Article(id=1256518450508346319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250269, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250269, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757433600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1760889600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-20, onlineDate=1777506943585, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777506943585, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777506943585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777506943585, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256518442379763982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='240320', pageEnd='250282', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777506941647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777507117568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250269, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256518452517417947, articleId=1256518450508346319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Research advance in the chemical modification methods and the biological activities of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides: a review, columnId=1256263566726934769, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides as the main active component extracted from H. erinaceus have many biological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and immune regulation. However, there are some limitations in solubility, bioavailability and activity intensity of natural H. erinaceus polysaccharides. In recent years, certain progress has been made in the studies of chemical modification, and structural features, having effects on the biological activities of H. erinaceus polysaccharides. In this paper, the recent advances in the study of chemical modification and biological activities of H. erinaceus polysaccharides are summarized, and the chemical modification methods of H. erinaceus polysaccharides through introducing new functional groups to substitute hydroxyl groups on the polysaccharide chains are elucidated. The changes in the structure and physicochemical properties of the chemically modified H erinaceus polysaccharides are introduced, and the alterations in biological activities and the underlying mechanisms of the chemically modified H. erinaceus polysaccharides are analyzed and discussed. It is expected that this work might provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of modification of H. erinaceus polysaccharides.

, correspAuthors=Lingli LI, Kai YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Lingli, ;
YANG Kai,
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猴头菇多糖是猴头菇中的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、调节免疫等多种生物活性。然而,天然猴头菇多糖存在溶解性、生物利用度和活性强度等局限,因此常通过化学修饰优化其性能。近年来有关猴头菇多糖的化学修饰、结构特征及其对生物活性的影响研究已有不少报道,但未见有相关综述性论文。本文通过系统梳理与整合分析现有文献,归纳了近年来猴头菇多糖化学修饰和生物活性方面的研究进展,阐述了包括硫酸化、乙酰化、磷酸化、硒化、羟乙基化等猴头菇多糖的化学修饰方法通过引入新的官能团取代多糖链上的羟基等基团,概括了猴头菇多糖化学修饰后的结构变化以及对猴头菇多糖的溶解性、电荷与稳定性、黏度与流变性、乳化性等理化性质的影响,分析了猴头菇多糖经化学修饰的生物活性变化及其机理。本文明确了猴头菇多糖的结构修饰与生物活性变化的相关性,为猴头菇及其他食用菌多糖修饰的进一步研究和应用提供参考。

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A: Antioxidative activity (Zhan et al. 2022); B: Immunomodulatory activity (Yang et al. 2022); C: Antitumor activity (Xie et al. 2020); D: Gastroprotective activity (Wang et al. 2018)., figureFileSmall=Nwp38NEGeQy87pird3cQkA==, figureFileBig=OgBOCy+qcOUssMMar9AEHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518491256008956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=CN, label=图2, caption=多糖的生物活性机制 A:抗氧化活性(Zhan et al. 2022);B:免疫调节活性(Yang et al. 2022);C:抗肿瘤活性(Xie et al. 2020);D:保护胃黏膜(Wang et al. 2018), figureFileSmall=Nwp38NEGeQy87pird3cQkA==, figureFileBig=OgBOCy+qcOUssMMar9AEHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518491637690626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Structural characteristics of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源
Sources
提取方法
Extraction
methods
单糖组成
Monosaccharide
composition
分子量
Molecular
weight
/kDa
糖苷键
Glycosidic bond
参考文献
References
子实体
Fruiting
body
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Fuc/Glc-HCl/Gal/
Glc/Xyl/Man=
0.098/0.009/0.476/
0.369/0.004/0.043
16.3 - Li et al. 2024
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Rha/Fuc/Man/Glc/
Gal = 1.47/0.93/
1.36/8.68/4.08
18.3 (1→)-α-D-Glc, (1→3,4)-α-D-Glc,
(1→6)-α-D-Gal, (1→3,4)-β-D-Man,
(1→3)-α-Rha, (1→2)-β-L-Fuc
Wu et al. 2018
古佩娴等 2022
Wu et al. 2018
Gu et al. 2022
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Man (5.13%), Glc
(43.02%), Gal (51.85%)
12.713 - 廖兵武 2023
Liao 2023
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Glc/Man/Gal=
1.47:0.21:1.00
- - 周艳 2021
Zhou 2021
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Glc/Gal/Man/Ara=
50.80/42.30/4.58/2.29
16.15 - Luo et al. 2020
Qin et al. 2017
Ren et al. 2017
热水提取
Hot water extraction
- - - 徐兵等 2018
Xu et al. 2018
碱提取
Alkali extraction
Glc (67.0 g/100 g) 5 400, 290 (1→)-β-D-Glc, (1→3)-β-D-Glc,
(1→3,6)-β-D-Glc, (1→6)-β-D-Glc
Wang et al. 2019b
碱提取
Alkali extraction
Glc 538 (1→)-Glc, (1→3)-Glc, (1→3,6)-Glc 张安强等 2009
Zhang et al. 2009
酶辅助提取
Enzyme assisted
extraction
Glc (53.5%), Rha
(10.0%), Man (1.2%)
and Gal (0.4%)
5.6 (1→)-α-L-Rha, (1→)-β-D-Glc,
(1→6)-β-D-Glc, (1→3, 6)-β-D-Glc
Liu et al. 2021
酶-微波辅助提取
Enzyme-microwave
assisted extraction
Glc/Gal/Fuc =
12.07/6.23/0.02;
18.79/10.22/0.49;
14.52/13.91/0.52;
20.84/19.07/1.57;
9.14/8.79/1.19
(HEP from different
geographical origins)
- - 何晋浙等 2016
He et al. 2016
发酵菌丝体
Fermented
mycelium
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Gal, Glc, Man,
Glc-UA
36.1 (1→3)-β-D-Glc, (1→6)-β-D-Glc,
(1→3,6)-β-D-Glc, (1→6)-α-D-Gal,
(1→)-β-D-Man, (1→2)-α-D-Man
Hu et al. 2021
酶-微波辅助提取
Enzyme-microwave
assisted extraction
Glc:Gal:Fuc = 2.21:
7.71:1.39
- - 何晋浙等 2016
He et al. 2016
液体深层
发酵浸膏
Liquid
submerged
fermentation
extract
热水提取
Hot water extraction
- 43.3 - 王新宇 2011
Wang 2011
), ArticleFig(id=1256518491801268485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

猴头菇多糖的结构特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源
Sources
提取方法
Extraction
methods
单糖组成
Monosaccharide
composition
分子量
Molecular
weight
/kDa
糖苷键
Glycosidic bond
参考文献
References
子实体
Fruiting
body
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Fuc/Glc-HCl/Gal/
Glc/Xyl/Man=
0.098/0.009/0.476/
0.369/0.004/0.043
16.3 - Li et al. 2024
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Rha/Fuc/Man/Glc/
Gal = 1.47/0.93/
1.36/8.68/4.08
18.3 (1→)-α-D-Glc, (1→3,4)-α-D-Glc,
(1→6)-α-D-Gal, (1→3,4)-β-D-Man,
(1→3)-α-Rha, (1→2)-β-L-Fuc
Wu et al. 2018
古佩娴等 2022
Wu et al. 2018
Gu et al. 2022
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Man (5.13%), Glc
(43.02%), Gal (51.85%)
12.713 - 廖兵武 2023
Liao 2023
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Glc/Man/Gal=
1.47:0.21:1.00
- - 周艳 2021
Zhou 2021
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Glc/Gal/Man/Ara=
50.80/42.30/4.58/2.29
16.15 - Luo et al. 2020
Qin et al. 2017
Ren et al. 2017
热水提取
Hot water extraction
- - - 徐兵等 2018
Xu et al. 2018
碱提取
Alkali extraction
Glc (67.0 g/100 g) 5 400, 290 (1→)-β-D-Glc, (1→3)-β-D-Glc,
(1→3,6)-β-D-Glc, (1→6)-β-D-Glc
Wang et al. 2019b
碱提取
Alkali extraction
Glc 538 (1→)-Glc, (1→3)-Glc, (1→3,6)-Glc 张安强等 2009
Zhang et al. 2009
酶辅助提取
Enzyme assisted
extraction
Glc (53.5%), Rha
(10.0%), Man (1.2%)
and Gal (0.4%)
5.6 (1→)-α-L-Rha, (1→)-β-D-Glc,
(1→6)-β-D-Glc, (1→3, 6)-β-D-Glc
Liu et al. 2021
酶-微波辅助提取
Enzyme-microwave
assisted extraction
Glc/Gal/Fuc =
12.07/6.23/0.02;
18.79/10.22/0.49;
14.52/13.91/0.52;
20.84/19.07/1.57;
9.14/8.79/1.19
(HEP from different
geographical origins)
- - 何晋浙等 2016
He et al. 2016
发酵菌丝体
Fermented
mycelium
热水提取
Hot water extraction
Gal, Glc, Man,
Glc-UA
36.1 (1→3)-β-D-Glc, (1→6)-β-D-Glc,
(1→3,6)-β-D-Glc, (1→6)-α-D-Gal,
(1→)-β-D-Man, (1→2)-α-D-Man
Hu et al. 2021
酶-微波辅助提取
Enzyme-microwave
assisted extraction
Glc:Gal:Fuc = 2.21:
7.71:1.39
- - 何晋浙等 2016
He et al. 2016
液体深层
发酵浸膏
Liquid
submerged
fermentation
extract
热水提取
Hot water extraction
- 43.3 - 王新宇 2011
Wang 2011
), ArticleFig(id=1256518491897737481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification and reaction path of chemical modification of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学修饰
Chemical modification
反应路径
Reaction path
典型取代度范围
Typical degree of substitution range
参考文献
References
硫酸化
Sulfation
0.4-2.0 Huang et al. 2019
乙酰化
Acetylation
0.1-3.0 Wang X et al. 2022
Li et al. 2023
磷酸化
Phosphorylation
0.01-0.20 Xia et al. 2021
Zhu et al. 2024
硒化
Selenium
0.01-0.30 Yang et al. 2020
Zhan et al. 2022
羟乙基化
Hydroxyethylation
0.05-0.20 Ren et al. 2017
宋玉龙 2020
Ren et al. 2017
Song 2020
羧甲基化
Carboxymethylation
0.1-2.2 Xie et al. 2021
Wei et al. 2024
巯基化
Sulfhydrylation
0.1-0.5 Stengel et al. 2024
Kosaka et al. 2025
), ArticleFig(id=1256518492010983693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

猴头菇多糖化学修饰方法分类及反应路径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学修饰
Chemical modification
反应路径
Reaction path
典型取代度范围
Typical degree of substitution range
参考文献
References
硫酸化
Sulfation
0.4-2.0 Huang et al. 2019
乙酰化
Acetylation
0.1-3.0 Wang X et al. 2022
Li et al. 2023
磷酸化
Phosphorylation
0.01-0.20 Xia et al. 2021
Zhu et al. 2024
硒化
Selenium
0.01-0.30 Yang et al. 2020
Zhan et al. 2022
羟乙基化
Hydroxyethylation
0.05-0.20 Ren et al. 2017
宋玉龙 2020
Ren et al. 2017
Song 2020
羧甲基化
Carboxymethylation
0.1-2.2 Xie et al. 2021
Wei et al. 2024
巯基化
Sulfhydrylation
0.1-0.5 Stengel et al. 2024
Kosaka et al. 2025
), ArticleFig(id=1256518493743231247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Spectral characteristics of chemical modification of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学修饰
Chemical modification
取代度
Degree of substitution
特征吸收峰
Characteristic absorption peaks
参考文献
References
硫酸化
Sulfation
0.457 S=O键1 270 cm-1和C-O-S键834 cm-1
The S=O bond at 1 270 cm-1 and the C-O-S bond at 834 cm-1
周艳 2021
Zhou 2021
0.94 S=O键1 259 cm-1和C-O-S键808 cm-1
The S=O bond at 1 259 cm-1 and the C-O-S bond at 808 cm-1
王新宇 2011
Wang 2011
2.61 1 237 cm-1的OSO3-的S=O的伸缩振动,820 cm-1的C-O-S的伸缩振动
The S=O stretching of OSO₃⁻ at 1 237 cm-1 and the C-O-S stretching at 820 cm-1
张安强等 2009
Zhang et al. 2009
乙酰化
Acetylation
0.609 1 640.28 cm-1的C=O双键的伸缩振动,1 398.14 cm-1的C-O单键的伸缩振动
The C=O stretching vibration at 1 640.28 cm-1 and the C-O stretching vibration at 1 398.14 cm-1
徐兵等 2018
Xu et al. 2018
磷酸化
Phosphorylation
0.079 5 - 廖兵武 2023
Liao 2023
硒化
Selenium
0.139 8 1 078.35 cm-1的O-Se-O拉伸振动和617.31 cm-1的Se-O-C拉伸振动
The O-Se-O stretching vibration at 1 078.35 cm-1 and the Se-O-C stretching vibration at 617.31 cm-1
Qin et al. 2017
0.000 481 79 多糖纳米硒表面的OH伸缩振动峰发生蓝移现象(从3 326.12 cm-1移位至3 400.39 cm-1),且C=O伸缩振动峰从1 641.36 cm-1移位至1 620.15 cm-1
The O-H stretching vibration peak of polysaccharide nano-selenium exhibited a blue shift from 3 326.12 cm-1 to 3 400.39 cm-1, with a concomitant red shift of the C=O stretching vibration peak from 1 641.36 cm-1 to 1 620.15 cm-1.
古佩娴等 2022
Gu et al. 2022
羟乙基化
Hydroxyethylation
- 1 363 cm-1描述对称的-CH2-拉伸振动
The symmetric -CH₂- stretching vibration at 1 363 cm-1
Ren et al. 2017
), ArticleFig(id=1256518493898420497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

猴头菇多糖化学修饰的光谱特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学修饰
Chemical modification
取代度
Degree of substitution
特征吸收峰
Characteristic absorption peaks
参考文献
References
硫酸化
Sulfation
0.457 S=O键1 270 cm-1和C-O-S键834 cm-1
The S=O bond at 1 270 cm-1 and the C-O-S bond at 834 cm-1
周艳 2021
Zhou 2021
0.94 S=O键1 259 cm-1和C-O-S键808 cm-1
The S=O bond at 1 259 cm-1 and the C-O-S bond at 808 cm-1
王新宇 2011
Wang 2011
2.61 1 237 cm-1的OSO3-的S=O的伸缩振动,820 cm-1的C-O-S的伸缩振动
The S=O stretching of OSO₃⁻ at 1 237 cm-1 and the C-O-S stretching at 820 cm-1
张安强等 2009
Zhang et al. 2009
乙酰化
Acetylation
0.609 1 640.28 cm-1的C=O双键的伸缩振动,1 398.14 cm-1的C-O单键的伸缩振动
The C=O stretching vibration at 1 640.28 cm-1 and the C-O stretching vibration at 1 398.14 cm-1
徐兵等 2018
Xu et al. 2018
磷酸化
Phosphorylation
0.079 5 - 廖兵武 2023
Liao 2023
硒化
Selenium
0.139 8 1 078.35 cm-1的O-Se-O拉伸振动和617.31 cm-1的Se-O-C拉伸振动
The O-Se-O stretching vibration at 1 078.35 cm-1 and the Se-O-C stretching vibration at 617.31 cm-1
Qin et al. 2017
0.000 481 79 多糖纳米硒表面的OH伸缩振动峰发生蓝移现象(从3 326.12 cm-1移位至3 400.39 cm-1),且C=O伸缩振动峰从1 641.36 cm-1移位至1 620.15 cm-1
The O-H stretching vibration peak of polysaccharide nano-selenium exhibited a blue shift from 3 326.12 cm-1 to 3 400.39 cm-1, with a concomitant red shift of the C=O stretching vibration peak from 1 641.36 cm-1 to 1 620.15 cm-1.
古佩娴等 2022
Gu et al. 2022
羟乙基化
Hydroxyethylation
- 1 363 cm-1描述对称的-CH2-拉伸振动
The symmetric -CH₂- stretching vibration at 1 363 cm-1
Ren et al. 2017
), ArticleFig(id=1256518493973917972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Higher-order conformation and bioactivity of chemical modification of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学修饰
Chemical modification
高级构象变化
Higher-order conformational transition
生物活性影响
Effect on bioactivity
参考文献
References
硫酸化
Sulfation
螺旋结构松散或解旋;分子链伸展性增加
The helical structure loosens or unwinds; the extensibility of the molecular chains increases
免疫调节活性↑,抗病毒活性↑
Immunomodulatory activity ↑; antiviral activity ↑
Huang et al. 2019
乙酰化
Acetylation
氢键减弱,有序度降低;柔性增加
Hydrogen bonding weakens, molecular order decreases; flexibility is enhanced
抗氧化活性↑,免疫调节活性↑
Antioxidative activity ↑; immunomodulatory activity ↑
Long et al. 2022
磷酸化
Phosphorylation
分子链电荷密度增大;构象刚性增强
The charge density of molecular chains increases; conformational rigidity increases
抗肿瘤活性↑,免疫调节活性↑
Antitumor activity ↑; immunomodulatory activity ↑
Xia et al. 2021; Laffargue et al. 2023
硒化
Selenium
构象变化复杂,取决于硒的结合方式和位置;可形成纳米颗粒负载
The conformational changes are complex, depending on the binding modes and sites of selenium; these compounds can enable nanoparticle loading
抗氧化活性↑↑,抗肿瘤活性↑,免疫调节活性↑
Antioxidative activity ↑↑; antitumor activity ↑; immunomodulatory activity ↑
Yang et al. 2020; Zhan et al. 2022; Cheng et al. 2023
羟乙基化
Hydroxyethylation
亲水性增强;螺旋结构保持较好
Hydrophilicity enhanced; helical structure well preserved
水溶性↑,免疫调节活性↑
Solubility ↑;
immunomodulatory ↑
Ren et al. 2017;
宋玉龙 2020
Ren et al. 2017; Song 2020
羧甲基化
Carboxymethylation
分子链伸展;结晶度显著下降;溶液黏度增加
Molecular chain extension; significantly decreased crystallinity; solution viscosity increased
免疫调节活性↑,抗肿瘤活性↑
Immunomodulatory activity ↑; antitumor activity ↑
Xie et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2024
巯基化
Sulfhydrylation
疏水区域形成;可能自组装成胶束
Hydrophobic domain formation; potential spontaneous self-assembly into micelles
粘膜粘附性↑
Mucoadhesive ↑
Stengel et al. 2024; Kosaka et al. 2025
), ArticleFig(id=1256518494061998359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

化学修饰猴头菇多糖的高级构象及生物活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学修饰
Chemical modification
高级构象变化
Higher-order conformational transition
生物活性影响
Effect on bioactivity
参考文献
References
硫酸化
Sulfation
螺旋结构松散或解旋;分子链伸展性增加
The helical structure loosens or unwinds; the extensibility of the molecular chains increases
免疫调节活性↑,抗病毒活性↑
Immunomodulatory activity ↑; antiviral activity ↑
Huang et al. 2019
乙酰化
Acetylation
氢键减弱,有序度降低;柔性增加
Hydrogen bonding weakens, molecular order decreases; flexibility is enhanced
抗氧化活性↑,免疫调节活性↑
Antioxidative activity ↑; immunomodulatory activity ↑
Long et al. 2022
磷酸化
Phosphorylation
分子链电荷密度增大;构象刚性增强
The charge density of molecular chains increases; conformational rigidity increases
抗肿瘤活性↑,免疫调节活性↑
Antitumor activity ↑; immunomodulatory activity ↑
Xia et al. 2021; Laffargue et al. 2023
硒化
Selenium
构象变化复杂,取决于硒的结合方式和位置;可形成纳米颗粒负载
The conformational changes are complex, depending on the binding modes and sites of selenium; these compounds can enable nanoparticle loading
抗氧化活性↑↑,抗肿瘤活性↑,免疫调节活性↑
Antioxidative activity ↑↑; antitumor activity ↑; immunomodulatory activity ↑
Yang et al. 2020; Zhan et al. 2022; Cheng et al. 2023
羟乙基化
Hydroxyethylation
亲水性增强;螺旋结构保持较好
Hydrophilicity enhanced; helical structure well preserved
水溶性↑,免疫调节活性↑
Solubility ↑;
immunomodulatory ↑
Ren et al. 2017;
宋玉龙 2020
Ren et al. 2017; Song 2020
羧甲基化
Carboxymethylation
分子链伸展;结晶度显著下降;溶液黏度增加
Molecular chain extension; significantly decreased crystallinity; solution viscosity increased
免疫调节活性↑,抗肿瘤活性↑
Immunomodulatory activity ↑; antitumor activity ↑
Xie et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2024
巯基化
Sulfhydrylation
疏水区域形成;可能自组装成胶束
Hydrophobic domain formation; potential spontaneous self-assembly into micelles
粘膜粘附性↑
Mucoadhesive ↑
Stengel et al. 2024; Kosaka et al. 2025
), ArticleFig(id=1256518494162661658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Spectral characteristics of chemical modification of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
免疫活性
Immune activity
硫酸化
Sulfation
硒化
Selenium
羟乙基化
Hydroxyethylation
主要增强作用
Major enhancements
直接、强烈的免疫激活
Direct and robust immune activation
抗氧化协同免疫调节
Antioxidant-mediated synergistic immune regulation
温和持续的免疫激活
Sustained mild immune stimulation
核心机制
Core mechanism
①增强多糖与免疫细胞表面受体的静电相互作用,巨噬细胞吞噬活性↑↑、NO释放↑↑
②激活MAPK和NF-κB信号通路
① Enhanced electrostatic interactions between polysaccharides and immune cell surface receptors, significantly increased macrophage phagocytic activity and NO release
② Activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways
① 具有较强的抗氧化性和电子传递能力,巨噬细胞吞噬活性↑,NO↑
② 增强MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,刺激DCs产生p-p38、p-ERK和p-JNK蛋白的表达,增加IκBα和IκBβ蛋白降解,并促进DCs表达p50和p65蛋白
① It exhibits strong antioxidant activity and electron transfer capacity, enhances macrophage phagocytic activity, and increases NO production
② It enhances the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) to express p-p38, p-ERK, and p-JNK proteins, increases the degradation of IκBα and IκBβ proteins, and promotes the expression of p50 and p65 proteins in DCs
① 巨噬细胞吞噬活性↑、NO↑
② 促进树突状细胞与自然杀伤细胞间的相互作用,提高树突状细胞对IL-12、IL-15、IL-18、NF-κB的mRNA表达
① Increased macrophage phagocytic activity and NO production
② Promotes interactions between dendritic cells and natural killer cells and upregulates dendritic cell mRNA expression of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and NF-κB
独特优势
Distinctive advantages
免疫激活迅速、强度高
Rapid and potent immune activation
强抗氧化性和硒依赖性免疫
Strong antioxidant capacity and selenium-dependent immunity
溶解性和稳定性提升
Enhanced solubility and stability
潜在风险
Potential risks
可能破坏多糖主链
Potential cleavage of polysaccharide backbone
硒中毒风险
Risk of selenium intoxication
过度修饰掩蔽活性基团
Over-modification may mask active functional groups
参考文献
References
Huang et al. 2019; Chen X et al. 2023 Qin et al. 2017; Cheng et al. 2018 Ren et al. 2017;宋玉龙 2020
Ren et al. 2017; Song 2020
), ArticleFig(id=1256518494259130653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518450508346319, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

化学修饰猴头菇多糖的免疫调节活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
免疫活性
Immune activity
硫酸化
Sulfation
硒化
Selenium
羟乙基化
Hydroxyethylation
主要增强作用
Major enhancements
直接、强烈的免疫激活
Direct and robust immune activation
抗氧化协同免疫调节
Antioxidant-mediated synergistic immune regulation
温和持续的免疫激活
Sustained mild immune stimulation
核心机制
Core mechanism
①增强多糖与免疫细胞表面受体的静电相互作用,巨噬细胞吞噬活性↑↑、NO释放↑↑
②激活MAPK和NF-κB信号通路
① Enhanced electrostatic interactions between polysaccharides and immune cell surface receptors, significantly increased macrophage phagocytic activity and NO release
② Activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways
① 具有较强的抗氧化性和电子传递能力,巨噬细胞吞噬活性↑,NO↑
② 增强MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,刺激DCs产生p-p38、p-ERK和p-JNK蛋白的表达,增加IκBα和IκBβ蛋白降解,并促进DCs表达p50和p65蛋白
① It exhibits strong antioxidant activity and electron transfer capacity, enhances macrophage phagocytic activity, and increases NO production
② It enhances the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) to express p-p38, p-ERK, and p-JNK proteins, increases the degradation of IκBα and IκBβ proteins, and promotes the expression of p50 and p65 proteins in DCs
① 巨噬细胞吞噬活性↑、NO↑
② 促进树突状细胞与自然杀伤细胞间的相互作用,提高树突状细胞对IL-12、IL-15、IL-18、NF-κB的mRNA表达
① Increased macrophage phagocytic activity and NO production
② Promotes interactions between dendritic cells and natural killer cells and upregulates dendritic cell mRNA expression of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and NF-κB
独特优势
Distinctive advantages
免疫激活迅速、强度高
Rapid and potent immune activation
强抗氧化性和硒依赖性免疫
Strong antioxidant capacity and selenium-dependent immunity
溶解性和稳定性提升
Enhanced solubility and stability
潜在风险
Potential risks
可能破坏多糖主链
Potential cleavage of polysaccharide backbone
硒中毒风险
Risk of selenium intoxication
过度修饰掩蔽活性基团
Over-modification may mask active functional groups
参考文献
References
Huang et al. 2019; Chen X et al. 2023 Qin et al. 2017; Cheng et al. 2018 Ren et al. 2017;宋玉龙 2020
Ren et al. 2017; Song 2020
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猴头菇多糖的化学修饰及其生物活性研究进展
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王舰 1 , 蔡高袁 1 , 吴莲花 2 , 李伶俐 3, * , 孙培龙 1 , 杨开 1, *
菌物学报 | 综述 2026,45(3): 250269
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菌物学报 | 综述 2026, 45(3): 250269
猴头菇多糖的化学修饰及其生物活性研究进展
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王舰1, 蔡高袁1, 吴莲花2, 李伶俐3, * , 孙培龙1, 杨开1, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江工业大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江 杭州 310014
  • 2 浙江慧和健康科技有限公司,浙江 丽水 323006
  • 3 丽水市农林科学研究院,浙江 丽水 323000
Research advance in the chemical modification methods and the biological activities of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides: a review
Jian WANG1, Gaoyuan CAI1, Lianhua WU2, Lingli LI3, * , Peilong SUN1, Kai YANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 Zhejiang Wiseplus Health Technology Co. Ltd., Lishui 323006, Zhejiang, China
  • 3 Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250269
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猴头菇多糖是猴头菇中的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、调节免疫等多种生物活性。然而,天然猴头菇多糖存在溶解性、生物利用度和活性强度等局限,因此常通过化学修饰优化其性能。近年来有关猴头菇多糖的化学修饰、结构特征及其对生物活性的影响研究已有不少报道,但未见有相关综述性论文。本文通过系统梳理与整合分析现有文献,归纳了近年来猴头菇多糖化学修饰和生物活性方面的研究进展,阐述了包括硫酸化、乙酰化、磷酸化、硒化、羟乙基化等猴头菇多糖的化学修饰方法通过引入新的官能团取代多糖链上的羟基等基团,概括了猴头菇多糖化学修饰后的结构变化以及对猴头菇多糖的溶解性、电荷与稳定性、黏度与流变性、乳化性等理化性质的影响,分析了猴头菇多糖经化学修饰的生物活性变化及其机理。本文明确了猴头菇多糖的结构修饰与生物活性变化的相关性,为猴头菇及其他食用菌多糖修饰的进一步研究和应用提供参考。

猴头菇多糖  /  化学修饰  /  结构特征  /  生物活性  /  机理

Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides as the main active component extracted from H. erinaceus have many biological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and immune regulation. However, there are some limitations in solubility, bioavailability and activity intensity of natural H. erinaceus polysaccharides. In recent years, certain progress has been made in the studies of chemical modification, and structural features, having effects on the biological activities of H. erinaceus polysaccharides. In this paper, the recent advances in the study of chemical modification and biological activities of H. erinaceus polysaccharides are summarized, and the chemical modification methods of H. erinaceus polysaccharides through introducing new functional groups to substitute hydroxyl groups on the polysaccharide chains are elucidated. The changes in the structure and physicochemical properties of the chemically modified H erinaceus polysaccharides are introduced, and the alterations in biological activities and the underlying mechanisms of the chemically modified H. erinaceus polysaccharides are analyzed and discussed. It is expected that this work might provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of modification of H. erinaceus polysaccharides.

Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides  /  chemical modification  /  structural characteristics  /  biological activities  /  mechanisms
王舰, 蔡高袁, 吴莲花, 李伶俐, 孙培龙, 杨开. 猴头菇多糖的化学修饰及其生物活性研究进展. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250269 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250269
Jian WANG, Gaoyuan CAI, Lianhua WU, Lingli LI, Peilong SUN, Kai YANG. Research advance in the chemical modification methods and the biological activities of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides: a review[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250269 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250269
猴头菇Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. (HE),又称猴头菌、猴头蘑,为齿菌科、猴头菇属真菌,是一种常见的药食兼用菌,主要生长在蒙古栎上,富含多种营养成分(Dai 2010;Friedman 2015;Wu et al. 2019)。猴头菇子实体主要成分包括糖类(20%-60%)、蛋白(10%-25%)和脂肪(4%-8%)等,而猴头菇菌素和猴头菇菌酮等小分子化合物含量通常不到1%,其化学成分可能因栽培条件和地理环境因素而呈现差异(何晋浙等 2016;Kostanda et al. 2024)。猴头菇多糖(HE polysaccharide, HEP)是猴头菇中主要的活性成分(Wang et al. 2019c),可以从其子实体、发酵菌丝体及培养液中提取分离得到。
研究表明,猴头菇多糖具有保护胃黏膜(Cui et al. 2023)、调节免疫(Yu et al. 2021)、抗氧化(Wang et al. 2018)、降血糖(Cai et al. 2020)、调节肠道菌群(Chen S et al. 2024)、保护神经(Guan et al. 2024)等多种活性。食用菌多糖的生物活性与其化学结构(单糖组成、糖苷键类型、分子量等)密切相关,这是它们功能不同的根本原因(Zhu et al. 2025)。猴头菇多糖与其他食用菌多糖在化学结构和活性功能上存在显著区别。此外,鉴于猴头菇多糖来源(子实体、菌丝体和培养液等)与提取纯化方法的不同,导致其结构存在复杂性、多样性与不确定性。因此,系统梳理比较不同猴头菇多糖结构的共性特征,对于阐明其构效关系至关重要。得益于其独特的结构特性和生物活性,猴头菇多糖被视为一种开发功能性食品和药品的理想来源,具有广阔的应用前景(He et al. 2017)。
然而,天然猴头菇多糖在溶解性、生物利用度和生物活性强度等方面仍存在局限。为改善这些不足,化学修饰广泛应用于多糖的结构优化,通过引入特定基团,改变多糖的理化性质和结构特征调控其生物活性。同时,正向修饰作用的确定需基于系统的实验验证,结合活性、安全性、稳定性等综合判断。
近十年来猴头菇多糖的化学修饰、结构特征及其对生物活性的影响研究已有不少报道,但未见有相关综述性论文,因此本文通过系统梳理与整合分析现有文献,明确猴头菇多糖的结构修饰与生物活性变化的相关性,为猴头菇及其他食用菌多糖的后续研究和应用提供参考。
猴头菇多糖的分子量、单糖组成、结构重复单元以及糖苷键的类型与特异性等,共同决定了猴头菇多糖的独特特征。与其他食用菌多糖相比,猴头菇多糖主链除常见的(1→3)-β-D-葡聚糖和(1→6)-β-D-葡聚糖外,还结合半乳糖、甘露糖等共同构成杂多糖结构(Chen SK et al. 2023)。猴头菇多糖的结构多样性主要因其不同的来源和提取纯化方法,而多糖的化学结构与其生物活性有着密切的关系(Wang et al. 2024)。因此全面解析多糖的结构特征对阐明多糖的构效关系尤为重要。通过对比不同猴头菇多糖的结构,发现其分子量和结构重复单元等存在一定差异,不同来源猴头菇多糖的提取方法、单糖组成、分子量以及主要糖苷键类型见表1,其中部分数据对应后文中化学修饰原料的猴头菇多糖。
对比不同来源的猴头菇多糖(表1),子实体多糖结构相对稳定,主要由葡萄糖构成;而通过液体发酵获得的菌丝体多糖则结构差异较大,其组成受菌种类型、培养基成分及发酵条件等多种因素调控,常含有不同比例的半乳糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖等。此外,提取方法(如热水提取、碱提取、超声辅助提取等)也会显著影响多糖的分子量和化学组成,进一步增加其结构的不确定性。在糖苷键类型上,猴头菇多糖除常见的(1→3)-β和(1→6)-β外,还含有(1→)-α和(1→6)-α等多种类型。
猴头菇多糖的修饰方法包括物理、生物、化学修饰等,通过改变多糖的结构(空间结构、取代基类别与取代度、分子量及其分布等),以此获得具有更高或新的生物活性的多糖衍生物。相较于物理修饰局限于形态的变化,生物修饰依赖天然生物分子的固有特性,总体修饰范围受限,多糖的化学修饰将特定基团引入多糖链中,能够显著提升其理化特性和生物活性,实现更稳定、更多元化的修饰(Liu et al. 2024)。目前,多糖的化学修饰主要包括氧化、羧甲基化、乙酰化、磷酸化、硫酸化、点击反应和聚合物接枝等(Chen X et al. 2024)。
现有化学修饰猴头菇多糖的报道中,猴头菇多糖多来源于子实体,其单糖组成与多数报道的结果基本一致(表1)。然而,对于化学修饰的猴头菇多糖的结构表征的研究仍较为有限,后续有必要开展更多的多糖结构表征,这有助于深入理解修饰前后多糖的结构性质及其生物活性变化。多糖不同化学修饰的反应路径和典型取代度总结见表2,根据猴头菇多糖的单糖组成(Liu et al. 2021;Su et al. 2023),在化学式表达中选择以葡萄糖基础单元来代表猴头菇多糖。化学修饰有效突破了天然多糖在溶解性、稳定性或安全性等方面的限制,同时通过构效关系调整了其生物活性。因此,选择合适的化学修饰方法对于改善猴头菇多糖的生物活性至关重要,本文将系统论述化学修饰对猴头菇多糖的理化特性及生物活性的影响。
猴头菇多糖的硫酸化修饰是将硫酸根基团引入多糖羟基位点,形成稳定的硫酸酯键。根据反应体系与催化条件的不同,硫酸化修饰方法分为氯磺酸-吡啶法、三氧化硫法和浓硫酸法等(Niu et al. 2023)。硫酸化修饰方法是影响硫酸化多糖生物活性的关键因素。修饰方法的选择影响取代试剂、反应时间和温度等。王新宇(2011)系统对比了氯磺酸-吡啶法和浓硫酸法两种方法修饰小刺猴头菇多糖,氯磺酸-吡啶法通过酯化反应将硫酸基团引入多糖链,取代度可达0.94,而浓硫酸法的取代度约为0.82。浓硫酸法工艺简便,但反应剧烈且取代度不均一,而氯磺酸-吡啶法的反应条件温和,取代度可控,适用性较广。
氯磺酸-吡啶法中强酸性的氯磺酸与吡啶形成的络合物可实现羟基的质子活化,进而促进硫酸根基团的区域选择性取代,获得高取代度的硫酸化多糖。周艳(2021)采用氯磺酸-吡啶法对猴头菇多糖进行硫酸化修饰,并通过单因素试验和响应面法系统优化猴头菇多糖硫酸化的工艺参数,氯磺酸-吡啶的摩尔比为1:4,反应温度为59 ℃,反应时间为2.6 h,可获得最大取代度0.457。张安强等(2009)通过氯磺酸-吡啶法实现了水不溶性猴头菇多糖的功能改性,采用碱提醇沉法获得的猴头菇多糖经硫酸化修饰后,分子的表面极性显著增强,水溶性提高,这为天然多糖的溶解性改善提供了重要技术路径。
猴头菇多糖的乙酰化修饰是通过引入乙酰基与多糖的羟基发生酯化反应。乙酰化修饰通过破坏分子内及分子间的氢键网络,诱导多糖发生构象重组,提升多糖链延展度,促使更多表面极性基团暴露,改变多糖的水溶性和疏水性(Li et al. 2023)。
常用的多糖乙酰化修饰方法包括乙酸酐-吡啶法和碱性乙酰化法等(Wang X et al. 2022)。徐兵等(2018)通过乙酸酐法对猴头菇多糖进行修饰。在工艺优化方面,乙酰化反应的关键参数包括料液比、反应时间和温度。通过响应面实验设计确定最佳的乙酰化修饰猴头菇多糖的工艺参数为:反应温度30 ℃,时间3 h,料液比1:34 g/mL,乙酰化多糖取代度0.609。在其他多糖的修饰研究中,如沙蒿多糖的乙酰化中NaOH体系与甲酰胺体系的对比表明,不同反应介质可能影响取代度及产物结构(Li et al. 2016)。这提示猴头菇多糖的乙酰化反应体系中试剂选择与反应条件需进一步探索,以优化分子链的构象与功能特性。
猴头菇多糖的磷酸化修饰是通过引入磷酸基团以取代多糖链羟基结构的化学改性,该修饰机制通过引入带有3个负电荷的磷酸根基团,可显著提升多糖的整体电负性,从而优化其功能特性及生物活性。目前广泛应用的磷酸化修饰法主要包括三氯氧磷法、五氧化二磷法、磷酸法及磷酸盐法等(Xia et al. 2021)。
关于猴头菇多糖的磷酸化修饰研究中,廖兵武(2023)通过采用混合磷酸盐体系,对纯化的猴头菇多糖进行修饰。实验数据显示,磷酸化多糖中磷酸基团含量为7.95%,推测合成的磷酸化猴头菇多糖的取代度较低。磷酸化多糖的取代度与反应体系参数(取代试剂比例、反应时间和温度等)显著相关,通过优化磷酸盐比例和反应温度可显著提高多糖衍生物的取代度。
硒化多糖因其显著的生物活性特征,已成为功能糖化学研究的热点(Huang et al. 2020)。与无机硒相比,硒与多糖形成特殊的硒氧键,更容易被人体吸收和利用(Chen et al. 2017)。多糖硒化修饰通过构建多糖-硒复合物,在分子水平上实现生物活性保留与微量元素功能强化,提高了生物利用度(Zhan et al. 2022)。目前的多糖硒化修饰方法主要采用硝酸-亚硒酸钠法和亚硒酰氯法等(Yang et al. 2020)。
硒化多糖的化学修饰方法中,硝酸-亚硒酸钠法作为经典工艺被广泛应用。Qin et al. (2017)采用该方法对猴头菇多糖进行硒化时,通过改变取代度、温度和反应时间等条件,成功制备了9种不同取代度的硒化多糖。基于硒含量评估的最优条件为亚硒酸钠添加量400 mg,温度90 ℃,反应时间8 h,硒含量可达13.98%。
鉴于传统硝酸-亚硒酸钠法中硝酸的强腐蚀性,以及亚硒酰氯法中酰氯试剂稳定性差且产生毒副产物等问题,开发绿色安全的硒化多糖修饰方法具有重要研究价值。研究表明,基于抗坏血酸还原亚硒酸钠制备的纳米硒复合物生物活性较高且毒性低(Lin et al. 2023)。古佩娴等(2022)在抗坏血酸和亚硒酸钠的氧化还原体系中,成功合成稳定的猴头菇多糖纳米硒复合物,硒含量达481.79 μg/g。
多糖的羟乙基化修饰是指通过环氧乙烷介导的亲核取代反应,在多糖链中引入羟乙基,从而提高生物活性。羟乙基化修饰较温和,对猴头菇多糖的螺旋结构等构象能较好保留,提高猴头菇多糖的生物活性(Ren et al. 2017)。
除上述修饰方法外,羧甲基化、巯基化和选择性氧化等化学修饰也可拓展应用于猴头菇多糖的结构修饰。然而,相较于其他多糖体系,目前这些化学修饰尚未在猴头菇多糖中获得充分研究。因此,未来可以开发猴头菇多糖的新型化学修饰体系,通过精准调控取代基类型与位点,协同改善猴头菇多糖的理化性质和生物活性,提升猴头菇多糖的功能应用价值。
猴头菇多糖通过硫酸化、乙酰化等化学修饰后,多糖链上的羟基等基团被部分取代,改变猴头菇多糖的结构特征,影响猴头菇多糖的溶解性、电荷与稳定性、黏度与流变性、乳化性等理化性质。
猴头菇多糖的化学修饰中酸性或碱性及高温等反应条件可能会导致多糖链或糖苷键断裂,分子量降低。而取代基的引入通常不会改变多糖主链长度,分子量的增加程度与取代度相关。
化学修饰通过改变猴头菇多糖的电荷、氢键及空间位阻等,影响其分子构象。官能团的引入取代了多糖链上的部分羟基,诱导猴头菇多糖分子构象变化。目前对于猴头菇多糖化学修饰产物的表征主要基于取代度和红外特征峰的分析。猴头菇多糖不同化学修饰类型的取代度和红外吸收峰(表3)揭示了多糖化学结构的变化,并为多糖修饰反应提供了双重验证标准。
猴头菇多糖的分子间氢键是形成和稳定核心有序结构的主导作用,范德华力、疏水作用等则进一步稳定这些结构并在分子聚集和网络的形成中发挥作用。这些相互作用力的协同效应,使得猴头菇多糖能够形成独特且稳定的三股螺旋等有序构象,并进一步形成复杂的聚集体或网络,最终深刻影响其生物活性。
硫酸化、磷酸化等电荷主导修饰通过引入强负电荷和破坏氢键,显著增强多糖链间静电相互作用,破坏有序结构,使多糖链更舒展、刚性更强。羟乙基化主要通过增强亲水性和引入空间位阻来提高溶解度,对电荷影响小,对有序结构的破坏通常弱于电荷型修饰。乙酰化等疏水修饰减弱氢键,增加疏水性,可能诱导分子聚集或改变链柔性。而硒化主要引入硒元素,改变元素组成和特定官能团,对整体构象的影响较小,生物活性的提升常归因于硒的生物功能而非剧烈的多糖结构变化。此外,大体积的取代基可能通过空间位阻限制链的旋转,增加构象刚性。
猴头菇多糖经化学修饰后,其高级构象发生显著变化,可通过多种技术联合解析。扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)直观显示修饰前后多糖聚集态形貌的差异,如网络结构致密化或疏松、表面粗糙度改变等。圆二色谱(CD)可揭示化学修饰对多糖链二级结构(如螺旋构象)的影响,观测特征吸收峰的偏移或强度变化。原子力显微镜(AFM)和小角X射线散射(SAXS)技术,能够直观表征修饰前后链的形态、刚性、聚集状态及溶液中整体构象参数,明确修饰诱导的链伸展、蜷缩或分子间聚集行为。借助分子模拟技术,可构建修饰多糖的三维动态模型,从原子层面解析化学基团引入导致的局部空间位阻效应、氢键网络重组或静电斥力变化,从而综合阐明化学修饰通过改变分子内/间相互作用力,最终驱动多糖高级结构演变的内在机制。猴头菇多糖的生物活性与其高级构象密切相关,猴头菇多糖化学修饰后高级构象变化对生物活性的影响见表4
天然多糖通常含有大量的羟基,这些羟基形成分子内和分子间氢键,容易导致分子结构紧密,水溶性差。化学修饰通过引入亲水性基团能显著提高多糖的溶解性(Laffargue et al. 2023)。亲水性基团通过增加分子极性,增强与水分子的相互作用,破坏多糖链间的氢键网络,从而提升溶解性。例如,采用碱提醇沉法制备的猴头菇多糖经过硫酸化修饰后的溶解性从初始的水不溶性转化为完全水溶的状态(张安强等 2009),而磷酸化修饰中猴头菇多糖在40 ℃的最大溶解浓度从10 mg/mL上升至20 mg/mL (廖兵武 2023)。硫酸化和磷酸化等带电基团的引入,能够显著提高多糖分子的表面电荷密度,增强分子间的静电排斥作用,减少分子链的聚集,促进分散。
猴头菇多糖经化学修饰后,其电荷特性与稳定性的变化机制可能与修饰基团的引入及分子结构的变化密切相关。化学修饰过程中引入的基团直接影响多糖的表面电荷特性。研究表明,硒化猴头菇多糖通过引入纳米硒颗粒,Zeta电位绝对值显著提高,由初始的(-13.00± 1.27) mV增至(-42.10±2.69) mV (古佩娴等 2022)。这可能是硒化过程中多糖的羟基和羰基与纳米硒结合,导致表面羟基电离程度增加,负电荷密度显著提高。同时硒化猴头菇多糖的X射线光电子能谱(XPS)数据证实,零价态纳米硒与多糖骨架通过化学键结合,有效避免了硒颗粒的聚集,维持了电荷的均匀分布。
化学修饰对猴头菇多糖稳定性的提升涉及物理形貌与分子构象的协同优化。研究表明,硒化修饰能够显著降低多糖的粒径,形成均一分散的球形颗粒,扫描电镜显示,修饰后颗粒分散性良好,避免了原始HEP因柔性链构象导致的缠绕和聚集(Qin et al. 2017)。这种形貌的规则性与表面电荷的增强共同提升了溶液的胶体稳定性。
猴头菇多糖的化学修饰会显著改变多糖的分子结构、电荷分布及分子间作用力,调控多糖链构象和聚集状态,从而影响黏度及流变行为。化学修饰如硫酸化、硒化及乙酰化等通过改变多糖分子量、构象及官能团分布等,影响多糖的溶液性质。硫酸化修饰引入的硫酸基团可增加多糖表面负电荷,静电排斥效应促使分子链伸展,溶液黏度可能升高;硒化修饰则通过提高Zeta电位绝对值[从(-13.00±1.27) mV提高至(-42.10±2.69) mV]增强分散稳定性(古佩娴等 2022),减少颗粒聚集,可能导致剪切变稀行为更显著。而乙酰化等修饰则通过引入疏水性基团,促进分子间疏水缔合,形成更紧密的网络结构,可能伴随着黏弹性增强。此外,化学修饰可能导致多糖分子量降低,进而引发黏度下降。
乳化性指物质稳定油水两相界面的能力。猴头菇多糖的化学修饰通过改变分子亲水-疏水平衡、引入疏水基团或形成复合结构,从而提升其乳化性能。乙酰化猴头菇多糖的羟基部分被取代后,疏水性增强,可能更易在油水界面吸附,形成稳定的乳液。尽管未直接测试乳化性,但类似多糖的乙酰化研究表明,疏水基团的引入可显著提高表面活性和乳化稳定性(Huang et al. 2022)。
除了引入疏水基团外,硒化猴头菇多糖通过降低粒径和增加表面电荷(古佩娴等 2022),也可能形成均一分散的乳液颗粒,提升乳化效率。
多糖的化学组成和结构特征是其理化性质和生物活性的重要因素(Zhu et al. 2025)。天然多糖可以通过多种化学修饰方式,改变其结构和构象,实现多糖原有生物活性的增强或赋予新的生物活性。经过化学修饰后,猴头菇多糖在体外细胞实验中表现出显著增强的生物活性。目前,关于化学修饰提升猴头菇多糖生物活性的研究大多停留在体外细胞模型的活性验证与作用机制探讨的阶段,而直接且系统的体内活性验证研究相对有限。但已有的体外活性结果普遍展现出良好的应用潜力,为后续的体内活性研究提供了重要的依据,同时也为化学修饰猴头菇多糖在功能性食品开发及药物递送等领域的应用前景奠定基础。猴头菇多糖经不同的化学修饰后生物活性变化见图1
多糖的抗氧化活性主要来自多糖链中提供氢原子的能力,多糖的分子量、单糖的组成和分子构象的变化会影响多糖的供氢能力,从而影响抗氧化活性(Chen Y et al. 2024)。猴头菇多糖自身具有一定的抗氧化活性(Wang et al. 2018;郭杨昪等2023),而通过正向作用的化学修饰能使其抗氧化活性进一步增强。修饰基团的化学性质(电荷、螯合能力、亲疏水性等)以及对多糖结构(分子量、空间构象、活性位点暴露程度等)的影响是决定猴头菇多糖抗氧化活性变化的关键因素。
猴头菇多糖引入负电荷基团(硫酸基、磷酸基等),能有效增强抗氧化活性,通过静电吸引促进与带正电自由基(如 ABTS⁺)的相互作用和电子转移,以及提供螯合金属离子的能力,抑制金属催化氧化。周艳(2021)测定硫酸化前后猴头菇多糖清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的能力,硫酸化多糖对自由基的EC50值分别较原多糖降低43.70%、53.09%、66.79%、71.35%;磷酸化猴头菇多糖清除DPPH自由基和羟基自由基能力显著高于未修饰多糖,在浓度高于150 μg/mL时剂量依赖性增强(廖兵武 2023)。而多糖中乙酰基的引入可以激活多糖链中异头碳的氢原子,使多糖供氢能力提升,抗氧化活性增强(Wang et al. 2019a)。乙酰化修饰的猴头菇多糖在取代度为0.609时,对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的最大清除率分别较原多糖提高21.9%、80.6%、75.6% (徐兵等 2018)。
其他化学修饰对猴头菇多糖的抗氧化活性也可能存在促进作用。羧甲基化修饰与硫酸化修饰相似,通过引入负电荷基团来提高清除自由基能力(Zhang et al. 2024)。硒化修饰中硒是硒依赖性抗氧化酶的辅助因子,在体内可转化为硒依赖性抗氧化酶的活性中心,如GSH-Px、TRx和SOD等,能有效催化人体细胞中脂质氢过氧化物和过氧化氢的分解(Cheng et al. 2018),硒化修饰提升多糖抗氧化活性在其他多糖体系中得到证实,如硒化金樱子果肉多糖(Zhan et al. 2022),其作用机制见图2A。因此可以推测猴头菇多糖的其他化学修饰也可能增强其抗氧化活性,但仍需进一步的实验验证。
在一定范围内,抗氧化活性随着取代度的增加而增强,浓硫酸法和氯磺酸-吡啶法制备的硫酸化猴头菇多糖取代度分别为0.82和0.94,相比原多糖的清除超氧阴离子能力,其SOD活力分别提高了27.53%和102.49%。取代度过低对多糖的修饰效果不明显,而过高则可能使空间位阻增大,掩蔽活性基团,同时可能破坏多糖的螺旋构象,影响生物活性。
此外,修饰基团的取代发生在多糖链的不同羟基位置(C-2、C-3、C-6),可能因其空间位置和邻近基团的不同,对活性的影响也有差异。而多糖的分子量和构象方面,修饰过程本身(如酸、碱、高温处理)可能伴随多糖链的降解或交联,导致分子量变化。同时,取代基的引入可能会显著改变多糖分子的构象(如从螺旋变为无规卷曲或反之),影响活性位点暴露和接触效率。多糖分子量和高级结构的变化也是影响最终活性的重要因素,需要更深入的实验来进行系统研究。
猴头菇多糖具有免疫调节活性,其作用机制主要涉及多糖激活宿主固有免疫系统的多维度应答,如增强巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞的活性(Yin et al. 2021)。多糖通过模式识别受体的信号转导途径,有效激活巨噬细胞并诱导免疫因子的产生,从而增强免疫功能(Deng et al. 2018;李杨等 2021)。Yang et al. (2022)通过体外实验证实,猴头菇多糖能够促进RAW264.7细胞中NO的产生和白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-10、干扰素-γ、肿瘤坏死因子-α的产生以及信号分子的磷酸化,通过NF-κB、MAPK和PI3K/Akt通路提高免疫力(图2B)。
猴头菇多糖通过化学修饰对其分子结构进行优化,可显著增强其免疫调节活性,为开发高效低毒的天然免疫调节剂提供了重要研究方向。猴头菇多糖的免疫调节活性与其结构参数密切相关,包括取代基类型、取代度、取代位置、分子量及糖链构象等。这些结构参数共同决定了多糖分子的空间构型、电荷分布及亲水性,进而影响其与免疫细胞表面受体的识别与结合效率。
不同取代基赋予猴头菇多糖不同的免疫调节特性,这主要取决于取代基的化学特性和多糖分子构象的变化。硫酸化、硒化和羟乙基化都能增强猴头菇多糖的免疫活性,但其作用机制和免疫效应存在明显差异(表5)。硫酸化修饰通过引入带负电的硫酸基团增强多糖与免疫细胞表面受体的静电相互作用,显著增强巨噬细胞增殖,诱导巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞分泌关键免疫调节细胞因子(Chen X et al. 2023)。硒化修饰猴头菇多糖具有较强的抗氧化性和电子传递能力,能有效激活树突状细胞中的MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,从而刺激细胞因子的产生(Qin et al. 2017)。羟乙基化修饰猴头菇多糖则有利于促进树突状细胞与自然杀伤细胞间的相互作用,促进IL-18的表达和分泌(宋玉龙 2020)。
分子量是决定猴头菇多糖免疫活性的另一关键参数,其影响具有双重性:一方面,分子量降低有利于多糖分子的溶解性和细胞膜通透性提高:鼠李糖内切酶解得到的猴头菇多糖相对分子质量为5.6 kDa,较未修饰多糖明显降低,促进RAW 264.7细胞释放NO的能力显著高于未修饰多糖,同时能更有效地增强CD40、CD86等表达及吞噬活性(Liu et al. 2021)。另一方面,过低的分子量可能导致空间构象改变和受体结合位点减少。除分子量外,化学修饰还能通过改变多糖的取代度、取代位置、空间构象等结构,优化其与免疫细胞表面受体的相互作用,进而增强信号通路激活能力和免疫调节功能。
此外,通过包埋技术对修饰猴头菇多糖进行递送系统构建,不仅改善其生物利用度和稳定性,还能协同放大其免疫调节活性。黄凤佳(2023)开发的PLGA包被硒化猴头菇多糖(Se-HEP-PLGA-NPs),相较于原Se-HEP,0.061- 0.488 μg/mL浓度范围的Se-HEP-PLGA-NPs对鸡脾T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的增殖具有显著性提升。Luo et al. (2020)以巨噬细胞为模型对比研究Se-HEP-PLGA和HEP-PLGA-Se纳米颗粒的免疫调节活性,发现2种纳米颗粒在0.98- 15.63 μg/mL范围对巨噬细胞的吞噬活性显著升高,其中Se-HEP-PLGA在浓度为3.91 μg/mL时活性显著高于其他各组。硒化多糖PLGA纳米颗粒不仅保证了硒化多糖的免疫活性,而且提高了硒化多糖的吸收和免疫活性。
以上多项体外细胞实验表明,硫酸化、硒化和羟乙基化猴头菇多糖展现出比天然多糖更强的免疫调节活性。然而,体外细胞模型难以完全模拟机体内复杂的生理环境,需通过体内实验进一步验证。
在评估多糖从基础研究向实际应用的转化潜力时,体内实验是不可或缺的核心环节。通过系统评价多糖在体内的生物活性,可有效验证其体外活性是否具备确切的体内功效,从而为其实际应用提供关键依据。在已报道的文献中,硒化猴头菇多糖在雏鸡新城疫的疫苗免疫模型中通过提高抗体滴度,显著促进淋巴细胞增殖和细胞因子分泌,明确验证了硒化修饰多糖在体内的免疫增强作用(黄凤佳2023);酶促修饰猴头菇多糖可通过改善肠道结构与吸收功能、调节脾脏免疫状态以及促进腹膜巨噬细胞成熟,进一步增强其免疫调节活性(Liu et al. 2021)。此外,基于壳聚糖修饰多壁碳纳米管的猴头菇多糖递送系统,在小鼠体内实现向免疫器官的靶向富集,长效缓释并持续刺激,协同增强免疫调节活性(Ren et al. 2020)。
体内活性实验证实了修饰可作为提升多糖体内生物活性的有效策略。同时,其他修饰方法的体外活性研究为后续开展体内活性验证提供前期基础和关键依据。未来的研究需构建完善的体内模型,进一步评估和证实化学修饰猴头菇多糖的应用潜力。
多糖的抗肿瘤活性主要通过两种途径介导:一种是增强免疫应答,激活各种免疫细胞和增加免疫调节因子的产生(图2C);另一种则是直接抑制或杀死肿瘤细胞(Li et al. 2019)。猴头菇多糖除了通过调节细胞因子(IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-2)增强免疫调节作用发挥抗肿瘤效果(石祥生 2018)外,还能直接抑制或杀死肿瘤细胞,通过诱导细胞凋亡、阻断细胞周期、影响细胞信号转导和抑制细胞增殖等方式来发挥其抗肿瘤作用(Xie et al. 2020;黄振帝等 2023)。
猴头菇多糖经化学修饰后,其抗肿瘤活性呈现显著提升,这一提升具有结构依赖性和机制特异性。不同的取代基通过特异性分子相互作用影响猴头菇多糖的抗肿瘤活性。硫酸化猴头菇多糖(取代度0.457)对人胃癌细胞SGC-7901抑制作用的IC50值较原多糖从425.09 μg/mL下降到308.36 μg/mL,下降37.86% (周艳 2021);硒化猴头菇多糖浓度为500 μg/mL时,人肺癌细胞A549和人前列腺癌细胞DU145的存活率为52.73%、30.46%,较原多糖(1 000 μg/mL)下降40.15%、70.84% (古佩娴等 2022)。硫酸基与磷酸基等负电荷基团更倾向增强免疫调节功能,其机制是通过静电相互作用与免疫细胞表面的受体结合,激活下游信号通路。而硒化则主要提升直接细胞毒性,通过诱导氧化应激或干扰代谢过程杀伤肿瘤细胞,其作用机制主要包括:硒元素的加入增强了促氧化应激能力,诱导肿瘤细胞内ROS水平显著升高,导致DNA损伤和线粒体功能障碍。HEPS-Se可下调PI3K/Akt信号通路活性,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖相关基因表达。尽管修饰多糖抗肿瘤活性的提升已在细胞实验得到证实,但其在体内的实际功效仍需后续研究进行系统评估。
多糖的抗肿瘤活性与其理化特性(分子量和单糖组成等)密切相关(Chen et al. 2018)。分子量通过影响组织渗透性和受体结合效率调控多糖抗肿瘤活性。较高分子量多糖具有更强的免疫原性,能有效激活补体系统和巨噬细胞,但肿瘤组织渗透性差;较低分子量多糖易于在肿瘤组织扩散,但受体结合能力弱(卢可可等 2014;孟思彤等 2014)。硫酸基等取代基的位置直接影响多糖的空间构象和生物活性,多糖C-6位因空间位阻较小,通常比C-2、C-3位更易与受体结合,且更显著刺激淋巴细胞增殖(Yang et al. 2013)。
基于乙酸诱导的大鼠胃溃疡模型研究表明,增强胃黏膜保护、抗炎和抗氧化等多重机制的协同效应,是猴头菇多糖发挥胃保护作用的关键(Wang XY et al. 2022;甘泽隆等2023)。Wang et al. (2018)通过建立乙醇诱导和幽门结扎诱导的模型研究猴头菇多糖对大鼠的胃保护作用,发现猴头菇多糖是通过增加胃组织中的NO、PGE2和ECF来实现对胃黏膜的保护(图2D)。
通过大鼠体内实验和GES-1细胞模型的研究,Hou et al. (2022)系统探讨了猴头菇多糖对乙醇诱导胃黏膜损伤的保护作用,其机制涉及维持胃黏膜结构完整、减少细胞脱落和抑制炎症反应等多种途径,协同构建了有效的防御屏障,从而缓解乙醇对胃黏膜损伤,预防急性胃溃疡的发生。廖兵武(2023)采用磷酸化猴头菇多糖来研究乙酸诱导人胃黏膜上皮细胞GES-1的急性损伤模型,发现磷酸化猴头菇多糖可通过恢复细胞活力、促进细胞增殖、抑制细胞坏死、维持受损GES-1细胞的分泌功能等途径增强修复乙酸诱导的GES-1细胞急性损伤,体外细胞实验初步表明,磷酸化修饰具有提升猴头菇多糖保护胃黏膜活性的潜力,其实际功效有待通过体内实验进一步评估与验证。
猴头菇多糖的生物活性呈现显著的构效相关性,与其单糖组成、分子量和空间结构等密切相关。现阶段对猴头菇多糖修饰研究主要集中于化学修饰,通过引入不同的活性基团以优化其理化性质与生物活性。修饰后的猴头菇多糖在抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤和保护胃黏膜等方面已展现出显著的活性增强,但该结论目前主要基于体外细胞实验,因此后续研究亟待通过系统的体内实验以验证其实际应用潜力。尽管目前对猴头菇多糖的修饰、结构特征和生物活性的研究已得到初步阐明,但当前研究仍存在多糖修饰效率与产物均一性较低、构效机制研究不完善、毒性和安全性评估不足等问题,制约其在食品药品等领域的应用。
未来猴头菇多糖修饰的研究应重点关注以下方面:(1) 开发猴头菇多糖更加绿色高效的修饰方法;(2) 深入解析修饰多糖的构效关系;(3) 对修饰猴头菇多糖进行全面的安全性评价;(4) 通过系统的体内实验验证化学修饰后猴头菇多糖生物活性的提升;(5) 拓展修饰猴头菇多糖在功能性食品和药品等领域的应用。
王舰:论文撰写、审阅及修改;蔡高袁:论文撰写及修改;吴莲花:文献调研及论文修改;李伶俐:论文修改;孙培龙:思路指导;杨开:论文指导、审核与修改。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 浙江省“尖兵领雁+X”科技计划项目(2025C01101)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LLSSZ25C200001)
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2026年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250269
  • 接收时间:2025-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-10
  • 录用日期:2025-10-20
基金
Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2025C01101)
浙江省“尖兵领雁+X”科技计划项目(2025C01101)
Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LLSSZ25C200001)
浙江省自然科学基金(LLSSZ25C200001)
作者信息
    1 浙江工业大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江 杭州 310014
    2 浙江慧和健康科技有限公司,浙江 丽水 323006
    3 丽水市农林科学研究院,浙江 丽水 323000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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