Article(id=1256518447899525133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250234, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250234, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757001600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-05, onlineDate=1777506942963, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777506942963, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777506942962, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777506942962, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256518442379763982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='240320', pageEnd='250282', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777506941647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777507117568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250234, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256518451829588010, articleId=1256518447899525133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Species diversity and antifungal susceptibility of non-albicans yeast causing vulvovaginal candidiasis, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In total, 310 isolates of non-albicans yeast (NAY) recovered from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) patients were collected and identified at species level, and antifungal susceptibility of the isolates was determined. Literature relating to non-albicans yeast (NAY) species distribution in recent 10 years was searched and 7 publications were included in this study. Data of the literature together with the data of this study indicated that spectrum of NAY causing VVC shifted significantly. Nakaseomyces glabratus is the predominant species among NAY, responsible for 41.34%-80.43% of vaginal NAY infection. The other NAY species revealed characteristics of regional distribution. For example, Candida parapsilosis (Portugal 23.74%, UK 20.38%) and Pichia kudriavzevii (Serbia 22%, Greece 11.30%) dominated higher ratio in Europe, while C. tropicalis showed higher ratio in China and Greece (both 7.40%). Rare yeast mainly consist of species of saccharomycotina. They are diverse and distinctly different in distribution pattern between China and Europe. Fluconazole is still optimal oral treatment option in China, and clotrimazole and amphotericin B could be precedent choices as topical drugs for treating VVC caused by NAY. Increase of rare yeast would be a challenge for clinical treatment of VVC. Correct identification at species level and determination of susceptibility to antifungals are necessary.

, correspAuthors=Shuwen DENG, Fang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LIU Fang, ;
DENG Shuwen,
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ORCID: DENG Shuwen (0000-0002-9256-3868)

, authorsList=Yanxia SUN, Lu ZHANG, Hasan ALIM, Danyang HU, Shuwen DENG, Fang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256518456342659166, articleId=1256518447899525133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=非白念珠菌所致外阴阴道念珠菌病菌种多样性及抗真菌药敏特点, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

调查非白念珠菌酵母菌(non-albicans yeast, NAY)所致外阴阴道念珠菌病(vulvovaginal candidiasis, VVC)病原学流行特征及抗真菌活性。收集310株分离自VVC 患者的NAY,进行菌种分子鉴定及体外抗真菌敏感性检测,同时收集近10年发表VVC分离非白念珠菌菌种相关文献7篇,包括本研究数据共8项研究数据。分析结果显示,VVC致病NAY显示明显流行病学变迁,Nakaseomyces glabratus是NAY中最常见菌种,占比41.34%-80.43%。其他常见酵母菌种呈现地域分布特点,如Candida parapsilosis (葡萄牙23.74%,英国20.38%)和Pichia kudriavzevii (塞尔维亚22%,希腊11.30%)在欧洲占比高,而C. tropicalis在中国和希腊占比最高,近7.40%。少见酵母菌主要为酿酒酵母亚门菌种,呈现高度多样性,在中国和欧洲分布差异显著。氟康唑依然是我国治疗NAY所致VVC的较好口服治疗选择,克霉唑和两性霉素B可作为局部外用治疗NAY所致VVC的首要选择。少见酵母菌种增多对临床经验性治疗VVC是巨大挑战。菌种水平的鉴定和体外药敏检测对临床制定敏感的治疗方案至关重要。

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Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute., articleTitle=M27 4th ed. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518499783066069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=64, issue=RR-03, pageStart=1, pageEnd=137, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Workowski KA, Bolan GA, journalName=MMWR Recommendations and Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Workowski KA, Bolan GA, 2015. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 64(RR-03): 1-137, articleTitle=Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518499866952152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=18, issue=1, pageStart=12, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Zhou YH, Deng SW, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhao RF, Wang YF, Sun YX, Zhu H, journalName=Chinese Journal of Mycology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou YH, Deng SW, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhao RF, Wang YF, Sun YX, Zhu H, 2023. Distribution of pathogenic yeast species of vulvovaginitis and its epidemiological characteristics. Chinese Journal of Mycology, 18(1): 12-18 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Distribution of pathogenic yeast species of vulvovaginitis and its epidemiological characteristics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518499959226843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=8, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=王玉凤, 孙艳霞, 赵荣欣, 邓淑文, 张璐, journalName=中国真菌学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王玉凤, 孙艳霞, 赵荣欣, 邓淑文, 张璐, 2025. pH对外阴阴道念珠菌病分离光滑念珠菌体外抗真菌药物敏感性影响的研究. 中国真菌学杂志, 20(1): 8-13, articleTitle=pH对外阴阴道念珠菌病分离光滑念珠菌体外抗真菌药物敏感性影响的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518500072473054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=18, issue=1, pageStart=12, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=周益花, 邓淑文, 张璐, 张虹, 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previous and present studies (frequency reported3)., figureFileSmall=m3iM+loIof5OD9q6/QSzuQ==, figureFileBig=QcH5KYO1+u2QZC9mex9wZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518486852026673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, language=CN, label=图2, caption=常见NAY菌种在8项研究中报道频次(报道频次≥3), figureFileSmall=m3iM+loIof5OD9q6/QSzuQ==, figureFileBig=QcH5KYO1+u2QZC9mex9wZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518486952689972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Ratio of different species of NAY in previous and present studies. 1: This study; 2: Shi et al. 2020 China; 3: Kan et al. 2023 China; 4: Maraki et al. 2019 Greece; 5: Intra et al. 2022 Italy; 6: Fernandes et al. 2022 Portugal; 7: Ranđelović et al. 2024 Serbia; 8: Ratner et al. 2025 UK., figureFileSmall=Q+guOL816n2UXg0MVdRJ3Q==, figureFileBig=MrnQfKDu9TGbM6rlh81q7g==, tableContent=null), 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Shi Y: Shi et al. 2020 China; Kan S: Kan et al. 2023 China; Maraki S: Maraki et al. 2019 Greece; Intra J: Intra et al. 2022 Italy; Fernandes Â: Fernandes et al. 2022 Portugal; Ranđelović M: Ranđelović et al. 2024 Serbia; Ratner J: Ratner et al. 2025 UK., figureFileSmall=1GvXZAXlSFwJj076uzLgDg==, figureFileBig=tdfV4bBHN5ngWQL4RjYiYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518487460200764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, language=CN, label=图4, caption=少见NAY菌种在8项研究中报道频次(报道频次1-2) Shi Y:Shi et al. 2020中国;Kan S:Kan et al. 2023中国;Maraki S:Maraki et al. 2019希腊;Intra J:Intra et al. 2022意大利;Fernandes Â:Fernandes et al. 2022葡萄牙;Ranđelović M:Ranđelović et al. 2024塞尔维亚;Ratner J:Ratner et al. 2025英国, figureFileSmall=1GvXZAXlSFwJj076uzLgDg==, figureFileBig=tdfV4bBHN5ngWQL4RjYiYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518489133728065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General information included in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献
Literature
国家
Country
菌株分离时间
Isolation time of
isolates
总菌株数
Total number
of isolates
NAY菌株数
Nr. of NAY
isolates
NAY占比
Ratio of
NAY/%
菌种鉴定方法/引物
Identification methods/primer
本研究
This study
中国
China
2021/01-12 1 083 310 28.62 分子鉴定/D1/D2 (NL1-4)
Molecular ID/D1/D2 (NL1-4)
Shi et al.
2020
中国
China
2013/04-2018/09 3 574 826 23.11 分子鉴定/D1/D2 (NL1-4)
Molecular ID/D1/D2 (NL1-4)
Kan et al.
2023
中国
China
2017-2018 543 83 15.29 分子鉴定/ITS1-4
Molecular ID/ITS1-4
Maraki et al.
2019
希腊
Greece
2012-2017 1 234 301 24.39 VITEK 2
Intra et al.
2022
意大利
Italy
2000/01-2019/12 1 054 230 21.82 VITEK 1,2/MALDI-TOF
MS (Bruker)
Fernandes
et al. 2022
葡萄牙
Portugal
2018-2022 341 139 40.76 分子鉴定/ITS1-4
Molecular ID/ITS1-4
Ranđelović
et al. 2024
塞尔维亚
Serbia
不详
Unknown
300 150 50.00 质谱鉴定(Bruker)
MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker)
Ratner et al.
2025
英国
UK
2018/04-2021/03 1 828 157 8.59 质谱鉴定(Bruker)
MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker)
), ArticleFig(id=1256518489309888836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入的8项研究的一般信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献
Literature
国家
Country
菌株分离时间
Isolation time of
isolates
总菌株数
Total number
of isolates
NAY菌株数
Nr. of NAY
isolates
NAY占比
Ratio of
NAY/%
菌种鉴定方法/引物
Identification methods/primer
本研究
This study
中国
China
2021/01-12 1 083 310 28.62 分子鉴定/D1/D2 (NL1-4)
Molecular ID/D1/D2 (NL1-4)
Shi et al.
2020
中国
China
2013/04-2018/09 3 574 826 23.11 分子鉴定/D1/D2 (NL1-4)
Molecular ID/D1/D2 (NL1-4)
Kan et al.
2023
中国
China
2017-2018 543 83 15.29 分子鉴定/ITS1-4
Molecular ID/ITS1-4
Maraki et al.
2019
希腊
Greece
2012-2017 1 234 301 24.39 VITEK 2
Intra et al.
2022
意大利
Italy
2000/01-2019/12 1 054 230 21.82 VITEK 1,2/MALDI-TOF
MS (Bruker)
Fernandes
et al. 2022
葡萄牙
Portugal
2018-2022 341 139 40.76 分子鉴定/ITS1-4
Molecular ID/ITS1-4
Ranđelović
et al. 2024
塞尔维亚
Serbia
不详
Unknown
300 150 50.00 质谱鉴定(Bruker)
MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker)
Ratner et al.
2025
英国
UK
2018/04-2021/03 1 828 157 8.59 质谱鉴定(Bruker)
MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker)
), ArticleFig(id=1256518489481855302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Percentage of different species of NAY isolates in previous and present studies/%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种
Species
本研究
This
study
Shi
et al
.
2020
Kan
et al.
2023
Maraki
et al.
2019
Intra
et al.
2022
Fernandes
et al.
2022
Ranđelović
et al.
2024
Ratner
et al.
2025
Nakaseomyces glabratus 66.45 62.83 56.63 55.82 80.43 53.23 41.34 54.14
Candida parapsilosis 8.39 9.20 3.62 3.65 4.35 23.74 1.33 20.38
Pichia kudriavzevii 5.81 6.54 9.64 11.30 4.78 2.16 22.00 1.27
Candida tropicalis 5.48 7.38 6.03 7.31 2.61 2.16 0.64
Clavispora lusitaniae 2.90 0.12 5.65 1.31 5.04 2.00 5.10
Candida dubliniensis 0.12 2.99 0.87 12.10
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5.81 1.45 17.33 3.82
Meyerozyma guilliermondii 0.24 8.43 8.63 1.91
Kluyveromyces marxianus 0.32 0.12 1.20 3.65 14.00
Pichia norvegensis 0.32 0.33 1.74 2.00
Nakaseomyces nivariensis 0.32 1.09 3.62 5.04
Nakaseomyces bracarensis 0.65 0.24 1.20
Candida metapsilosis 0.65 2.42 0.64
Candida orthopsilosis 0.73
Cyberlindnera fabianii 1.29 0.36
Candida lipolytica 3.99
Candida famata 0.33
Trichomonascus ciferrii 2.99
Candida africana 0.32 5.93
Candida inconspicua 1.66
Diutina rugosa 0.32 0.33
Issatchenkia terricola 0.24
Kluyveromyces lactis var lactis 3.91
Kazachstania bovina 0.12
Kodamaea ohmeri 0.65 0.24
Meyerozyma caribbica 8.43
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 0.36
Tricholoma matsutake 0.32
Trichosporon asahii 0.12
Torulaspora pretoriensis 0.12
Zygoascus meyerae 1.20
), ArticleFig(id=1256518489712542025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

每个研究中每个菌种菌株数在总NAY菌株中的占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种
Species
本研究
This
study
Shi
et al
.
2020
Kan
et al.
2023
Maraki
et al.
2019
Intra
et al.
2022
Fernandes
et al.
2022
Ranđelović
et al.
2024
Ratner
et al.
2025
Nakaseomyces glabratus 66.45 62.83 56.63 55.82 80.43 53.23 41.34 54.14
Candida parapsilosis 8.39 9.20 3.62 3.65 4.35 23.74 1.33 20.38
Pichia kudriavzevii 5.81 6.54 9.64 11.30 4.78 2.16 22.00 1.27
Candida tropicalis 5.48 7.38 6.03 7.31 2.61 2.16 0.64
Clavispora lusitaniae 2.90 0.12 5.65 1.31 5.04 2.00 5.10
Candida dubliniensis 0.12 2.99 0.87 12.10
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5.81 1.45 17.33 3.82
Meyerozyma guilliermondii 0.24 8.43 8.63 1.91
Kluyveromyces marxianus 0.32 0.12 1.20 3.65 14.00
Pichia norvegensis 0.32 0.33 1.74 2.00
Nakaseomyces nivariensis 0.32 1.09 3.62 5.04
Nakaseomyces bracarensis 0.65 0.24 1.20
Candida metapsilosis 0.65 2.42 0.64
Candida orthopsilosis 0.73
Cyberlindnera fabianii 1.29 0.36
Candida lipolytica 3.99
Candida famata 0.33
Trichomonascus ciferrii 2.99
Candida africana 0.32 5.93
Candida inconspicua 1.66
Diutina rugosa 0.32 0.33
Issatchenkia terricola 0.24
Kluyveromyces lactis var lactis 3.91
Kazachstania bovina 0.12
Kodamaea ohmeri 0.65 0.24
Meyerozyma caribbica 8.43
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 0.36
Tricholoma matsutake 0.32
Trichosporon asahii 0.12
Torulaspora pretoriensis 0.12
Zygoascus meyerae 1.20
), ArticleFig(id=1256518489939034445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

MIC rang, MIC90 and MIC value (for 1 strain) of 12 antifungal drugs against 310 NAY isolates recovered from VVC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种
Species
氟康唑
Fluconazole
伏立康唑
Voriconazole
伊曲康唑
Itraconazole
泊沙康唑
Posaconazole
特康唑
Terconazole
咪康唑
Miconazole
MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90
N. glabratus (n=206) 0.13-16/8 0.03-0.25/0.13 0.03-0.5/0.25 0.03-1/0.5 0.03-0.5/0.25 0.03-4/0.5
C. parapsilosis (n=26) 0.13-2/1 0.03-0.03/0.03 0.03-0.06/0.03 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.03-0.06/0.03 0.03-0.25/0.25
P. kudriavzevii (n=18) NA/NA 0.06-0.25/0.25 0.06-0.5/0.5 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.03-1/1 0.06-4/4
S. cerevisiae (n=18) 0.25-16/16 0.03-0.25/0.25 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.03-1/1 0.03-2/0.5
C. tropicalis (n=17) 0.13-8/2 0.03-1/0.5 0.03-1/0.25 0.03-1/0.5 0.03-1/0.25 0.03-1/1
C. lusitaniae (n=9) 0.13-1/1 0.03-0.03/0.03 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.03-0.03/0.03 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.03-0.06/0.06
C. fabianii (n=4) 1-8/8 0.03-0.13/0.13 0.25-0.5/0.5 0.25-1/1 0.13-0.5/0.5 1-2/2
K. ohmeri (n=2) 2-8 0.03-0.5 0.06-0.25 0.13-0.25 0.06-0.25 0.06-0.25
C. metapsilosis (n=2) 0.5-1 0.03-0.03 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.03 0.06-0.06 0.25-0.25
N. bracarensis (n=2) 1-2 0.03-0.06 0.06-0.13 0.06-0.13 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.06
N. nivariensis (n=1) 1 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03
C. africana (n=1) 0.25 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
K. marxianus (n=1) 0.25 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03
D. rugosa (n=1) 2 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06
T. matsutake (n=1) 1 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.25
P. norvegensis (n=1) 8 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 4
菌种
Species
克霉唑
Clotrimazole
阿尼芬净
Anidulafungin
米卡芬净
Micafungin
卡泊芬净
Caspofungin
两性霉素B
Amphotericin B
制霉菌素
Nystatin
MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90
N. glabratus (n=206) 0.03-1/0.25 0.02-0.25/0.13 0.03-0.25/0.25 0.5-1/1 0.13-1/0.5 0.5-2/1
C. parapsilosis (n=26) 0.03-0.06/0.03 0.06-4/4 0.02-2/2 0.13-2/2 0.25-1/1 0.5-2/2
P. kudriavzevii (n=18) 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.02-0.25/0.25 0.06-1/1 1-2/2 0.5-4/4
S. cerevisiae (n=18) 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.06-1/0.5 0.02-0.25/0.25 0.13-2/1 0.25-2/2 0.25-4/2
C. tropicalis (n=17) 0.03-1/0.5 0.02-0.06/0.06 0.02-0.25/0.03 0.06-0.5/0.25 0.5-1/1 1-4/2
C. lusitaniae (n=9) 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.06-0.25/0.25 0.03-0.25/0.25 0.5-1/1 0.13-0.5/0.5 1-2/2
C. fabianii (n=4) 0.25-1/1 0.06-0.25/0.25 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.13-0.5/0.5 0.5-1/1 1-2/2
K. ohmeri (n=2) 0.06-0.25 0.25-0.25 0.06-0.13 0.25-0.5 0.5-0.5 1-1
C. metapsilosis (n=2) 0.03-0.03 0.5-1 0.25-1 0.5-1 1-1 4-4
N. bracarensis (n=2) 0.03-0.13 0.06-0.13 0.02-0.02 0.5-0.5 0.5-0.5 1-2
N. nivariensis (n=1) 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.25 0.5 2
C. africana (n=1) 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.25 0.25 2
K. marxianus (n=1) 0.03 0.13 0.06 0.13 0.5 1
D. rugosa (n=1) 0.13 1 0.25 2 2 4
T. matsutake (n=1) 0.03 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1
P. norvegensis (n=1) 0.25 0.02 0.03 0.13 1 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1256518490232635729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518447899525133, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

VVC分离310株NAY对12种抗真菌药物MIC范围、MIC90和MIC值(仅1株菌株)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种
Species
氟康唑
Fluconazole
伏立康唑
Voriconazole
伊曲康唑
Itraconazole
泊沙康唑
Posaconazole
特康唑
Terconazole
咪康唑
Miconazole
MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90
N. glabratus (n=206) 0.13-16/8 0.03-0.25/0.13 0.03-0.5/0.25 0.03-1/0.5 0.03-0.5/0.25 0.03-4/0.5
C. parapsilosis (n=26) 0.13-2/1 0.03-0.03/0.03 0.03-0.06/0.03 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.03-0.06/0.03 0.03-0.25/0.25
P. kudriavzevii (n=18) NA/NA 0.06-0.25/0.25 0.06-0.5/0.5 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.03-1/1 0.06-4/4
S. cerevisiae (n=18) 0.25-16/16 0.03-0.25/0.25 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.03-1/1 0.03-2/0.5
C. tropicalis (n=17) 0.13-8/2 0.03-1/0.5 0.03-1/0.25 0.03-1/0.5 0.03-1/0.25 0.03-1/1
C. lusitaniae (n=9) 0.13-1/1 0.03-0.03/0.03 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.03-0.03/0.03 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.03-0.06/0.06
C. fabianii (n=4) 1-8/8 0.03-0.13/0.13 0.25-0.5/0.5 0.25-1/1 0.13-0.5/0.5 1-2/2
K. ohmeri (n=2) 2-8 0.03-0.5 0.06-0.25 0.13-0.25 0.06-0.25 0.06-0.25
C. metapsilosis (n=2) 0.5-1 0.03-0.03 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.03 0.06-0.06 0.25-0.25
N. bracarensis (n=2) 1-2 0.03-0.06 0.06-0.13 0.06-0.13 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.06
N. nivariensis (n=1) 1 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03
C. africana (n=1) 0.25 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
K. marxianus (n=1) 0.25 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03
D. rugosa (n=1) 2 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06
T. matsutake (n=1) 1 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.25
P. norvegensis (n=1) 8 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 4
菌种
Species
克霉唑
Clotrimazole
阿尼芬净
Anidulafungin
米卡芬净
Micafungin
卡泊芬净
Caspofungin
两性霉素B
Amphotericin B
制霉菌素
Nystatin
MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90 MIC rang/90
N. glabratus (n=206) 0.03-1/0.25 0.02-0.25/0.13 0.03-0.25/0.25 0.5-1/1 0.13-1/0.5 0.5-2/1
C. parapsilosis (n=26) 0.03-0.06/0.03 0.06-4/4 0.02-2/2 0.13-2/2 0.25-1/1 0.5-2/2
P. kudriavzevii (n=18) 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.02-0.25/0.25 0.06-1/1 1-2/2 0.5-4/4
S. cerevisiae (n=18) 0.03-0.5/0.5 0.06-1/0.5 0.02-0.25/0.25 0.13-2/1 0.25-2/2 0.25-4/2
C. tropicalis (n=17) 0.03-1/0.5 0.02-0.06/0.06 0.02-0.25/0.03 0.06-0.5/0.25 0.5-1/1 1-4/2
C. lusitaniae (n=9) 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.06-0.25/0.25 0.03-0.25/0.25 0.5-1/1 0.13-0.5/0.5 1-2/2
C. fabianii (n=4) 0.25-1/1 0.06-0.25/0.25 0.03-0.06/0.06 0.13-0.5/0.5 0.5-1/1 1-2/2
K. ohmeri (n=2) 0.06-0.25 0.25-0.25 0.06-0.13 0.25-0.5 0.5-0.5 1-1
C. metapsilosis (n=2) 0.03-0.03 0.5-1 0.25-1 0.5-1 1-1 4-4
N. bracarensis (n=2) 0.03-0.13 0.06-0.13 0.02-0.02 0.5-0.5 0.5-0.5 1-2
N. nivariensis (n=1) 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.25 0.5 2
C. africana (n=1) 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.25 0.25 2
K. marxianus (n=1) 0.03 0.13 0.06 0.13 0.5 1
D. rugosa (n=1) 0.13 1 0.25 2 2 4
T. matsutake (n=1) 0.03 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1
P. norvegensis (n=1) 0.25 0.02 0.03 0.13 1 0.5
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非白念珠菌所致外阴阴道念珠菌病菌种多样性及抗真菌药敏特点
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孙艳霞 1 , 张璐 1, 2 , 阿里木·艾山 3 , 胡丹阳 4 , 邓淑文 1, 2, * , 刘芳 1, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(3): 250234
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(3): 250234
非白念珠菌所致外阴阴道念珠菌病菌种多样性及抗真菌药敏特点
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孙艳霞1, 张璐1, 2, 阿里木·艾山3, 胡丹阳4, 邓淑文1, 2, * , 刘芳1, *
作者信息
  • 1 苏州高新区人民医院检验科,江苏 苏州 215129
  • 2 苏州高新区人民医院医学研究中心,江苏 苏州 215129
  • 3 新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830054
  • 4 Life Science Department, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
Species diversity and antifungal susceptibility of non-albicans yeast causing vulvovaginal candidiasis
Yanxia SUN1, Lu ZHANG1, 2, Hasan ALIM3, Danyang HU4, Shuwen DENG1, 2, * , Fang LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Clinical Laboratory, People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou 215129, Jiangsu, China
  • 2 Medical Research Center, People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou 215129, Jiangsu, China
  • 3 The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China
  • 4 Life Science Department, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
  • ORCID: DENG Shuwen (0000-0002-9256-3868)

出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250234
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调查非白念珠菌酵母菌(non-albicans yeast, NAY)所致外阴阴道念珠菌病(vulvovaginal candidiasis, VVC)病原学流行特征及抗真菌活性。收集310株分离自VVC 患者的NAY,进行菌种分子鉴定及体外抗真菌敏感性检测,同时收集近10年发表VVC分离非白念珠菌菌种相关文献7篇,包括本研究数据共8项研究数据。分析结果显示,VVC致病NAY显示明显流行病学变迁,Nakaseomyces glabratus是NAY中最常见菌种,占比41.34%-80.43%。其他常见酵母菌种呈现地域分布特点,如Candida parapsilosis (葡萄牙23.74%,英国20.38%)和Pichia kudriavzevii (塞尔维亚22%,希腊11.30%)在欧洲占比高,而C. tropicalis在中国和希腊占比最高,近7.40%。少见酵母菌主要为酿酒酵母亚门菌种,呈现高度多样性,在中国和欧洲分布差异显著。氟康唑依然是我国治疗NAY所致VVC的较好口服治疗选择,克霉唑和两性霉素B可作为局部外用治疗NAY所致VVC的首要选择。少见酵母菌种增多对临床经验性治疗VVC是巨大挑战。菌种水平的鉴定和体外药敏检测对临床制定敏感的治疗方案至关重要。

外阴阴道念珠菌病  /  非白念酵母菌  /  菌种分布  /  抗真菌活性

In total, 310 isolates of non-albicans yeast (NAY) recovered from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) patients were collected and identified at species level, and antifungal susceptibility of the isolates was determined. Literature relating to non-albicans yeast (NAY) species distribution in recent 10 years was searched and 7 publications were included in this study. Data of the literature together with the data of this study indicated that spectrum of NAY causing VVC shifted significantly. Nakaseomyces glabratus is the predominant species among NAY, responsible for 41.34%-80.43% of vaginal NAY infection. The other NAY species revealed characteristics of regional distribution. For example, Candida parapsilosis (Portugal 23.74%, UK 20.38%) and Pichia kudriavzevii (Serbia 22%, Greece 11.30%) dominated higher ratio in Europe, while C. tropicalis showed higher ratio in China and Greece (both 7.40%). Rare yeast mainly consist of species of saccharomycotina. They are diverse and distinctly different in distribution pattern between China and Europe. Fluconazole is still optimal oral treatment option in China, and clotrimazole and amphotericin B could be precedent choices as topical drugs for treating VVC caused by NAY. Increase of rare yeast would be a challenge for clinical treatment of VVC. Correct identification at species level and determination of susceptibility to antifungals are necessary.

vulvovaginal candidiasis  /  non-albicans yeast  /  species distribution  /  antifungal activity
孙艳霞, 张璐, 阿里木·艾山, 胡丹阳, 邓淑文, 刘芳. 非白念珠菌所致外阴阴道念珠菌病菌种多样性及抗真菌药敏特点. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250234 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250234
Yanxia SUN, Lu ZHANG, Hasan ALIM, Danyang HU, Shuwen DENG, Fang LIU. Species diversity and antifungal susceptibility of non-albicans yeast causing vulvovaginal candidiasis[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250234 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250234
外阴阴道念珠菌病(vulvovaginal candidiasis, VVC)是由酵母菌引起的生殖道黏膜感染。白念珠菌是主要致病菌种(Makanjuola et al. 2018)。近年VVC中非白念珠菌感染的发病率增加,包括Nakaseomyces glabratus (H.W. Anderson) Sugita & M. Takash. (异名: Candida glabrata)、Candida parapsilosis (Ashford) Langeron & Talice、C. tropicalis (Castell.) Berkhout、Pichia kudriavzevii Boidin, Pignal & Besson (异名:C. krusei)等。另外,酿酒酵母亚门Saccharomycotina中一些少见酵母菌也已成为VVC的重要病原体(Shi et al. 2020;周益花等2023),引起医学界关注。
根据最新的命名法和分类学,一些少见酵母菌被归入不同的属,如Diutina rugosa (H.W. Anderson) Khunnamw. et al. (异名:Candida rugosa)、Trichomonascus ciferrii (M.T. Sm., Van der Walt & Johannsen) Kurtzman & Robnett (异名:Candida ciferrii)、Kluyveromyces marxianus (E.C. Hansen) van der Walt (异名:Candida kefyr)和Pichia norvegensis Leask & Yarrow (异名:Candida norvegensis)等。这些真菌在环境中常见,也是人类皮肤和黏膜表面的常见定植菌(Guitard et al. 2013;Bretagne et al. 2017)。少见酵母菌在 VVC 中占比极低(<0.01%),但具有高度的多样性。对于这些新出现的感染,尤其对于VVC (Sugita et al. 2004),其流行病学研究有限。由于临床经验有限,缺乏药敏数据,这些病原体引起的感染对临床治疗是巨大挑战(Agin et al. 2011)。本研究收集310株VVC 患者阴道分泌物分离非白念珠菌酵母菌(NAY: non-albicans yeast),进行分子鉴定及对12种抗真菌药物体外敏感性检测,同时收集近10年发表的VVC分离NAY菌种相关文献,旨在阐述NAY所致VVC病原学流行特征,尤其少见酵母菌分布特点,以及抗真菌敏感性特点,为VVC临床诊治提供科学依据。
根据《2015年美国疾病控制和预防中心关于VVC的诊治规范》(Workowski & Bolan 2015),收集2021年1-12月间苏州高新区人民医院妇产科门诊诊断为VVC患者,留取阴道分泌物标本。所有标本用无菌棉拭子从阴道侧壁采集,分泌物直接镜检确认真菌阳性,同时接种于科玛嘉显色培养基,37 ℃培养48 h,筛选310株NAY菌株,采用26S rRNA D1/D2基因扩增测序鉴定,引物序列为NL-1 (5ʹ-GCATATCAATAA GCGGAGGAAAAG-3ʹ)和NL-4 (5ʹ-GGTCCGTG TTTCAAGACGG-3ʹ),DNA提取及PCR反应体系参照Kurtzman & Robnett (1997)的报道。序列在NCBI核苷酸数据库(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast.cgi)进行比对,鉴定到菌种水平。本研究经苏州高新区人民医院伦理委员会批准(伦理批件号:2023-111),所有受试患者被告知并同意参与本研究。
对VVC分离310株NAY菌株,采用Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A4方案进行体外药敏实验(Wayne et al. 2017)。抗真菌药物及测试浓度包括唑类:氟康唑浓度为0.13-64 µg/mL;伏立康唑、伊曲康唑、泊沙康唑、特康唑、克霉唑、咪康唑浓度均为0.03- 16 µg/mL;多烯类:两性霉素B、制霉菌素浓度均为0.13-64 µg/mL;棘白菌素类:阿尼芬净、卡泊芬净和米卡芬净浓度均为0.02-8 µg/mL。其中,阿尼芬净、伏立康唑购自多伦多研究化学品公司,米卡芬净购自Astellas Pharma,其余抗真菌药物均购自Sigma。以Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019和Pichia kudriavzevii ATCC 6258作为质控菌株。SDA琼脂平板35 ℃培养24 h,挑取菌落,用RPMI-1640肉汤培养基调整接种浓度至0.5×103-2.5×103 CFU/mL,在35 ℃培养24 h,肉眼读取最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。菌株数≥4株,计算MIC范围,MIC90;若<4株,只计算MIC范围。
折点判定根据CLSI M27M44S-Ed3和CLSI M57S-Ed4文件标准(Procop et al. 2022a, 2022b)。克霉唑、咪康唑、特康唑及制霉菌素,CLSI未提供临床折点(clinical breakpoint, CBP)或流行病学界值(epidemiological cutoff value, ECV),本研究自定义克霉唑、咪康唑>1 µg/mL,特康唑、制霉菌素>2 µg/mL为不敏感(Pelletier et al. 2000;Choukri et al. 2014)。
少见酵母菌种参考European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST),同时,与在系统发育亲缘性近的菌种作为对比菌种(Stavrou et al. 2019),采用C. albicans临床折点(CBPs)或ECV作为对比标准判定:D. rugosaKl. marxianusCa. africanaN. glabratus的CBPs作为对比标准判定N. nivariensisN. bracarensisP. kudriavzevii的CBPs作为对比标准判定P. norvegensis
在PubMed、中国知网(https://www.cnki. net/)和中国期刊网数据库进行搜索。使用“外阴阴道念珠菌病(VVC)”“病原菌(causative agents)”“非白念珠菌(NAC species)”“菌种分布(species distribution)”等搜索词,发表年限在2015年1月至2025年2月年间(菌株收集在2013年以后),搜集所有英文和中文文献。共搜索95篇,包括64篇英文和31篇中文文章。进一步筛选研究菌株总数>300,菌种鉴定方法为分子鉴定,MALD-TOF鉴定,VITEK 2系统,最终共7篇文献纳入本研究。
根据D1/D2基因扩增测序,310株NAY共鉴定16个酵母菌种。Nakaseomyces glabratus占66.45% (206/310株),其次为Candida parapsilosis 26株(占比8.39%);Pichia kudriavzeviiSaccharomyces cerevisiae各18株(5.81%);C. tropicalis 17株(5.48%)。鉴定11个少见酵母菌种(共25株,25/310=8.06%),包括Clavispora lusitaniae 9株,Cyberlindnera fabianii 4株,Kodamaea ohmeriCandida metapsilosisN. bracarensis各2株,N. nivariensisPichia norvegensisKluyveromyces marxianusDiutina rugosaTricholoma matsutakeCandida africana各1株(图1)。
文献搜索2015至2025年间发表7篇文献以及本研究共8项研究的一般信息(表1)。8项研究总菌株数>300株,菌种鉴定方法包括分子鉴定、MALDI-TOF MS质谱及VITEK2,包括3项来自中国的研究及5项来自欧洲国家(希腊、意大利、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚和英国)的研究。
每个研究中每个VVC致病菌种菌株数在总NAY菌株中的占比见表2,包括在8项研究中报道频次(n)≥3的NAY菌种及其在每项研究总NAY菌种中占比结果,在8项研究中报道频次(报道频次1-2)的少见NAY菌种及其在每项研究总NAY菌种中占比结果。
8项研究均报道的VVC分离NAY致病菌种包括N. glabratusCa. parapsilosis P. kudriavzevii (n=8);其次是Ca. tropicalisClavispora lusitaniae (各n=7);Kluyveromyces marxianus (n=5),Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCa. dubliniensisMeyerozyma guilliermondiiN. nivariensisPichia norvegensis (各n=4),N. bracarensisCa. metapsilosis (各n=3)。中国报道最少的是Ca. dubliniensis P. norvegensis (1/3篇),只在中国报道的是N. bracarensis (3/3篇);欧洲5项研究中,报道最少的是N. nivariensisCa. metapsilosis (1/5篇);报道最多是Clavispora lusitaniae (5/5篇) (图2)。
N. glabratus是NAY中最常见致病菌种,占比在41.34%-80.43%。非光滑念珠菌菌种中,Ca. parapsilosis在葡萄牙(23.74%)及英国(20.38%)占比最高;P. kudriavzevii在塞尔维亚(22.00%)最高,其次是希腊(11.30%)。少见酵母菌如Saccharomyces cerevisiaeKluyveromyces marxianus在塞尔维亚分别高达17.33%和14%。在中国,Meyerozyma caribbica高达8.43%,Ca. africana 5.93%。Meyerozyma guilliermondii在中国(8.43%)和葡萄牙(8.63%)均占比高(图3)。
8项研究中报道频次1-2次, 多数占比<1%的少见VVC分离NAY菌种:中国共报道13个少见酵母菌;欧洲报道共6个,集中在希腊和意大利;只有一个菌种(Diutina rugosa),中国和欧洲都报道(各1次) (图4)。
VVC分离310株NAY对12种抗真菌药物MIC范围,MIC90表3。206株Nakaseomyces glabratus:100%菌株对氟康唑敏感;100%菌株对伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、两性霉素B为野生型;对特康唑100%菌株MIC≤2 µg/mL;对咪康唑、克霉唑,2.43%和0.49%菌株MIC≥ 1µg/mL;对制霉菌素,7.28%菌株MIC≥2µg/mL。26株Candida parapsilosis:除了38.46%菌株对制霉菌素MIC≥2µg/mL;对检测的其他11种抗真菌药物均敏感。95%热带念珠菌对多数唑类,两性霉素B敏感。29.4%菌株对咪康唑MIC≥ 1 µg/mL。58.82%菌株对制霉菌素MIC≥2 µg/mL。只有一株热带念珠菌对氟康唑MIC=8 µg/mL (R),伏立康唑MIC=1 µg/mL (R),伊曲康唑、泊沙康唑非野生型(MIC=1 µg/mL),克霉唑MIC=1 µg/mL。18株Pichia kudriavzevii中,除了66.67%菌株对咪康唑MIC≥1 µg/mL;对其他唑类均敏感;38.89%菌株对制霉菌素MIC≥2 µg/mL。18株Saccharomyces cerevisiae中,除了5.56%菌株对咪康唑MIC≥ 1 µg/mL;对其他唑类均敏感;27.78%菌株对制霉菌素MIC≥2 µg/mL。9株Clavispora lusitaniae对检测的唑类和多烯类药物均敏感。100% NAY菌株对AMB敏感。依据CLSI M27M44S-Ed3和CLSI M57S-Ed4折点标准,依据米卡芬净、阿尼芬净、卡泊芬净的MIC值相互判定,310株NAY对棘白菌素类药物均敏感。
自2005年以来的流行病学数据显示,VVC病原菌的菌种分布发生了显著的改变。尽管白念珠菌仍然是最常见的致病菌种,由非白念珠菌所致的感染率不断上升(Wang et al. 2016),尤其少见酵母菌种占比增加。这一趋势不仅限于阴道感染,在人体其他部位的感染中也有报道(Ngai et al. 2025)。是否是由于鉴定技术的进步,或是实际罕见酵母菌在临床上确实有所增加,或者两者兼顾,尚不清楚。由于许多少见致病酵母菌种对广泛使用的抗真菌药物敏感性低,早期准确鉴定至菌种水平对制定正确的治疗方案至关重要。
本研究收集VVC患者外阴分泌物分离310株NAY菌株,分子鉴定16个致病酵母菌种。N. glabratus占比达66.58% (206/310株) (表2图3),有6个菌种占比在1.29%-8.39%,9个菌种占比<0.7% (表2),呈现高度多样性。与国内外近10年VVC分离NAY菌种分布数据相似(图2图3)。N. glabratus是NAY中最常见致病菌种,意大利报道Nakaseomyces glabratus高达80.43% (表2图3)。另外3个常见酵母菌种(Candida parapsilosisCa. tropicalisPichia kudriavzevii)构成比例变化多样,呈现地域分布的特点,如Ca. parapsilosis (葡萄牙23.74%,英国20.38%)和P. kudriavzevii (塞尔维亚达22.00%,希腊11.30%)在欧洲报道占比高(Maraki et al. 2019;Fernandes et al. 2022;Ranđelović et al. 2024;Ratner et al. 2025),而Ca. tropicalis在中国和希腊报道占比最高近7.40% (Maraki et al. 2019;Shi et al. 2020)。另外,少见酵母菌种呈现高度多样性,值得注意的是在中国和欧洲分布差异显著(图3)。一些少见酵母菌种占比很高(报道仅1-2次,通常占比<1%),如塞尔维亚报道Kluyveromyces marxianus (14%)和Saccharomyces cerevisiae (17.33%),中国报道Meyerozyma caribbica (8.43%) (Kan et al. 2023;Ranđelović et al. 2024)。一项2003-2007年的回顾性研究对93 775例VVC样本进行统计,结果显示白念珠菌占89%,光滑念珠菌占7.9%,其他念珠菌占比不到2% (Vennitsky et al. 2008)。与近10年研究数据比较,VVC致病酵母菌种分布呈现明显流行病学变迁,即N. glabratus占比增加明显,其他常见酵母菌种占比在不同地方显著增高,少见酵母菌种主要包括酿酒酵母亚门的酵母菌种,呈现高度多样化,具有明显的地域分布特点,可能与对抗真菌药物暴露的增加、特定人群、鉴定技术的进步有关(Pfaller & Diekema 2007)。由此可见VVC致病菌除了念珠菌属菌种,还包括很多酿酒酵母亚门的酵母菌种,而目前使用的以念珠菌为其主要病原菌命名的阴道念珠菌病,建议改为阴道真菌感染或阴道酵母菌感染。
目前,VVC治疗主要是临床经验性用药,并没有实验室对致病菌种鉴定及药敏检测结果。治疗方案选择依据VVC诊疗指南,主要是推荐克霉唑、咪康唑和制霉菌素等抗真菌药物局部治疗,或氟康唑系统治疗。对难治性、复发性VVC,推荐氟康唑作为首选药物,以及伊曲康唑替补治疗(Donders et al. 2022;Hazra et al. 2022)。本研究结果及相关文献表明,在我国氟康唑依然是治疗NAY所致VVC的较好选择(Shi et al. 2020;Kan et al. 2023)。值得注意的是,N. glabratus作为NAY中最主要的VVC致病菌种,N. glabratus对氟康唑耐药率低(0-2.3%) (Shi et al. 2020;Kan et al. 2023),而欧洲总体耐药率较高(1.2%-30%) (Maraki et al. 2019;Fernandes et al. 2022;Intra et al. 2022;Ranđelović et al. 2024;Ratner et al. 2025)。N. glabratus对氟康唑的敏感性差异可能与研究人群及当地抗真菌药物使用的不同有关。对于非氟康唑治疗,可推荐伊曲康唑,与美国CDC指南一致(Hazra et al. 2022)。虽然伏立康唑、泊沙康唑不是常规用于VVC治疗,本研究显示95% NAY菌株对上述唑类药物敏感。
特康唑、咪康唑、克霉唑是VVC常用外用药物。本研究结果与Shi et al. (2020)的报道一致,即特康唑、克霉唑对NAY菌株敏感,而咪康唑对NAY菌株MIC有不同程度的增高,尤其Ca. tropicalisP. kudriavzevi对咪康唑敏感率低(分别有29.4%和66.7%菌株MIC˃1 µg/mL)。表明克霉唑依然是VVC局部治疗较好的选择。王玉凤等(2025)报道在阴道酸性环境,特康唑对N. glabratus MIC显著增加,对N. glabratus所致VVC,局部治疗需考虑合适的用药剂量。
制霉菌素和两性霉素B也是VVC常用外用药物,许多研究已报道制霉菌素对VVC分离Candida spp.及Saccharomyces cerevisiae敏感性低(MIC˃1 µg/mL) (Choukri et al. 2014;Ranđelović et al. 2024),本研究证实制霉菌素对NAY菌种敏感性低,尤其Ca. tropicalisCa. parapsilosisSaccharomyces cerevisiae。已经有报道两性霉素B局部外用治疗NAY所致VVC,治愈率达70% (Phillips 2005),我们的结果也证实两性霉素B可作为局部外用治疗NAY所致VVC。
棘白菌素类抗真菌药物(米卡芬净、阿尼芬净和卡泊芬净)主要用于侵袭性真菌感染的治疗,尚未见治疗VVC报道。本研究显示VVC分离NAY对棘白菌素类药物均敏感,为唑类耐药NAY所致VVC提供治疗选择。
少见酵母菌种的明显增加值得关注,因这些少见菌种对临床常规使用抗真菌药物具有不同的敏感性。Clavispora lusitaniae在中国有2项研究报道(Shi et al. 2020;周益花等2023),占比均<3%。但在欧洲报道占比高达5.65% (图2图3)。本研究9株Cl. lusitaniae显示对所有抗真菌药物敏感(MIC<ECV) (表3)。Cyberlindnera fabianii感染引起VVC只在中国报道(Shi et al. 2020;周益花等2023)。已经有报道Cy. fabianii对抗真菌药物敏感性低,包括氟康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净和两性霉素B (Arastehfar et al. 2020)。而本研究4株Cy. fabianii显示对咪康唑和制霉菌素敏感性低(MIC 1-2 µg/mL) (表3)。Nakaseomyces bracarensisN. nivariensisN. glabratus复合体菌种,主要在中国报道。参考N. glabratus的BCP/ECV标准,本研究所有菌株对12种抗真菌药物敏感。Candida metapsilosisCa. parapsilosis复合体菌种,本研究2株Ca. metapsilosis对3个棘白菌素和两性霉素B均为非野生型;对制霉菌素显示升高的MIC (4 µg/mL)。Pichia norvegensisP. kudriavzevii遗传进化亲缘性很近,都聚类在Pichia分支(Stavrou et al. 2019),P. norvegensis从人类标本分离的报道越来越多(Stavrou et al. 2019)。希腊、意大利、塞尔维亚及本研究均报道从女性阴道分泌物分离P. norvegensis,研究显示该菌种对唑类呈现高MIC (Papon et al. 2013),而本研究仅1株P. norvegensis 显示对12种抗真菌药物均敏感。
酿酒酵母亚门Saccharomycotina中,临床相关的不同酵母菌种抗真菌疗效不同(Pfaller et al. 2006)。由于一些菌种对氟康唑天然耐药或敏感性低,其抗真菌谱有限。复发性VVC的原因之一可能是经验性使用抗真菌药物治疗耐药的病原酵母菌。因此,菌种水平的鉴定和体外药敏检测对临床制定有效的治疗方案至关重要。
本研究纳入文献仅包括欧洲国家数据,另外体外药敏数据仅为单中心研究,值得注意的是,本研究只有1-2株少见酵母菌种,很难得出抗真菌敏感性结论。需要进一步多中心研究和临床疗效研究,以验证VVC致病菌抗真菌活性在体内外的一致性。
孙艳霞:数据收集、分析,分子鉴定及体外药敏实验;张璐:标本分离及保存;阿里木·艾山和胡丹阳:数据分析及图表绘制;邓淑文:实验设计,论文撰写、审核与修改;刘芳:数据分析,图表设计,论文撰写及修改。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 苏州市科技计划项目(SKY2022037)
  • 苏州高新区人民医院科学创新基金项目(SGY2023B02)
  • 苏州高新区人民医院科学创新基金项目(SGY2025H01)
  • 苏州高新区人民医院科学创新基金项目(SGY2025H02)
  • 江苏省高端医疗器械技术创新中心项目(BM2022012)
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250234
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
  • 录用日期:2025-09-05
基金
Suzhou Bureau of Science and Technology(SKY2022037)
苏州市科技计划项目(SKY2022037)
People’s Hospital of SND Science Development Grant(SGY2023B02)
苏州高新区人民医院科学创新基金项目(SGY2023B02)
People’s Hospital of SND Science Development Grant(SGY2025H01)
苏州高新区人民医院科学创新基金项目(SGY2025H01)
People’s Hospital of SND Science Development Grant(SGY2025H02)
苏州高新区人民医院科学创新基金项目(SGY2025H02)
Jiangsu High-end Medical Device Technology Innovation Center(BM2022012)
江苏省高端医疗器械技术创新中心项目(BM2022012)
作者信息
    1 苏州高新区人民医院检验科,江苏 苏州 215129
    2 苏州高新区人民医院医学研究中心,江苏 苏州 215129
    3 新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830054
    4 Life Science Department, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jwxb/CN/10.13346/j.mycosystema.250234
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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