation and DNA sequence analysis, the tested strains were identified as Morchella eximia. On PDA medium, strain 6278 showed the fastest mycelial growth and formed the most quantity of sclerotia; mycelial growth of YJ082186 was the slowest, and 6288 did not form sclerotia. Under the current cultivation mode, 6751-1 had the highest yield (1.33 kg/m2), and 6288 was next in yield (1.31 kg/m2). Among the nine strains, 6288 showed the best commercial traits, while YJ082176 has the highest density of fruiting, and the basidioma average size of 6283 was the largest. This study laid a foundation for the screening and breeding of M. eximia cultivars.

Morchella  /  identification  /  domestication and cultivation
王建生, 刘询, 刘天海, 王迪, 余洋, 梁欣敏, 李玉, 何晓兰. 四川九株松树火烧地羊肚菌驯化栽培. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (1) : 250230 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250230
Jiansheng WANG, Xun LIU, Tianhai LIU, Di WANG, Yang YU, Xinmin LIANG, Yu LI, Xiaolan HE. Domestication of nine Morchella strains from pine forest post-fire area in Sichuan[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (1) : 250230 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250230
羊肚菌Morchella spp.隶属于子囊菌门Ascomycota、盘菌纲Pezizomycetes、盘菌目Pezizales、羊肚菌科Morchellaceae,独特的菌盖形态与羊肚相似而得名,具备显著的食用、药用和经济价值。羊肚菌富含多种营养成分,包括蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质等(Tietel&Masaphy 2017;Yu et al. 2020;Qiu et al. 2024;吴玉勇等 2024;Xu et al. 2025)。研究显示,羊肚菌的提取物具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎症以及调节免疫力等作用(Liu et al. 2016;Wu et al. 2019;Xu et al. 2021;Tian et al. 2024;Haider et al. 2025)。
羊肚菌属种类繁多,仅依赖形态学特征难以实现准确区分。目前,羊肚菌属的物种鉴定主要基于形态学特征结合多基因联合分析。近年来,通过 ITS、LSU、EF1-αRPB1RPB2等进行多基因联合矩阵分析,研究者将羊肚菌属物种分为黑色羊肚菌支系(Elata Clade)、黄色羊肚菌支系(Esculenta Clade)和变红羊肚菌支系(Rufobrunnea Clade) (O’Donnell et al. 2011)。
自2013年以来,羊肚菌大田商业化栽培在我国迅速发展(戴玉成2022)。目前,在生产中应用的羊肚菌属物种主要包括梯棱羊肚菌Morchella importuna M. Kuo et al.、六妹羊肚菌M. sextelata M. Kuo和七妹羊肚菌M. eximia Boud.,其中六妹羊肚菌的栽培面积最大。七妹羊肚菌因抗逆性明显优于六妹羊肚菌和梯棱羊肚菌,近年来栽培面积有所扩大,但其商品性和菌株稳定性是限制其进一步发展的主要因素。野生资源驯化后系统选育是目前羊肚菌新品种选育的主要方法之一(彭卫红等 2025),野生羊肚菌种质资源收集和发掘也一直是业内关注的重点。
野生羊肚菌有部分物种偏好生长于过火后的针叶林地上,包括七妹羊肚菌、六妹羊肚菌等(Miller et al. 2017)。然而,关于火烧地羊肚菌在我国的分布和生长特点,尚未见报道。2024年3月,雅江县发生森林火灾。2024年7月至8月,笔者调查了雅江县部分过火森林,从过火的松树林中采集到了野生羊肚菌。本研究拟以采集自雅江县火烧地的9株野生羊肚菌为研究对象,在物种鉴定的基础上对其进行驯化栽培,旨在发掘有商业化应用潜力的菌株,为选育羊肚菌新品种奠定基础。
供试标本采自四川省甘孜藏族自治州雅江县过火松树林中,采集地海拔约3 100 m。其中,编号为6278、6280、6283、6285、6288、6751-1及6755-1的羊肚菌子实体采集于2024年7月30日;82183和YJ082176采集于2024年8月21日。所有子实体标本保存于四川省食用菌研究所。
采用多孢分离法分离菌种,待菌丝生长后,在无菌条件下挑取尖端菌丝进行纯化培养,最终获得纯菌种。纯化后的菌种均保存于4 ℃冰箱中备用。
挑取小块供试菌株的菌种接种至PDA培养基上,置于25 ℃培养箱中进行活化培养。待菌丝长满培养基后,用打孔器(直径5 mm)取边缘菌丝,接种至PDA培养基中心,继续置于25 ℃培养箱中培养,每个菌株设置3个重复。以菌丝生长最快的菌落为参照,当该菌落菌丝快长满培养基时,作为测量终点,同步对其他菌落进行测量。每日记录各菌落菌丝生长直径,最终取3次测量数据的平均值。日均生长速度(V, mm/d)的计算公式为:
$ \mathrm{V}=\left(\mathrm{R}_{2}-\mathrm{R}_{1}\right) / \mathrm{D}$
式中:R2为最后1次测量菌落直径(mm);R1为第1次测量菌落直径(mm);D为菌落培养时间(d)。
观察子实体的菌盖颜色、形状、横纹,菌柄颜色等;取成熟子实体的菌盖组织,切片后以5% KOH溶液作为浮载剂,在显微镜下进行观察,拍照记录子囊、子囊孢子等显微结构。
DNA的提取:采用CTAB法提取供试菌株的DNA,利用引物(表1)进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系为:2× Phanta Flash Master Mix 12.5 μL、引物各1 μL、模板DNA 1 μL,最后用ddH₂O将体积定至25 μL。ITS序列的PCR反应程序为:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,53 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;4 ℃保存。LSU、EF1-αRPB1RPB2的PCR反应程序为:98 ℃预变性30 s;98 ℃变性10 s,其中LSU、RPB1RPB2在50 ℃退火,EF1-α在53 ℃退火,72 ℃延伸1 min,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;4 ℃保存。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,送至擎科生物(四川)科技有限公司进行测序。
系统发育树的构建:对ITS、RPB1RPB2EF1-α、LSU序列进行处理后,从GenBank中下载七妹羊肚菌及相近种类的RPB1RPB2EF1-α、ITS和LSU序列。将上述序列用Muscle (Edgar 2022)进行比对,经Mega (Tamura et al. 2021)编辑后,再用PhyloSuite (Xiang et al. 2023)进行拼接。最后,以变红羊肚菌Morchella rufobrunnea作为外类群,利用RAxML软件(http://www.phylo.org/subsections/portal/)基于最大似然法构建系统发育树。
PDA培养基:马铃薯200 g、葡萄糖20 g、琼脂15 g、去离子水定容至1 000 mL,pH自然。原种培养基:小麦68.3%、木屑29.3%、石灰1.5%、石膏0.9%、pH自然。栽培种培养基:小麦61.1%、木屑36.5%、石灰1.5%、石膏0.9%、pH自然。营养袋配方:小麦61.1、木屑36.5%、石灰1.5%、石膏0.9%、pH自然。
母种的制备:在超净工作台内,挑取已纯化的尖端菌丝,将其转接至PDA斜面培养基,置于25 ℃暗培养。培养10 d后,选取无污染且菌丝长势好的菌种备用。原种的制备:按原种培养基配方制备菌袋,经灭菌处理2-3 h;待菌袋冷却后,于无菌环境下将母种转接至菌袋,接种量以每支试管(18 mm × 180 mm)转接4-6袋为宜。待菌丝长满菌袋后,剔除生长不良或染杂菌的菌袋,保留生长健壮的菌袋作为原种。栽培种的制备:在无菌环境下,将原种转接至菌袋,接种量以每袋原种转接20-30袋为宜。接种后的菌袋在22 ℃暗培养25 d。
栽培地的选择及处理:选择无污染且靠近水源的地方,翻耕前先均匀撒施生石灰消毒,再施用氮磷钾复合肥将土壤pH值调节至6.5-7.5;土壤改良后进行翻耕并修筑厢面,厢面规格为长20 m、宽1 m,厢间设宽约0.4 m的沟(陈影等 2016);最后浇透水,使土壤保持适宜湿度。
播种:于11月下旬进行,播种前一周搭建简易大棚。将菌种揉散后均匀撒播于厢面,播种量控制在0.3-0.5 kg/m2;播种后,在厢面表层覆盖厚度约1-2 cm的土壤。
营养袋的放置:播种一周后,当土壤表层或间隙出现白色菌丝时,即可放置营养袋。先在营养袋一侧划3-4个口或打若干小孔,将有口或有孔的一面朝下摆放,轻压营养袋使其与土壤表面充分接触,摆放密度为6袋/m2
催菇管理:此期间需要大量浇水,以浇透为主,厢面不要有大量的积水,白天根据天气情况打开大棚两侧的遮阳网,保证棚内空气流通,使棚内温度保持在18 ℃以下、空气相对湿度保持在90%左右。
出菇后管理:棚内温度保持在10-22 ℃,避免低温导致菇体冻伤或高温引发菇体萎蔫死亡。此期间适当浇水,使土壤表层保持湿润,棚内空气相对湿度保持在60%-75%。
采收:当子实体长至11-15 cm时,即可采收;采收时,用小刀将子实体连同底部附着的土壤等杂质一并削除,装入洁净容器中。
子实体高85-185 mm。菌盖高60-120 mm,最宽处宽40-80 mm,近圆柱形至圆锥形,有时呈卵形,中空,内壁具有乳白色颗粒;竖直方向上有14-22条脊,具较多横纹;污黄色至褐色,成熟后脊纹颜色较深(图1)。菌柄黄白色至污黄色,圆柱形,长25-65 mm,直径1.5-3.2 cm,表面具白色粉状颗粒,中空。菌肉白色至米白色;菌肉厚约1-2 mm。子囊孢子16.30-20.17 × 10.84-13.70 μm、椭圆形、透明、内容物均匀(图2A)。子囊231-321 × 16-22 μm,近圆柱形至棒状,内有8个子囊孢子(图2B)。
本研究中获得的9株野生羊肚菌序列均已上传至GenBank,序列登录号见表2
采用最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)构建的ITS系统发育树(图3)显示,9株野生羊肚菌(6278、6280、6283、6285、6288、6751-1、6755-1、82183、YJ082176)均与七妹羊肚菌M. eximia (HKAS62863、HKAS62864)形成一个稳定的单系分支,分支支持率为81%。
联合ITS、LSU、EF1-αRPB1RPB2这5个基因片段构建系统发育树(图4)也显示,9株野生羊肚菌与七妹羊肚菌M. eximia (HKAS62863、HKAS62864)聚于同一分支,其支持率达100%。这一结果与基于ITS序列构建的系统发育树所得结论一致。遵循谱系一致性系统发育物种识别(genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition, GCPSR)方法并结合形态学特征,可确定9株野生羊肚菌均为七妹羊肚菌M. eximia
菌株6278、6755-1、6751-1、6288、6278、6280、6285、6283、82183、YJ082176在PDA培养基上25 ℃培养2 d后菌丝生长情况见图5表3,具体表现为:菌株6278的菌丝生长速度显著快于其他8个菌株,达到16.54 mm/d;菌株YJ082176的菌丝生长速度最慢,为12.09 mm/d;菌株6755-1的菌丝最为浓密,其余菌株无明显差异;菌株82183的气生菌丝最多,其余菌株无明显差异。
菌株6278、6755-1、6280、6285、6283在培养第4天开始形成菌核,其中6278形成的菌核数量最多。6751-1、82183第5天开始形成菌核,YJ082176则在第7天开始形成菌核。6288未形成菌核。所有菌株菌丝初期均为白色,后期逐渐产生色素并转变为黄色、浅棕色或棕色。其中,6283和6751-1产生的色素最多、颜色最深,其余菌株产生色素无明显差异。
驯化栽培出菇结果发现,在相同环境条件下不同菌株出菇时间存在差异,其中,6751-1、6288最先出菇(67 d),6755-1、82183最晚出菇(75 d)。同时产量也存在差异,其中6751-1产量最高,达到1.33 kg/m2。6288产量次之,达到1.31 kg/m2。6755-1产量最低,为0.62 kg/m2
出菇试验结果还显示,不同菌株农艺性状存在明显差异(图6表4)。供试9株羊肚菌中6283子实体平均尺寸最大(高13.6-17.9 cm、宽5.1- 8.4 cm),菌柄较细较短(柄长2.5-3.9 cm、粗2.3-2.7 cm),易倒伏,肉质较脆,不易运输保存;YJ082176的出菇密度最大,但子实体平均尺寸最小(高10.1-13.2 cm、宽4.7-5.4 cm)。
不同菌株子实体出菇形态特征如下:6755-1菌盖灰褐色,近圆柱形,横纹较少;菌柄乳白色。6751-1菌盖灰褐色至褐色,近圆柱形,横纹较多;菌柄乳白色偏黄。6288菌盖褐色,圆锥形,横纹较多;菌柄乳白色,较短。6280菌盖浅褐色至褐色,圆锥形,横纹较少;菌柄乳白色偏黄。6285菌盖黄褐色、橄榄褐色至浅褐色,圆锥形,横纹少;菌柄乳白色、较短。6283菌盖橄榄褐色,近圆柱形,横纹较多;菌柄乳白色、较短。82183菌盖呈浅褐色,近圆柱形至圆锥形,横纹较多;菌柄乳白色、较长。YJ082176菌盖橄榄褐色至灰褐色,近圆柱形,横纹较多;菌柄乳白色。6278菌盖灰褐色,近圆柱形,横纹较少;菌柄乳白色偏黄。
综合产量和子实体性状,菌株6751-1、6288和6280可作为七妹羊肚菌新品种选育的材料来源。
目前,商业化栽培羊肚菌种源多依赖于从野生资源中驯化并经过系统选育获得的品种(张盼盼等2024)。四川蕴藏着丰富的野生羊肚菌资源,尤其是在种类多样性方面具有显著优势(贺新生2017)。本研究对采自四川雅江县火烧地的9株野生羊肚菌进行鉴定和驯化栽培,以期为野生羊肚菌资源有效利用和新品种选育奠定基础。
羊肚菌属中部分物种有明显的火烧地偏好性,能快速在森林火灾后的土地上定殖(Miller et al. 2017),我国商业化栽培的六妹羊肚菌、七妹羊肚菌均是典型的火烧地物种。本研究中的9株羊肚菌均采自过火后的松树林下,过火当年即大量发生,但过火严重、松树已完全烧死的林地中并未有羊肚菌生长。通过形态学特征和GCPSR分析,这9株羊肚菌均被鉴定为七妹羊肚菌。六妹羊肚菌作为生产上的另一主要栽培品种,同样对火烧地生境表现出偏好。然而,本研究在气温相对较高的7月底及8月下旬对雅江县火烧地羊肚菌物种进行调查时,并未发现六妹羊肚菌,这一结果从侧面为“七妹羊肚菌较六妹羊肚菌更耐高温”的观点提供了佐证。近年来,七妹羊肚菌因其抗逆性和风味优于梯棱羊肚菌和六妹羊肚菌,栽培面积不断扩大,但种植户普遍认为,七妹羊肚菌菌株变异较快,且种内变异较大。本文中6278、6280、6283、6285、6288、6751-1和6755-1于同一天采集自同一区域,但栽培出菇后表现却极为不同,进一步证实七妹羊肚菌不同菌株间遗传差异较大,种内遗传多样性丰富。目前,羊肚菌生产中种源的获取多采用多孢分离法,这在一定程度上不利于优良性状的保持,也加速了菌株的变异。
本研究中,菌株6278形成菌核最多,但其产量表现却较为一般,而6288虽不形成菌核,但其产量表现却极好。这一发现支持了贺新生等(2016)的研究:菌核与出菇和产量高低之间并无必然联系。需要注意的是,这些菌核数据仅取自PDA平板培养条件,其在实际大田条件下的表现及产量潜力则尚需进一步验证。此外,所有9个栽培出菇的菌株均形成“菌霜”,但“菌霜”形成的程度与最终产量并无直接关联。
近十年来,中国羊肚菌栽培产业迅速发展,同时面临的产业问题也不断显现。毫无疑问,优质高产的新品种是产业发展的基石。目前,针对羊肚菌的育种基本理论仍有待完善,受限于育种方法和技术体系的不成熟,尤其对比以担子菌研究为基础的食用菌育种理论体系,羊肚菌的育种研究还处于起步阶段。预计在今后相当长的时期内,以野生资源为基础进行系统选育仍将是羊肚菌新品种选育的主要路径。
王建生:实验、数据整理和初稿撰写;刘询:参与实验设计和论文修改;刘天海、王迪、余洋:参与实验设计和指导;梁欣敏:参与实验和数据分析;李玉和何晓兰:指导实验设计、数据处理和论文写作及修改。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32370019)
  • 四川省科技计划项目(2021YFYZ0026)
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2026年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250230
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23
  • 录用日期:2025-10-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370019)
国家自然科学基金(32370019)
Sichuan Province Science and Technology Program(2021YFYZ0026)
四川省科技计划项目(2021YFYZ0026)
作者信息
    1 吉林农业大学植物保护学院 菌物学院,吉林 长春 130118
    2 四川省食用菌研究所,四川 成都 610066

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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