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Species of Cantharellus are world-renowned edible fungi, capable of forming symbiotic relationships with various plants, including Pinaceae, Fagaceae, and Betulaceae. The genus is mainly characterized by its veined, ridged, or smooth hymenophore and is a crucial taxonomic group in the phylogenetic study of macrofungi. In China, 83 names of Cantharellus species have been recorded, but some of them are inaccurate. Based on extensive specimen collections and comprehensive literature review, combined with morphological observations and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of nrLSU, tef1, rpb2 and SSU, 35 species of Cantharellus present in China are confirmed, and 35 previously reported names are determined to be incorrect and excluded, in addition, 13 species with uncertain distributions are discussed in this study. A geographical distribution map of Cantharellus species in China is presented. This paper provides an important foundation for accurately understanding the species diversity and geographical distribution of Cantharellus in China.

, correspAuthors=Haimei YUE, Ming ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* YUE Haimei, ;
ZHANG Ming,
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ORCID: HUANG Yixiu (0009-0005-9825-6577),

YUE Haimei (0000-0001-7956-667X),

ZHANG Ming (0000-0001-6420-2531)

, authorsList=Yixiu HUANG, Wenxiao XIA, Ke WANG, Wangqiu DENG, Haimei YUE, Ming ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256540738981061393, articleId=1256540736879715079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=中国鸡油菌属物种多样性与地理分布, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鸡油菌属真菌是世界著名食用菌之一,可与松科、壳斗科、桦木科等多种植物形成共生关系,该类群子实层体呈脉络状、脊状或光滑,是研究大型真菌系统发育与进化的关键类群,在大型真菌系统学研究中具有重要地位。我国鸡油菌属真菌物种丰富,记录有83个名称,但这些名称部分存在误用、滥用等现象。本研究在广泛采集标本和资料查阅的基础上,基于形态学与nrLSU、tef1、rpb2和SSU多基因联合系统发育分析,确定我国分布鸡油菌属真菌35种,排除错误鉴定35种,对分布存疑的13个物种进行了分析讨论,并绘制了中国鸡油菌属物种地理分布图,为正确认识中国鸡油菌属真菌物种多样性与地理分布提供重要依据。

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authorNames=田霄飞, 邵士诚, 刘培贵, journalName=中国食用菌, refType=null, unstructuredReference=田霄飞, 邵士诚, 刘培贵, 2009. 鸡油菌属值得关注的2个中国新记录种. 中国食用菌, 28(4): 10-11, articleTitle=鸡油菌属值得关注的2个中国新记录种, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256540794811441467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540736879715079, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[110], rfOrder=109, authorNames=应建浙, 臧穆, journalName=西南地区大型经济真菌, refType=null, unstructuredReference=应建浙, 臧穆, 1994. 西南地区大型经济真菌. 北京: 科学出版社. 1-399, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256540794933076285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540736879715079, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1980, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=29, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[111], rfOrder=110, authorNames=臧穆, journalName=微生物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=臧穆, 1980. 我国西藏担子菌类数新种. 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Bootstrap support values ML≥75% are labeled on the branch at nodes; Craterellus cornucopioides is rooted as outgroup.

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支持率ML≥75%标于分支上;Craterellus cornucopioides为外类群

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A: C. albopileatus; B: C. albus; C: C. applanatus; D: C. aurantinus; E: C. austrosinensis; F: C. bellus (Zhang et al. 2023); G: C. cerinoalbus; H: C. chrysanthus; I: C. chuiweifanii; J: C. cibarius; K: C. cineraceus; L: C. citrinus; M: C. convexus; N: C. curvatus (Wang et al. 2023); O: C. elongatipes; P: C. galbanus; Q: C. hainanensis; R: C. hygrophoroides; S: C. koreanus; T: C. laevihymeninus (Cao et al. 2021); U: C. luteolus; V: C. luteovirens; W: C. macrocarpus; X: C. magnus; Y: C. minioalbus; Z: C. neopersicinus; a: C. phloginus; b: C. pinetorus; c: C. ravus (Zhang YZ et al. 2022); d: C. sinocinnabarinus; e: C. subvaginatus; f: C. tuberculosporus; g: C. vaginatus; h: C. versicolor; i: C. zangii.

, figureFileSmall=M10ovRyXAWFGyA/pDhYSNw==, figureFileBig=XePJiHAE5McIKaKn31K4aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540751412978613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540736879715079, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国目前分布的鸡油菌属种类

A:白盖鸡油菌;B:白鸡油菌;C:平盖鸡油菌;D:橙黄鸡油菌;E:华南鸡油菌;F:美丽鸡油菌(Zhang et al. 2023);G:淡蜡黄鸡油菌;H:菊黄鸡油菌;I:维藩鸡油菌;J:鸡油菌;K:灰色鸡油菌;L:橘黄鸡油菌;M:凸盖鸡油菌;N:弯状鸡油菌(Wang et al. 2023);O:长柄鸡油菌;P:青黄鸡油菌;Q:海南鸡油菌;R:蜡伞状鸡油菌;S:韩国鸡油菌;T:光褶鸡油菌(Cao et al. 2021);U:蛋黄鸡油菌;V:黄绿鸡油菌;W:大果鸡油菌;X:巨盖鸡油菌;Y:小白鸡油菌;Z:新桃红鸡油菌;a:桃红鸡油菌;b:松林鸡油菌;c:灰黄鸡油菌(Zhang YZ et al. 2022);d:中华小红鸡油菌;e:近翘鳞鸡油菌;f:疣孢鸡油菌;g:翘鳞鸡油菌;h:变色鸡油菌;i:臧氏鸡油菌

, figureFileSmall=M10ovRyXAWFGyA/pDhYSNw==, figureFileBig=XePJiHAE5McIKaKn31K4aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540751857574842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540736879715079, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The distribution of Cantharellus species in China., figureFileSmall=9C12oZQOE+FQ34LUAwv8SQ==, figureFileBig=SuisEXkHIKosQs/K0E/xlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540752654492609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540736879715079, language=CN, label=图3, caption=中国鸡油菌属物种分布情况, figureFileSmall=9C12oZQOE+FQ34LUAwv8SQ==, figureFileBig=SuisEXkHIKosQs/K0E/xlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256540753073923013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540736879715079, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Spore sizes of the definite species of Cantharellus in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种
Species
担孢子大小(模式标本或已发表的标本)
Size of basidiospores/μm
(type specimens or published specimens)
担孢子大小(自测)
Size of basidiospores/μm
(present research)
参考文献
Reference
Cantharellus albopileatus 6-8 × 5-6(6.5) (6.5)7-8.5 × 5-6.5 Zhang YZ et al. 2022
C. albus (5.5)6-8 × 5-7 (5)5.5-7.5 × 4.5-6.5(7) Zhang M et al. 2021
C. applanatus 7-8.5(9) × 4.5-5.5 7-8.5 × 4.5-6 Deepika et al. 2013
C. aurantinus (6.5)7-9 × (4.5)5-6 6.5-9(9.5) × 5.5-7 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. austrosinensis 6-8 × 4.8-6 (5.5)6-8(8.5) × 4.5-7 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. bellus (7)7.5-9.5(10) × 5.5-6.5(7) - Zhang et al. 2023
C. cerinoalbus 7.5-9(10) × 5-5.75(6) 8-10(11) × (5)5.5-6(6.5) Eyssartier et al. 2009
C. chrysanthus 7.5-9 × 5-6.5 6.5-9 × (5)5.5-7 Zhang M et al. 2022
C. chuiweifanii 6-8 × 4.5-5.5(6) 5.5-8(8.5) × 5-6(6.5) Zhang YZ et al. 2022
C. cibarius 8-10 × 5-6 6-8 × 4.5-5.5(6) Shao et al. 2021
C. cineraceus 8-10(11.5) × (5)5.5-7 - Zhang et al. 2023
C. citrinus (7.3)7.6-8.4(8.8) × (5.1)5.4-5.9(6.1) (6)6.5-8.5 × 5-6(6.5) Buyck et al. 2020
C. convexus 6-7 × 4.5-5 6-7.5(8) × 5-6 Zhang M et al. 2022
C. curvatus (7.25)7.5-9 × 5-6(6.25) 7.5-9 × 5-6 Buyck et al. 2020
C. elongatipes 6-7.5 × 4.5-5.5 (6)6.5-9 × (4.5)5-6.5 Deepika et al. 2013
C. galbanus 6-7.5 × 4.8-5.5 6-7.5 × 5-5.5 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. hainanensis 6-8(9) × (4)4.5-5(5.5) 7-9(10) × 5-6 An et al. 2017
C. hygrophoroides (9.5)10-12(12.5) × (6)6.5-8(8.5) (8)9-12 × 6.5-7(8) Shao et al. 2014
C. koreanus 5-8 × (4)4.5-6 (5)5.5-8(8.5) × 5-6(6.5) Zhang M et al. 2022
C. laevihymeninus (6.8)7-8.8(9) × (4.8)5-6.1(6.2) - Cao et al. 2021
C. luteolus 7-8 × 5.2-6.5 6-8 × 5.5-7 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. luteovirens 6-7(7.5) × (4.5)4.8-5.5(6) 6-7.5 × 4.5-6.5 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. macrocarpus 6.5-8 × 4-5(5.5) (5.5)6-8(8.5) × 5-5.5(6) Zhang YZ et al. 2021
C. magnus (8.5)9-11(11.5) × (6.5)6.8-7.5(8) 7.5-11.5(12) × (5.5)6-9 Cao et al. 2021
C. minioalbus 4.5-7 × 4-5.5(6.2) 5-8 × 4.5-6(6.5) Zhang M et al. 2021
C. neopersicinus (6)7-8.5(9) × (4)4.5-5.5(6) (6.5)7-8.5(9) × 4.5-6 Zhang M et al. 2022
C. phloginus 7.5-8.5 × 5-6.5(7) 6-11(11.5) × 5-7(7.5) Shao et al. 2016a
C. pinetorum 6-7.5(8) × 5-6 6-9.5 × 4.5-6 Zhang YZ et al. 2022
C. ravus (6)6.5-7.5 × 4.5-5.5 - Zhang YZ et al. 2022
C. sinocinnabarinus (6.5)7-8(9) × (4.5)5-6 6.5-8(9) × 5-6(6.5) Zhang M et al. 2022
C. subvaginatus (6.5)7-8.5(8.75) × 4.5-5.75(6) (6)6.5-8.5(9) × 4.5-5.5 Buyck et al. 2018
C. tuberculosporus (8)8.5-10(10.5) × (4.5)5-6(6.5) (8)9-11(12) × (5.5)6-7(7.5) Wang et al. 2023
C. vaginatus 7-9(9.5) × 5-7(8) (6.5)7.5-8.5(9) × 5.5-7(7.5) Shao et al. 2011
C. versicolor (8.5)9−10 × 5−6 (8)9-11(12) × (5.5)6-7(7.5) Shao et al. 2016b
C. zangii (8)8.5-11 × (4.5)5-6.5(7) 7-11.5(12) × (5.5)6-7(8) Tian et al. 2012
), ArticleFig(id=1256540753543685065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256540736879715079, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国已确定鸡油菌属物种担孢子大小汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种
Species
担孢子大小(模式标本或已发表的标本)
Size of basidiospores/μm
(type specimens or published specimens)
担孢子大小(自测)
Size of basidiospores/μm
(present research)
参考文献
Reference
Cantharellus albopileatus 6-8 × 5-6(6.5) (6.5)7-8.5 × 5-6.5 Zhang YZ et al. 2022
C. albus (5.5)6-8 × 5-7 (5)5.5-7.5 × 4.5-6.5(7) Zhang M et al. 2021
C. applanatus 7-8.5(9) × 4.5-5.5 7-8.5 × 4.5-6 Deepika et al. 2013
C. aurantinus (6.5)7-9 × (4.5)5-6 6.5-9(9.5) × 5.5-7 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. austrosinensis 6-8 × 4.8-6 (5.5)6-8(8.5) × 4.5-7 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. bellus (7)7.5-9.5(10) × 5.5-6.5(7) - Zhang et al. 2023
C. cerinoalbus 7.5-9(10) × 5-5.75(6) 8-10(11) × (5)5.5-6(6.5) Eyssartier et al. 2009
C. chrysanthus 7.5-9 × 5-6.5 6.5-9 × (5)5.5-7 Zhang M et al. 2022
C. chuiweifanii 6-8 × 4.5-5.5(6) 5.5-8(8.5) × 5-6(6.5) Zhang YZ et al. 2022
C. cibarius 8-10 × 5-6 6-8 × 4.5-5.5(6) Shao et al. 2021
C. cineraceus 8-10(11.5) × (5)5.5-7 - Zhang et al. 2023
C. citrinus (7.3)7.6-8.4(8.8) × (5.1)5.4-5.9(6.1) (6)6.5-8.5 × 5-6(6.5) Buyck et al. 2020
C. convexus 6-7 × 4.5-5 6-7.5(8) × 5-6 Zhang M et al. 2022
C. curvatus (7.25)7.5-9 × 5-6(6.25) 7.5-9 × 5-6 Buyck et al. 2020
C. elongatipes 6-7.5 × 4.5-5.5 (6)6.5-9 × (4.5)5-6.5 Deepika et al. 2013
C. galbanus 6-7.5 × 4.8-5.5 6-7.5 × 5-5.5 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. hainanensis 6-8(9) × (4)4.5-5(5.5) 7-9(10) × 5-6 An et al. 2017
C. hygrophoroides (9.5)10-12(12.5) × (6)6.5-8(8.5) (8)9-12 × 6.5-7(8) Shao et al. 2014
C. koreanus 5-8 × (4)4.5-6 (5)5.5-8(8.5) × 5-6(6.5) Zhang M et al. 2022
C. laevihymeninus (6.8)7-8.8(9) × (4.8)5-6.1(6.2) - Cao et al. 2021
C. luteolus 7-8 × 5.2-6.5 6-8 × 5.5-7 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. luteovirens 6-7(7.5) × (4.5)4.8-5.5(6) 6-7.5 × 4.5-6.5 Zhang M et al. 2021
C. macrocarpus 6.5-8 × 4-5(5.5) (5.5)6-8(8.5) × 5-5.5(6) Zhang YZ et al. 2021
C. magnus (8.5)9-11(11.5) × (6.5)6.8-7.5(8) 7.5-11.5(12) × (5.5)6-9 Cao et al. 2021
C. minioalbus 4.5-7 × 4-5.5(6.2) 5-8 × 4.5-6(6.5) Zhang M et al. 2021
C. neopersicinus (6)7-8.5(9) × (4)4.5-5.5(6) (6.5)7-8.5(9) × 4.5-6 Zhang M et al. 2022
C. phloginus 7.5-8.5 × 5-6.5(7) 6-11(11.5) × 5-7(7.5) Shao et al. 2016a
C. pinetorum 6-7.5(8) × 5-6 6-9.5 × 4.5-6 Zhang YZ et al. 2022
C. ravus (6)6.5-7.5 × 4.5-5.5 - Zhang YZ et al. 2022
C. sinocinnabarinus (6.5)7-8(9) × (4.5)5-6 6.5-8(9) × 5-6(6.5) Zhang M et al. 2022
C. subvaginatus (6.5)7-8.5(8.75) × 4.5-5.75(6) (6)6.5-8.5(9) × 4.5-5.5 Buyck et al. 2018
C. tuberculosporus (8)8.5-10(10.5) × (4.5)5-6(6.5) (8)9-11(12) × (5.5)6-7(7.5) Wang et al. 2023
C. vaginatus 7-9(9.5) × 5-7(8) (6.5)7.5-8.5(9) × 5.5-7(7.5) Shao et al. 2011
C. versicolor (8.5)9−10 × 5−6 (8)9-11(12) × (5.5)6-7(7.5) Shao et al. 2016b
C. zangii (8)8.5-11 × (4.5)5-6.5(7) 7-11.5(12) × (5.5)6-7(8) Tian et al. 2012
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中国鸡油菌属物种多样性与地理分布
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黄逸秀 1, 2 , 夏文潇 1, 2 , 王科 3 , 邓旺秋 2 , 岳海梅 1, * , 张明 2, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(1): 250201
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(1): 250201
中国鸡油菌属物种多样性与地理分布
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黄逸秀1, 2, 夏文潇1, 2, 王科3, 邓旺秋2, 岳海梅1, * , 张明2, *
作者信息
  • 1 西藏农牧大学植物科学学院,西藏 林芝 860000
  • 2 广东省科学院微生物研究所 华南应用微生物国家重点实验室 广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510070
  • 3 中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆,北京 100101
Species diversity and distribution of Cantharellus in China
Yixiu HUANG1, 2, Wenxiao XIA1, 2, Ke WANG3, Wangqiu DENG2, Haimei YUE1, * , Ming ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Plant Science, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, Xizang, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology of Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture, Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, Guangdong, China
  • 3 Fungarium, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • ORCID: HUANG Yixiu (0009-0005-9825-6577),

    YUE Haimei (0000-0001-7956-667X),

    ZHANG Ming (0000-0001-6420-2531)

出版时间: 2026-01-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250201
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鸡油菌属真菌是世界著名食用菌之一,可与松科、壳斗科、桦木科等多种植物形成共生关系,该类群子实层体呈脉络状、脊状或光滑,是研究大型真菌系统发育与进化的关键类群,在大型真菌系统学研究中具有重要地位。我国鸡油菌属真菌物种丰富,记录有83个名称,但这些名称部分存在误用、滥用等现象。本研究在广泛采集标本和资料查阅的基础上,基于形态学与nrLSU、tef1、rpb2和SSU多基因联合系统发育分析,确定我国分布鸡油菌属真菌35种,排除错误鉴定35种,对分布存疑的13个物种进行了分析讨论,并绘制了中国鸡油菌属物种地理分布图,为正确认识中国鸡油菌属真菌物种多样性与地理分布提供重要依据。

齿菌科  /  分类学  /  系统发育  /  食用菌

Species of Cantharellus are world-renowned edible fungi, capable of forming symbiotic relationships with various plants, including Pinaceae, Fagaceae, and Betulaceae. The genus is mainly characterized by its veined, ridged, or smooth hymenophore and is a crucial taxonomic group in the phylogenetic study of macrofungi. In China, 83 names of Cantharellus species have been recorded, but some of them are inaccurate. Based on extensive specimen collections and comprehensive literature review, combined with morphological observations and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of nrLSU, tef1, rpb2 and SSU, 35 species of Cantharellus present in China are confirmed, and 35 previously reported names are determined to be incorrect and excluded, in addition, 13 species with uncertain distributions are discussed in this study. A geographical distribution map of Cantharellus species in China is presented. This paper provides an important foundation for accurately understanding the species diversity and geographical distribution of Cantharellus in China.

Hydnaceae  /  taxonomy  /  phylogeny  /  edible mushrooms
黄逸秀, 夏文潇, 王科, 邓旺秋, 岳海梅, 张明. 中国鸡油菌属物种多样性与地理分布. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (1) : 250201 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250201
Yixiu HUANG, Wenxiao XIA, Ke WANG, Wangqiu DENG, Haimei YUE, Ming ZHANG. Species diversity and distribution of Cantharellus in China[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (1) : 250201 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250201
鸡油菌属Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr.真菌隶属于担子菌门Basidiomycota,蘑菇纲Agaricomycetes,鸡油菌目Cantharellales,齿菌科Hydnaceae (Hibbett et al. 2014)。该类群主要特征为子实体肉质,小型至中型,颜色鲜艳包含黄色、白色、红色、紫红色等;菌盖幼时扁平,成熟后中心凹陷呈漏斗形或喇叭状,表面光滑或被小鳞片,边缘通常为波浪形并伴有不规则瓣裂;子实层体为明显的脉络状、棱脊状或少数光滑,向柄延生;菌盖表皮菌丝平伏状,较少形成规则栅栏状结构;担子细长,2-8个小梗不等;囊状体缺失;孢子光滑,无色至淡黄色,近球形、椭圆形、肾形;孢子印白色或乳白色;锁状联合存在或缺失(赵桂萍等 2021;Hall et al. 2023)。在外观形态上,鸡油菌属真菌与钉菇属Gomphus、胶鸡油菌属Gloeocantharellus等真菌较为相似,具有下延褶皱的子实层体(Pilz et al. 2003),但可以通过孢子纹饰来将他们区分;此外,鸡油菌属真菌还与拟口蘑属、类脐菇属及橙黄拟蜡伞Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca等子实层体黄色的伞菌种类较为相似,但可以通过观察子实层体的形态来区分,其他伞菌子实层体呈明显的褶片状,不分叉或分叉不明显,而鸡油菌子实层体呈脊状或脉络状,有的甚至光滑。
鸡油菌类群作为蘑菇纲进化主线的基部分支,较早地分化出来,与植物形成共生关系,其独特的形态特征、系统发育位置和具有相对独立的演化路线,使其成为研究大型担子菌系统发育与进化演化的关键类群(Bondartseva & Zmitrovich 2023)。早期研究认为,鸡油菌属与钉菇属Gomphus、棒瑚菌属Clavulina、枝瑚菌属Clavaria等有密切的进化关系,是子实层体光滑的革菌类群和具有菌褶的伞菌类群之间的过渡类群(Corner 1966;Wells & Kempton 1968;Jülich 1981)。但随着对鸡油菌认识的不断深入,越来越多的研究表明,鸡油菌与齿菌属Hydnum、膜菌属Membranomyces和坛担菌属Sistotrema等亲缘关系密切,而与钉菇类、珊瑚菌类和木耳类真菌等亲缘关系较远,推翻了传统上认为的“鸡油菌是担子菌的原始类型和子实层体平滑类群到子实层体菌褶状的过渡类群”的假说,证明它是高等担子菌系统分类与进化中占有独特而重要地位的类群(Petersen 1971;Hawksworth et al. 1996;李泰辉 2000;Hibbett et al. 2014;He et al. 2019)。
鸡油菌属正式建立于1821年,其模式种为C. cibarius Fr. (Earle 1909)。早期主要依据形态学方法对其进行分类,由于不同研究者对物种鉴定的侧重点不同和对种的概念理解不一致等,使得对鸡油菌属的研究存在不同的分类观点。Fries (1821)首次将鸡油菌属划分4个族,即:C. trib. SopusC. trib. GomphusC. trib. LeuropusC. trib. Pus;之后,Peck (1888)根据菌盖颜色、菌盖与菌柄的比列、菌柄是否中空、子实层体的形状等特征,将鸡油菌划分为4个组,即:C. sect. AgaricoidesC. sect. EucantharellusC. sect. CantharellusC. sect. Leptocantharellus;Smith & Morse (1947)在前人研究的基础上,根据孢子纹饰和菌柄特征等,将鸡油菌属划分为5个组,即:C. sect. PolyzellusC. sect. GomphusC. sect. EucantharellusC. sect. ExcavarusC. sect. Tubaeformis;Heinemann (1958)对中非地区鸡油菌属真菌研究后,将该地区鸡油菌属划分为4个组:C. sect. CibariiC. sect. TenuesC. sect. InfundibuliformesC. sect. Congolenses。由于早期认识的局限性,使得鸡油菌属中包含了一些其他鸡油菌状物种。Corner (1966)首次对全球鸡油菌类真菌开展专题研究,记录了鸡油菌属真菌67种及17个C. cibarius种下分类单元(包括变种或变形),将鸡油菌属划分为3个亚属:C. subgen. CantharellusC. subgen. PhaeocantharellusC. subgen. Cantharellotus,其中C. subgen. Cantharellus又分为2个组:C. sect. CutirellusC. sect. Cantharellus,将鸡油菌属真菌与其他鸡油菌状真菌区分开来。然而,其他学者有不同的观点,例如Donk (1969)认为C. subgen. Phaeocantharellus与Peck (1888)分类单元中的C. sect. Leptocantharellus描述的类群范围相同,应该被提升至属级水平。但在随后的分子系统学研究中,C. subgen. Phaeocantharellus (包括模式种)被证明与喇叭菌属Craterellus成员亲缘关系更为接近,应该置于喇叭菌属内,不支持将该亚属提升至属级水平的观点(Feibelman et al. 1997;Dahlman et al. 2000)。
随着分子生物学技术的发展,Feibelman et al. (1994)首次对鸡油菌类真菌进行了系统发育分析,发现鸡油菌属与喇叭菌属真菌在ITS片段长度上存在显著差异,且序列变异度大,比对较为困难,不适合作系统发育分析。随后,Feibelman et al. (1997)基于28S rRNA序列分析,首次从系统发育角度区分了鸡油菌属与喇叭菌属。由于前期对鸡油菌属真菌的鉴定主要依靠形态鉴定,使得鸡油菌属真菌同物异名、同名异物等问题普遍,随后一些学者开展了对鸡油菌属真菌的修订工作,修订了大部分鸡油菌属真菌名称错误的问题,例如Eyssartier (2001)通过对现有模式标本的详细检查,在418个已发表的名称中仅保留了59个有效的物种名称。同年,Eyssartier & Buyck (2001)采用宏观与微观形态特征相结合的方法,将鸡油菌属真菌划分为6个亚属:C. subg. AfrogomphusC. subg. CantharellusC. subg. RubrinusC. subg. PseudocantharellusC. subg. AfrocantharellusC. subg. Parvocantharellus。Buyck & Hofstetter (2011)基于tef1片段对美国东南地区的C. cibarius复合群进行系统发育分析,发现了3个新种,并强调tef1片段序列分析在鸡油菌属分子系统学研究中的重要性。Buyck et al. (2014)在Eyssartier & Buyck (2001)研究的基础上,基于nrLSU、mtSSU、rpb2和tef1-α这4个片段的联合分析,重建涵盖了世界范围内近半数鸡油菌属物种的系统发育树,结果得到6个稳定的亚属级分支,即C. subg. CantharellusC. subg. RubrinusC. subg. PseudocantharellusC. subg. CinnabarinusC. subg. AfrocantharellusC. subg. Pseudocantharellus。该分类系统进一步明确了鸡油菌属的概念,得到广泛接受认可,之后的一些相关研究中,都沿用了Buyck et al. (2014)的分类系统(Shao et al. 2014;Das et al. 2015;Buyck et al. 2016, 2018, 2020;Olariaga et al. 2016;Antonin et al. 2017;Zhang M et al. 2021;Zhang YZ et al. 2022, 2023),加快了鸡油菌属分类学研究进展。
中国对鸡油菌的研究起步较晚,最早有关鸡油菌研究的记录是在《中国真菌续志 三》中,该著作描述了C. cibarius (邓叔群 1936),拉开了中国鸡油菌研究的序幕;随后,在《中国的真菌》(邓叔群 1963)中记录了8个鸡油菌属物种。裘维蕃(1973)报道了首个中国本土鸡油菌物种——云南鸡油菌C. yunnanensis W.F. Chiu;戴芳澜(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中汇总了我国鸡油菌科7个物种;臧穆(1980)报道了发现于我国西藏地区的一个中国特有种——疣孢鸡油菌C. tuberculosporus M. Zang;随后,部分学者在调查地区真菌多样性时也记录了一些鸡油菌属物种,如应建浙和臧穆(1994)报道了西南地区鸡油菌属共14个物种;Zhuang (2001, 2005)报道了热带地区和西北地区鸡油菌属共11个物种。
鸡油菌属真菌形态学特征少,物种趋同进化现象普遍,基于形态学的鸡油菌属物种分类较为困难,在分子生物学技术运用到鸡油菌属分类研究之前,中国仅报道了2个本土鸡油菌属物种C. yunnanensisC. tuberculosporus (裘维蕃 1973;臧穆 1980)。进入21世纪,随着分子生物学技术的应用,中国鸡油菌属物种多样性得到快速发展,田霄飞(2009)和邵士成(2011)在我国西南地区发现多个鸡油菌新种与中国新记录种,并推测我国西南高山、亚高山和热带地区是鸡油菌属的物种多样性分布中心。米飞(2016)对我国西南地区的鸡油菌属进行了分子系统学和生物地理学分析,推测鸡油菌属的初始分化时间为(358.3±0.46) Mya,主要起源于非洲南部地区,并向非洲北部、欧亚大陆扩散和传播。Cao et al. (2021)对中国齿菌科进行了系统发育研究,报道了中国鸡油菌属3个物种,并建立了一个新的鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Magni。Wang et al. (2023)基于GenBank数据库的鸡油菌属真菌序列,对中国甚至亚洲地区报道的鸡油菌属物种进行了修订与分析,指出C. yunnanensis属于喇叭菌属物种,认为平盖鸡油菌C. applanatus D. Kumari, Ram. Upadhyay & Mod.S. Reddy是西南地区市场上常见鸡油菌的物种,还修订了8个鸡油菌属真菌的同物异名问题。在此期间,大量新的本土物种被报道,如:C. albus S.P. Jian & B. Feng、C. bellus N.K. Zeng, Y. Zhe Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang、C. hainanensis N.K. Zeng, Zhi Q. Liang & S. Jiang、C. hygrophoroides S.C. Shao, Buyck & F.Q. Yu、C. minioalbus Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li、C. neopersicinus Ming Zhang, T.H. Li & X.Y. Chen、C. phloginus S.C. Shao & P.G. Liu、C. ravus N.K. Zeng, Y. Zhe Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang、C. vaginatus S.C. Shao, X.F. Tian & P.G. Liu等(Shao et al. 2011, 2014, 2016a, 2016b;Tian et al. 2012;An et al. 2017;Jian et al. 2020;Cao et al. 2021;Zhang M et al. 2021, 2022;Zhang YZ 2021, 2022, 2023)。目前,中国已报道本土鸡油菌属真菌30个物种。
本研究在广泛采样和借阅中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本馆(HKAS)等标本馆鸡油菌属标本的基础上,对中国鸡油菌物种多样性进行了研究分析与整理,构建了中国鸡油菌属物种的系统发育框架,确定了部分物种在中国分布情况,对分布存疑种类进行了讨论分析,排除了部分错误名称,初步厘清了中国鸡油菌物种多样性与地理分布,为中国鸡油菌属真菌的分类学研究提供参考。
标本来源:(1)作者及团队近年来采集于安徽、北京、福建、广东、广西、贵州、海南、湖北、湖南、江西、四川、西藏、云南、浙江等地区的鸡油菌属标本材料。(2)借阅于中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本馆(HKAS)、湖南师范大学真菌标本馆(HNNMU)等标本馆鸡油菌属标本。(3)各地蘑菇爱好者提供的鸡油菌标本。
名称收集:(1)中国菌物名录数据库(https://nmdc.cn/fungarium/fungi/chinadirectories):基于中国大型真菌物种数据库信息将《中国经济真菌》《中国食用菌名录》《中国大型真菌》《中国蕈菌》《中国大型真菌原色图鉴》《中国食用菌志》等全国各地区菌物专著及各级自然保护区科学考察集中的鸡油菌属物种信息进行汇总。(2)各大标本馆鸡油菌属物种资料。(3)截至2024年发表的硕博士论文、期刊中出现的鸡油菌属物种名称。(4)根据系统发育结果鉴定出的物种名称。
地理分布信息收集:(1)截至2024年发表的有关记录鸡油菌属物种的学术期刊和学位论文中的地理分布信息。(2)作者及团队新收集的标本的分布信息。
宏观形态和显微特征观察参考Zhang M et al. (2021)报道的方法。使用的颜色标准参考Kornerup & Wanscher (1981)的报道。本研究收集的标本保存于广东省科学院微生物研究所真菌标本馆(Fungarium of Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academic of Science,国际缩写代码:GDGM)。
参考Zhang M et al. (2021)的报道,提取鸡油菌标本DNA并扩增nrLSU、tef1、rpb2和SSU序列片段,同时根据已发表的文献在GenBank数据库中下载相关的鸡油菌属物种序列,以Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. (标本GDGM78644、GDGM78922、GDGM83074)为系统发育树的外类群。使用MAFFT v6.853软件(Katoh et al. 2019)分别对nrLSU、tef1、rpb2和SSU这4个序列矩阵进行比对;使用PhyloSuite v1.2.2软件构建联合矩阵(Zhang et al. 2020);nrLSU、tef1、rpb2和SSU分区最佳模型分别为TIM3e+R6、TIMe+R4、TNe+R3和TVM+F+I+ G4,运行最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML) (Nguyen et al. 2015),自举重复次数(bootstrap)设置为5 000;使用FigTree 1.4.4编辑调整系统树,根据获得系统发育树的拓扑结构和支持率(或靴带值)等,确定系统发育树中的可靠分支。
利用GraphPad Prism 9.5.0软件将物种名称与物种分布进行关联,绘制中国鸡油菌属真菌物种地理分布图。
基于GenBank数据库下载的鸡油菌属序列281条和本研究自测序列168条,共449条建立多基因(nrLSU、tef1、rpb2和SSU)联合序列矩阵,序列总长3 224 bp,其中nrLSU:1 040 bp,tef1:776 bp,rpb2:866 bp,SSU:542 bp。ML分析结果与Buyck et al. (2014)和Cao et al. (2021)的结果基本一致,将鸡油菌属划分为7个亚属,中国样本主要属于非洲鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Afrocantharellus、鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Cantharellus、小红鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Cinnabarinus、小鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Parvocantharellus、大鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Magni共5个亚属中。本研究收集的鸡油菌标本形成30个分支,其中11个分支属于鸡油菌亚属,包含8个中国已知种C. albopileatus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & W.F. Lin、C. applanatusC. chuiweifanii N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang、C. hainanensisC. macrocarpus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang、C. pinetorus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang、C. tuberculosporusC. versicolor S.C. Shao & P.G. Liu,2个复合群C. vaginatusC. cibarius,1个中国新记录种C. subvaginatus Buyck, Antonín & V. Hofst;12个分支属于小鸡油菌亚属,分别是C. ablusC. aurantinus Ming Zhang, Z.H. Zhang & T.H. Li、C. austrosinensis Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li、C. convexus Ming Zhang & T.H. Li、C. elongatipes D. Kumari, Ram. Upadhyay & Mod.S. Reddy、C. galbanus Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li、C. koreanus Buyck, Antonín & Ryoo、C. luteolus Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li、C. luteovirens Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li、C. minioalbusC. neopersicinusC. zangii X.F. Tian, P.G. Liu & Buyck;4个分支属于小红鸡油菌亚属,分别是C. chrysanthus Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li、C. citrinus Buyck, R. Ryoo & Antonín、C. phloginusC. sinocinnabarinus Ming Zhang, S.C. Shao & T.H. Li;2个分支属于非洲鸡油菌亚属,包含C. hygrophoroidesC. cerinoalbus Eyssart. & Walleyn复合群;1个分支属于大鸡油菌亚属,为C. magnus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan。无中国样本分布于C. subg. PseudocantharellusC. subg. Rubrinus支系中(图1)。
基于历史数据和本研究新获得标本,共整理汇总中国鸡油菌属物种名称83个,确定有35种鸡油菌在中国分布(图2),包括1个中国新记录种,其中模式产地为中国的鸡油菌有27种;排除错误名称35个,包含25个修订为其他属的物种和10个鸡油菌的同物异名名称;此外,还有13种鸡油菌的中国分布情况存疑,尚无标本查证,本研究对其进行了分析与讨论。
非洲鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Afrocantharellus
*1.蜡伞状鸡油菌C. hygrophoroides S.C. Shao, Buyck & F.Q. Yu [as ‘hygrophorus’], Cryptog. Mycol. 35(3): 287 (2014)
模式标本信息:HKAS 80614,云南省(Shao et al. 2014)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM86017、GDGM27782、GDGM85304等。
地理分布:广东、海南、云南、浙江。
物种讨论:该物种子实体大型,菌盖橘黄色至橙红色;子实层体褶片状,发达,质脆;菌丝无锁状联合结构。这些特征组合使其较容易与其他鸡油菌区分开。
2. 淡蜡黄鸡油菌C. cerinoalbus Eyssart. & Walleyn, Fungal Diversity 36: 58 (2009)
模式标本信息:GENT 06-51, Malaysia (Eyssartier et al. 2009)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM53315、GDGM93183、GDGM93711等。
地理分布:重庆、福建、广东、湖南、浙江。
物种讨论:原描述于马来西亚,在中国南方地区被广泛报道,该物种子实体菌盖蜡质,黄色至淡黄色;菌肉白色,伤不变色或呈淡蓝绿色;子实层体褶片状,发达,质脆;菌柄黄白色,蜡质,易碎;有杏仁味(宋宗平等 2017)。C. cerinoalbus在形态和系统发育上与C. cineraceus非常相似,在系统树上聚为一支(图1),因暂时只获得C. cineraceus模式标本的nrLSU序列,且nrLSU序列不能有效地辨别鸡油菌属物种,因此本研究将这2个物种作为复合群处理。
*3.灰色鸡油菌C. cineraceus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang, Frontiers Microbiol. 14 (no. 1109831): 9 (2023)
模式标本信息:N.K. Zeng 1423 (FHMU968),福建省(Zhang et al. 2023)。
地理分布:福建。
物种讨论:该物种菌盖淡黄灰色,菌柄灰白色。在形态和系统发育上与C. cerinoalbus关系密切,因暂未获得更多有效鉴别序列,在此将其与C. cerinoalbus作为复合群处理。
鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Cantharellus
*4.白盖鸡油菌C. albopileatus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & W.F. Lin, Frontiers Microbiol. 13 (no. 900329): 3 (2022)
模式标本信息:N.K. Zeng 3026 (FHMU1987),海南省(Zhang YZ et al. 2022)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM80787、GDGM80789、GDGM85935。
地理分布:贵州、海南、浙江。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小到中型,菌盖白色,伤后或干后呈黄色。在系统树上形成一个单独的分支,并与C. chuiweifaniiC. pinetorus亲缘关系较近(图1)。C. albopileatus白色的子实体较易与其他2个物种区别。
5. 平盖鸡油菌C. applanatus D. Kumari, Ram. Upadhyay & Mod.S. Reddy, Mycology 4(4): 211 (2014) [2013]
模式标本信息:PUN 3964,India (Deepika et al. 2013)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM83227、GDGM82430、GDGM83177等。
地理分布:北京、贵州、河南、山东、四川、云南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体黄色,菌盖肉质,平展至中部微凹,边缘内卷,子实层体脊状,与菌盖同色,菌柄较粗,近圆柱形,颜色较子实层体稍浅,伤不变色。原报道自印度,该物种在中国长期被误认为C. cibarius,在云南和贵州等蘑菇市场上大量销售(Wang et al. 2023)。
*6.维藩鸡油菌C. chuiweifanii N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang, Frontiers Microbiol. 13 (no. 900329): 6 (2022)
模式标本信息:N.K. Zeng 1524 (FHMU2412),海南省(Zhang YZ et al. 2022)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM86184、GDGM86258、GDGM86214。
地理分布:广东、海南、浙江。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型至中型,菌盖蛋黄色至橙黄色,子实层体淡黄色,菌柄白色。系统发育分析显示,C. chuiweifaniiC. albopileatusC. pinetorus关系密切,但C. albopileatus子实体为白色,C. pinetorus具有长椭圆形担孢子。此外,C. chuiweifanii主要分布于阔叶林中,而C. pinetorus分布于针叶林中。
7. 鸡油菌C. cibarius Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 1: 318 (1821)
模式标本信息:K(M)22132 (neotype),United Kingdom (Olariaga et al. 2016)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM92017。
地理分布:吉林、内蒙古。
物种讨论:C. cibarius曾在中国大部分地区甚至全世界都有广泛报道,然而,近期基于DNA序列的物种多样性研究已经证明C. cibarius只分布在欧洲和亚洲的日本及中国东北地区(Hall et al. 2023;Wang et al. 2023)。在宏观形态上C. cibarius与C. applanatus较难区分,但可以从地理分布、生态信息和分子序列上将二者区分开。
*8.海南鸡油菌C. hainanensis N.K. Zeng, Zhi Q. Liang & S. Jiang, Mycoscience 58(6): 439 (2017)
模式标本信息:N.K. Zeng 2289 (FHMU 1931),海南省(An et al. 2017)。
地理分布:海南、河南、湖北、江苏、江西。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM81402。
物种讨论:该物种子实体黄色,子实层体光滑,但仍能看到退化的子实层体痕迹,黄白色,菌柄棕黄色,与子实层体有明显界限,这些特征使其很容易与该亚属其他物种区分。
*9.光褶鸡油菌C. laevihymeninus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, Stud. Mycol. 99 (no. 100121): 35 (2021)
模式标本:Yuan 13902 (IFP 019441),云南省(Cao et al. 2021)。
地理分布:云南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体菌盖浅橙色至橙色,干后成棕色。形态上,C. laevihymeninusC. hainanensis相似,子实层体光滑,但C. laevihymeninus菌柄与子实层体同色,界限不清晰,且C. laevihymeninus菌柄伤变色,担子较短(22.5-75 × 6.5-10 μm),而C. hainanensis菌柄伤不变色,通常覆盖有极小的鳞片,担子更长(60-87 × 6-8 μm) (An et al. 2017)。在系统树上C. laevihymeninusC. hainanensis亲缘关系较近,但C. laevihymeninus单独聚为一支,与C. hainanensis明显区分开。目前,该物种仅在云南发现分布。
*10.大果鸡油菌C. macrocarpus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang, Phytotaxa 482(2): 174 (2021)
模式标本信息:N.K. Zeng 4050 (FHMU3304),海南省(Zhang YZ et al. 2021)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM60539、GDGM86209。
地理分布:广西、海南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体大型,菌盖较宽,亮黄橙色;子实层体发育良好,皱褶状,与菌盖同色;菌柄淡黄色,基部白色。系统发育分析显示C. macrocarpus在鸡油菌亚属中形成一个单系分支,较易与该亚属其他成员区分。
*11.松林鸡油菌C. pinetorus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang, Frontiers Microbiol. 13 (no. 900329): 9 (2022)
模式标本信息:N.K. Zeng 4180 (FHMU3759),湖南省(Zhang YZ et al. 2022)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM85830、GDGM90996、GDGM91285等。
地理分布:广东、广西、湖南、云南、浙江。
物种讨论:子实体小型至中型,菌盖亮黄色至橘黄色,子实层体脉状,淡黄色或白色,菌柄白色,伤不变色。与C. chuiweifaniiC. albopileatus亲缘关系较近,但C. pinetorus主要生长在以马尾松为主的针叶林中。
*12. 灰黄鸡油菌C. ravus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang, Frontiers Microbiol. 13 (no. 900329): 10 (2022)
模式标本信息:N.K. Zeng 4176 (FHMU6845),湖南省(Zhang YZ et al. 2022)。
地理分布:湖南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型至中型,菌盖表面光滑,淡黄色至浅灰黄色,无光泽,子实层体和菌柄与菌盖同色,伤不变色。在系统树上,C. ravus形成一个独立分支,与同亚属的其他鸡油菌亲缘关系较远。目前,该物种仅在湖南发现有分布。
#13. 近翘鳞鸡油菌C. subvaginatus Buyck, Antonín & V. Hofst, Mycol. Progr. 17(8): 921 (2018)
模式标本信息:BRNM 792975,Republic of Korea (Buyck et al. 2018)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM78923、GDGM91679、GDGM93712。
地理分布:云南、江苏、浙江。
物种讨论:该物种子实体橙黄色,菌盖表面具有棕褐色至紫褐色鳞片,尤其是中央位置,子实层体下延,与菌盖同色,菌柄较细长。C. subvaginatus最初描述于韩国(Buyck et al. 2018),在中国首次记录。形态上,C. subvaginatusC. vaginatus相似,然而,后者的不同之处在于其相对较小的子实体,淡黄色的菌盖和较小的担孢子(表1)。
*14. 疣孢鸡油菌C. tuberculosporus M. Zang, Acta Microbiol. Sin. 20(1): 31 (1980)
模式标本信息:KUN-HKAS 28930,西藏(Wang et al. 2023)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM79327。
地理分布:四川、西藏。
物种讨论:该物种菌盖肉质,橙黄色,子实层体和菌柄黄色。C. tuberculosporus是一个罕见的种,自发表以来较少被报道。Wang et al. (2023)基于模式标本的浅层基因组测序,获得了该物种的ITS序列,证明它是一个独立的物种,生长在西南亚热带松林向亚高山冷杉林过渡带。
*15. 翘鳞鸡油菌C. vaginatus S.C. Shao, X.F. Tian & P.G. Liu, Mycotaxon 116: 438 (2011)
模式标本信息:HKAS 55730,云南省(Shao et al. 2011)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM90866、GDGM91295、GDGM91703等。
地理分布:安徽、福建、广东、广西、海南、湖南、江西、云南、浙江。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型至中型,淡黄白色,成熟时菌盖表面会形成棕色至深棕色鳞片状附属物,尤其是中心位置;子实层体脉络状,靠近菌盖的位置有较多分叉,菌柄较细,在鸡油菌亚属中易与其他物种区分。
*16. 变色鸡油菌C. versicolor S.C. Shao & P.G. Liu, Phytotaxa 252(4): 276 (2016)
模式标本信息:HKAS 55762,云南省(Shao et al. 2016b)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM82371、GDGM82430、GDGM83227等。
地理分布:四川、西藏、云南。
物种讨论:C. versicolor为西南亚高山地区分布的物种,主要分布在西南喜马拉雅-横断山脉3 800 m以上的高海拔地区,在以冷杉为主的混交林下生长。Shao et al. (2016b)描述其主要特征是子实体小,菌盖沙褐色至深褐色、伤后变为灰色;菌肉浅黄色,切开后变成深棕色。在本研究中,一些标本采集自模式地及其邻近区域,经系统发育分析鉴定为C. versicolor。然而,我们的标本中没有观察到子实体的变色特征,并且我们观察到的担孢子(9-11 × 6-7 μm)比Shao et al. (2016b)观察的担孢子大(9−10 × 5−6 μm)。
小红鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Cinnabarinus
*17. 菊黄鸡油菌C. chrysanthus Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li, J. Fungi 8 (5, no. 483): 7 (2022)
模式标本信息:GDGM80220,广东省(Zhang M et al. 2022)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM45166、GDGM80202、GDGM80217。
地理分布:安徽、广东、贵州、湖南、浙江。
物种讨论:该物种菌盖菊黄色,子实层体粉白色至橙白色。系统树上,C. chrysanthusC. phloginus关系较近,但C. phloginus子实体呈淡红色至淡粉色,担孢子较大(Shao et al. 2016a;Zhang M et al. 2022)。
18. 橘黄鸡油菌C. citrinus Buyck, R. Ryoo & Antonín, MycoKeys 76: 35 (2020)
模式标本信息:1691/VA 13.156,the Republic of Korea (Buyck et al. 2020)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM86140、GDGM80723、GDGM80724。
地理分布:贵州。
物种讨论:原描述于韩国,菌盖表面呈鲜亮的橙黄色,子实层体较稀疏,淡黄色,菌柄与菌盖同色。在中国,C. citrinus在贵州野生蘑菇市场上常见,常和其他小的鸡油菌物种混在一起售卖。该物种在中国的分布范围相对狭窄,目前仅在中国贵州省发现,可能与针叶树形成共生关系(Zhang M et al. 2022)。
*19. 桃红鸡油菌C. phloginus S.C. Shao & P.G. Liu, Mycoscience 57(2): 146 (2016)
模式标本信息:SSC98 (HKAS 58208),云南省(Shao et al. 2016a)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM92536、GDGM85853、GDGM85142等。
地理分布:安徽、河北、湖北、江苏、山东、云南、浙江。
物种讨论:该物种菌盖粉红色至红橙色,子实层体淡黄色或白色,菌柄黄色,与子实层体有明显界限。原报道于中国西南地区,近年来的研究证明,该种可广泛分布于中国的亚热带至热带地区。
*20. 中华小红鸡油菌C. sinocinnabarinus Ming Zhang, S.C. Shao & T.H. Li, J. Fungi 8 (5, no. 483): 10 (2022)
模式标本信息:GDGM83230,云南省(Zhang M et al. 2022)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM83023、GDGM8027、GDGM83229等。
地理分布:云南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型,菌盖为鲜艳的橙红色,子实层体橙色,较稀疏,菌柄与菌盖同色。该物种与C. cinnabarinus关系较近,但在系统树上形成2个单系分支,且形态也有所不同,C. cinnabarinus原描述于北美洲,子实体较大(菌盖可达40 mm),担孢子更小(6.7-7.57 × 3.82-4.68 µm) (Buyck et al. 2011)。
小鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Parvocantharellus
*21. 白鸡油菌C. albus S.P. Jian & B. Feng, Phytotaxa 470(2): 137 (2020)
模式标本信息:KUN-HKAS 107045,云南省(Jian et al. 2020)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM85726、GDGM81064、GDGM84814。
地理分布:广东、广西、云南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型至中型,整体呈乳白色,菌盖较薄,菌柄细长,触摸或碰伤后会呈淡黄色。形态上与C. albopileatus较相似,但不同之处在于后者子实体相对较大,是鸡油菌亚属成员(图1)。
*22. 橙黄鸡油菌C. aurantinus Ming Zhang, Z.H. Zhang & T.H. Li, J. Fungi 7 (11, no. 919): 11 (2021)
模式标本信息:GDGM46278,河南省(Zhang M et al. 2021)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM81889、GDGM84972、GDGM84975等。
地理分布:河南、湖北、江苏、浙江。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型,菌盖浅橙色或灰橙色。在野外,C. aurantinus容易被认作C. cibarius,都有黄色的子实体,但C. cibarius属于鸡油菌亚属,子实体相对较大。系统发育分析显示,C. aurantinus与C. curvatus亲缘关系较近,不同点在于C. curvatus子实体更细小,菌盖暗黄色,担子相对较小(42-55 × 9.5-12 µm) (Buyck et al. 2020)。
*23. 华南鸡油菌C. austrosinensis Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li, J. Fungi 7 (11, no. 919): 13 (2021)
模式标本信息:GDGM81249,广东省(Zhang M et al. 2021)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM80211、GDGM81379、GDGM82877。
地理分布:广东、贵州、浙江、云南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型,菌盖表面有模糊的条纹,淡黄色至灰黄色,中央具紫褐色小鳞片,子实层体脊状,较高且较稀疏,与菌盖同色,菌柄较细长,淡棕色。C. austrosinensis与马尾松等针叶树共生(Zhang M et al. 2021)。
*24. 凸盖鸡油菌C. convexus Ming Zhang & T.H. Li, J. Fungi 8 (5, no. 483): 19 (2022)
模式标本信息:GDGM70307,广东省(Zhang M et al. 2022)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM54841、GDGM60307。
地理分布:广东、广西、湖南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型,菌盖淡黄色,中央凸起,颜色较深,为浅棕色至浅褐色,常见纤维状小鳞片;子实层体不发达呈棱脊状,较稀疏,淡黄色,菌柄浅棕色。系统发育分析显示该物种与C. tabernensis亲缘关系较近,但C. tabernensis报道自北美洲,子实体更大,菌盖暗黄色至黄棕色,子实层体亮橙色,仅在北美洲被报道,与松科植物共生(Feibelman et al. 1996),而C. convexus可能与壳斗科植物形成共生关系(Zhang M et al. 2022)。
25. 弯状鸡油菌C. curvatus Buyck, Ryoo & Antonín, MycoKeys 76: 39 (2020)
模式标本信息:1695/VA 14.57,the Republic of Korea (Buyck et al. 2020)。
凭证标本:HKAS73570 (Wang et al. 2023)。
地理分布:黑龙江、山东。
物种讨论:最初描述于韩国,该物种子实体小型,菌盖暗黄色至橙黄色,子实层体淡黄色至灰黄色(Buyck et al. 2020)。在中国,C. curvatus报道分布于黑龙江和山东(Wang et al. 2023),可能是亚洲温带分布种的代表。本研究未获得研究标本。
26. 长柄鸡油菌C. elongatipes D. Kumari, Ram. Upadhyay & Mod.S. Reddy, Mycology 4(4): 212 (2014) [2013]
模式标本信息:PUN 3966,India (Deepika et al. 2013)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM78662、GDGM84626、GDGM86029等。
地理分布:安徽、广东、贵州、湖南、四川、云南、浙江。
物种讨论:该种原描述于印度,子实体小型,菌盖橙黄色,幼时子实层体颜色比菌盖较浅,成熟时与菌盖同色,菌柄较细长,与菌盖同色(Deepika et al. 2013)。最近中国报道的2个种C. sinominorC. subminor (Cao et al. 2021;Zhang M et al. 2021)在形态上与该物种一致,在多基因系统发育树上它们较好地聚为一支(支持率为99%),代表了同一个物种(Wang et al. 2023)。
*27. 青黄鸡油菌C. galbanus Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li, J. Fungi 7 (11, no. 919): 15 (2021)
模式标本信息:GDGM86249,海南省(Zhang M et al. 2021)。
地理分布:海南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型,菌盖淡黄色至淡黄绿色,子实层体脉状,较稀疏,淡黄色至淡黄白色,菌柄淡黄色。系统发育分析显示,该物种在小鸡油菌亚属中形成了一个独立的分支。形态上,C. citrinusC. galbanus相似,都是小型且具有淡黄色的子实体,然而C. citrinus属于小红鸡油菌亚属,具有相对较大的担孢子(表1)。
28. 韩国鸡油菌C. koreanus Buyck, Antonín & Ryoo, Mycol. Progr. 16(8): 755 (2017)
模式标本信息:BRNM 781241,Republic of Korea (Antonin et al. 2017)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM90865、GDGM79233、GDGM85306等。
地理分布:广东、湖南、云南、浙江。
物种讨论:系统发育分析显示C. koreanusC. austrosinensis关系密切。但在形态上C. austrosinensis子实体较小,菌盖为淡黄色至灰黄色,中心呈灰橙色至棕橙色,担子较短且更窄(50-55 × 7-9 µm),与针叶树共生(Zhang M et al. 2021),而C. koreanus菌盖幼时几乎全为棕色,成熟时中央为棕色,边缘淡黄色至淡棕色,生长于阔叶林或混交林中(Antonin et al. 2017)。
*29. 蛋黄鸡油菌C. luteolus Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li, J. Fungi 7 (11, no. 919): 18 (2021)
模式标本信息:GDGM60393,海南省(Zhang M et al. 2021)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM44258、GDGM86247。
地理分布:海南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型,菌盖黄色至橙色,子实层体淡灰黄色至淡灰橙色。在系统树上是单系物种,与C. albus关系较近,但C. albus子实体白色,易与C. luteolus区分。
*30. 黄绿鸡油菌C. luteovirens Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li, J. Fungi 7 (11, no. 919): 20 (2021)
模式标本信息:GDGM80672,广东省(Zhang M et al. 2021)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM85963、GDGM80680。
地理分布:广东。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型,菌盖淡黄色至淡黄橙色,子实层体低脉状,分叉且紧密相连,目前发现该物种仅生长于相思树下(Zhang M et al. 2021)。
*31. 小白鸡油菌C. minioalbus Ming Zhang, C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li, J. Fungi 7 (11, no. 919): 21 (2021)
模式标本信息:GDGM78901,云南省(Zhang M et al. 2021)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM78910、GDGM78916、GDGM78934。
地理分布:云南。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型,白色,菌盖倒圆锥形,覆盖着纤毛状鳞片,子实层体较稀疏,常常向菌盖边缘分叉。C. albusC. minioalbus相似,但不同点在于C. albus子实体相对较大,受伤后呈淡黄色,并且担孢子相对较大(表1)。
*32. 新桃红鸡油菌C. neopersicinus Ming Zhang, T.H. Li & X.Y. Chen, J. Fungi 8 (5, no. 483): 21 (2022)
模式标本信息:GDGM87366,广东省(Zhang M et al. 2022)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM85145、GDGM93256、GDGM93715等。
地理分布:广东。
物种讨论:该物种子实体小型,整体呈粉红色至橙红色。从形态上看,这种粉红色的菌盖很容易让人联想到物种C. cinnabarinusC. phloginus。然而,C. cinnabarinus属于小红鸡油菌亚属,通过基因距离很容易与C. neopersicinus区分开来。而C. phloginus菌盖颜色更深,子实层体浅黄色,孢子较大(表1)。
*33. 臧氏鸡油菌C. zangii X.F. Tian, P.G. Liu & Buyck, Mycotaxon 120: 100 (2012)
模式标本信息:HKAS 55791,云南省(Tian et al. 2012)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM82374、GDGM83186、GDGM83228。
地理分布:西藏、云南。
物种讨论:该物种菌盖黄褐色,子实层体近平行脊状,较少分叉,稍下延,菌柄明显中空,黄色。该物种是一个亚高山种,主要分布在中国西南亚高山地区冷杉树下,可以很容易与其他亚高山鸡油菌属物种区分开(Tian et al. 2012;Zhang M et al. 2021)。
大鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Magni
*34. 美丽鸡油菌C. bellus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang, Frontiers Microbiol. 14 (no. 1109831): 8 (2023)
模式标本信息:N.K. Zeng 2589 (FHMU2422),海南省(Zhang et al. 2023)。
地理分布:海南。
物种讨论:该物种菌盖光滑,呈明亮的橙黄色,子实层体脊状,淡黄色,菌柄黄色,与子实层体有明显界限,基部颜色稍淡。系统树上,C. bellusC. magnus关系较近,同属于大果鸡油菌亚属,然而C. magnus菌盖较大,子实层体光滑(Cao et al. 2021)。
*35. 巨盖鸡油菌C. magnus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, Stud. Mycol. 99 (no. 100121): 35 (2021)
模式标本信息:Wei 10225 (IFP 019443),湖南省(Cao et al. 2021)。
本研究凭证标本:GDGM60332、GDGM60328、GDGM85139等。
地理分布:安徽、广东、湖南、浙江。
物种讨论:该物种是近年来新发现的一个物种,菌盖橙黄色,子实层体光滑,与C. hainanensis等较为相似,但系统发育分析显示该物种在系统树上呈现出独立亚属级分支,Cao et al. (2021)基于其独特的系统学位置,建立了大鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Magni
注:*表示中国本土发表的鸡油菌属物种。#表示中国新记录种。
担孢子大小通常是大型真菌物种划分的一个重要依据,可以划分大部分真菌物种,但在鸡油菌属中,孢子大小并不是一个稳定有效的划分依据,一个物种的孢子大小和形状可以有很大变化,当我们研究的标本越多时,会发现孢子的大小变化会越明显(表1)。因此,鸡油菌属的担孢子大小只能作为物种鉴别的佐证材料,要结合更多的形态特征、地理分布信息和多基因序列片段分析,才能准确地划分物种。
排除物种来自记录在各专著、科考集和发表论文等文献资料中的鸡油菌属物种名称,可查阅中国菌物名录数据库(https://nmdc.cn/fungarium/fungi/chinadirectories),经Index Fungorum网站进行名称核对,发现部分物种名称已归为其他属,同时,近年来部分学者开展的修订工作,也修订了部分鸡油菌属物种的同物异名问题。
1. 白鸡油菌C. albidus Fr,记录于《中国食用菌志》《中国经济真菌》《广东大型真菌真志》和《粤北山区大型真菌志》等文献,已修订为白老伞Gerronema albidum (Fr.) Singer (Singer 1962)。
2. 橙黄鸡油菌C. aurantiacus (Wulfen) Fr,记录于《中国经济真菌》,已修订为橙黄拟蜡伞Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulfen) Maire ex Martin-Sans (https://www.indexfungorum.org)。
3. 金黄鸡油菌C. aureus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Bres,记录于《浙南野生食(药)用真菌资源调查及名录》《巍山县大型真菌资源》和《中国野生食用真菌种类及生态习性》等文献,已修订为金黄喇叭菌Craterellus aureus Berk. & M.A. Curtis (Berkeley & Curtis 1860)。
4. 黄鸡油菌C. aurora (Batsch) Kuyper,记录于《剑川县野生菌资源及可持续发展潜力研究》、Fungi of Northwestern China,已修订为淡黄喇叭菌Cr. lutescens (Fr.) Fr (Fries 1838)。
5. 灰喇叭菌C. carbonarius (Alb.& Schw) Fr,记录于《中国森林蘑菇》《浙南野生食(药)用真菌资源调查及名录》和《吉林省真菌志》等文献,已修订为Faerberia carbonaria (Alb. & Schwein.) Pouzar (Pouzar 1981)。
6. 灰鸡油菌C. cinereus Pers,记录于《中国大型真菌原色图鉴》《中国热带真菌名录》《中国经济真菌》和《横断山区真菌》等文献,已修订为灰喇叭菌Cr. cinereus (Pers.) Pers (Persoon 1825)。
7. 地陀螺C. clavatus (Pers.) Fr,记录于《中国食用菌志》《西藏真菌》《美姑县大风顶国家自然保护区大型真菌资源调查》和《中国森林蘑菇》等文献,已修订为陀螺菌Gomphus clavatus (Pers.) Gray (Gray et al. 1821)。
8. 灰鸡油菌C. cornucopioides (L.) Fr,记录于《中国长白山大型真菌》《抚顺林区野生食用真菌资源调查》《广东山区大型真菌资源》和《宜昌市野生真菌资源调查初报》等文献,已修订为灰喇叭菌Cr. cornucopioides (L.)Pers (Persoon 1825)。
9. 皱褶鸡油菌C. crispus Sowerby,记录于《广东山区大型真菌资源》,已修订为皱拟褶尾菌Plicaturopsis crispa (Pers.) D.A. Reid (Reid 1964)。
10. 喇叭状鸡油菌C. floccosus Schwein,记录于《中国食用菌志》《西南地区大型经济真菌》和《秦岭真菌》等文献,已修订为毛陀螺菌Turbinellus floccosus (Schwein.) Earle ex Giachini & Castellano (Giachini & Castellano 2011)。
11. 富士鸡油菌C. fujisanensis S. Imai,记录于《抚顺林区野生食用真菌资源调查》,已修订为浅褐陀螺菌T. fujisanensis (S. Imai) Giachini (Giachini & Castellano 2011)。
12. 漏斗形鸡油菌C. infundibuliformis (Scop.) Fr,记录于《中国大型真菌原色图鉴》《中国经济真菌》《中国蕈菌》和《横断山区真菌》等文献,已修订为漏斗形干腐菌Merulius infundibuliformis Scop., Flora carniolica (Scopoli 1772)。
13. 浅裂鸡油菌C. lobatus (Pers.) Fr,记录于Checklist of Hong Kong Fungi,已修订为裂片褶盾菌Arrhenia lobata (Pers.) Redhead (Redhead 1984)。
14. 金色鸡油菌C. luteocomus H.E. Bigelow,记录于《中国蕈菌原色图集》和《山东省大型真菌的区系成分与森林植被的相关性》,已修订为淡黄喇叭菌Cr. lutescens (Fr.) Fr (Fries 1838)。
15. 淡黄鸡油菌C. lutescens Fr.,记录于《中国大型真菌原色图鉴》《中国经济真菌》《中国食用菌志》和《横断山区真菌》等文献,已修订为淡黄喇叭菌Cr. lutescens (Fr.) Fr (Fries 1838)。
16. 淡紫鸡油菌C. melanoxeros Desm,记录于《中国蕈菌原色图集》,已修订为淡紫喇叭菌Cr. melanoxeros (Desm.) Pérez-De-Greg (Dahlman et al. 2000)。
17. 乌鸡油菌C. multiplex Underw,记录于《中国经济真菌》,已修订为簇扇菌Polyozellus multiplex (Underw.) Murrill (Murrill 1910)。
18. 芳香鸡油菌C. odoratus (Schwein.) Fr,记录于《中国梵净山大型真菌》《中国热带真菌名录》《浙南野生食(药)用真菌资源调查及名录》和《中国大型高等真菌生物多样性的关键类群》等文献,已修订为芳香喇叭菌Cr. odoratus (Schwein.) Fr (Petersen 1979)。
19. 苍白鸡油菌C. pallidus Yasuda,记录于《中国经济真菌》和《中国食用菌名录》,已修订为苍白胶鸡油菌Gloeocantharellus pallidus (Yasuda) Giachini (Giachini & Castellano 2011)。
20. 烟色鸡油菌C. patouillardi Sacc,记录于《中国热带真菌名录》《横断山区真菌》《浙南山区大型真菌》和《西南地区大型经济真菌》等文献,已修订为绿暗锁瑚菌Phaeoclavulina viridis (Pat.) Giachini (Giachini & Castellano 2011)。
21. 银白鸡油菌C. prescotii Weinm,记录于《西南地区大型经济真菌》和《中国森林蘑菇》,已修订为银白老伞G. prescotii (Weinm.) Redhead (Redhead 1984)。
22. 小喇叭菌C. sinuosus Fr,记录于《净月潭国家森林公园大型真菌物种多样性》和《广东山区大型真菌资源》,已修订为小喇叭菌Cr. undulatus (Fr.) E. Campo & Papetti (Campo & Papetti 2021)。
23. 管形鸡油菌C. tubaeformis Fr,记录于《中国大型真菌》《中国大型真菌原色图鉴》《中国热带真菌》和《中国经济真菌》等文献,已修订为管形喇叭菌Cr. tubaeformis (Fr.) Quél (Quélet 1888)。
24. 黄柄鸡油菌C. xanthopus (Per.) Duby,记录于《中国蕈菌原色图集》《横断山区真菌》《澜沧江流域高等真菌彩色图鉴》和《西南地区大型经济真菌》等文献,已修订为淡黄喇叭菌Cr. lutescens (Fr.) Fr (Fries 1838)。
25. 云南鸡油菌C. yunnanensis Chiu (裘维蕃 1973),已修订为云南喇叭菌Cr. yunnanensis (W.F. Chiu) Buyck (Wang et al. 2023)。
26. 脐状鸡油菌C. umbonatus (J.F. Gmel.) Pers,记录于《中国毒菌物种多样性及其毒素》和《长白山大型真菌物种多样性调查名录V阔叶林带》,Wang et al. (2023)通过系统学研究发现,C. umbonatusC. pseudoformosus的晚出异名。
27. 日本金色鸡油菌C. anzutake W. Ogawa, N. Endo, M. Fukuda & A. Yamada,在浙江桃花岛地区被报道,系统学研究显示该物种为C. applanatus (Wang et al. 2023)。
28. 白脉鸡油菌C. albovenosus Buyck, Antonín & Ryoo (Zhang M et al. 2022),系统学研究证明该种与桃红鸡油菌C. phloginus为同一物种(Wang et al. 2023)。
29. 阿巴拉契亚鸡油菌C. appalachiensis R.H. Petersen,系统学分析证明该种为华南鸡油菌C. austrosinensis (Wang et al. 2023)。
30. 小红鸡油菌C. cinnabarinus (Schwein.) Schwein. (邵士成等 2012),已修订该物种为中华红鸡油菌C. sinocinnabarinus (Zhang M et al. 2022)。
31. 太平洋金色鸡油菌C. formosus Corner,系统学研究证明该物种为变色鸡油菌C. versicolor S.C. Shao & P.G. Liu (Wang et al. 2023)。
32. 弗瑞斯鸡油菌C. friesii Quél,原描述于欧洲,特征为个体小型,具鲜艳的粉橙色子实体,菌盖皮层菌丝薄壁,担孢子大小为7.5-13 × 4.5-6 μm (Olariaga et al. 2016)。该物种在中国云南有分布记录(田霄飞等 2009),复查凭证标本(HKAS 54495)显示,中国样本在形态上与C. friesii存在明显差异,菌盖表面具紫褐色鳞片,担孢子相对较小,为6.5-9 × 5.5-7.5 μm。本研究根据形态学特征分析,认为中国样本是翘鳞鸡油菌C. vaginatus
33. 光滑鸡油菌C. laevigatus N.K. Zeng, Y.Z. Zhang, Z.H. Chen & W.F. Lin,本研究基于多基因系统发育分析显示该物种与巨盖鸡油菌C. magnus聚为一支,且在形态上基本无差别,代表同一物种。
34. 中华小鸡油菌C. sinominor Ming Zhang C.Q. Wang & T.H. Li,已修订为长柄鸡油菌C. elongatipes (Wang et al. 2023)。
35. 近小鸡油菌C. subminor T. Cao & H.S. Yuan,已修订为长柄鸡油菌C. elongatipes (Wang et al. 2023)。
1. 白边鸡油菌C. albomarginatus (Coker) Corner,记录于《中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷》(中华人民共和国生态环境部和中国科学院 2018)中,尚无凭证标本可查。该物种原报道于美国卡罗莱纳州的皮斯加国家森林公园,在其他地区较少有记录(Corner 1966)。
2. 紫晶鸡油菌C. amethysteus (Quél.) Sacc.,因其菌盖上覆有一层紫水晶颜色的鳞片而得名。C. amethysteus是欧洲著名的物种,在南欧更为常见,广泛分布于地中海到斯堪的纳维亚半岛,在其他地方很少见(Saccardo 1887;Olariaga et al. 2016)。收录于《中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷》(中华人民共和国生态环境部和中国科学院 2018)中,缺少凭证标本信息。
3. 黄肉鸡油菌C. carneoflavus Corner,是婆罗洲分布的特有鸡油菌物种,它仅在马来西亚沙巴州的京那巴鲁山以南被记录到(Corner 1970)。收录于《中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷》(中华人民共和国生态环境部和中国科学院 2018)中,缺少凭证标本信息。
4. 伤锈鸡油菌C. ferruginascens Orton,报道于欧洲,其特点是在受伤后很长一段时间内会带有淡红色的铁锈色。该物种并不是一种常见的蘑菇,它喜欢温暖湿润的地中海气候,适宜生长于酸性硅质土壤上(Orton 1969)。《中国经济真菌》(卯晓岚 1998)中记录C. ferruginascens分布于吉林长白山地区,但缺少凭证标本信息,待进一步考证。
5. 灰色鸡油菌C. fuligineus Corner,该物种最早描述于东南亚婆罗洲的沙巴地区,其潜在宿主为Lithocarpus havilandii (Corner 1966)。中国报道其在云南、四川有分布(应建浙和臧穆 1994;臧穆 1996),缺少凭证标本信息,待进一步核查。
6. 薄黄鸡油菌C. lateritius (Berk.) Singer,又称光滑鸡油菌,被广泛报道于北美、非洲和亚洲地区(Singer 1951)。该物种早期在我国被广泛报道,收录于《中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷》(中华人民共和国生态环境部和中国科学院 2018)中。C. lateritius在形态上与我国报道的C. laevihymeninusC. magnusC. hainanensis较为相似,具有黄色至橙色的子实体,光滑的子实层体,不同之处在于C. lateritius有更大的担子果(高12 cm,宽9 cm) (Petersen 1979)。但缺少凭证标本信息,本研究在中国尚未获得C. lateritius的相关标本或序列,推测中国分布的该物种可能是上述3个物种的早期错误鉴定。
7. 小鸡油菌C. minor Peck,原描述于北美东部地区(Peck 1873),在中国被广泛报道,然而本研究在中国广泛取样,但未获得真正的小鸡油菌标本,基于此现象分析,推测中国曾被鉴定为“C. minor”的样本可能是近期报道的一些子实体小型物种,如:C. austrosinensisC. aurantinusC. convexusC. minioalbusC. elongatipesC.luteovirens等,C. minor在中国的真实分布情况仍有待进一步考证。
8. 紫色鸡油菌C. purpuraceus Iwade,原报道于日本地区,在《贵州食用菌》中有分布记录,但缺少凭证标本信息,有待进一步考证。
9. 近白鸡油菌C. subalbidus A.H. Sm. & Morse,分布在加利福尼亚北部和太平洋西北部,资料显示C. subalbidus 更有可能出现在已经存在数百年的古老森林中,而不太可能出现在后再生的次生森林(约40-60年)中(Smith & Morse 1947)。该物种被收录于《中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷》(中华人民共和国生态环境部和中国科学院 2018)中,缺少凭证标本信息。
10. 脐状鸡油菌C. omphalinoides Corner,分布于东亚和东南亚,是一个亚洲分布物种(Corner 1976)。在中国云南地区有分布记录(赵桂萍等 2021),但缺少凭证标本信息。
11. 假太平洋鸡油菌C. pseudoformosus D. Kumari, Ram. Upadhyay & Mod.S. Reddy,资料显示该物种仅在喜马拉雅山以西的印度喜马偕尔邦地区有分布,与雪松形成共生关系(Kumari et al. 2011)。在中国云南地区有分布记录(赵桂萍等 2021),但缺少凭证标本信息。
12. 雪白鸡油菌C. candidus Peck,描述于加拿大的物种(Peck 1898),记录于《中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷》(中华人民共和国生态环境部和中国科学院 2018)中,但缺少凭证标本信息。
13. 亚鸡油菌C. subcibarius Corner,该物种来自亚洲热带地区,目前仅在马来西亚的基纳巴卢山有分布记录(Corner 1966, 1970)。该物种记录于《中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷》(中华人民共和国生态环境部和中国科学院 2018)中,但缺少凭证标本信息。
基于凭证标本的鸡油菌物种分布信息(附表1,国家微生物科学数据中心NMDCX0002161),本研究统计了35种鸡油菌的地理分布情况:主要分布于22个省市和行政区,其中云南省物种数最多,有15种;广东、浙江次之,分布有14种;而北京、重庆、河北、黑龙江、吉林和内蒙古地区,鸡油菌属物种分布相对较少,仅发现1种鸡油菌分布(图3)。图中未列出的省份和地区暂未获得鸡油菌属真菌凭证标本,在此不予阐述。
本研究基于查阅文献和收集标本共整理出中国鸡油菌名称83个。参考Index Fungorum数据库(https://indexfungorum.org),结合最新研究进展,对上述名称进行复查,剔除25种已归为其他属的鸡油菌名称记录;对10个鸡油菌名称进行了修订与注释,对13个分布存疑的鸡油菌物种进行了分析讨论,明确中国分布有35种鸡油菌属真菌,发现中国新记录种1种。促进了对中国鸡油菌物种多样性及其分布的认识,为中国鸡油菌属真菌的分类学研究与地理分布提供数据。
基于ML系统发育分析结果显示(图1),中国鸡油菌属物种主要归为5个亚属,其中小鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Parvocantharellus和鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Cantharellus物种多样性最为丰富,分别有12个和11个物种。在大鸡油菌亚属C. subg. Magni分支中,C. laevigatusC. magnus很好的聚为一支(BS=99%),单独比对2个物种模式标本的nrLSU、tef1、rpb2和SSU片段,结果为:nrLSU片段相似度为100%,tef1片段相似度为99.69%,rpb2片段相似度为99.89%,SSU片段相似度为99.40%,同时,在形态上2个物种除孢子大小存在些微差异外,其他特征几乎无差别,因此,本研究认为这2个物种为同一物种。在鸡油菌亚属分支中,标本GDGM78923、GDGM91679、GDGM91693和GDGM93712同时与C. subvaginatusC. vaginatus的模式标本聚在一起,多基因系统发育分析不能将其很好地区分开,在此以C. vaginatus复合种群处理,后续将寻找更有效的分子片段来区分这个复合种群。C. tuberculosporus是一个较为罕见的物种,主要分布于我国西南亚高山地区,自发表后少有报道,Wang et al. (2023)从其模式标本中获取DNA序列后,证明该物种为一个独立的西南亚高山物种,本研究从四川康定市获得该物种标本,丰富了该物种的分布数据。
在地理分布上,参考《中国大型菌物资源图鉴》(李玉等 2015)中的地理分区,对我国35种鸡油菌属真菌分布情况进行了统计分析,华中地区物种最为丰富,分布有22个物种,主要分布于浙江、湖南和广东北部地区,常见物种为C. vaginatusC. cerinoalbusC. chrysanthusC. elongatipesC. phloginus;其次是华南地区,分布有21个物种,主要分布于云南南部地区(普洱和西双版纳)、海南和广东南部,其中C. albusC. hygrophoroidesC. vaginatus物种最为常见;华北地区分布有5种,常见物种为C. applanatus;青藏地区分布有5种,常见物种为C. versicolorC. zangii;东北地区分布有2种,内蒙古地区分布有1种,为C. cibarius;西北地区尚未发现有鸡油菌分布。整体来看,中国鸡油菌属真菌分布为南多北少。基于资源环境科学数据平台的中国气候区划,我国鸡油菌主要分布在热带和亚热带气候区(海南、云南、广东、浙江、湖南、贵州),分析其原因可能为:鸡油菌可与多种植物形成共生关系,主要生长于针叶林、阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和小灌木丛中,偏好于湿润且含氮量低的弱酸性(pH 4.0-5.5)土壤(Danell 1994;Rangel-Castro et al. 2002),热带、亚热带地区植物多样性丰富,气候湿润,高温多雨,为鸡油菌生长提供了适宜条件。新疆、西藏北部、青海及内蒙古中西部等大部分地区,气候干燥,森林植被相对单一,土壤呈弱碱性,加之调查取样工作开展不够系统全面,可能导致该区域鸡油菌物种较少。
中国鸡油菌研究起步晚,早期记录的物种广泛采用欧美地区物种名称,对该类群的修订工作还存在很多问题:如:早期记录的物种名称缺乏凭证标本信息和分子证据,无法查证。作者在对中国已知物种分布信息分析的基础上发现,鸡油菌洲际广泛分布物种较少,中国分布的鸡油菌物种除C. cibarius外,其余种类均呈现出中国或亚洲特有分布格局,原产地在美洲、欧洲等地区的鸡油菌属真菌,如C. albomarginatusC. amethysteusC. ferruginascens等,在中国分布的可能性较小,因此,本研究将上述物种作为分布存疑种类对待。此外,中国地大物博,野外采样很难覆盖全部区域,尤其西北地区调查较少,还需要进一步的野外资源调查,以期摸清中国鸡油菌属物种真实情况。
感谢广东省科学院微生物研究所华南应用微生物国家重点实验室真菌分类组团队成员在标本采集中提供的帮助,感谢广东第二师范学院王超群博士在论文写作中给出的建议,感谢中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本馆(HKAS)、湖南师范大学真菌标本馆(HNNMU)等标本馆借阅标本,感谢各蘑菇爱好者提供标本和照片。
黄逸秀:实验操作、论文撰写及修改;夏文潇:实验操作与数据统计;王科:文献数据支持;邓旺秋:写作指导;岳海梅:论文审核与项目支持;张明:实验设计、论文构思与写作指导。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32070020)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32470011)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31760006)
  • 2025年中央财政支持地方高校发展改革专项资金(YJSXK2025-05)
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250201
  • 接收时间:2025-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-07
  • 录用日期:2025-09-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070020)
国家自然科学基金(32070020)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32470011)
国家自然科学基金(32470011)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760006)
国家自然科学基金(31760006)
Special Funds for the Development and Reform of Local Colleges and Universities from the Central Government in 2025(YJSXK2025-05)
2025年中央财政支持地方高校发展改革专项资金(YJSXK2025-05)
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    1 西藏农牧大学植物科学学院,西藏 林芝 860000
    2 广东省科学院微生物研究所 华南应用微生物国家重点实验室 广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510070
    3 中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆,北京 100101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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