菌物学报

特征 Characteristics	铬黄绒泡菌 P. galbeum	近铬黄绒泡菌 P. subgalbeum	黄头绒泡菌 P. flavicomum
孢囊颜色 Sporocarps color	金黄色、铬黄色 Golden yellow, chrome yellow	金黄色 Golden yellow	暗黄色、烟灰色、淡黑褐色 Dusky yellow, smoke-gray, pale blackish brown
孢囊形状 Sporocarps shape	球形，常下垂，单生 Spherical, often nodding, single	球形、圆盘形或肾形，常下垂，且易融合成簇状 Spherical, discoid or reniform, often nodding, easily fused into clusters	球形、双凸透镜形，常下垂，单生 Spherical, lenticular, often nodding, single
囊被 Peridium	极薄，覆盖显著的黄色石灰质颗粒 Very thin, covered with prominent yellow lime granules	膜质，明显覆盖黄色石灰质 Membranous, distinctly covered with yellow lime	纤薄，常几乎无石灰质，具虹彩光泽 Thin, often almost lime-free, with iridescent luster
柄 Stalk	浅褐色，琥珀色至橙黄色，具纵纹，中空含残屑 Pale brown, amber to orange-yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, hollow with refuse granular matter	琥珀色或橙黄色，具纵纹，常弯曲，中空含残屑 Amber or orange-yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, often curved, hollow with refuse granular matter	红褐色，基部色深，细长，具纵沟常扭曲，非中空 Reddish brown, darker at base, slender, longitudinally grooved and often twisted, not hollow
孢丝 Capillitium	网状，连接多角形黄色石灰结 Reticulate, connected with angular yellow lime nodes	网状，连接长梭形黄色石灰结 Reticulate, connected with elongated fusiform yellow lime nodes	网状，连接多角形或长梭形黄色石灰结 Reticulate, connected with angular or elongated fusiform yellow lime nodes
孢子 Spores	孢子团：浅褐色 Mass: pale brown 透射光：淡紫或淡黄色 Transmitted light: pale purple or pale yellow 纹饰：近光滑，或具不显著疣群 Ornamentation: nearly smooth or with inconspicuous warts 直径：7.5-10 µm Diameter: 7.5-10 µm	孢子团：黑色 Mass: black 透射光：红棕色 Transmitted light: reddish brown 纹饰：密布细刺 Ornamentation: densely covered with fine spines 直径：9-10.5(-11) µm Diameter: 9-10.5(-11) µm	孢子团：烟褐色 Mass: smoke-brown 透射光：亮紫罗兰褐色 Transmitted light: bright violet-brown 纹饰：密布细疣 Ornamentation: densely covered with fine warts 直径：(7)8-10 µm Diameter: (7)8-10 µm
囊轴 Columella	无 Absent	无 Absent	无 Absent
基质层 Hypothallus	不明显 Inconspicuous	不明显 Inconspicuous	小，盘状，辐射状(常不明显) Small, discoid, radiating (often inconspicuous)
原生质团 Plasmodium	淡黄色 Pale yellow	黄色 Yellow	黄色、黄绿色 Yellow, yellow-green

特征 Characteristics	铬黄绒泡菌 P. galbeum	近铬黄绒泡菌 P. subgalbeum	黄头绒泡菌 P. flavicomum
孢囊颜色 Sporocarps color	金黄色、铬黄色 Golden yellow, chrome yellow	金黄色 Golden yellow	暗黄色、烟灰色、淡黑褐色 Dusky yellow, smoke-gray, pale blackish brown
孢囊形状 Sporocarps shape	球形，常下垂，单生 Spherical, often nodding, single	球形、圆盘形或肾形，常下垂，且易融合成簇状 Spherical, discoid or reniform, often nodding, easily fused into clusters	球形、双凸透镜形，常下垂，单生 Spherical, lenticular, often nodding, single
囊被 Peridium	极薄，覆盖显著的黄色石灰质颗粒 Very thin, covered with prominent yellow lime granules	膜质，明显覆盖黄色石灰质 Membranous, distinctly covered with yellow lime	纤薄，常几乎无石灰质，具虹彩光泽 Thin, often almost lime-free, with iridescent luster
柄 Stalk	浅褐色，琥珀色至橙黄色，具纵纹，中空含残屑 Pale brown, amber to orange-yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, hollow with refuse granular matter	琥珀色或橙黄色，具纵纹，常弯曲，中空含残屑 Amber or orange-yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, often curved, hollow with refuse granular matter	红褐色，基部色深，细长，具纵沟常扭曲，非中空 Reddish brown, darker at base, slender, longitudinally grooved and often twisted, not hollow
孢丝 Capillitium	网状，连接多角形黄色石灰结 Reticulate, connected with angular yellow lime nodes	网状，连接长梭形黄色石灰结 Reticulate, connected with elongated fusiform yellow lime nodes	网状，连接多角形或长梭形黄色石灰结 Reticulate, connected with angular or elongated fusiform yellow lime nodes
孢子 Spores	孢子团：浅褐色 Mass: pale brown 透射光：淡紫或淡黄色 Transmitted light: pale purple or pale yellow 纹饰：近光滑，或具不显著疣群 Ornamentation: nearly smooth or with inconspicuous warts 直径：7.5-10 µm Diameter: 7.5-10 µm	孢子团：黑色 Mass: black 透射光：红棕色 Transmitted light: reddish brown 纹饰：密布细刺 Ornamentation: densely covered with fine spines 直径：9-10.5(-11) µm Diameter: 9-10.5(-11) µm	孢子团：烟褐色 Mass: smoke-brown 透射光：亮紫罗兰褐色 Transmitted light: bright violet-brown 纹饰：密布细疣 Ornamentation: densely covered with fine warts 直径：(7)8-10 µm Diameter: (7)8-10 µm
囊轴 Columella	无 Absent	无 Absent	无 Absent
基质层 Hypothallus	不明显 Inconspicuous	不明显 Inconspicuous	小，盘状，辐射状(常不明显) Small, discoid, radiating (often inconspicuous)
原生质团 Plasmodium	淡黄色 Pale yellow	黄色 Yellow	黄色、黄绿色 Yellow, yellow-green

种名 Species	标本号 Voucher numbers	GenBank登录号 GenBank accession number	参考文献 Reference
Lamproderma aeneum s. lat.	MA-Fungi 90422	MW240354	MW240219	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
L. andinum	MA-Fungi 86931	MW240355	MW240220	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
L. arcyrioides	MA-Fungi 90405	MW240356	MW240221	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
L. cristatum	MYX399	KM977876	-	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
Physarum album s. lat.	LE286368	MW692999	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. album s. lat.	LE286342	MH930708	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2019)
P. atacamense	MA-Fungi 87942	MW240374	MW240245	MW239969	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. atacamense	MA-Fungi 88415	MG963684	MW240248	MG963761	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. australiense	LE327851	MT704232	-	-	-	Stephenson et al. (2020)
P. biyangense	HMJAU M20349-1	PP951388	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. biyangense	HMJAU M20349-2	PP951389	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. bogoriense	MA-Fungi 57191	MF352470	MG963610	MG963762	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. bogoriense	MA-Fungi 69863	MG963685	MG963611	MG963763	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. cinereum	MA-Fungi 63822	-	MW240261	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. cinereum	MA-Fungi 70925	-	MW240262	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. clavisporum	MA-Fungi 88228	MF352472	MW240263	MW239985	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. decipiens	LE266398	MW693005	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. didermoides	MA-Fungi 71195	MW240378	MW240267	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. didermoides	MA-Fungi 57262	MF352488	MW240266	MW239988	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. echinosporum	LE28810	MW693009	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. flavicomum	UFF-6	HE614611	-	-	-	Nandipati et al. (2012)
P. galbeum	FJAAS-M0001	OP373728	-	-	-	Unpublished
P. guangxiense	HMJAU M20344-1	PP951409	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. guangxiense	HMJAU M20344-2	PP951410	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. hongkongense	MA-Fungi 60336	MW240380	MW240270	MW239993	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. javanicum	MA-Fungi 81490	MW240381	MW240271	MW239994	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. jilinense	HMJAU M20367-1	PP951401	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. jilinense	HMJAU M20367-2	PP951402	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. lateritium	MYX7972	MW693013	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. leucophaeum	MA-Fungi 49730	MG963686	MG963614	MW239996	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. leucophaeum	MA-Fungi 78861	MG963688	MG963618	MG963767	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. leucophaeum	MA-Fungi 59323	MF352477	MG963615	MG963765	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. licheniforme	MA-Fungi 73290	MF352481	MG963619	MG963768	-	García-Martín et al. (2018)
P. licheniforme	MA-Fungi 73293	MG963689	MG963620	MG963769	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. licheniforme	MA-Fungi 91208	MG963692	MG963624	MG963772	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. luteolum	MA-Fungi 81930	-	MW240275	MW239999	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. neoovoideum	HMJAU M20294-1	PP951386	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. neoovoideum	HMJAU M20294-2	PP951387	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M21287-1	PP951379	-	-	PP968031	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M21287-2	PP951380	-	-	PP968032	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M20277-1	PP951381	-	-	PP968033	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M20277-2	PP981579	-	-	PP982120	Li et al. (2025)
P. nivale	MA-Fungi 72831	MF352486	MG963633	MG963779	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. nivale	MA-Fungi 70191	MW240384	MG963631	MG963778	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. nivale	MA-Fungi 70193	MW240385	MG963632	MW240001	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. notabile	MA-Fungi 80245	MW240386	MW240277	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. polygonosporum	MA-Fungi 90740	MF352463	MG963636	MG963780	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. polygonosporum	MA-Fungi 90756	MW240390	MW240282	MW240006	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. polygonosporum	MA-Fungi 90742	MF352465	MG963637	MG963781	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. pseudonotabile s. lat.	LE255432	LT670439	-	-	-	Borg et al. (2018)
P. pseudonotabile s. lat.	LE255437	LT670419	-	-	-	Borg et al. (2018); Novozhilov et al. (2013)
P. pusillum	LE255721	JX035984	-	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 80745	OP646308	MW240286	MW240010	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 90738	MF352452	MW240287	MW240011	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 91215	-	MW240288	MW240012	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 91221	MW240393	MW240289	MW240013	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. stellatum	LE297729	MW693019	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. stellatum	LE297741	MW693020	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. straminipes	MA-Fungi 90736	MF352490	-	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018)
P. straminipes	MA-Fungi 70363	MF352489	MW240291	MW240015	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. straminipes	MA-Fungi 87865	MW240394	MW240292	MW240016	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. subgalbum	HMJAU M21419	PX412248	PX412251	PX423602	PX423603	This study
P. subgalbum	HMJAU M21420	PX412249	PX412252	-	PX423604	This study
P. subgalbum	HMJAU M21421	PX412250	-	-	PX423605	This study
P. subviride	HMJAU M10138-1	PP951415	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. vernum	Sc30091	MW693021	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. vernum	Sc30257	MH930744	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2019)
P. viride	LE302489	MW693022	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. viride	LE317322	MW693024	-	-	OP616654	Shchepin et al. (2022); Prikhodko et al. (2023)

种名 Species	标本号 Voucher numbers	GenBank登录号 GenBank accession number	参考文献 Reference
Lamproderma aeneum s. lat.	MA-Fungi 90422	MW240354	MW240219	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
L. andinum	MA-Fungi 86931	MW240355	MW240220	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
L. arcyrioides	MA-Fungi 90405	MW240356	MW240221	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
L. cristatum	MYX399	KM977876	-	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
Physarum album s. lat.	LE286368	MW692999	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. album s. lat.	LE286342	MH930708	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2019)
P. atacamense	MA-Fungi 87942	MW240374	MW240245	MW239969	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. atacamense	MA-Fungi 88415	MG963684	MW240248	MG963761	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. australiense	LE327851	MT704232	-	-	-	Stephenson et al. (2020)
P. biyangense	HMJAU M20349-1	PP951388	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. biyangense	HMJAU M20349-2	PP951389	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. bogoriense	MA-Fungi 57191	MF352470	MG963610	MG963762	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. bogoriense	MA-Fungi 69863	MG963685	MG963611	MG963763	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. cinereum	MA-Fungi 63822	-	MW240261	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. cinereum	MA-Fungi 70925	-	MW240262	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. clavisporum	MA-Fungi 88228	MF352472	MW240263	MW239985	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. decipiens	LE266398	MW693005	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. didermoides	MA-Fungi 71195	MW240378	MW240267	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. didermoides	MA-Fungi 57262	MF352488	MW240266	MW239988	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. echinosporum	LE28810	MW693009	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. flavicomum	UFF-6	HE614611	-	-	-	Nandipati et al. (2012)
P. galbeum	FJAAS-M0001	OP373728	-	-	-	Unpublished
P. guangxiense	HMJAU M20344-1	PP951409	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. guangxiense	HMJAU M20344-2	PP951410	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. hongkongense	MA-Fungi 60336	MW240380	MW240270	MW239993	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. javanicum	MA-Fungi 81490	MW240381	MW240271	MW239994	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. jilinense	HMJAU M20367-1	PP951401	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. jilinense	HMJAU M20367-2	PP951402	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. lateritium	MYX7972	MW693013	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. leucophaeum	MA-Fungi 49730	MG963686	MG963614	MW239996	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. leucophaeum	MA-Fungi 78861	MG963688	MG963618	MG963767	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. leucophaeum	MA-Fungi 59323	MF352477	MG963615	MG963765	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. licheniforme	MA-Fungi 73290	MF352481	MG963619	MG963768	-	García-Martín et al. (2018)
P. licheniforme	MA-Fungi 73293	MG963689	MG963620	MG963769	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. licheniforme	MA-Fungi 91208	MG963692	MG963624	MG963772	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. luteolum	MA-Fungi 81930	-	MW240275	MW239999	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. neoovoideum	HMJAU M20294-1	PP951386	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. neoovoideum	HMJAU M20294-2	PP951387	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M21287-1	PP951379	-	-	PP968031	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M21287-2	PP951380	-	-	PP968032	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M20277-1	PP951381	-	-	PP968033	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M20277-2	PP981579	-	-	PP982120	Li et al. (2025)
P. nivale	MA-Fungi 72831	MF352486	MG963633	MG963779	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. nivale	MA-Fungi 70191	MW240384	MG963631	MG963778	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. nivale	MA-Fungi 70193	MW240385	MG963632	MW240001	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. notabile	MA-Fungi 80245	MW240386	MW240277	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. polygonosporum	MA-Fungi 90740	MF352463	MG963636	MG963780	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. polygonosporum	MA-Fungi 90756	MW240390	MW240282	MW240006	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. polygonosporum	MA-Fungi 90742	MF352465	MG963637	MG963781	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. pseudonotabile s. lat.	LE255432	LT670439	-	-	-	Borg et al. (2018)
P. pseudonotabile s. lat.	LE255437	LT670419	-	-	-	Borg et al. (2018); Novozhilov et al. (2013)
P. pusillum	LE255721	JX035984	-	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 80745	OP646308	MW240286	MW240010	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 90738	MF352452	MW240287	MW240011	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 91215	-	MW240288	MW240012	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 91221	MW240393	MW240289	MW240013	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. stellatum	LE297729	MW693019	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. stellatum	LE297741	MW693020	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. straminipes	MA-Fungi 90736	MF352490	-	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018)
P. straminipes	MA-Fungi 70363	MF352489	MW240291	MW240015	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. straminipes	MA-Fungi 87865	MW240394	MW240292	MW240016	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. subgalbum	HMJAU M21419	PX412248	PX412251	PX423602	PX423603	This study
P. subgalbum	HMJAU M21420	PX412249	PX412252	-	PX423604	This study
P. subgalbum	HMJAU M21421	PX412250	-	-	PX423605	This study
P. subviride	HMJAU M10138-1	PP951415	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. vernum	Sc30091	MW693021	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. vernum	Sc30257	MH930744	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2019)
P. viride	LE302489	MW693022	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. viride	LE317322	MW693024	-	-	OP616654	Shchepin et al. (2022); Prikhodko et al. (2023)

绒泡菌属黏菌一新种

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汪佳佳 ¹^,² , 李雪飞 ¹^,² , 王子杰 ³ , 杨欣雅 ¹^,² , 张波 ¹^,²^,^* , 李玉 ¹^,²^,^*

菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(3): 250282

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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(3): 250282

绒泡菌属黏菌一新种

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汪佳佳¹^,², 李雪飞¹^,², 王子杰³, 杨欣雅¹^,², 张波¹^,²^,^*, 李玉¹^,²^,^*

作者信息

1 吉林农业大学植物保护学院菌物学院食药用菌教育部工程研究中心，吉林长春 130118

2 三物融合产业发展研究院，河南泌阳 463700

3 齐齐哈尔市第一中学，黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161005

A new species of Physarum (Myxomycetes) from China

Jiajia WANG¹^,², Xuefei LI¹^,², Zijie WANG³, Xinya YANG¹^,², Bo ZHANG¹^,²^,^*, Yu LI¹^,²^,^*

Affiliations

1 Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, College of Plant Protection, College of Mycology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China

2 Industrial Development Institute for Plants, Animals and Fungi Integration of Biyang County, Biyang 463700, Henan, China

3 Qiqihar First Middle School, Qiqihar 161005, Heilongjiang, China

出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250282

文章导航

摘要

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本研究通过整合形态学特征与多基因位点(nrSSU、mtSSU、α-Tub及COI)的系统发育分析，描述了绒泡菌属Physarum一新种——近铬黄绒泡菌Physarum subgalbeum，在水琼脂培养基上完成了该菌的生活史并对其子实体发育过程进行了显微观察，比较该种与相近物种个体发育过程。该物种与铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum相似，孢囊均呈金黄色，但区别在于本物种孢囊经常融合成簇状，孢子表面密布细刺，石灰结长梭形。系统发育分析结果表明近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum形成独立单系分支，并与铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum 构成姐妹群关系。近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum孢子萌发方式为裂式，原生质团类型为显型原生质团，子实体形态建成过程大约需要10-12 h，石灰结和孢丝先于孢子形成。本文提供了近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum的形态描述、详细的显微照片和系统发育分析的结果以及生活史过程的详细描述和显微照片。

关键词

黏菌 / 绒泡菌属 / 形态学 / 系统发育分析 / 个体发育 / 新种

Abstract

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Physarum subgalbeum sp. nov. is described through observation of integrated morphological characterization and multigene phylogenetic analyses (nrSSU, mtSSU, α-Tub, and COI). The life cycle of P. subgalbeum was investigated in water agar medium and microscopic structure formation at different stages during sporulation was observed. This species is similar to P. galbeum in having golden yellow sporocarps. However, it differs in that its sporocarps often fuse into clusters, the spore surface is densely covered with small spines, and the lime nodes are elongated fusiform. Phylogenetic analysis results indicate that P. subgalbeum forms an independent monophyletic clade and constitutes a sister group relationship with P. galbeum. The spore germination of P. subgalbeum is split type, the plasmodial type is of phaneroplasmodium and sporulation requires approximately 10-12 hours, with lime nodes and capillitium forming prior to spore maturation. A comprehensive morphological description, including detailed micrographs, results of phylogenetic analyses, as well as a thorough account of its life cycle accompanied by corresponding microscopic images are provided.

Key words

Myxomycetes / Physarum / morphology / phylogenetic analysis / ontogeny / new species

引用本文

汪佳佳, 李雪飞, 王子杰, 杨欣雅, 张波, 李玉. 绒泡菌属黏菌一新种. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250282 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250282

Jiajia WANG, Xuefei LI, Zijie WANG, Xinya YANG, Bo ZHANG, Yu LI. A new species of Physarum (Myxomycetes) from China[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250282 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250282

正文

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黏菌是一类特殊的真核生物，分类学上归属于变形虫门Amoebozoa黏菌纲Myxomycetes，其独特的生物学特性使其兼具动物(吞噬营养)和真菌(孢子繁殖)的特征(Everhart & Keller 2008)。黏菌生活史中，孢子萌发产生单核的黏变形体或者带鞭毛的游动胞；营养生长阶段是一团裸露的、形状可变的、可迁移的多核原生质——原生质团；繁殖阶段为产生孢子的静止子实体(戴丹等 2019)。黏菌主要分布于温带和热带森林的腐木、落叶层等富含有机质的潮湿环境中(李玉等 2008)。

Persoon在1794年首先以Physarum aureum Pers. [现为绿绒泡菌P. viride (Bull.) Pers.的异名]为模式种创立了绒泡菌属Physarum Pers.，子实体为孢囊，具柄，很少无柄，或为联囊体；孢囊呈双凸透镜形、近球形、倒圆锥形或陀螺形，常垂头；柄部暗色，通常无石灰质，有时部分具石灰质；囊被膜质，外层囊被具黄色、灰白或灰色石灰质，偶近无石灰质；无囊轴；孢丝网状，具无石灰质细管线连接石灰结，有时石灰结聚集形成假囊轴；孢子散生(García-Martín et al. 2023)。

传统上，绒泡菌属的分类主要依赖形态学特征，如子实体的形态、颜色、石灰结的存在与否以及孢子的纹饰等。然而，这些形态特征易受环境条件影响，且存在大量中间类型，给准确鉴定带来困难。随着分子生物学技术的发展，研究者使用SSU、EF-1α等基因探讨绒泡菌属的系统发育关系，为传统分类提供分子依据(García-Martín et al. 2023)。与此同时，绒泡菌属的生活史研究也取得了重要进展，通过实验室培养技术的改进，研究者已成功实现了多种绒泡菌属物种从孢子到孢子的完整生活史培养，但除了灰绒泡菌P. cinereum (Batsch) Pers.和小绒泡菌P. pusillum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) G. Liste外(戴丹等 2021；徐晓琪等 2021)，属内其他物种如多头绒泡菌P. polycephlum Schwein.以及垂头绒泡菌P. album (Bull.) Chevall.等缺乏对子实体形态建成期的孢子、孢丝等显微结构形成细节的研究(史立平和李玉 2010；陶伟等 2016)。

目前，全球已描述约1 100种黏菌，其中中国记录近500种，约占全球已知物种的50% (Rao & Chen 2023；Li et al. 2025)。绒泡菌属包含153个已知种(Lado 2025)，但仅有26种在实验室条件下完成生活史研究(戴丹等 2021)。本研究基于形态学比较、多基因系统发育分析(nrSSU、mtSSU、α-Tub、COI)，鉴定并描述新种——近铬黄绒泡菌Physarum subgalbeum J.J. Wang, B. Zhang & Y. Li, sp. nov.。与此同时，在实验室条件下通过水琼脂培养完整观察该种的生活史动态，并对其生活史不同阶段中孢子、孢丝等显微结构形成的先后顺序进行详细观察。

1 材料与方法

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1.1 材料

野生标本材料于2024年9月16日采集自吉林省白城市洮北区交通村内，生于腐木上，并用水琼脂培养方法获得室内研究标本，保存于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 基于野生标本和培养材料开展形态学研究

以水琼脂上培养获得的子实体为材料，在控温控湿条件下自然干燥后，基于干燥材料开展形态学研究。颜色表征参照Methuen Handbook of Colour (Kornerup & Wanscher 1978)的标准化比色系统，在标准光源下完成判定。宏观形态观测使用Axio Zoom V16 (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH)变倍体视显微镜测量约30个孢囊的高度、直径及柄直径等参数，并通过LEICA M165 (Leica Microsystems)自动聚焦立体显微镜系统获取子实体高清图像。显微结构分析采用94%乙醇和3% KOH溶液制备玻片，使用Axio Imager A2 (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH)正置显微镜观察孢子、孢丝和石灰结的形态特征，随机测量约120个成熟孢子(Zhang & Li 2013)。孢子大小数据采用(a-)b-c(-d)格式表示(Li et al. 2024)，其中b-c为除去极值的90%测量值的平均值±样本标准差，a和d分别代表最小和最大值。超微结构观察通过S-4800 SEM (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation)场发射扫描电镜完成，样品经导电胶固定、离子溅射镀金等标准制样流程后，重点解析孢子表面纹饰、孢丝和石灰结形态等特征。

1.2.2 分子系统学研究

DNA提取、PCR扩增和测序：采用TIANamp Micro DNA Kit (北京天根生化科技有限公司)微量基因组DNA提取试剂盒，严格按照操作规范进行DNA提取。选取3-5个完整子实体，进行基因组DNA提取。PCR扩增体系(25 μL)：正反向引物各1 μL (10 mmol/L)、DNA模板 2 μL、2×PCR Mix 12.5 μL [生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]以及无菌ddH₂O 8.5 μL。扩增引物选用nrSSU、mtSSU、α-Tub及COI共4个基因，其中核糖体小亚基RNA (nrSSU)使用S2(F)/SR4Dark(R)引物对；线粒体小亚基(mtSSU)使用Kmit-F/Kmit-R引物对；α-微管蛋白(α-Tub)使用kTub-F2/kTub-R1引物对，并辅以半巢式PCR引物kTub-F3*/kTub-R1 (García- Martín et al. 2023)；细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I (COI)基因选用COMF/COMRs引物对(Feng & Schnittler 2015；Liu et al. 2015)。

各片段不同引物对PCR扩增反应程序的热循环参数如下：对于nrSSU和mtSSU，94 ℃预变性1 min；94 ℃变性1 min，52 ℃退火1 min，72 ℃延伸3 min，30个循环；最后72 ℃延伸10 min。α-Tub扩增分为两轮：首轮PCR参数与上述相同，第二轮半巢式PCR将退火温度提高至54 ℃，其余参数保持不变(García-Martín et al. 2023)。COI：95 ℃预变性5 min；95 ℃变性30 s，52 ℃退火20 s，72 ℃延伸1 min，36个循环；最后72 ℃延伸10 min (Prikhodko et al. 2023)。所有PCR产物均通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳(0.5×TAE缓冲液，120 V，30 min)进行质量检测，选取条带单一、亮度适中的扩增产物送至吉林省库美生物科技有限公司进行单向测序，测序引物与扩增引物一致。

系统发育分析：采用系统的生物信息学分析方法对序列数据进行处理与系统发育重建。首先将GenBank下载的相关类群序列与本研究的测序结果通过BioEdit 7.1.3进行人工校对与编辑，随后采用MAFFT 7.490进行多序列比对并手动优化去除低质量区域(Katoh & Standley 2013)，不同基因片段通过Phylosuite v1.2.2进行整合(Zhang et al. 2020)。系统发育分析采用最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯推断(BI)两种方法，使用Modelfinder确定最优核苷酸替代模型(Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017)。ML分析在IQTREE 1.6.12中完成(Nguyen et al. 2015)，设置5 000次快速bootstrap (BS)重复评估节点支持率；BI分析运行2 000 000代MCMC模拟，采样频率为每1 000代一次，收敛标准设定为平均标准差<0.01，并舍弃前25%样本作为老化处理。最终系统发育树通过ITOL 6.9进行可视化编辑与展示(Letunic & Bork 2007)。

1.3 生活史观察

1.3.1 孢子萌发观察

选取5-6个形态成熟的子实体置于1.5 mL无菌离心管中，加入0.2 mL无菌去离子水(ddH₂O)，使用无菌研磨棒轻柔搅拌至形成均匀孢子悬浮液后，补加无菌水至终体积0.5 mL。将制备的孢子悬浮液置于25 ℃恒温培养箱中进行暗培养，自培养开始每小时定时取样25 μL制备临时玻片。采用Axio Imager A2正置显微镜系统观察不同发育阶段(包括游动胞、黏变形体、小胞囊及孢子萌发方式)的形态特征，每个发育阶段随机选取至少20个样品进行显微测量。

1.3.2 原生质团形成观察

将孢子萌发24 h后的悬浮液精确量取50 μL等分样品，均匀涂布于3个新鲜制备的2%水琼脂培养基表面，并添加0.1 g灭菌燕麦粉作为营养基质。培养皿密封后置于(25±0.5) ℃恒温培养箱中进行暗培养，每间隔12 h采用正置显微镜观察原生质团形成动态。待显型原生质团发育成熟后，无菌接种将其转移至新制备的燕麦-水琼脂培养基进行继代培养，培养条件维持(25±0.5) ℃恒温暗培养，每隔12 h记录原生质团形态特征变化，直至成熟原生质团开始形成子实体。

1.3.3 子实体形成观察

采用LEICA M165全自动连续变倍体视显微镜系统完整记录从原生质团迁移、子实体原基形成到成熟子实体形态建成的全过程。

1.3.4 子实体形态建成的显微观察

选取不同发育时期子实体样本，以去离子水(ddH₂O)作为浮载剂制备临时玻片，使用Axio Imager A2正置显微镜在100×油镜下对孢囊内部结构进行显微观察。

2 结果与分析

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2.1 分类学

近铬黄绒泡菌图1

Physarum subgalbeum J.J. Wang, B. Zhang & Y. Li, sp. nov. Fig. 1

MycoBank: MB860546

Diagnosis: The species is similar to P. galbeum Wingate in having golden yellow sporocarps, but it differs in spores densely covered with fine spines, and lime nodes elongated fusiform.

Holotype: China, Jilin, Baicheng City, Taobei District, Jiaotong Village, 122°77′02″ E, 45°51′69″ N, September 16, 2024, WANG Zijie, HMJAU M21419 [GenBank: PX412248 for nrSSU; PX412251 for mtSSU; PX423602 for α-Tub; PX423603 for COI. Holotype in HMJAU (Herbarium of Mycology at Jilin Agriculture University)].

Isotype: China, Jilin, Baicheng City, Taobei District, Jiaotong Village, 122°77′02″ E, 45°51′69″ N, September 16, 2024, WANG Zijie, HMJAU M21420 (GenBank: PX412249 for nrSSU; PX412252 for mtSSU; PX423604 for COI. Isotype in HMJAU).

Etymology: It is named after its resemblance to P. galbeum in morphology.

Description: Sporocarps gregarious, sporothecae spherical, discoid, or reniform, often fuse into clusters, usually nodding, rarely erect, golden yellow, measuring 1.1-1.7 mm in total height and 0.4-0.7 mm in diameter. Stalk flexuous and longitudinally wrinkled, hollow with irregular masses of refuse granular matter, amber to orange- yellow in color (Fig. 1A-1D), and 0.7-1.4 mm high. Peridium membranous and rich in calcareous matter (Fig. 1C, 1E). Columella absent. Hypothallus inconspicuous. Capillitium a reticulum with elongated fusiform yellow lime nodes (Fig. 1F, 1G). Spores black in mass, reddish brown by transmitted light, densely covered with small spines (Fig. 1H, 1I), 9-10.5(-11) μm in diameter. Plasmodium yellow.

孢囊群生，圆球状，圆盘形或肾形，经常会融合成簇状，有柄，一般垂头，很少直立，金黄色，全高1.1-1.7 mm，直径0.4-0.7 mm；柄弯曲，有纵纹，中空含残屑，琥珀色或橙黄色(图1A-1D)，高0.7-1.4 mm；囊被膜质，富含黄色石灰质(图1C, 1E)；无囊轴；基质层不明显；孢丝网状连接长梭形黄色石灰结(图1F, 1G)；孢子成堆时黑色，透射光下红棕色，密布细刺(图1H, 1I)，直径9-10.5(-11) μm。原生质团黄色。

特征集要：本种与铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum Wingate相似，孢囊均呈金黄色，但区别在于本物种孢囊经常融合成簇状，孢子表面密布细刺，石灰结长梭形。

主模式：中国吉林省白城市洮北区交通村，122°77′02″E，45°51′69″N，2024年9月16日，王子杰，HMJAU M21419 (GenBank: PX412248 for nrSSU; PX412251 for mtSSU; PX423602 for α-Tub; PX423603 for COI. Holotype in HMJAU)。

等模式：中国吉林省白城市洮北区交通村，122°77′02″E，45°51′69″N，2024年9月16日，王子杰，HMJAU M21420 (GenBank: PX412249 for nrSSU; PX412252 for mtSSU; PX423604 for COI. Isotype in HMJAU)。

词源：形态特征与铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum相近。

发生基物：腐木。

世界分布：中国。

讨论：近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum的主要鉴别特征是孢囊金黄色，常融合成簇状，囊被富含黄色石灰质，孢丝网状，连接长梭形石灰结，无囊轴，孢子较大，表面密布细刺。本种与铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum相近，本种孢囊形态多样，易融合成簇状，石灰结长梭形，孢子团黑色，透射光下红棕色，密布细刺；而铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum的孢囊形状为球形，单生，石灰结多角形，孢子团浅褐色，透射光下淡紫或淡黄色，近光滑。此外，本种与黄头绒泡菌P. flavicomum Berk.也较为相近，本种孢囊金黄色，囊被富含石灰质，石灰结仅为长梭形，孢子团黑色，透射光下红棕色，孢子较大[9-10.5(-11) µm]，密布细刺；而黄头绒泡菌P. flavicomum孢囊暗黄、烟灰色，多呈球形和双凸透镜形，单生，囊被几乎无石灰质、具虹彩光泽，石灰结为多角形或长梭形，孢子团烟褐色，透射光下亮紫罗兰褐色，孢子较小[(7)8-10 µm]，且密布细疣(Hooker 1842；Macbride 1899；周宗璜 1977；Yamamoto 1998；Poulain et al. 2011；Stephenson 2021)。详细形态特征比较见表1。在系统发育树上，近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum、铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum和黄头绒泡菌P. flavicomum的标本形成了一个分支，但三者之间的遗传距离相对较远，证实了形态学观察的结果。因此，形态学和系统发育分析都支持将其鉴定为新种。

其他研究标本：中国，吉林省，白城市，洮北区，2024年9月16日，王子杰，HMJAU M21420；中国，吉林省，长春市，南关区，吉林农业大学，2024年10月24日，汪佳佳，HMJAU M21421，2024年11月26日，汪佳佳，HMJAU M21422，2025年1月27日，汪佳佳，HMJAU M21423。

2.2 系统发育分析

本研究基于多基因联合分析对绒泡菌属进行系统发育研究，构建了包含37个绒泡菌属物种137条序列的综合数据集(nrSSU 65条，mtSSU 36条，α-Tub 28条，COI 8条)，其中新测序获得9条基因序列(nrSSU 3条，mtSSU 2条，α-Tub 1条，COI 3条)，序列信息见表2。序列比对后的长度分别为：nrSSU 715 bp，mtSSU 439 bp，α-Tub 973 bp，COI 734 bp。最大似然法分析中nrSSU、mtSSU、α-Tub和COI的最佳模型分别为TIM2e+I+G4、TVM+F+I+G4、TN+F+I+G4和GTR+F+G4，贝叶斯推断中nrSSU和COI的最佳模型分别为SYM+I+G4和GTR+F+I+G4，mtSSU和α-Tub的最佳模型均为HKY+F+I+ G4ML。系统发育研究显示ML树与BI树具有一致的拓扑结构(仅展示ML树)，节点支持度标注ML自举值(BP≥70%)和贝叶斯后验概率(PP≥0.90)。分析结果表明近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum形成独立单系分支，与铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum及黄头绒泡菌P. flavicomum构成姐妹群关系，该分支关系获得高度统计支持，系统发育树见图2。

2.3 生活史

2.3.1 孢子萌发

近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum的孢子在无菌水环境中培养约2 h后，可观察到孢子壁沿“V”形裂隙开裂，表明其萌发方式属于典型的裂式萌发(图3A, 3B)。2 h后可形成具有双鞭毛结构的游动胞，其中一根鞭毛较为显著，另一根因尺寸较小而难以清晰辨识，该游动胞在水中呈现快速位移现象(图3C)。培养6 h后，可检测到形态不规则的黏变形体以及直径介于6.5-9 μm的球形胞囊(图3D-3F)。

2.3.2 原生质团形成

将已完全萌发的孢子悬浮液转接至含2%水琼脂的固体培养基上，经约16 d的培养后，可观察到近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum的早期原生质团形成(图4A, 4B)。该原生质团呈浅黄色，面积较小但肉眼可见，符合显型原生质团的典型特征。培养过程中，每48 h补充一次无菌燕麦粉作为营养基质。约4 d后，原生质团进入成熟阶段(图4C, 4D)，表现为显著的扇形扩展结构，且前端区域呈现明显的增厚形态。

2.3.3 子实体形态建成

将成熟原生质团置于室内自然光照条件下，通常在48-72 h内可诱导子实体形成。在无光条件下，个别原生质团仍能形成子实体，但其发育周期较光照条件下显著延长。子实体形态发生多起始于夜间20:00-21:00时段。

子实体形态建成过程：(1)孢囊及柄的形成阶段(5-6 h)：初期表现为原生质团内出现粗大的黄色菌脉，随后菌脉逐渐断裂并聚集成不规则团块(图5A)。随着菌脉退化，团块向上延伸形成柄，同时顶端膨大形成孢囊(图5B)。孢囊与柄同步发育，初期均呈黄色，随柄伸长，最终高度1.3-1.8 mm，其表面膜收缩并加深为橙黄色，孢囊头部由半球形扩展为圆盘形(图5C-5E)。(2)孢囊及柄的成熟阶段(5-6 h)：孢囊表面由光滑转为粗糙，并逐渐沉积黄色钙质颗粒，颜色依次经历黄色-褐色-黑色的转变(图5F-5H)。同时，柄部逐渐纤细，囊被最终被金黄色钙质覆盖(图5I)。子实体从起始发育至完全成熟共需10-12 h。

重复培养表明，成熟子实体通常呈垂头状态，罕见直立。该种的子实体发育属于典型的基质层上型。完整生活史周期约23 d，且第二代子实体产生的孢子仍保持可育性。

在子实体形态发生初期阶段，可观察到孢囊原基中部区域积聚大量非均质颗粒物质(图6A-6C)。随着子实体的纵向延伸，这些颗粒物质在孢囊和柄部呈现显著增殖现象，但此时尚未分化出典型的孢子或孢丝等结构(图6D-6F)。发育至2.5-3.6 h时，柄部外膜开始收缩并逐渐定型，此时可检测到离散分布的石灰结形成，柄部仍富含颗粒状内含物(图6G-6I)。在形态建成后期，可明显观察到石灰结发生色素沉积并经由孢丝相互连接。同时，原生质体进入分裂阶段，启动孢子形成过程(图6J-6L)。约1 h后，孢囊腔内可观察到大量发育成熟的红棕色孢子(图6M-6O)。

在真黏菌的个体发育过程中，主要包括孢子萌发、原生质团形成和子实体形态建成3个过程。黏菌的孢子萌发有两种方式，裂式和孔出式(Gilbert 1928；Clark & Haskins 2016)，近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum为V型开口的裂式萌发，这与铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum、小绒泡菌P. pusillum以及多头绒泡菌P. polycephalum等绒泡菌属内的物种萌发方式相同(史立平和李玉 2010；徐晓琪等 2021；Dai et al. 2023)，而与垂头绒泡菌P. album和全白绒泡菌P. globuliferum (Bull.) Pers.孔出式的孢子萌发方式不同(Liu et al. 2010；Gao et al. 2017)。两种孢子萌发方式在同一属中的存在，与绒泡菌属是一个多系群的认识一致(Nandipati et al. 2012)。Alexopoulos (1960a, 1960b)在进行了数种黏菌生活史研究后指出，黏菌原生质团的特征与分类单元间具有特定的关系，即发网菌目Stemonitales黏菌为隐型原生质团，刺轴菌目Echinosteliales为原始型，绒泡菌目Physarales为显型原生质团。近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum为黄色的显型原生质团，这也支持了Alexopoulos的这一观点。黄头绒泡菌P. flavicomum和铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum这两种明显带有黄色色素的物种均需要光照诱导才能形成子实体(Gray 1961；Dai et al. 2023)，而通过多次实验验证，近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum无论在黑暗或是光照条件下均能形成子实体，只是在黑暗条件下形成子实体耗时更久，这与上述物种均需要光诱导才能形成子实体的结果不一致。近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum子实体开始形成至完全成熟大致需要10-12 h，孢囊在发育过程中，石灰结形成后原生质体才开始割裂形成孢子，这与扁绒泡菌P. compressum Alb. & Schwein.孢丝和孢子同时形成结果不一致(李艳双等 2011)，而与小绒泡菌P. pusillum中石灰结和孢丝先于孢子形成的结果相似(徐晓琪等 2021)。近铬黄绒泡菌P. subgalbeum在23 d左右完成生活史，较铬黄绒泡菌P. galbeum 28 d来说周期较短(Dai et al. 2023)。实验中发现部分培养个体出现发育停滞现象，停滞于子实体成熟前的不同阶段，这一现象的分子调控机制有待进一步研究。本研究为绒泡菌属的系统分类和发育生物学提供了新的实验证据，同时揭示了该属生活史特征的多样性及其分类学意义。

作者贡献

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汪佳佳：实验设计、数据分析、论文撰写；李雪飞：实验方案指导、数据分析、论文审核与修改；王子杰：标本采集、子实体形态建成实验；杨欣雅：实验指导；张波：论文构思、审核与修改；李玉：论文审核与修改。

利益冲突声明

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该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。

基金

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国家自然科学基金(32570017)

参考文献

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2026年第45卷第3期

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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250282

接收时间：2025-09-29
首发时间：2026-04-30
出版时间：2026-03-22

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收稿日期：2025-09-29
录用日期：2025-12-02

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National Natural Science Foundation of China(32570017)

国家自然科学基金(32570017)

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1 吉林农业大学植物保护学院菌物学院食药用菌教育部工程研究中心，吉林长春 130118

2 三物融合产业发展研究院，河南泌阳 463700

3 齐齐哈尔市第一中学，黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161005

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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特征 Characteristics	铬黄绒泡菌 P. galbeum	近铬黄绒泡菌 P. subgalbeum	黄头绒泡菌 P. flavicomum
孢囊颜色 Sporocarps color	金黄色、铬黄色 Golden yellow, chrome yellow	金黄色 Golden yellow	暗黄色、烟灰色、淡黑褐色 Dusky yellow, smoke-gray, pale blackish brown
孢囊形状 Sporocarps shape	球形，常下垂，单生 Spherical, often nodding, single	球形、圆盘形或肾形，常下垂，且易融合成簇状 Spherical, discoid or reniform, often nodding, easily fused into clusters	球形、双凸透镜形，常下垂，单生 Spherical, lenticular, often nodding, single
囊被 Peridium	极薄，覆盖显著的黄色石灰质颗粒 Very thin, covered with prominent yellow lime granules	膜质，明显覆盖黄色石灰质 Membranous, distinctly covered with yellow lime	纤薄，常几乎无石灰质，具虹彩光泽 Thin, often almost lime-free, with iridescent luster
柄 Stalk	浅褐色，琥珀色至橙黄色，具纵纹，中空含残屑 Pale brown, amber to orange-yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, hollow with refuse granular matter	琥珀色或橙黄色，具纵纹，常弯曲，中空含残屑 Amber or orange-yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, often curved, hollow with refuse granular matter	红褐色，基部色深，细长，具纵沟常扭曲，非中空 Reddish brown, darker at base, slender, longitudinally grooved and often twisted, not hollow
孢丝 Capillitium	网状，连接多角形黄色石灰结 Reticulate, connected with angular yellow lime nodes	网状，连接长梭形黄色石灰结 Reticulate, connected with elongated fusiform yellow lime nodes	网状，连接多角形或长梭形黄色石灰结 Reticulate, connected with angular or elongated fusiform yellow lime nodes
孢子 Spores	孢子团：浅褐色 Mass: pale brown 透射光：淡紫或淡黄色 Transmitted light: pale purple or pale yellow 纹饰：近光滑，或具不显著疣群 Ornamentation: nearly smooth or with inconspicuous warts 直径：7.5-10 µm Diameter: 7.5-10 µm	孢子团：黑色 Mass: black 透射光：红棕色 Transmitted light: reddish brown 纹饰：密布细刺 Ornamentation: densely covered with fine spines 直径：9-10.5(-11) µm Diameter: 9-10.5(-11) µm	孢子团：烟褐色 Mass: smoke-brown 透射光：亮紫罗兰褐色 Transmitted light: bright violet-brown 纹饰：密布细疣 Ornamentation: densely covered with fine warts 直径：(7)8-10 µm Diameter: (7)8-10 µm
囊轴 Columella	无 Absent	无 Absent	无 Absent
基质层 Hypothallus	不明显 Inconspicuous	不明显 Inconspicuous	小，盘状，辐射状(常不明显) Small, discoid, radiating (often inconspicuous)
原生质团 Plasmodium	淡黄色 Pale yellow	黄色 Yellow	黄色、黄绿色 Yellow, yellow-green

特征
Characteristics

铬黄绒泡菌
P. galbeum

近铬黄绒泡菌
P. subgalbeum

黄头绒泡菌
P. flavicomum

孢囊颜色
Sporocarps color

金黄色、铬黄色
Golden yellow, chrome yellow

金黄色
Golden yellow

暗黄色、烟灰色、淡黑褐色
Dusky yellow, smoke-gray, pale blackish brown

孢囊形状
Sporocarps shape

球形，常下垂，单生
Spherical, often nodding, single

球形、圆盘形或肾形，常下垂，且易融合成簇状
Spherical, discoid or reniform, often nodding, easily fused into clusters

球形、双凸透镜形，常下垂，
单生
Spherical, lenticular, often nodding, single

囊被
Peridium

极薄，覆盖显著的黄色石灰质
颗粒
Very thin, covered with prominent yellow lime granules

膜质，明显覆盖黄色石灰质
Membranous, distinctly covered with yellow lime

纤薄，常几乎无石灰质，具虹彩光泽
Thin, often almost lime-free, with iridescent luster

柄
Stalk

浅褐色，琥珀色至橙黄色，具纵纹，中空含残屑
Pale brown, amber to orange-yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, hollow with refuse granular matter

琥珀色或橙黄色，具纵纹，常弯曲，中空含残屑
Amber or orange-yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, often curved, hollow with refuse granular matter

红褐色，基部色深，细长，具纵沟常扭曲，非中空
Reddish brown, darker at base, slender, longitudinally grooved and often twisted, not hollow

孢丝
Capillitium

网状，连接多角形黄色石灰结
Reticulate, connected with angular yellow lime nodes

网状，连接长梭形黄色石灰结
Reticulate, connected with elongated fusiform yellow lime nodes

网状，连接多角形或长梭形黄色石灰结
Reticulate, connected with angular or elongated fusiform yellow lime nodes

孢子
Spores

孢子团：浅褐色
Mass: pale brown
透射光：淡紫或淡黄色
Transmitted light: pale purple or pale yellow
纹饰：近光滑，或具不显著疣群
Ornamentation: nearly smooth or with inconspicuous warts
直径：7.5-10 µm
Diameter: 7.5-10 µm

孢子团：黑色
Mass: black
透射光：红棕色
Transmitted light: reddish brown
纹饰：密布细刺
Ornamentation: densely covered with fine spines
直径：9-10.5(-11) µm
Diameter: 9-10.5(-11) µm

孢子团：烟褐色
Mass: smoke-brown
透射光：亮紫罗兰褐色
Transmitted light: bright violet-brown
纹饰：密布细疣
Ornamentation: densely covered with fine warts
直径：(7)8-10 µm
Diameter: (7)8-10 µm

囊轴
Columella

无
Absent

基质层
Hypothallus

不明显
Inconspicuous

小，盘状，辐射状(常不明显)
Small, discoid, radiating (often inconspicuous)

原生质团
Plasmodium

淡黄色
Pale yellow

黄色
Yellow

黄色、黄绿色
Yellow, yellow-green

种名 Species	标本号 Voucher numbers	GenBank登录号 GenBank accession number	参考文献 Reference
Lamproderma aeneum s. lat.	MA-Fungi 90422	MW240354	MW240219	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
L. andinum	MA-Fungi 86931	MW240355	MW240220	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
L. arcyrioides	MA-Fungi 90405	MW240356	MW240221	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
L. cristatum	MYX399	KM977876	-	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
Physarum album s. lat.	LE286368	MW692999	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. album s. lat.	LE286342	MH930708	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2019)
P. atacamense	MA-Fungi 87942	MW240374	MW240245	MW239969	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. atacamense	MA-Fungi 88415	MG963684	MW240248	MG963761	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. australiense	LE327851	MT704232	-	-	-	Stephenson et al. (2020)
P. biyangense	HMJAU M20349-1	PP951388	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. biyangense	HMJAU M20349-2	PP951389	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. bogoriense	MA-Fungi 57191	MF352470	MG963610	MG963762	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. bogoriense	MA-Fungi 69863	MG963685	MG963611	MG963763	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. cinereum	MA-Fungi 63822	-	MW240261	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. cinereum	MA-Fungi 70925	-	MW240262	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. clavisporum	MA-Fungi 88228	MF352472	MW240263	MW239985	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. decipiens	LE266398	MW693005	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. didermoides	MA-Fungi 71195	MW240378	MW240267	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. didermoides	MA-Fungi 57262	MF352488	MW240266	MW239988	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. echinosporum	LE28810	MW693009	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. flavicomum	UFF-6	HE614611	-	-	-	Nandipati et al. (2012)
P. galbeum	FJAAS-M0001	OP373728	-	-	-	Unpublished
P. guangxiense	HMJAU M20344-1	PP951409	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. guangxiense	HMJAU M20344-2	PP951410	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. hongkongense	MA-Fungi 60336	MW240380	MW240270	MW239993	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. javanicum	MA-Fungi 81490	MW240381	MW240271	MW239994	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. jilinense	HMJAU M20367-1	PP951401	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. jilinense	HMJAU M20367-2	PP951402	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. lateritium	MYX7972	MW693013	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. leucophaeum	MA-Fungi 49730	MG963686	MG963614	MW239996	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. leucophaeum	MA-Fungi 78861	MG963688	MG963618	MG963767	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. leucophaeum	MA-Fungi 59323	MF352477	MG963615	MG963765	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. licheniforme	MA-Fungi 73290	MF352481	MG963619	MG963768	-	García-Martín et al. (2018)
P. licheniforme	MA-Fungi 73293	MG963689	MG963620	MG963769	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. licheniforme	MA-Fungi 91208	MG963692	MG963624	MG963772	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. luteolum	MA-Fungi 81930	-	MW240275	MW239999	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. neoovoideum	HMJAU M20294-1	PP951386	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. neoovoideum	HMJAU M20294-2	PP951387	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M21287-1	PP951379	-	-	PP968031	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M21287-2	PP951380	-	-	PP968032	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M20277-1	PP951381	-	-	PP968033	Li et al. (2025)
P. nigritum	HMJAU M20277-2	PP981579	-	-	PP982120	Li et al. (2025)
P. nivale	MA-Fungi 72831	MF352486	MG963633	MG963779	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. nivale	MA-Fungi 70191	MW240384	MG963631	MG963778	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. nivale	MA-Fungi 70193	MW240385	MG963632	MW240001	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. notabile	MA-Fungi 80245	MW240386	MW240277	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. polygonosporum	MA-Fungi 90740	MF352463	MG963636	MG963780	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. polygonosporum	MA-Fungi 90756	MW240390	MW240282	MW240006	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. polygonosporum	MA-Fungi 90742	MF352465	MG963637	MG963781	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. pseudonotabile s. lat.	LE255432	LT670439	-	-	-	Borg et al. (2018)
P. pseudonotabile s. lat.	LE255437	LT670419	-	-	-	Borg et al. (2018); Novozhilov et al. (2013)
P. pusillum	LE255721	JX035984	-	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 80745	OP646308	MW240286	MW240010	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 90738	MF352452	MW240287	MW240011	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 91215	-	MW240288	MW240012	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
Physarum sp.	MA-Fungi 91221	MW240393	MW240289	MW240013	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. stellatum	LE297729	MW693019	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. stellatum	LE297741	MW693020	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. straminipes	MA-Fungi 90736	MF352490	-	-	-	García-Martín et al. (2018)
P. straminipes	MA-Fungi 70363	MF352489	MW240291	MW240015	-	García-Martín et al. (2018, 2023)
P. straminipes	MA-Fungi 87865	MW240394	MW240292	MW240016	-	García-Martín et al. (2023)
P. subgalbum	HMJAU M21419	PX412248	PX412251	PX423602	PX423603	This study
P. subgalbum	HMJAU M21420	PX412249	PX412252	-	PX423604	This study
P. subgalbum	HMJAU M21421	PX412250	-	-	PX423605	This study
P. subviride	HMJAU M10138-1	PP951415	-	-	-	Li et al. (2025)
P. vernum	Sc30091	MW693021	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. vernum	Sc30257	MH930744	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2019)
P. viride	LE302489	MW693022	-	-	-	Shchepin et al. (2022)
P. viride	LE317322	MW693024	-	-	OP616654	Shchepin et al. (2022); Prikhodko et al. (2023)

种名
Species

标本号
Voucher numbers

GenBank登录号
GenBank accession number

参考文献
Reference

nrSSU

mtSSU

α-Tub

COI

Lamproderma
aeneum s. lat.

MA-Fungi 90422

MW240354

MW240219

García-Martín et al. (2023)

L. andinum

MA-Fungi 86931

MW240355

MW240220

García-Martín et al. (2023)

L. arcyrioides

MA-Fungi 90405

MW240356

MW240221

García-Martín et al. (2023)

L. cristatum

MYX399

KM977876

García-Martín et al. (2023)

Physarum album s. lat.

LE286368

MW692999

Shchepin et al. (2022)

P. album s. lat.

LE286342

MH930708

Shchepin et al. (2019)

P. atacamense

MA-Fungi 87942

MW240374

MW240245

MW239969

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. atacamense

MA-Fungi 88415

MG963684

MW240248

MG963761

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. australiense

LE327851

MT704232

Stephenson et al. (2020)

P. biyangense

HMJAU M20349-1

PP951388

Li et al. (2025)

P. biyangense

HMJAU M20349-2

PP951389

Li et al. (2025)

P. bogoriense

MA-Fungi 57191

MF352470

MG963610

MG963762

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

P. bogoriense

MA-Fungi 69863

MG963685

MG963611

MG963763

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. cinereum

MA-Fungi 63822

MW240261

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

P. cinereum

MA-Fungi 70925

MW240262

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

P. clavisporum

MA-Fungi 88228

MF352472

MW240263

MW239985

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. decipiens

LE266398

MW693005

Shchepin et al. (2022)

P. didermoides

MA-Fungi 71195

MW240378

MW240267

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. didermoides

MA-Fungi 57262

MF352488

MW240266

MW239988

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

P. echinosporum

LE28810

MW693009

Shchepin et al. (2022)

P. flavicomum

UFF-6

HE614611

Nandipati et al. (2012)

P. galbeum

FJAAS-M0001

OP373728

Unpublished

P. guangxiense

HMJAU M20344-1

PP951409

Li et al. (2025)

P. guangxiense

HMJAU M20344-2

PP951410

Li et al. (2025)

P. hongkongense

MA-Fungi 60336

MW240380

MW240270

MW239993

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. javanicum

MA-Fungi 81490

MW240381

MW240271

MW239994

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. jilinense

HMJAU M20367-1

PP951401

Li et al. (2025)

P. jilinense

HMJAU M20367-2

PP951402

Li et al. (2025)

P. lateritium

MYX7972

MW693013

Shchepin et al. (2022)

P. leucophaeum

MA-Fungi 49730

MG963686

MG963614

MW239996

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. leucophaeum

MA-Fungi 78861

MG963688

MG963618

MG963767

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. leucophaeum

MA-Fungi 59323

MF352477

MG963615

MG963765

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

P. licheniforme

MA-Fungi 73290

MF352481

MG963619

MG963768

García-Martín et al. (2018)

P. licheniforme

MA-Fungi 73293

MG963689

MG963620

MG963769

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. licheniforme

MA-Fungi 91208

MG963692

MG963624

MG963772

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. luteolum

MA-Fungi 81930

MW240275

MW239999

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. neoovoideum

HMJAU M20294-1

PP951386

Li et al. (2025)

P. neoovoideum

HMJAU M20294-2

PP951387

Li et al. (2025)

P. nigritum

HMJAU M21287-1

PP951379

PP968031

Li et al. (2025)

P. nigritum

HMJAU M21287-2

PP951380

PP968032

Li et al. (2025)

P. nigritum

HMJAU M20277-1

PP951381

PP968033

Li et al. (2025)

P. nigritum

HMJAU M20277-2

PP981579

PP982120

Li et al. (2025)

P. nivale

MA-Fungi 72831

MF352486

MG963633

MG963779

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

P. nivale

MA-Fungi 70191

MW240384

MG963631

MG963778

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. nivale

MA-Fungi 70193

MW240385

MG963632

MW240001

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. notabile

MA-Fungi 80245

MW240386

MW240277

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. polygonosporum

MA-Fungi 90740

MF352463

MG963636

MG963780

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

P. polygonosporum

MA-Fungi 90756

MW240390

MW240282

MW240006

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. polygonosporum

MA-Fungi 90742

MF352465

MG963637

MG963781

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

P. pseudonotabile
s. lat.

LE255432

LT670439

Borg et al. (2018)

P. pseudonotabile
s. lat.

LE255437

LT670419

Borg et al. (2018);
Novozhilov et al. (2013)

P. pusillum

LE255721

JX035984

García-Martín et al. (2018)

Physarum sp.

MA-Fungi 80745

OP646308

MW240286

MW240010

García-Martín et al. (2023)

Physarum sp.

MA-Fungi 90738

MF352452

MW240287

MW240011

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

Physarum sp.

MA-Fungi 91215

MW240288

MW240012

García-Martín et al. (2023)

Physarum sp.

MA-Fungi 91221

MW240393

MW240289

MW240013

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. stellatum

LE297729

MW693019

Shchepin et al. (2022)

P. stellatum

LE297741

MW693020

Shchepin et al. (2022)

P. straminipes

MA-Fungi 90736

MF352490

García-Martín et al. (2018)

P. straminipes

MA-Fungi 70363

MF352489

MW240291

MW240015

García-Martín et al.
(2018, 2023)

P. straminipes

MA-Fungi 87865

MW240394

MW240292

MW240016

García-Martín et al. (2023)

P. subgalbum

HMJAU M21419

PX412248

PX412251

PX423602

PX423603

This study

P. subgalbum

HMJAU M21420

PX412249

PX412252

PX423604

This study

P. subgalbum

HMJAU M21421

PX412250

PX423605

This study

P. subviride

HMJAU M10138-1

PP951415

Li et al. (2025)

P. vernum

Sc30091

MW693021

Shchepin et al. (2022)

P. vernum

Sc30257

MH930744

Shchepin et al. (2019)

P. viride

LE302489

MW693022

Shchepin et al. (2022)

P. viride

LE317322

MW693024

OP616654

Shchepin et al. (2022);
Prikhodko et al. (2023)