Article(id=1256518448419618831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250227, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250227, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753113600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1754323200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-05, onlineDate=1777506943087, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777506943087, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777506943087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777506943087, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256518442379763982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='240320', pageEnd='250282', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777506941647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777507117568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250227, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256518449682104341, articleId=1256518448419618831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Biological characteristics and cultivation of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus is the second cultivatable species of Boletales with significant scientific and commercial potential value. To better develop and utilize this wild resource, the morphological and molecular identification and the biological characteristic investigation of a wild strain, JSJ-Bx1, were carried out. The results show that this wild strain belongs to B. xylophilus. The hyphae grow well under the temperature of 35℃ and pH 4.0 on the medium using glucose as carbon source, and yeast extract as nitrogen source with the addition of inorganic salt FeSO4. The optimal medium formula consists of 20 g glucose, 2 g yeast extract, 1.5 g FeSO4, 0.3 g 1/2 MS medium, 20 g agar, and 1 L water. The hypha growth rate is 11.38 mm/d. The optimal expanded cultivation substrate formula consists of 20% sawdust, 30% cottonseed hulls, 20% wheat grains, 10% corn flour, 10% red soil, 8% bran, 1% gypsum powder, 1% glucose, 0.1% KH2SO4, and 0.1% FeSO4. The mycelial colonization period is about 20 days; primordial formation takes about 5 days, and the growth and maturation of the fruiting bodies takes about 7 days. The average yield is 96.64 g/bottle and the biological efficiency is 31.58%.

, correspAuthors=Rongchun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

ORCID: LI Fan (0009-0002-9069-508X)

, authorsList=Fan LI, Chengcai LUO, Yao CAO, Yunrui MA, Rongping LI, Xiangying LUO, Rongchun LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256518455528964175, articleId=1256518448419618831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=中华腐生牛肝菌生物学特性及栽培, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中华腐生牛肝菌Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus为第二个可实现人工栽培的牛肝菌目的物种,科研及商业价值潜力较大。为更好地开发利用其野生资源,本研究以野生菌株JSJ-Bx1开展形态及分子鉴定,并对分离菌株进行生物学特性研究及人工栽培试验。结果表明,供试菌株为中华腐生牛肝菌;菌丝生长最适温度为35 ℃,最适pH为4.0,最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为酵母膏,最佳无机盐为FeSO4;菌丝生长最优培养基配方为葡萄糖20 g、酵母膏2 g、FeSO4 1.5 g、1/2 MS培养基0.3 g、琼脂20 g、水1 L;在此培养基上及优化培养条件下菌丝生长速率为11.38 mm/d。栽培结果表明,最佳栽培料配方为木屑20%、棉籽壳30%、麦粒20%、玉米粉10%、红壤10%、麸皮8%、石膏粉1%、葡萄糖1%、KH2SO4 0.1%、FeSO4 0.1%;该配方菌丝培养时期约20 d,原基形成约5 d,子实体形态建成约7 d,平均产量为96.64 g/瓶,生物学效率为31.58%。

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119-131, articleTitle=祁连山褐色双孢蘑菇的驯化栽培, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518503453082106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=19, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=沈真辉, 曹瑶, 李梦杰, 杨林雷, 罗祥英, 李荣春, journalName=菌物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=沈真辉, 曹瑶, 李梦杰, 杨林雷, 罗祥英, 李荣春, 2024. 基于基因组数据解析金耳A和B交配型位点结构. 菌物学报, 43(2): 19-40, articleTitle=基于基因组数据解析金耳A和B交配型位点结构, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518503646020092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=44, issue=4, pageStart=47, pageEnd=61, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=沈真辉, 杨林雷, 曹瑶, 罗祥英, 杨爱霞, 陆青青, 子灵山, 李荣春, journalName=菌物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=沈真辉, 杨林雷, 曹瑶, 罗祥英, 杨爱霞, 陆青青, 子灵山, 李荣春, 2025. 基于基因组重测序开发中华包革耳(金耳菌)菌株的鉴别标记. 菌物学报, 44(4): 47-61, articleTitle=基于基因组重测序开发中华包革耳(金耳菌)菌株的鉴别标记, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518503763460605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=10, pageStart=48, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=田润, 陈丽芳, 赵润祥, 曾念开, journalName=菌物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=田润, 陈丽芳, 赵润祥, 曾念开, 2024. 亚弯柄灵芝的生物学特性及其驯化栽培. 菌物学报, 43(10): 48-65, articleTitle=亚弯柄灵芝的生物学特性及其驯化栽培, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518503855735294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=王元忠, 朱新焰, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王元忠, 朱新焰,邓光美,邓传毛,2024. 一种中华腐生牛肝菌菌种培养方法:CN202411252463.7. 2024-12-06, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518503960592895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=8, pageStart=1938, pageEnd=1957, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=魏杰, 高巍, 黄晨阳, journalName=菌物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏杰, 高巍, 黄晨阳, 2021. 中国菌根食用菌名录. 菌物学报, 40(8): 1938-1957, articleTitle=中国菌根食用菌名录, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518504073839104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=杨天伟, 张春霞, 何明霞, 徐欣景, 高锋, 刘静, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨天伟, 张春霞, 何明霞, 徐欣景, 高锋, 刘静,方艺伟,王文兵,2021. 一种中华腐生牛肝菌液体菌种培养基及培养方法:CN202110631618.8. 2021-09-07, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518504182891009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=439, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=杨质高, 毛丽, 杨天伟, journalName=食药用菌, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨质高, 毛丽, 杨天伟, 2021. 中华腐生牛肝菌实现人工室内栽培. 食药用菌, 29(5): 439, articleTitle=中华腐生牛肝菌实现人工室内栽培, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518504296137218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=詹晓坤, journalName=云南大学硕士论文,昆明, refType=null, unstructuredReference=詹晓坤, 2020. 基于LC-MS方法的纯培养兰茂牛肝菌代谢组学研究. 云南大学硕士论文,昆明. 1-117, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518504468103683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, 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Scale bars: A, B=1 cm; C-G, J=10 μm; H, I=20 μm., figureFileSmall=Z+w7UneTguKEQe7I7LnK0g==, figureFileBig=9KPM/M2/XblEBnKmifxv5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518483098124563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中华腐生牛肝菌子实体及显微结构 A:成熟子实体;B:子实体剖面;C:担孢子;D, E:担子;F:管缘囊状体;G:侧生囊状体;H:菌盖髓部;I:菌柄表面菌丝;J:母种培养皿菌丝. 比例尺:A, B=1 cm;C-G, J=10 μm;H, I=20 μm, figureFileSmall=Z+w7UneTguKEQe7I7LnK0g==, figureFileBig=9KPM/M2/XblEBnKmifxv5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518485174305050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Phylogenetic tree constructed based on ITS sequence., figureFileSmall=Df086UIG8IWNPO2OXa6RzA==, figureFileBig=svKz7i4lqYHWa+/H8G9X2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518485342077214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于ITS序列构建的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=Df086UIG8IWNPO2OXa6RzA==, figureFileBig=svKz7i4lqYHWa+/H8G9X2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518485602124063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effects of single optimal factor on mycelial growth of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus JSJ-Bx1., figureFileSmall=9NgEBfc9aLg5FNDPCA7RRQ==, figureFileBig=4h7Ky2UE4GGUXH1rb844yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518486042525987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同单因素条件对中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长影响, figureFileSmall=9NgEBfc9aLg5FNDPCA7RRQ==, figureFileBig=4h7Ky2UE4GGUXH1rb844yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518486155772199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effects of different experimental groups on mycelial growth of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus JSJ-Bx1., figureFileSmall=2KUZxThZnbGc+gjzUAxR6g==, figureFileBig=IVJXgxs2TDQ0smR3cOLbuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518486445179178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同实验组对中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长影响, figureFileSmall=2KUZxThZnbGc+gjzUAxR6g==, figureFileBig=IVJXgxs2TDQ0smR3cOLbuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518486524870956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Development of basidiomata of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus JSJ-Bx1. A: Early stage of primordium; B: Middle stage of primordium; C: Late stage of primordium; D: Early stage of basidiomata; E: Middle stage of basidiomata; F: Mature stage of basidiomata. Scale bars: A-F=1 cm., figureFileSmall=BJ0XWCtBB4WW3kZ/NUpn/A==, figureFileBig=Dqo43LiTzpuL4TS43Gb02g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518486625534256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=图5, caption=中华腐生牛肝菌子实体发育过程 A:原基分化初期;B:原基分化中期;C:原基分化后期;D:子实体发育初期;E:子实体发育中期;F:子实体成熟期. 比例尺:A-F=1 cm, figureFileSmall=BJ0XWCtBB4WW3kZ/NUpn/A==, figureFileBig=Dqo43LiTzpuL4TS43Gb02g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518486940107059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Persentage of sawdust and cotton seed hulls in different cultivation substrate

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配方
Formula
木屑
Sawdust/%
棉籽壳
Cotton seed hulls/%
1 50 0
2 40 10
3 30 20
4 20 30
5 10 40
6 0 50
), ArticleFig(id=1256518487082713400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同栽培料中木屑和棉籽壳的占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方
Formula
木屑
Sawdust/%
棉籽壳
Cotton seed hulls/%
1 50 0
2 40 10
3 30 20
4 20 30
5 10 40
6 0 50
), ArticleFig(id=1256518487338565947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Culture medium composition and culture condition in single factor experiment

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因素
Factors
处理
Treatments
温度
Temperature/℃
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40
pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0
光照时间
Illumination time
24 h光照、12 h/12 h光暗交替、24 h黑暗
24 h illumination, alternation of dark and illumination, 24 h dark
碳源
Carbon source
空白、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、果糖、甘露醇
CK, glucose, maltose, soluble starch, lactose, sucrose, fructose, mannitol
氮源
Nitrogen source
空白、酵母膏、蛋白胨、牛肉膏、尿素、酒石酸铵、硫酸铵、氯化铵
CK, yeast extract, peptone, beef extract, urea, ammonium tartrate, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl
无机盐
Inorganic salt
空白、硫酸镁、硫酸锰、硫酸亚铁、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸钙、硫酸锌、氯化钾
CK, MgSO4, MnSO4, FeSO4, KH2PO4, CaSO4, ZnSO4, KCl
生长因子
Growth factor
空白、维生素B1、1/2 MS、腺嘌呤、L-精氨酸、L-酪氨酸、6-苄氨基嘌呤、吲哚-3-丁酸
CK, VB1, 1/2 MS, adenine, L-arginine, L-tyrosine, 6-BA, IBA
), ArticleFig(id=1256518487464395069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单因素试验培养基成分及栽培条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素
Factors
处理
Treatments
温度
Temperature/℃
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40
pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0
光照时间
Illumination time
24 h光照、12 h/12 h光暗交替、24 h黑暗
24 h illumination, alternation of dark and illumination, 24 h dark
碳源
Carbon source
空白、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、果糖、甘露醇
CK, glucose, maltose, soluble starch, lactose, sucrose, fructose, mannitol
氮源
Nitrogen source
空白、酵母膏、蛋白胨、牛肉膏、尿素、酒石酸铵、硫酸铵、氯化铵
CK, yeast extract, peptone, beef extract, urea, ammonium tartrate, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl
无机盐
Inorganic salt
空白、硫酸镁、硫酸锰、硫酸亚铁、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸钙、硫酸锌、氯化钾
CK, MgSO4, MnSO4, FeSO4, KH2PO4, CaSO4, ZnSO4, KCl
生长因子
Growth factor
空白、维生素B1、1/2 MS、腺嘌呤、L-精氨酸、L-酪氨酸、6-苄氨基嘌呤、吲哚-3-丁酸
CK, VB1, 1/2 MS, adenine, L-arginine, L-tyrosine, 6-BA, IBA
), ArticleFig(id=1256518489129533760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

L9(34) design form of orthogonal experiment

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水平
Levels
因素
Factors
A
葡萄糖
Glucose
/(g/L)
B
酵母膏
Yeast
extract/(g/L)
C
硫酸亚铁
FeSO4
/(g/L)
D
1/2 MS
/(g/L)
1 10 2 1 0.1
2 20 4 1.5 0.2
3 30 6 3 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1256518489385386309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

L9(34)正交试验设计因素水平表

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水平
Levels
因素
Factors
A
葡萄糖
Glucose
/(g/L)
B
酵母膏
Yeast
extract/(g/L)
C
硫酸亚铁
FeSO4
/(g/L)
D
1/2 MS
/(g/L)
1 10 2 1 0.1
2 20 4 1.5 0.2
3 30 6 3 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1256518489695764808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of single factor on mycelial growth of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus JSJ-Bx1 (±SD, n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养条件
Conditions
不同因素
Different factors
菌丝长势
Mycelial
growth vigor
菌丝密度
Mycelial
density
菌丝生长速率
Mycelial growth
rate (mm/d)
温度
Temperature
/℃
5 - - -
10 - - -
15 - - -
20 + + 1.03±0.22 d
25 ++ ++ 3.69±0.32 c
30 +++ ++ 4.47±0.20 b
35 ++++ ++++ 5.19±0.38 a
40 + + 1.05±0.17 d
pH 4.0 ++++ +++ 5.32±0.06 a
5.0 ++ +++ 3.93±0.60 b
6.0 + +++ 0.90±0.13 c
7.0 - - -
8.0 - - -
9.0 - - -
光照时间
Illumination
time
24 h光照24 h illumination +++ ++++ 4.51±0.04 c
12 h/12 h光暗交替 Alternation of dark and illumination ++++ +++ 5.30±0.38 b
24 h 黑暗24 h dark ++++ ++ 5.58±0.14 a
碳源
Carbon
source
空白CK + ++++ 1.16±0.32 g
葡萄糖 Glucose +++ +++ 4.73±0.84 a
麦芽糖 Maltose +++ +++ 4.57±0.48 b
可溶性淀粉Soluble starch +++ +++ 4.39±0.48 c
乳糖 Lactose + ++++ 1.77±0.09 f
蔗糖 Sucrose +++ ++ 4.07±0.24 d
果糖 Fructose +++ +++ 4.42±0.14 c
甘露醇 Mannitol ++ ++ 3.56±0.15 e
氮源
Nitrogen
source
空白CK ++ ++ 3.61±0.36 d
酵母膏 Yeast extract +++ +++ 4.31±0.80 b
蛋白胨 Peptone ++ ++ 3.59±0.30 d
牛肉膏 Beef extract ++ + 3.15±0.22 e
尿素 Urea - - -
酒石酸铵 Ammonium tartrate ++ + 3.91±0.47 c
硫酸铵 (NH4)2SO4 +++ + 4.25±0.43 b
氯化铵 NH4Cl +++ + 4.40±0.21 a
无机盐
Inorganic
salt
空白CK + +++ 1.96±0.32 f
硫酸镁 MgSO4 ++ +++ 3.72±0.71 c
硫酸锰 MnSO4 +++ ++ 4.61±0.48 b
硫酸亚铁 FeSO4 ++++ +++ 8.77±0.69 a
磷酸二氢钾 KH2PO4 + + 2.57±0.18 e
硫酸钙 CaSO4 ++ + 3.06±0.19 d
硫酸锌 ZnSO4 - - -
氯化钾 KCl - - -
生长因子
Growth
factor
空白CK +++ +++ 4.38±0.60 c
维生素B1 VB1 +++ +++ 4.54±0.34 b
1/2 MS +++ +++ 4.87±0.39 a
腺嘌呤Adenine ++ +++ 3.81±0.43 d
L-精氨酸L-arginine ++ +++ 3.81±0.31 d
L-酪氨酸 L-tyrosine +++ +++ 4.57±0.20 b
6-苄氨基嘌呤 6-BA - - -
吲哚-3-丁酸 IBA + ++++ 1.20±0.56 e
), ArticleFig(id=1256518489939034444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同单因素条件对中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养条件
Conditions
不同因素
Different factors
菌丝长势
Mycelial
growth vigor
菌丝密度
Mycelial
density
菌丝生长速率
Mycelial growth
rate (mm/d)
温度
Temperature
/℃
5 - - -
10 - - -
15 - - -
20 + + 1.03±0.22 d
25 ++ ++ 3.69±0.32 c
30 +++ ++ 4.47±0.20 b
35 ++++ ++++ 5.19±0.38 a
40 + + 1.05±0.17 d
pH 4.0 ++++ +++ 5.32±0.06 a
5.0 ++ +++ 3.93±0.60 b
6.0 + +++ 0.90±0.13 c
7.0 - - -
8.0 - - -
9.0 - - -
光照时间
Illumination
time
24 h光照24 h illumination +++ ++++ 4.51±0.04 c
12 h/12 h光暗交替 Alternation of dark and illumination ++++ +++ 5.30±0.38 b
24 h 黑暗24 h dark ++++ ++ 5.58±0.14 a
碳源
Carbon
source
空白CK + ++++ 1.16±0.32 g
葡萄糖 Glucose +++ +++ 4.73±0.84 a
麦芽糖 Maltose +++ +++ 4.57±0.48 b
可溶性淀粉Soluble starch +++ +++ 4.39±0.48 c
乳糖 Lactose + ++++ 1.77±0.09 f
蔗糖 Sucrose +++ ++ 4.07±0.24 d
果糖 Fructose +++ +++ 4.42±0.14 c
甘露醇 Mannitol ++ ++ 3.56±0.15 e
氮源
Nitrogen
source
空白CK ++ ++ 3.61±0.36 d
酵母膏 Yeast extract +++ +++ 4.31±0.80 b
蛋白胨 Peptone ++ ++ 3.59±0.30 d
牛肉膏 Beef extract ++ + 3.15±0.22 e
尿素 Urea - - -
酒石酸铵 Ammonium tartrate ++ + 3.91±0.47 c
硫酸铵 (NH4)2SO4 +++ + 4.25±0.43 b
氯化铵 NH4Cl +++ + 4.40±0.21 a
无机盐
Inorganic
salt
空白CK + +++ 1.96±0.32 f
硫酸镁 MgSO4 ++ +++ 3.72±0.71 c
硫酸锰 MnSO4 +++ ++ 4.61±0.48 b
硫酸亚铁 FeSO4 ++++ +++ 8.77±0.69 a
磷酸二氢钾 KH2PO4 + + 2.57±0.18 e
硫酸钙 CaSO4 ++ + 3.06±0.19 d
硫酸锌 ZnSO4 - - -
氯化钾 KCl - - -
生长因子
Growth
factor
空白CK +++ +++ 4.38±0.60 c
维生素B1 VB1 +++ +++ 4.54±0.34 b
1/2 MS +++ +++ 4.87±0.39 a
腺嘌呤Adenine ++ +++ 3.81±0.43 d
L-精氨酸L-arginine ++ +++ 3.81±0.31 d
L-酪氨酸 L-tyrosine +++ +++ 4.57±0.20 b
6-苄氨基嘌呤 6-BA - - -
吲哚-3-丁酸 IBA + ++++ 1.20±0.56 e
), ArticleFig(id=1256518490060669262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

L9(34) results of orthogonal experiment (±SD, n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号
Exp. No.
A葡萄糖
Glucose
B酵母膏
Yeast extract
C硫酸亚铁
FeSO4
D
1/2 MS
菌丝生长速率
Mycelial growth
rate/(mm/d)
菌丝生长势
Mycelial
growth vigor
菌丝密度
Hyphal density
1 1 1 1 1 10.05±0.14 c ++++ +++
2 1 2 2 2 9.47±0.52 d ++++ +++
3 1 3 3 3 8.49±0.41 f ++++ ++++
4 2 1 2 3 11.38±0.16 a ++++ +++
5 2 2 3 1 8.97±0.62 e ++++ +++
6 2 3 1 2 8.77±0.35 e ++++ ++++
7 3 1 3 2 8.42±0.09 f ++++ ++
8 3 2 1 3 10.37±0.41 b ++++ ++++
9 3 3 2 1 8.44±0.08 f ++++ ++++
K1 28.01 29.85 29.19 27.46
K2 29.12 28.81 29.29 26.66
K3 27.23 25.70 25.88 30.24
k1 9.34 9.95 9.73 9.15
k2 9.71 9.60 9.76 8.89
k3 9.08 8.57 8.63 10.08
R 0.63 1.38 1.13 1.19
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L9(34)正交试验结果

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实验号
Exp. No.
A葡萄糖
Glucose
B酵母膏
Yeast extract
C硫酸亚铁
FeSO4
D
1/2 MS
菌丝生长速率
Mycelial growth
rate/(mm/d)
菌丝生长势
Mycelial
growth vigor
菌丝密度
Hyphal density
1 1 1 1 1 10.05±0.14 c ++++ +++
2 1 2 2 2 9.47±0.52 d ++++ +++
3 1 3 3 3 8.49±0.41 f ++++ ++++
4 2 1 2 3 11.38±0.16 a ++++ +++
5 2 2 3 1 8.97±0.62 e ++++ +++
6 2 3 1 2 8.77±0.35 e ++++ ++++
7 3 1 3 2 8.42±0.09 f ++++ ++
8 3 2 1 3 10.37±0.41 b ++++ ++++
9 3 3 2 1 8.44±0.08 f ++++ ++++
K1 28.01 29.85 29.19 27.46
K2 29.12 28.81 29.29 26.66
K3 27.23 25.70 25.88 30.24
k1 9.34 9.95 9.73 9.15
k2 9.71 9.60 9.76 8.89
k3 9.08 8.57 8.63 10.08
R 0.63 1.38 1.13 1.19
), ArticleFig(id=1256518490819838296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The results of F-test of mycelium growth

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来源
Sources
偏差平方和
Sum of squares
自由度
df
均方
Mean square
F 显著性
Significance
碳源 Carbon source 1.795 2.000 0.898 47.957 0.000
氮源 Nitrogen source 9.706 2.000 4.853 259.302 0.000
无机盐 Inorganic salt 8.087 2.000 4.044 216.066 0.000
生长因子 Growth factor 8.456 2.000 4.228 225.906 0.000
误差 Error 0.337 18.000 0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1256518491109245276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

菌丝生长正交试验结果方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源
Sources
偏差平方和
Sum of squares
自由度
df
均方
Mean square
F 显著性
Significance
碳源 Carbon source 1.795 2.000 0.898 47.957 0.000
氮源 Nitrogen source 9.706 2.000 4.853 259.302 0.000
无机盐 Inorganic salt 8.087 2.000 4.044 216.066 0.000
生长因子 Growth factor 8.456 2.000 4.228 225.906 0.000
误差 Error 0.337 18.000 0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1256518491297988959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Effects of different cultivated substrate formulations on mycelial growth and agronomic characters of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus JSJ-Bx1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配方
Formula
生长速率
Mycelial
growth
rate
/(mm/d)
菌丝
长势
Mycelial
growth
vigor
原基形
成时间
Days of
primordial
formation
/d
菌盖直径
Pileus
diameter
/mm
菌盖厚度
Thickness
of the cap
/mm
菌柄直径
Stipe
diameter
/mm
菌柄长度
Stipe
length
/mm
产量
Yield
/(g/bottle)
生物学
效率
Biological
efficiency
/%
1 3.64±0.11 b ++ 7 36.42±1.40 c 12.18±1.06 c 23.61±1.49 b 56.36±1.46 c 45.69±1.19 d 14.93±0.39 d
2 2.93±0.25 d + 5 40.52±1.98 b 21.41±1.28 b 26.68±1.33 b 63.57±1.19 b 54.38±0.83 c 17.77±0.27 c
3 3.18±0.10 c ++ 5 57.69±0.68 a 25.85±0.66 a 25.60±1.33 b 75.92±1.45 a 86.75±1.41 b 28.35±0.46 b
4 4.12±0.15 a +++ 5 59.49±1.99 a 26.43±0.97 a 42.47±0.75 a 66.67±1.15 b 96.64±2.48 a 31.58±0.81 a
5 2.62±0.07 e + 6 28.57±0.86 d 13.33±1.18 c 17.95±1.59 c 35.37±0.83 d 37.39±1.22 e 12.22±0.40 e
6 2.58±0.27 e + 8 - - - - 12.17±0.79 f 3.98±0.26 f
), ArticleFig(id=1256518491562230117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518448419618831, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同配方对菌丝和子实体农艺性状生长影响

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配方
Formula
生长速率
Mycelial
growth
rate
/(mm/d)
菌丝
长势
Mycelial
growth
vigor
原基形
成时间
Days of
primordial
formation
/d
菌盖直径
Pileus
diameter
/mm
菌盖厚度
Thickness
of the cap
/mm
菌柄直径
Stipe
diameter
/mm
菌柄长度
Stipe
length
/mm
产量
Yield
/(g/bottle)
生物学
效率
Biological
efficiency
/%
1 3.64±0.11 b ++ 7 36.42±1.40 c 12.18±1.06 c 23.61±1.49 b 56.36±1.46 c 45.69±1.19 d 14.93±0.39 d
2 2.93±0.25 d + 5 40.52±1.98 b 21.41±1.28 b 26.68±1.33 b 63.57±1.19 b 54.38±0.83 c 17.77±0.27 c
3 3.18±0.10 c ++ 5 57.69±0.68 a 25.85±0.66 a 25.60±1.33 b 75.92±1.45 a 86.75±1.41 b 28.35±0.46 b
4 4.12±0.15 a +++ 5 59.49±1.99 a 26.43±0.97 a 42.47±0.75 a 66.67±1.15 b 96.64±2.48 a 31.58±0.81 a
5 2.62±0.07 e + 6 28.57±0.86 d 13.33±1.18 c 17.95±1.59 c 35.37±0.83 d 37.39±1.22 e 12.22±0.40 e
6 2.58±0.27 e + 8 - - - - 12.17±0.79 f 3.98±0.26 f
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中华腐生牛肝菌生物学特性及栽培
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李凡 , 罗成才 , 曹瑶 , 马云蕊 , 李荣平 , 罗祥英 , 李荣春 *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(3): 250227
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(3): 250227
中华腐生牛肝菌生物学特性及栽培
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李凡, 罗成才, 曹瑶, 马云蕊, 李荣平, 罗祥英, 李荣春*
作者信息
  • 云南菌视界生物科技有限公司 云南省级(珍稀食用菌)企业工程技术中心 昆明市级(食用菌)企业工程技术中心,云南 昆明 650200
Biological characteristics and cultivation of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus
Fan LI, Chengcai LUO, Yao CAO, Yunrui MA, Rongping LI, Xiangying LUO, Rongchun LI*
Affiliations
  • Yunnan Junshijie Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Yunnan (Rare Edible Fungi) Enterprise Technology Center, Kunming (Edible Fungi) Enterprise Technology Center, Kunming 650200, Yunnan, China
  • ORCID: LI Fan (0009-0002-9069-508X)

出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250227
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中华腐生牛肝菌Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus为第二个可实现人工栽培的牛肝菌目的物种,科研及商业价值潜力较大。为更好地开发利用其野生资源,本研究以野生菌株JSJ-Bx1开展形态及分子鉴定,并对分离菌株进行生物学特性研究及人工栽培试验。结果表明,供试菌株为中华腐生牛肝菌;菌丝生长最适温度为35 ℃,最适pH为4.0,最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为酵母膏,最佳无机盐为FeSO4;菌丝生长最优培养基配方为葡萄糖20 g、酵母膏2 g、FeSO4 1.5 g、1/2 MS培养基0.3 g、琼脂20 g、水1 L;在此培养基上及优化培养条件下菌丝生长速率为11.38 mm/d。栽培结果表明,最佳栽培料配方为木屑20%、棉籽壳30%、麦粒20%、玉米粉10%、红壤10%、麸皮8%、石膏粉1%、葡萄糖1%、KH2SO4 0.1%、FeSO4 0.1%;该配方菌丝培养时期约20 d,原基形成约5 d,子实体形态建成约7 d,平均产量为96.64 g/瓶,生物学效率为31.58%。

中华腐生牛肝菌  /  生物学特性  /  人工栽培

Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus is the second cultivatable species of Boletales with significant scientific and commercial potential value. To better develop and utilize this wild resource, the morphological and molecular identification and the biological characteristic investigation of a wild strain, JSJ-Bx1, were carried out. The results show that this wild strain belongs to B. xylophilus. The hyphae grow well under the temperature of 35℃ and pH 4.0 on the medium using glucose as carbon source, and yeast extract as nitrogen source with the addition of inorganic salt FeSO4. The optimal medium formula consists of 20 g glucose, 2 g yeast extract, 1.5 g FeSO4, 0.3 g 1/2 MS medium, 20 g agar, and 1 L water. The hypha growth rate is 11.38 mm/d. The optimal expanded cultivation substrate formula consists of 20% sawdust, 30% cottonseed hulls, 20% wheat grains, 10% corn flour, 10% red soil, 8% bran, 1% gypsum powder, 1% glucose, 0.1% KH2SO4, and 0.1% FeSO4. The mycelial colonization period is about 20 days; primordial formation takes about 5 days, and the growth and maturation of the fruiting bodies takes about 7 days. The average yield is 96.64 g/bottle and the biological efficiency is 31.58%.

Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus  /  biological characteristics  /  cultivation
李凡, 罗成才, 曹瑶, 马云蕊, 李荣平, 罗祥英, 李荣春. 中华腐生牛肝菌生物学特性及栽培. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250227 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250227
Fan LI, Chengcai LUO, Yao CAO, Yunrui MA, Rongping LI, Xiangying LUO, Rongchun LI. Biological characteristics and cultivation of Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250227 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250227
目前,全球有3 000余种食药用菌(Boa 2004;Wu et al. 2019),我国已有报道的食用菌超过1 000种,包括500多种菌根食用菌(戴玉成和杨祝良2008;戴玉成等2010, 2021;魏杰等2021;Zhou et al. 2023),其中已经成功驯化栽培的大型真菌有近200种(侯娣等 2023),如雅致栓孔菌Trametes elegans (李苗苗等 2023)、亚弯柄灵芝Ganoderma subflexipes (田润等 2024)、暗褐脉柄牛肝菌Phlebopus portentosus (李凡等2024, 2025)、中华包革耳Naematelia sinensis (沈真辉等 2024, 2025)和双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus (梁倩倩等 2025)等,为我国食药用真菌资源的开发利用提供了重要基础数据(戴玉成 2022, 2023;李婉莹等 2023)。
中华腐生牛肝菌Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus (Petch) Both & B. Ortiz在分类上隶属于牛肝菌科Boletaceae辣牛肝菌亚科Chalciporoideae,又名香妃牛肝菌,是一种典型的热带、亚热带珍稀牛肝菌,为非外生菌根真菌,具有腐生能力,可食用,该种最早描述于斯里兰卡,之后在马来西亚、菲律宾、印度、中国等国均有报道。中国仅在云南省西双版纳傣族自治州、海南省、香港等极少数地区发现野生子实体(Natarajan & Purushothama 1988;Xie et al. 2021;Nanu & Kumar 2022;蒋帅等 2024;Yang et al. 2025;朱安红和马海霞 2025)。
中华腐生牛肝菌野生资源非常稀少,且产量较低,很可能是一种濒危物种(蒋帅等 2024)。杨质高(2021)报道称张春霞研究员及其团队首次实现了中华腐生牛肝菌室内栽培,但现阶段中华腐生牛肝菌基础生物学研究较为薄弱,该物种有关生物学特性、人工栽培或分子生物学等研究报道较少。中华腐生牛肝菌已授权或公开的相关专利主要涉及菌株选育、液体菌种、固体菌种及栽培料配方等(何明霞等 2021;杨天伟等 2021;张春霞等 2021;王元忠等 2024);其作为第二个可实现人工栽培的牛肝菌目的物种,具有较大的科研及商业价值。本研究为深入了解中华腐生牛肝菌的生物学特性,在基于前期收集到的一株野生中华腐生牛肝菌基础上较为系统地对其培养环境条件、不同营养源及人工栽培等进行研究,以期为中华腐生牛肝菌野生资源开发利用及工厂化栽培等提供基础数据。
供试菌株JSJ-Bx1子实体采自云南西双版纳傣族自治州,保藏于云南菌视界生物科技有限公司菌种保藏中心;分离纯化菌株保存于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏编号为CGMCC No. 42007。
基础培养基:马铃薯(去皮) 200 g,葡萄糖20 g,酵母膏2 g,MgSO4 1.5 g,KH2PO4 3 g,琼脂20 g,蒸馏水1 000 mL,pH自然。碳源基础培养基:酵母膏2 g,MgSO4 1.5 g,KH2PO4 3 g,琼脂20 g,蒸馏水1 000 mL,pH自然。氮源基础培养基:葡萄糖 20 g,MgSO4 1.5 g,KH2PO4 3 g,琼脂20 g,蒸馏水1 000 mL,pH自然。无机盐基础培养基:葡萄糖20 g,酵母膏2 g,琼脂20 g,蒸馏水1 000 mL,pH自然。生长因子基础培养基:葡萄糖20 g,酵母膏2 g,MgSO4 1.5 g,KH2PO4 3 g,琼脂20 g,蒸馏水1 000 mL,pH自然。液体培养基:马铃薯200 g,麸皮25 g,葡萄糖15 g,酵母粉3 g,CaCO3 2 g,KH2PO4 3 g,MgSO4 2 g,维生素B1 2片,水1 000 mL (杨天伟等 2021)。栽培料配方:6个栽培配方以木屑为栽培主料,搭配不同比例棉籽壳及辅料(麦粒20%、玉米粉10%、红壤10%、麸皮8%、石膏粉1%、葡萄糖1%、KH2SO4 0.1%、FeSO4 0.1%)混匀得栽培基质(张春霞等 2021;李凡等 2024) (表1)。
采用组织分离法进行菌株分离纯化。同时对子实体进行形态观察记录,采用徒手切片方法在光学显微镜下观察担孢子、担子、囊状体、菌盖菌髓、菌柄髓部、菌丝等形态特征。根据rDNA ITS序列进行分子系统发育树的构建,其构建方法参照Xie et al. (2021)的方法。
对不同培养温度、pH、光照时间、碳源、氮源、无机盐及生长因子进行单因素试验(表2),用直径0.65 cm打孔器从母种培养基同一半径处打孔取菌块,接种在供试培养基上,每组 6个重复;当同一单因素中一种处理下菌丝覆盖整个培养基表面时,停止培养,用十字交叉法测量菌落直径,并观察记录菌丝生长势(田润等2024)。
根据单因素试验结果,选择碳源、氮源、无机盐和生长因子为直接因素进行L9(34)正交试验(表3),每个处理重复6次,分别在这9组组合培养基上接种,并于优化后的培养条件下培养,正交试验操作步骤和记录数据与单因素试验相同(李苗苗等 2023;田润等 2024)。
用直径0.65 cm打孔器取5块菌种块接种于液体培养基中,将其置于30 ℃、150 r/min下暗培养7 d;将培养好的液体接种到木屑为主的栽培料中于30 ℃、暗条件下发菌培养;菌丝长满栽培瓶后,将红壤与草炭土等体积比混匀得覆土材料,含水量为55%,覆土厚度为3 cm;覆土后放入26-28 ℃、空气相对湿度80%-90%、光照300-500 lx、CO2浓度1 000-1 500 mL/m3的出菇房中进行子实体诱导出菇。
采用Excel和SPSS 25软件进行数据处理、差异显著性分析和方差分析等。
中华腐生牛肝菌子实体小型至中型,单生或群生;菌盖呈半球形,直径4-10 cm,厚2-3 cm,边缘内卷或下弯;表面干燥,偶有绒毛,黄褐色、成熟后略带红色(图1A);菌肉黄色,受伤后变蓝至蓝黑色;菌柄中生,近圆柱形或基部膨大,长6-9 cm,粗2-5 cm;表面黄色至黄褐色;基部菌丝黄色(图1B);具菌香气。担孢子侧面观呈近球形或椭圆形,薄壁,表面光滑 (图1C)。担子棒状,具4个小梗(图1D, 1E)。管缘囊状体(图1F)和侧生囊状体(图1G)近纺锤形至纺锤形,薄壁。菌盖髓部由交织的菌丝构成(图1H),菌柄髓部菌丝纵向排列(图1I)。子实体各部位及母种培养后的菌丝体均未发现锁状联合(图1J)。
运用DNAMAN软件序列相似性比对结果表明,JSJ-Bx1的子实体和菌丝体ITS序列一致,其ITS序列提交至国家微生物科学数据中心NMDC,序列号为NMDCN00092US。分子系统发育树研究表明,JSJ-Bx1 ITS序列与已报道的中华腐生牛肝菌聚在一起,支持率为88% (图2)。因此,供试菌株JSJ-Bx1鉴定为中华腐生牛肝菌Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus
中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝在5-15 ℃范围内不能萌发生长,在20-35 ℃范围内菌丝生长速率与温度呈正相关,且在35 ℃时,菌丝生长速率最快,为5.19 mm/d,菌丝浓密,无色素;在25 ℃或30 ℃条件下培养时菌丝生长较慢,菌丝较密,有黄色色素产生;在40 ℃条件下菌丝生长明显受到抑制(表4图3)。由此表明,中华腐生牛肝菌为典型的热带或亚热带高温真菌,最适平板菌丝培养温度为35 ℃。
中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝在pH 4.0-9.0范围内生长差异极为显著(表4图3);在酸性条件下菌丝生长较好,且在pH 4.0时菌丝生长旺盛,生长速率最快,为5.32 mm/d;在pH 6.0时菌丝生长较慢,仅为0.90 mm/d;菌丝在中性及碱性条件下均不能萌发生长。因此,酸性条件下更适合中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长,而中性和碱性条件下均不利于其菌丝萌发生长。
中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝在3种光照处理条件下均能正常生长,但不同光照处理对菌丝生长存在差异(表4图3);其中光照一定程度上抑制了菌丝生长,并以24 h光照处理菌丝生长速率最慢,但其菌丝浓密;而24 h暗处理菌丝生长速率最快,菌丝较密。
中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝在 7 种碳源中均能生长,但菌丝生长速率和菌丝长势存在差异;与碳源空白组相比,供试碳源均对中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长具有促进作用(表4图3)。其中,以葡萄糖为碳源时菌丝生长速率最快,为4.73 mm/d,菌丝长势旺盛,菌丝浓密;以麦芽糖、果糖和可溶性淀粉为碳源时菌丝生长速率次之;以蔗糖和甘露醇为碳源时菌丝生长速率较慢,菌丝稀疏;以乳糖为碳源时菌丝生长速率最慢,但菌丝浓密。综合来看,中华腐生牛肝菌碳源适应性范围较广,以葡萄糖、麦芽糖和果糖为适宜碳源,葡萄糖为最适碳源。
中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝在 7 种氮源中生长差异明显(表4图3)。与氮源空白组相比,以尿素为氮源时菌丝不生长;以酵母膏为氮源时菌丝生长速率较快,为4.31 mm/d,菌丝浓密,长势较好;以酒石酸铵、硫酸铵和氯化铵3种铵类盐为氮源时菌丝生长速率快,但菌丝纤弱、稀疏,长势较差;以蛋白胨为氮源时对菌丝促生作用不明显;以牛肉膏为氮源时菌丝长势最差,且菌落边缘不整齐。综合来看,酵母膏、硫酸铵和氯化铵为中华腐生牛肝菌适宜氮源,酵母膏为最适氮源。
中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝在 7 种无机盐中生长差异显著,与无机盐空白组相比,可将其分为促进菌丝生长、菌丝生长作用不明显及抑制菌丝生长3类(表4图3)。中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝以ZnSO4为无机盐时不生长,以KCl为无机盐时接种块仅萌发,无明显生长;二者均抑制了菌丝生长,且ZnSO4抑制作用最为显著;以KH2PO4和CaSO4为无机盐时,其对菌丝促生作用不明显,菌丝生长势不佳、菌丝较为稀疏;以MgSO4、MnSO4和FeSO4为无机盐时,其显著促进菌丝生长,菌丝长势旺盛,菌丝较为浓密,且以FeSO4促生作用最为显著。综合来看,MgSO4、MnSO4和FeSO4为中华腐生牛肝菌适宜无机盐,FeSO4为最适无机盐。
中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝在供试的 7 种生长因子中生长差异明显(表4图3)。与生长因子空白组相比,以6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)为生长因子时,菌丝不生长;以吲哚-3-丁酸(IBA)为生长因子时,显著抑制菌丝生长,其菌丝生长速率最慢,仅为1.20 mm/d,但菌丝浓密;以腺嘌呤和精氨酸为生长因子时,菌丝生长受到抑制,但菌丝长势较好,菌丝浓密;以VB1、1/2 MS和酪氨酸为生长因子时,菌丝促生作用不明显。由此表明,生长因子基础培养基所含营养成分已能够满足中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝正常生长;但添加1/2 MS为生长因子时,菌丝长势较好,且可增加菌丝密度和生物量;因此,可将1/2 MS视为中华腐生牛肝菌适宜生长因子。
通过4因素3水平正交试验,对中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝培养的碳源、氮源、无机盐及生长因子进行优化(表5图4)。结果表明,氮源是影响中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长的最主要因素,其极差值最大,为1.38;其次是生长因子、无机盐和碳源。在均值中,碳源的K2、氮源的K1、无机盐的K2和生长因子的K3组合(实验号4)优于其他条件。此外,中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长速率在碳源和无机盐水平中均表现出先上升后下降的趋势,且在K2水平达到最高;在氮源水平中表现出逐渐降低趋势,为负相关性;而在生长因子水平中表现为逐渐增加趋势,为正相关性。由此表明,适宜的碳源能明显促进中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长,而少量的氮源即可满足菌丝生长,适量的无机盐也能促进菌丝生长,生长因子的添加量有待进一步优化。
正交试验方差分析结果表明(表6),氮源的F值最大,生长因子、无机盐和碳源次之,这与直观分析结果(表5)一致;4个因素的P值均小于0.05,表现出显著性差异,说明4种营养元素均对中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长速率影响显著。
中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝在不同栽培配方中均能生长(表7),其菌丝生长范围为2.58-4.12 mm/d,配方4菌丝生长速率最快,且菌丝浓白、长势旺盛;配方6生长速率最慢。在配方筛选试验中,随棉籽壳比例的增加,菌丝生长速率表现出先升高后下降的趋势,并以30%棉籽壳为主的栽培料配方菌丝生长最快,由此表明配方4更适合于中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝培养。
试验表明,所有供试配方均能分化出原基,但除配方6外,其他配方分化的原基均能正常发育并形成完整子实体,不同配方之间子实体形态、产量和生物学效率等农艺性状差异较大(表7)。供试栽培料配方子实体农艺性状:菌盖直径范围约为3-6 cm,菌盖厚度约为1-3 cm,菌柄长度约为3-8 cm,菌柄直径约为2-4 cm;其中,所有供试配方5-8 d可诱导出原基,但配方6原基形成时间最晚;此外,配方1-6子实体产量呈先升高后下降趋势。显著性结果表明,配方4各农艺性状均优于其他配方,且产量最高,平均每瓶达到96.64 g,生物学转化效率为31.58%;而配方6原基不能发育为完整子实体,可能是因为该配方碳氮比例较低,氮含量过高,导致子实体发育畸形。由此表明,配方4为优质的高产配方。
中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝培养时期为20-25 d,菌丝覆土后3-5 d可长满覆土层,覆土后5-7 d可明显看到原基分化,子实体7-10 d可发育成熟,整个栽培周期较短为32-42 d (图5)。根据形态差异,初步将子实体发育过程划分为原基分化初期(菌丝扭结分化为块状组织,图5A)、原基分化中期(块状组织分化出凸起结构,图5B)、原基分化后期(凸起结构分化为小原基,图5C)、子实体发育初期(图5D)、子实体发育中期(图5E)和子实体成熟期(图5F)这6个阶段。
本研究通过结合单因素试验筛选及正交试验优化,以中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长速率及菌丝长势等为指标,对其适宜生长环境条件和不同营养源等进行研究;在此基础上,进行人工栽培。结果表明,温度在中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长和发育过程中影响显著,这与Yang et al. (2025)研究结果一致;中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长适宜温度为25-35 ℃,为典型的高温型真菌(黄年来 1998),这与其分布在热带和亚热带地区的气候类型特征相符(Xie et al. 2021;Nanu & Kumar 2022;蒋帅等 2024)。同为牛肝菌科的暗褐脉柄牛肝菌菌丝生长适宜温度为25-30 ℃,温度超过30 ℃,菌丝生长急剧下降,而本研究发现JSJ-Bx1菌株最适培养温度为35 ℃;由此表明,中华腐生牛肝菌高温适应性更强,可以在高温地区推广栽培。此外,参考暗褐脉柄牛肝菌菌种最佳保藏温度为15 ℃ (何明霞等 2020),本研究发现中华腐生牛肝菌在20 ℃条件下几乎不萌发生长,可以为其菌种保藏工作提供借鉴。pH对中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长影响显著,其在中性及碱性环境中均不能萌发生长,但在酸性环境中菌丝生长速度较快且长势较好;这与暗褐脉柄牛肝菌和兰茂牛肝菌等研究结果相似(詹晓坤 2020;李凡等 2024),表明牛肝菌科真菌可能更适合在酸性环境中培养。
碳源和氮源作为大型真菌中重要的生命元素和营养成分,对真菌的生长和代谢有着显著影响(Tang et al. 2008)。研究表明,中华腐生牛肝菌与暗褐脉柄牛肝菌、雅致栓孔菌、亚弯柄灵芝及褐色双孢蘑菇等在多种碳源中均能生长,表明对碳源的适应性均比较广泛;且在众多碳源中可将葡萄糖视为食药用真菌菌丝培养的广谱性碳源(张春霞等 2009;李苗苗等 2023;李凡等 2024;田润等 2024;梁倩倩等 2025)。中华腐生牛肝菌最适氮源为酵母膏,适宜无机氮源为氯化铵,在尿素中不生长,该结果与暗褐脉柄牛肝菌一致(李凡等 2024);此外,研究表明多数食药用菌在有机氮源环境中比无机氮源长势更佳(李苗苗等 2023;田润等 2024),而本研究发现无机铵类氮源可作为中华腐生牛肝菌的适宜氮源。由此表明,不同真菌物种对碳氮源的需求存在差异,在菌丝培养过程中需针对性地选择其最佳碳氮源种类。
无机盐是真菌生长过程中不可缺少的营养物质,具有促进真菌体内生物酶活性、调节渗透压及调节菌丝生长分化等功能(Chen et al. 2022)。本研究发现,硫酸亚铁能够显著促进中华腐生牛肝菌菌丝生长,可能是铁离子或亚铁离子促进了中华腐生牛肝菌体内的生物酶活性,或者是硫酸根离子水解呈酸性促进了菌丝生长。研究表明,硫酸亚铁还能促进亚高山绣球菌菌丝生长(葛彦宏等 2024);而其也会显著抑制亚弯柄灵芝菌丝生长(田润等 2024)。由此表明,不同真菌对硫酸亚铁的需求有所不同,可能在真菌生长发育过程中其发挥的功能作用各不相同,具体机理有待进一步研究。
显微观察结果表明,中华腐生牛肝菌显微结构与其他研究报道一致,其担子具有4个孢子小梗,且平板菌丝未观察到锁状联合(Xie et al. 2021;Nanu & Kumar 2022)。此外,中华腐生牛肝菌作为担子菌物种,其子实体发育过程较为复杂,本研究发现该物种原基发生方式较为特殊,与同为牛肝菌科的暗褐脉柄牛肝菌结实差异较大(李凡等 2024),其子实体发育划分阶段及内在机理有待深入研究。栽培过程中6种配方均能分化出原基,除配方6外其他配方均能发育成完整子实体;其中配方4仅需20 d即可长满出菇瓶,比目前报道的45 d更早(何明霞等 2021;张春霞等 2021);整个栽培周期为35 d左右,平均每瓶产量为96.64 g,生物学转化效率为31.58%。
Yang et al. (2025)研究结果表明,中华腐生牛肝菌BU001菌丝培养最适碳源为麦芽糖,最适氮源为酒石酸铵,最适无机盐为硫酸镁,最适pH为5.0-6.0;正交试验最佳组合为葡萄糖、硝酸铵、磷酸二氢钾;最适培养环境条件为28 ℃暗培养。本研究对JSJ-Bx1菌株进行了系统生物学特性研究,结果表明试验菌株最适碳源为葡萄糖、最适氮源为酵母膏、最适无机盐为硫酸亚铁、最适生长因子为1/2 MS,最适pH为4.0,最适培养条件为35 ℃暗培养;单因素试验符合正交试验结果,且正交试验直观分析与方差分析结果一致。相比之下,本研究筛选并优化的培养基菌丝生长速率更快、菌丝浓密、菌落边缘整齐且无色素产生。此外,BU001菌株原基发生时间为9-14 d,而JSJ-Bx1菌株原基发生时间仅需5-7 d;从产量来看,BU001菌株单袋产量为(131.07±29.38) g,而JSJ-Bx1单瓶产量相对较低,为(96.64±2.48) g;这可能是不同菌株之间的生物学特性或不同栽培模式差异所造成的。
综合来看,本研究系统地探讨了中华腐生牛肝菌生物学特性并实现了人工栽培,初步探讨了其子实体发育过程,为完善中华腐生牛肝菌生物学特性,开发利用其野生资源及加快该物种工厂化栽培进程等提供了数据基础。
李凡:试验操作、数据分析、论文撰写;罗成才、曹瑶、马云蕊、李荣平:试验操作;罗祥英:试验技术指导;李荣春:试验方案指导、论文修改。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 云南省(珍稀食用菌)企业技术中心专项资金(JSJ2023016KJ)
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2026年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250227
  • 接收时间:2025-07-22
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-22
  • 录用日期:2025-08-05
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Yunnan Province (Rare Edible Fungi) Enterprise Technology Center Special Fund(JSJ2023016KJ)
云南省(珍稀食用菌)企业技术中心专项资金(JSJ2023016KJ)
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    云南菌视界生物科技有限公司 云南省级(珍稀食用菌)企业工程技术中心 昆明市级(食用菌)企业工程技术中心,云南 昆明 650200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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