Article(id=1256518448629334032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250194, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250194, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753372800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-25, onlineDate=1777506943137, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777506943137, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777506943137, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777506943137, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256518442379763982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='240320', pageEnd='250282', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777506941647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777507117568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250194, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256518450088951830, articleId=1256518448629334032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Effects of benzamide and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on mycelium polysaccharide synthesis and antioxidant activities in Lentinula edodes, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lentinula edodes polysaccharides exhibit diverse biological activities. Currently, most L. edodes polysaccharides are extracted from fruiting bodies, resulting in low yield, high cost, and short harvest period. Therefore, enhancing polysaccharide production has become a research priority. Epigenetic modifications regulate the synthesis and metabolism of secondary metabolites through various mechanisms and play significant roles in microbial secondary metabolism. To investigate whether polysaccharide synthesis in L. edodes is influenced by epigenetics, this study utilized L. edodes strain Xin 808 as experimental material, and analyzed the effects of different concentrations of two epigenetic modifiers [benzamide and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na)] on mycelial growth, cellulase activity, polysaccharide production, activity of key polysaccharide-synthesizing enzymes, relative expression levels of the enzyme encoding genes, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. Results showed that although 4 µg/mL benzamid and CMC-Na reduced biomass compared to the control, they significantly promoted the growth of L. edodes mycelium on solid culture medium and increased the polysaccharide content in the mycelium. Cellulase activity decreased compared to that of the control, but the intracellular crude polysaccharide concentration increased, reaching 2.31-fold (benzamide) and 2.01-fold (CMC-Na) as compared with that of the control. The activities of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), and α-phosphoglucomutase (α-PGM), the enzymes associated with lentinan metabolism, increased. Under benzamide treatment, these enzymes exhibited increases in activity, increasing by 2.21-fold, 2.38-fold, and 2.19-fold as compared with enzyme activities of the control group, respectively. However, the relative expression levels of the encoding genes were significantly downregulated. In vitro polysaccharide antioxidant capacity increased in variant degrees. At the concentration of 0.2 mg/mL ·OH scavenging ability showed the most pronounced. These results demonstrate that adding benzamide and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose at appropriate concentrations influences L. edodes mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis.

, correspAuthors=Quanju XIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*
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香菇多糖具有多种生物活性,现存的香菇多糖主要从子实体中提取,产量较少,价格昂贵,且收获期短,因此提高香菇多糖产量成为研究重点之一。表观遗传修饰通过多种机制调控代谢产物的合成和代谢过程,在微生物次级代谢中发挥重要作用。为了探究香菇多糖合成是否受表观遗传的影响,本实验以香菇新808为实验材料,分析了2种表观遗传修饰剂(苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠)在不同浓度下对香菇菌丝生长、纤维素降解酶活性、多糖合成、多糖合成关键酶活性及其编码基因相对表达量及多糖活性的影响。结果表明:4 µg/mL的苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠虽然导致生物量较对照降低,但可显著促进香菇菌丝在固体培养基上的生长并提高菌丝体多糖含量;纤维素降解酶活性整体相对于对照组降低;胞内粗多糖浓度分别是对照的2.31倍和2.01倍。与香菇多糖代谢相关的UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGPase)、葡萄糖磷酸异构酶(PGI)、α-葡萄糖磷酸变位酶(α-PGM)活性增加,其中苯甲酰胺处理下酶活提升较多,3个酶活分别为对照组的2.21、2.38和2.19倍;其编码基因相对表达量较对照组显著下调;多糖抗氧化活性较对照组均有不同程度的提高,当多糖浓度为0.2 mg/mL时·OH清除率最为显著,分别为对照组的2.81倍和1.78倍。这些结果表明添加适宜浓度的苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠会影响香菇菌丝的生长及多糖合成。

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Different letters indicated significant differences within groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=DeRByGv55MxGJtpw2pypyw==, figureFileBig=5Jd4eAdgx44P0t9Ee4nsJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518476819251444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=CN, label=图1, caption=两种处理下多糖合成关键酶基因表达(A)及活性(B) 不同字母表示与组内差异显著(P<0.05), figureFileSmall=DeRByGv55MxGJtpw2pypyw==, figureFileBig=5Jd4eAdgx44P0t9Ee4nsJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518477741998331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Scavenging rates of intracellular crude polysaccharides against DPPH (A), O2- (B), and ·OH (C) radicals under the two treatments., figureFileSmall=3hSNdLWxZtRAotAacbZnOQ==, figureFileBig=psOA6DHh5GG5u7kEHNwQnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518478085931262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两种处理下胞内粗多糖对DPPH (A)、O2- (B)和·OH (C)清除率, figureFileSmall=3hSNdLWxZtRAotAacbZnOQ==, figureFileBig=psOA6DHh5GG5u7kEHNwQnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518478949957889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequence of the target genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目的基因
Target genes
引物序列
Primer sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)
LeUGP_964F GACGGCCAAGGGGTTATTCA
LeUGP_1128R TTGACCGTGGCTCAAAGAGT
LePGM_578F CCCATGCCGACGAATACAGA
LePGM_1128R GGTGTGAGCGTAGGTCAAGT
LePGI_1190F TCCATCAGGGCACCAAACTC
LePGI_1330R CGGTCTTACCGAAGGCCAAT
), ArticleFig(id=1256518480359244035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目的基因引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目的基因
Target genes
引物序列
Primer sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)
LeUGP_964F GACGGCCAAGGGGTTATTCA
LeUGP_1128R TTGACCGTGGCTCAAAGAGT
LePGM_578F CCCATGCCGACGAATACAGA
LePGM_1128R GGTGTGAGCGTAGGTCAAGT
LePGI_1190F TCCATCAGGGCACCAAACTC
LePGI_1330R CGGTCTTACCGAAGGCCAAT
), ArticleFig(id=1256518480598319366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mycelial growth of Lentinula edodes under different concentrations of benzoylamide and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatments
浓度
Concentration/(µg/mL)
生长半径
Growth radius/cm
3 d 6 d 9 d
对照 Control 0 1.41±0.010 bc 1.81±0.026 c 3.09±0.026 b
苯甲酰胺
Benzoylamide
1 1.38±0.030 c 1.81±0.026 c 3.11±0.036 b
2 1.42±0.026 bc 1.85±0.017 bc 3.11±0.036 b
4 1.56±0.036 a 2.00±0.026 a 3.25±0.066 a
8 1.47±0.050 b 1.87±0.036 b 3.21±0.035 a
羧甲基纤维素钠
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
1 1.41±0.025 d 1.85±0.026 cd 3.22±0.017 b
2 1.55±0.026 b 1.91±0.017 b 3.23±0.026 b
4 1.68±0.026 a 2.23±0.020 a 3.44±0.026 a
8 1.50±0.017 c 1.88±0.020 bc 3.25±0.017 b
), ArticleFig(id=1256518481009361163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同浓度苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠溶液对香菇菌丝生长的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatments
浓度
Concentration/(µg/mL)
生长半径
Growth radius/cm
3 d 6 d 9 d
对照 Control 0 1.41±0.010 bc 1.81±0.026 c 3.09±0.026 b
苯甲酰胺
Benzoylamide
1 1.38±0.030 c 1.81±0.026 c 3.11±0.036 b
2 1.42±0.026 bc 1.85±0.017 bc 3.11±0.036 b
4 1.56±0.036 a 2.00±0.026 a 3.25±0.066 a
8 1.47±0.050 b 1.87±0.036 b 3.21±0.035 a
羧甲基纤维素钠
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
1 1.41±0.025 d 1.85±0.026 cd 3.22±0.017 b
2 1.55±0.026 b 1.91±0.017 b 3.23±0.026 b
4 1.68±0.026 a 2.23±0.020 a 3.44±0.026 a
8 1.50±0.017 c 1.88±0.020 bc 3.25±0.017 b
), ArticleFig(id=1256518481399431437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Activities of Lentinula edodes lignin-degrading enzymes under two treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatments
漆酶
Lac/(U/mL)
木质素过氧化物酶
LiP/(U/mL)
锰过氧化物酶
MnP/(U/mL)
对照 Control 92.61±2.37 b 0.37±0.14 a 820.98±19.10 a
苯甲酰胺 Benzoylamide 48.52±5.05 c 0.15±0.07 a 714.79±32.32 b
羧甲基纤维素钠 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 113.37±6.80 a 0.47±0.20 a 727.88±5.06 b
), ArticleFig(id=1256518481898553614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两种物质处理下香菇木质素降解酶活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatments
漆酶
Lac/(U/mL)
木质素过氧化物酶
LiP/(U/mL)
锰过氧化物酶
MnP/(U/mL)
对照 Control 92.61±2.37 b 0.37±0.14 a 820.98±19.10 a
苯甲酰胺 Benzoylamide 48.52±5.05 c 0.15±0.07 a 714.79±32.32 b
羧甲基纤维素钠 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 113.37±6.80 a 0.47±0.20 a 727.88±5.06 b
), ArticleFig(id=1256518482695471378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Biomass and intracellular crude polysaccharide content of Lentinula edodes under the two treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatments
生物量
Biomass/g
胞内粗多糖浓度
Intracellular crude
polysaccharide concentration/(mg/g)
总胞内粗多糖含量
Total intracellular crude
polysaccharide content/mg
对照 Control 0.48±0.016 a 15.04±1.490 b 7.22±0.262 b
苯甲酰胺 Benzoylamide 0.32±0.024 b 34.71±0.621 a 11.11±0.770 a
羧甲基纤维素钠
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
0.35±0.014 b 30.23±1.641 a 10.58±0.363 a
), ArticleFig(id=1256518483169427734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448629334032, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两种处理条件下香菇生物量及胞内粗多糖含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatments
生物量
Biomass/g
胞内粗多糖浓度
Intracellular crude
polysaccharide concentration/(mg/g)
总胞内粗多糖含量
Total intracellular crude
polysaccharide content/mg
对照 Control 0.48±0.016 a 15.04±1.490 b 7.22±0.262 b
苯甲酰胺 Benzoylamide 0.32±0.024 b 34.71±0.621 a 11.11±0.770 a
羧甲基纤维素钠
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
0.35±0.014 b 30.23±1.641 a 10.58±0.363 a
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苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠对香菇菌丝体多糖合成和抗氧化活性的影响
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温家豪 , 王其彬 , 张洁 , 赵吕娟 , 陈强 , 辜运富 , 向泉桔 *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(3): 250194
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(3): 250194
苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠对香菇菌丝体多糖合成和抗氧化活性的影响
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温家豪, 王其彬, 张洁, 赵吕娟, 陈强, 辜运富, 向泉桔*
作者信息
  • 四川农业大学资源学院,四川 成都 611130
Effects of benzamide and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on mycelium polysaccharide synthesis and antioxidant activities in Lentinula edodes
Jiahao WEN, Qibin WANG, Jie ZHANG, Lüjuan ZHAO, Qiang CHEN, Yunfu GU, Quanju XIANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250194
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香菇多糖具有多种生物活性,现存的香菇多糖主要从子实体中提取,产量较少,价格昂贵,且收获期短,因此提高香菇多糖产量成为研究重点之一。表观遗传修饰通过多种机制调控代谢产物的合成和代谢过程,在微生物次级代谢中发挥重要作用。为了探究香菇多糖合成是否受表观遗传的影响,本实验以香菇新808为实验材料,分析了2种表观遗传修饰剂(苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠)在不同浓度下对香菇菌丝生长、纤维素降解酶活性、多糖合成、多糖合成关键酶活性及其编码基因相对表达量及多糖活性的影响。结果表明:4 µg/mL的苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠虽然导致生物量较对照降低,但可显著促进香菇菌丝在固体培养基上的生长并提高菌丝体多糖含量;纤维素降解酶活性整体相对于对照组降低;胞内粗多糖浓度分别是对照的2.31倍和2.01倍。与香菇多糖代谢相关的UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGPase)、葡萄糖磷酸异构酶(PGI)、α-葡萄糖磷酸变位酶(α-PGM)活性增加,其中苯甲酰胺处理下酶活提升较多,3个酶活分别为对照组的2.21、2.38和2.19倍;其编码基因相对表达量较对照组显著下调;多糖抗氧化活性较对照组均有不同程度的提高,当多糖浓度为0.2 mg/mL时·OH清除率最为显著,分别为对照组的2.81倍和1.78倍。这些结果表明添加适宜浓度的苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠会影响香菇菌丝的生长及多糖合成。

多糖  /  表观遗传  /  酶活性  /  抗氧化活性

Lentinula edodes polysaccharides exhibit diverse biological activities. Currently, most L. edodes polysaccharides are extracted from fruiting bodies, resulting in low yield, high cost, and short harvest period. Therefore, enhancing polysaccharide production has become a research priority. Epigenetic modifications regulate the synthesis and metabolism of secondary metabolites through various mechanisms and play significant roles in microbial secondary metabolism. To investigate whether polysaccharide synthesis in L. edodes is influenced by epigenetics, this study utilized L. edodes strain Xin 808 as experimental material, and analyzed the effects of different concentrations of two epigenetic modifiers [benzamide and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na)] on mycelial growth, cellulase activity, polysaccharide production, activity of key polysaccharide-synthesizing enzymes, relative expression levels of the enzyme encoding genes, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. Results showed that although 4 µg/mL benzamid and CMC-Na reduced biomass compared to the control, they significantly promoted the growth of L. edodes mycelium on solid culture medium and increased the polysaccharide content in the mycelium. Cellulase activity decreased compared to that of the control, but the intracellular crude polysaccharide concentration increased, reaching 2.31-fold (benzamide) and 2.01-fold (CMC-Na) as compared with that of the control. The activities of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), and α-phosphoglucomutase (α-PGM), the enzymes associated with lentinan metabolism, increased. Under benzamide treatment, these enzymes exhibited increases in activity, increasing by 2.21-fold, 2.38-fold, and 2.19-fold as compared with enzyme activities of the control group, respectively. However, the relative expression levels of the encoding genes were significantly downregulated. In vitro polysaccharide antioxidant capacity increased in variant degrees. At the concentration of 0.2 mg/mL ·OH scavenging ability showed the most pronounced. These results demonstrate that adding benzamide and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose at appropriate concentrations influences L. edodes mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis.

polysaccharide  /  epigenetics  /  enzymatic activity  /  antioxidant activity
温家豪, 王其彬, 张洁, 赵吕娟, 陈强, 辜运富, 向泉桔. 苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠对香菇菌丝体多糖合成和抗氧化活性的影响. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250194 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250194
Jiahao WEN, Qibin WANG, Jie ZHANG, Lüjuan ZHAO, Qiang CHEN, Yunfu GU, Quanju XIANG. Effects of benzamide and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on mycelium polysaccharide synthesis and antioxidant activities in Lentinula edodes[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250194 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250194
香菇是我国产量最高、用途最广的食药用菌种类之一,广泛应用于食品、医药、生态等多个领域(于淑池和林泽平 2003;刘威和刘立强 2009;山娜 2017;Wu et al. 2019)。香菇多糖是香菇的主要次生代谢产物,具有多种生物活性,如免疫调节(于淑池和林泽平 2003)、抗肿瘤(董楠等 2021)、抗病毒(侯爱萍和张树梅 2015)及抗氧化(曾茜等 2022)等。香菇多糖的合成受到多种因素的影响。Fan et al. (2007)对5株菌株筛选后最终选择巴西曲霉LPB03进行液体发酵培养,控制外界环境条件然后测定胞外多糖含量,发现30 ℃、pH为6.1时该菌种最适合生产胞外多糖,同时其也受营养物质的影响。曹雨影等(2023)在培养香菇的过程中加入海藻糖,发现适量的海藻糖能够有效地提升香菇菌丝多糖合成量。Adil et al. (2020)研究了Ca2+和Na+对香菇多糖含量的影响,发现Na+处理下香菇多糖合成过程的关键酶PGI和PGM酶活及其编码基因表达量均增加,而Ca2+处理下,另一关键酶UGP的酶活与基因表达量均增加。因此,多糖的合成以及相关酶的活性受到多种因素的影响,是一个较为复杂的过程。
表观遗传(epigenetics)是指在不改变DNA序列的情况下,通过化学修饰等方式调控基因表达的可遗传现象,这些干预不仅能够有效地调控微生物的生长速率、繁殖能力,还能显著影响其代谢过程。羧甲基纤维素钠的代谢产物(如短链脂肪酸)可能通过调节肠道微生物群的代谢活动,间接影响宿主的表观遗传状态(赵金波等 2023;Yang et al. 2024)。添加一定浓度的羧甲基纤维素钠,可提高黄伞菌丝体产量及胞外多糖的含量(黄清荣等 2007),还可使基质的黏性增大,提高裂褶菌菌体的生物量和胞外多糖的产量(郝利民等 2004)。苯甲酰化修饰通过苯甲酸钠(NaBz)代谢产生的苯甲酰辅酶A (benzoyl-CoA),动态调控组蛋白的修饰状态,这是一种新型的组蛋白酰化修饰(lysine benzoylation is a histone mark regulated by SIRT2) (Huang et al. 2018)。目前,虽有关于表观遗传的化学干预对微生物生长及次生代谢产物影响的报道(Chen et al. 2020),但对香菇多糖及其活性的研究却较少。
基于此,本研究以香菇主栽品种新808为材料,分析羧甲基纤维素钠和苯甲酰胺两种表观遗传修饰剂在不同浓度下对香菇菌丝生长、木质素降解酶活性和多糖合成及体外抗氧化活性的影响,同时对多糖合成相关的酶(UGP、PGM、PGI)活性及其编码基因的转录表达水平进行了测定,探究表观遗传的化学修饰对香菇菌丝体多糖代谢的影响,为进一步探究香菇多糖的合成及代谢通路和提高香菇多糖产量提供理论依据。
试验选用的菌种是四川农业大学资源系微生物学研究所保藏的香菇品种新808。
PDA培养基:去皮马铃薯200 g、葡萄糖20 g、琼脂15-20 g、蒸馏水1 000 mL,主要用于菌株的保存。PDB培养基为不加琼脂的PDA培养基,主要用于菌株的发酵。
琼脂、95%乙醇、5%苯酚溶液、浓硫酸、维生素C、KH2PO4·H2O、DPPH乙醇溶液、硫酸亚铁、水杨酸乙醇溶液、去离子水、磷酸盐缓冲溶液、MgSO4·7H2O、邻苯三酚溶液、葡萄糖、HCl、苯甲酰胺溶液、羧甲基纤维素钠溶液、用于测定3种酶活性的专用测试盒。
试验菌株的激活培养:用PDA作为培养基,在25 ℃下培养7-10 d。
平板实验:PDA培养基于121 ℃灭菌20 min,冷却至50 ℃左右加入一定体积过滤除菌后的苯甲酰胺溶液或羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,使其终浓度分别为0、1、2、4、8 µg/mL,倒平板,室温冷却后,将已活化好的香菇菌株用无菌的打孔器切取培养皿外圈的菌落,并将其接种于平板上,25 ℃恒温培养,分别在3、6、9 d记录菌丝生长情况。
液体发酵实验:PDB培养基于121 ℃灭菌15 min,加入一定体积的过滤除菌的苯甲酰胺或羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,使其终浓度为4 µg/mL,将活化好的香菇菌株用无菌的打孔器切取培养皿外圈的菌落,无菌条件下取5块加入液体培养基中,在25 ℃下培养45 d,离心收集菌体,用于生物量、多糖含量、抗氧化活性和酶活性测定。每个处理4个重复。
发酵液过滤后,用滤纸吸干菌丝体表面水分后进行生物量测定并记录。
漆酶活性测定采用ABTS法(Tien & Kirk 1984),定义每min氧化1 μmol ABTS所需的酶量为一个酶活力单位(U);木质素过氧化物酶活性测定采用藜芦醇法,定义每min形成1 μmol藜芦醛为一个酶活力单位(U);锰过氧化物酶活性测定采用Mn2+氧化法(Childs & Bardsley 1975),定义每min氧化形成1 nmol Mn3+为一个酶活力单位(U)。
采用苯酚-硫酸法(Chen et al. 2020)测定,步骤如下。(1) 胞内粗多糖提取及含量测定:将同一浓度处理组的全部菌丝混合并在60 ℃下烘干,研磨,加50倍体积蒸馏水,回流2 h,过滤,向滤液中加3倍体积的无水乙醇,4 ℃冰箱过夜沉淀,4 ℃、4 000 r/min离心10 min,烘干沉淀,去除多余的乙醇,加入适量的蒸馏水溶解沉淀,取适量多糖溶液于试管中,用蒸馏水补至2 mL,加入5%苯酚溶液1 mL、浓硫酸5 mL,静置30 min。在490 nm波长处测定其吸光度A,根据标准曲线及所测得的吸光度计算多糖含量。(2) 葡萄糖标准曲线的绘制:将0.1 g葡萄糖加蒸馏水定容至100 mL,即为葡萄糖母液;分别将0、100、200、300、400、500、600 µL的母液配成葡萄糖标准液,用蒸馏水定容到2 mL,每一种情况下分别添加1 mL 5%的苯酚溶液和5 mL的浓硫酸,室温放置30 min。在490 nm处测量吸收率,并计算标准曲线。
香菇多糖清除DPPH活性测定采用提取物与稳定自由基DPPH反应方法(王健等 2001)。以无水乙醇为对照,以维生素C为阳性对照,以去离子水为空白对照。将150 µL不同浓度的多糖溶液置于酶标板上,加DPPH乙醇溶液150 µL,混匀,静置30 min,在517 nm波长处测量吸光度A样品A对照A空白,按照公式(1)计算。
DPPH清除率(%)=[1-(A样品-A对照)/A空白]×100
式中:A样品是加入实验组多糖溶液测得的吸光度,A对照是无水乙醇代替DPPH溶液测得的吸光度,A空白是用去离子水代替不同质量浓度的多糖溶液测得的吸光度。
香菇多糖清除超氧阴离子活性测定采用邻苯三酚法(李健等 2005)。以无水乙醇为对照,以维生素C为阳性对照,以去离子水为空白对照。在2.5 mL EP管中加入900 µL磷酸盐缓冲液,25 ℃水溶20 min,然后添加200 µL多糖溶液,再加邻苯三酚80 µL,混匀,25 ℃下水浴反应5 min,加入200 µL HCl终止反应,摇匀,避光反应3 min,在420 nm波长处测定吸光度A样品A对照A空白,按照公式(2)计算。
超氧阴离子清除率(%)=[1-(A样品-A对照)/A空白]×100
式中:A样品是加入实验组多糖溶液测得的吸光度,A对照是用去离子水代替邻苯三酚测得的吸光度,A空白是用去离子水代替不同质量浓度的多糖溶液测得的吸光度。
香菇多糖清除羟基自由基活性测定采用邻二氮菲法(杨杰和李迎秋 2017)。以无水乙醇为对照,以维生素C为阳性对照,以去离子水为空白对照。将200 µL不同浓度的多糖溶液置于酶标板上,加硫酸亚铁60 µL及水杨酸乙醇60 µL,混匀后,再加60 µL 0.1%双氧水,使其开始反应,37 ℃下水浴30 min,在510 nm波长处测量吸光度A样品A对照A空白,按照公式(3)计算。
羟基自由基清除率(%)=[1-(A样品-A对照)/A空白]×100
式中:A样品是加入实验组多糖溶液测得的吸光度,A对照是无水乙醇代替水杨酸测得的吸光度,A空白是用去离子水代替不同质量浓度的多糖溶液测得的吸光度。
(1) 香菇多糖磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)活性测定:取约0.1 g组织样品,加入浸提液1 mL,冰浴,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,用移液枪取上清液,30 ℃水浴其他试剂5 min,向酶标板中加入所需试剂,混匀,30 ℃下孵育10 min,立即在30 ℃下340 nm波长处测定吸光值A1,10 min后测定A2,按照公式(4)计算。

PGI (nmol/min/g鲜重)=[(A2-A1)/(ε×d)×V2×109]/

(W×V1×V)/T=160.8×(A2-A1)/W

式中:ε是NADPH摩尔消光系数,6.22× 103 L/(mol·cm);d为光径,1 cm;V为加入提取液体积,1 mL;V1为加入样本体积,0.07 mL;V2为反应体系总体积,7×10-4 L;T为反应时间,10 min;W为样本质量,g。
(2) 香菇多糖葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)活性测定:取约0.1 g组织样品,加入浸提液1 mL,冰浴。4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,用移液枪取上清液,37 ℃水浴其他试剂5 min,向酶标板中加入所需试剂,混匀,37 ℃下孵育10 min,37 ℃下,1 min时于450 nm处读取吸光值A1,11 min时读取A2,标准曲线方程为:y=0.031 7x-0.009 5。按照公式(5)计算。

PGM (nmol/min/g鲜重)=[(A2-A1+0.009 5)/0.031 7]/

(W×V1/V)/T=78.86×(A2-A1+0.009 5)/W

(3) 香菇多糖尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDP)活性测定:取约0.1 g组织样品,加入浸提液1 mL,冰浴。4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,用移液枪取上清液,37 ℃水浴其他试剂5 min,向酶标板中加入所需试剂,混匀,30 ℃下孵育10 min,37 ℃下,1 min时在340 nm波长处测定吸光值A1,5 min时读取A2。按照公式(6)计算。

PGI(nmol/min/g鲜重)=[(A2-A1)/(ε×d)×V2×109]/

(W×V1×V)/T=723.5×(A2-A1)/W

采用TRIzol法提取菌丝体RNA,纳米分光光度计(ND-1000 Thermo Scientific)检测RNA样品的纯度和浓度,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测完整性。按照反转录试剂盒(Aidlab Biotechnologies)的步骤操作合成cDNA,-20 ℃保存。
利用SYBRGreen染料检测3个关键酶基因的转录表达水平。关键酶基因引物序列见表1。反应体系为:Cham Q Universal SYBR Qpcr Master Mix (Vazyme) 10 μL,上下游引物各0.5 μL,cDNA 1 μL,ddH2O补足至20 μL,反应条件为:95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 30 s,40个循环;Rpl4为内参基因(Xiang et al. 2018)。为确定反应产生单一产物,设置溶解曲线。PCR反应在CycleriQ5 (Bio-Rad)上分析,每个反应3个重复。反应产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳和测序确认,目的基因的相对表达水平通过公式Y=2-ΔΔCt计算,其中ΔCt为靶基因与内参的Cq之差,ΔΔCt为ΔCt (实验组)与ΔCt (对照组)之差。
实验数据使用Excel进行平均值和标准差计算,SPSS27软件进行单因素方差分析,LSD法检验差异显著性,ORIGIN软件绘图。
通过测定不同浓度苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠处理下香菇菌丝的生长速度,发现菌丝生长呈现明显的浓度依赖性(表2)。实验结果表明,在0-4 µg/mL浓度范围内,两种物质的添加均能显著促进菌丝生长,且随着浓度增加,促进作用逐渐增强。当浓度达到4 µg/mL时,苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠处理组的菌丝半径在第9天分别达到3.25 cm和3.44 cm,较对照组(3.09 cm)提高了4.8%和11.0%。然而,当浓度超过4 µg/mL后,菌丝生长速度开始呈现抑制趋势,表明过高浓度可能对菌丝产生毒性效应。本研究选择4 µg/mL作为后续发酵实验的添加浓度。
为了分析在两种物质的处理下,菌株对基质中碳营养的降解能力是否发生变化,我们测定了几个木质纤维素降解关键酶的活性。结果显示,在4 µg/mL苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠处理下,香菇新808菌株木质素降解酶的酶活性呈现不同的变化趋势(表3)。与对照相比,两种处理均未显著影响过氧化物酶(Lip)的活性,但均导致锰过氧化物酶(MnP)活性降低,在苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠处理下,锰过氧化物酶活性分别为对照的87.1%和88.7%。与前面两种酶变化趋势不同,漆酶(Lac)活性的变化则表现出处理特异性:苯甲酰胺处理下漆酶活性为48.52 U/mL,为对照的52.4%,而羧甲基纤维素钠处理下其活性达到113.37 U/mL,是对照的2.34倍。结果表明,羧甲基纤维素钠可能通过调控漆酶活性来影响木质素降解过程,而苯甲酰胺则可能对锰过氧化物酶和漆酶系统产生抑制作用。
4 µg/mL苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠处理对香菇新808菌株的胞内粗多糖积累表现出显著影响(表4)。虽然两种处理均导致生物量较对照降低,但却显著促进了胞内粗多糖的生物合成。苯甲酰胺处理下总胞内多糖含量达到11.11 mg,较对照组(7.22 mg)提高了53.9%;胞内粗多糖浓度达34.71 mg/g,是对照组(15.04 mg/g)的2.3倍;羧甲基纤维素钠溶液总胞内多糖含量为10.58 mg,较对照组增加46.5%;胞内粗多糖浓度为30.23 mg/g,较对照组提高101.0%。表明尽管两种处理抑制了菌丝生长,但均能有效诱导香菇新808胞内粗多糖的积累,其中苯甲酰胺的促进作用更为显著。
在4 μg/mL处理浓度下,苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠均显著抑制了香菇多糖合成关键基因的表达(P<0.05,图1)。尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因(LeUGP)表达量下调至对照组的30%-31%,磷酸葡萄糖变位酶基因(LePGM)表达量下调至对照组的31%-40%,磷酸葡萄糖异构酶基因(LePGI)表达量下调至对照的22%-25%。LeUGPLePGI基因在两种处理下表达无显著差异(P>0.05),苯甲酰胺对LePGM基因的抑制作用显著强于羧甲基纤维素钠(P<0.05),表达量较后者低约9%。
苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠处理显著影响了香菇胞内多糖合成途径中3种关键酶的活性(图1)。苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠处理下磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)活性分别为90.91和85.65,是对照的2.38和2.24倍;磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)基础活性较低,但两种处理均提升了其活性(P<0.05),其中苯甲酰胺的激活作用更为显著;UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGP)活性较高,苯甲酰胺处理下其活性为138.021,是羧甲基纤维素钠和对照的2.06和2.21倍。
所有处理组的胞内粗多糖均表现出浓度依赖性的DPPH自由基清除能力(图2)。在1.0 mg/mL浓度时,苯甲酰胺处理组清除率高达97.25%,显著高于羧甲基纤维素钠处理组(P<0.05),两种处理组的清除效率均显著优于对照组(提高约15%-20%),苯甲酰胺处理组在各浓度点均表现出最优的清除效果。
胞内粗多糖对O2-清除动力学存在显著差异,苯甲酰胺处理组在0.2 mg/mL时达到峰值清除率(74.84%),羧甲基纤维素钠处理组清除率随浓度升高而增加,在0.4 mg/mL达到最大值(78.48%),对照组清除效率最低(0.2 mg/mL时为56.26%)。
羟基自由基(·OH)清除能力各处理组呈现独特的浓度效应。清除率随浓度增加而下降,呈现负相关趋势,在0.2 mg/mL时,苯甲酰胺处理组清除率最高(53.41%),两种处理组的整体清除效果均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。
表观遗传修饰在代谢调控中,尤其是响应环境变化时,发挥着关键作用(Keating & El-Osta 2015)。代谢物可直接作为酶的辅因子或底物,影响DNA和组蛋白修饰,从而调控基因表达(Donohoe & Bultman 2012;安琪等2015;Chen et al. 2022)。外源添加的羧甲基纤维素可与植物细胞壁成分相互作用,影响其结构和稳定性(Liang et al. 2024)。苯甲酰胺作为一种小分子化合物,可能通过影响细胞内的代谢途径(例如烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸[NAD+]的合成),进而调节组蛋白去乙酰化酶(sirtuins)的活性,最终改变基因表达(Zheng et al. 2020)。本实验中,添加4 μg/mL羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)和苯甲酰胺影响了菌丝生长及多糖合成。其中在固体(平板)实验中促进了菌丝生长,液体培养则抑制了菌丝的生长,产生这种现象的主要原因可能是由于两种培养条件及时间(平板9 d,液体培养45 d)差异。苯甲酰胺修饰受氧化还原状态影响,而CMC-Na在液体中可能增加培养基黏度(Huang et al. 2018;王凯等 2023)。虽然两种处理均抑制了菌丝生长,但均能有效诱导香菇新808胞内粗多糖的积累,且苯甲酰胺的促进作用更为显著。这一现象表明,适当浓度的苯甲酰胺和羧甲基纤维素钠可能通过重编程细胞代谢通量,激活与多糖合成相关的代谢途径。
羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)和苯甲酰胺均能有效激活多糖代谢途径的关键酶(木质纤维降解和多糖合成关键酶),且苯甲酰胺表现出更强的促进作用(PGI:2.38倍;UGP:2.21倍)。这种促进作用差异可能与两种化合物的分子结构特异性有关。苯甲酰胺可能更易与酶活性中心结合或更有效地调控相关基因的表达。值得注意的是,基因表达水平的变化与酶活性变化并非完全一致,提示两种化合物除了影响基因转录水平,还可能通过转录后调控机制影响基因的表达(Obata et al. 2004),特别是苯甲酰胺对LePGM基因的特异性显著抑制作用,可能与其分子结构干扰特定转录因子的功能有关。可能的原因是反馈抑制,即添加剂处理导致多糖大量合成(如胞内粗多糖浓度达对照2.3倍),可能通过代谢物反馈抑制相关基因的转录(如糖信号抑制转录因子),但已积累的酶蛋白仍保持高活性,继续催化反应。
多糖的抗氧化能力受其结构特征影响,如分子量、电荷分布及是否存在非碳水化合物取代基等(Zhang et al. 2018;Fernandes & Coimbra 2023)。本研究中,苯甲酰胺处理下的菌丝体粗多糖在0.2 mg/mL时对DPPH自由基清除率是对照组的1.52倍。这可能是由于苯甲酰胺处理可改变多糖分子结构(如增强其供氢能力) (Wang et al. 2009),从而提升其抗氧化活性。羧甲基化反应可在多糖链上引入羧甲基(-CH2COOH)基团,这不仅增加了多糖的水溶性和反应活性(Wang et al. 2023),也改变了其物理化学性质,进而影响其与其他分子的相互作用。了解羧甲基纤维素钠和苯甲酰胺对香菇菌丝体粗多糖活性影响的具体机制,还需进一步开展多糖结构的分析。
温家豪:论文构思与修改;王其彬、张洁:实验数据收集与分析;赵吕娟:论文撰写;陈强、辜运富:论文审核;向泉桔:论文构思及指导。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 四川省食用菌创新团队(sccxtd-2025-07)
  • 四川省科技计划项目(2021YFYZ0026)
  • 四川省中央引导地方科技发展专项(2024ZYD0128)
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250194
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
  • 录用日期:2025-07-25
基金
Edible Fungus Innovation Team of Sichuan Province(sccxtd-2025-07)
四川省食用菌创新团队(sccxtd-2025-07)
Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province(2021YFYZ0026)
四川省科技计划项目(2021YFYZ0026)
Central Guidance Local Science and Technology Development Special Project of Sichuan Province(2024ZYD0128)
四川省中央引导地方科技发展专项(2024ZYD0128)
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    四川农业大学资源学院,四川 成都 611130

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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