Article(id=1256518445701673918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250196, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250196, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1754928000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-12, onlineDate=1777506942439, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777506942439, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777506942439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777506942439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256518442379763982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='240320', pageEnd='250282', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777506941647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777507117568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250196, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256518446628615104, articleId=1256518445701673918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Regulation mechanism of Sparassis latifolia polysaccharide improving glucose metabolism disorder in skeletal muscle of mice based on transcriptomics analysis, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study was designed to investigate the improvement effect and molecular mechanism of Sparassis latifolia polysaccharide (SLPs) on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle of mice with glucose metabolism disorder induced by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ). The results showed that SLPs intervention could significantly reduce the impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance and increase skeletal muscle glycogen content and improve the morphological damage of skeletal muscle caused by glucose metabolism disorder. Transcriptome analysis identified a total of 965 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO annotation and enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly involved in tissue development, animal organ morphogenesis, small molecule metabolism, myofibril, glycogen binding, and organic acid binding. The enrichment analysis of KEGG further revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in PI3k/Akt signal pathway, AGE-RAGE signal pathway related to diabetic complications, insulin resistance, AMPK signal pathway and other signal pathways. In addition, SLPs could regulate the expression of genes and proteins related to AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signal pathway and the activities of key enzymes in skeletal muscle of mice to improve glucose metabolism disorder in skeletal muscle, protect skeletal muscle damage, and maintain the metabolic homeostasis of the body. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of SLPs as functional food ingredients.

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*
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ORCID: Feng Cuiping (0000-0002-9133-6081)

, authorsList=Zhen WANG, Wen JIN, Xin WEI, Jinling CAO, Shaojun YUN, Feier CHENG, Cuiping FENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256518463472939040, articleId=1256518445701673918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=基于转录组学分析广叶绣球菌多糖改善小鼠骨骼肌糖代谢紊乱机制, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨广叶绣球菌多糖(SLPs)对高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖代谢紊乱小鼠骨骼肌糖代谢功能的改善作用及分子机制。结果显示,SLPs干预显著减轻了小鼠的糖耐量受损和胰岛素抵抗,同时提高了骨骼肌糖原含量,并改善了骨骼肌的形态损伤。转录组分析共鉴定出965个差异表达基因(DEGs)。GO注释和富集分析表明这些基因主要参与组织发育、动物器官形态发生、小分子代谢过程、肌原纤维、糖原结合、有机酸结合等生物学过程。KEGG通路富集进一步揭示,DEGs显著富集于PI3k/Akt信号通路、糖尿病并发症相关的AGE-RAGE信号通路、胰岛素抵抗、AMPK信号通路等关键信号通路。此外,SLPs通过调控小鼠骨骼肌中AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路相关基因、蛋白的表达和关键酶的活性来改善骨骼肌的糖代谢紊乱,保护骨骼肌损伤,维持机体代谢稳态。本研究为SLPs作为功能食品原料的开发提供了重要的理论依据。

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ORCID: Feng Cuiping (0000-0002-9133-6081)

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A: Blood glucose values at each time point in the glucose tolerance (OGTT) test; B: Area under OGTT curve, n=6. NC: Normal control group; HFD: Model group; LD: Low-dose group; MD: Medium-dose group; HD: High-dose group; Met: Positive control group; Compared with NC group, *P<0.05, **P<0.01; Compared with HFD group, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01. The same below., figureFileSmall=ncew73SH07jL+oFtcAs+sg==, figureFileBig=00o5pt3w5GPuR9j/GbRWiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518489863500016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518445701673918, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SLPs对小鼠葡萄糖耐量的影响 A:葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)试验中各时间点的血糖值;B:曲线下面积,n=6. NC:空白对照组;HFD:模型组;LD:低剂量组;MD:中剂量组;HD:高剂量组;Met:阳性对照组;与NC组比较,*P<0.05,**P<0.01;与HFD组比较,#P<0.05,##P<0.01;下同, figureFileSmall=ncew73SH07jL+oFtcAs+sg==, figureFileBig=00o5pt3w5GPuR9j/GbRWiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518490320679155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518445701673918, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effect of SLPs on insulin tolerance in mice. 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基于转录组学分析广叶绣球菌多糖改善小鼠骨骼肌糖代谢紊乱机制
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王振 1 , 靳雯 2 , 魏欣 2 , 曹谨玲 2 , 云少君 2 , 程菲儿 2 , 冯翠萍 2, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(3): 250196
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(3): 250196
基于转录组学分析广叶绣球菌多糖改善小鼠骨骼肌糖代谢紊乱机制
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王振1, 靳雯2, 魏欣2, 曹谨玲2, 云少君2, 程菲儿2, 冯翠萍2, *
作者信息
  • 1 山西农业大学山西功能食品研究院,山西 太原 030031
  • 2 山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西 晋中 030801
Regulation mechanism of Sparassis latifolia polysaccharide improving glucose metabolism disorder in skeletal muscle of mice based on transcriptomics analysis
Zhen WANG1, Wen JIN2, Xin WEI2, Jinling CAO2, Shaojun YUN2, Feier CHENG2, Cuiping FENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • 2 College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
  • ORCID: Feng Cuiping (0000-0002-9133-6081)

出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250196
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本研究旨在探讨广叶绣球菌多糖(SLPs)对高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖代谢紊乱小鼠骨骼肌糖代谢功能的改善作用及分子机制。结果显示,SLPs干预显著减轻了小鼠的糖耐量受损和胰岛素抵抗,同时提高了骨骼肌糖原含量,并改善了骨骼肌的形态损伤。转录组分析共鉴定出965个差异表达基因(DEGs)。GO注释和富集分析表明这些基因主要参与组织发育、动物器官形态发生、小分子代谢过程、肌原纤维、糖原结合、有机酸结合等生物学过程。KEGG通路富集进一步揭示,DEGs显著富集于PI3k/Akt信号通路、糖尿病并发症相关的AGE-RAGE信号通路、胰岛素抵抗、AMPK信号通路等关键信号通路。此外,SLPs通过调控小鼠骨骼肌中AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路相关基因、蛋白的表达和关键酶的活性来改善骨骼肌的糖代谢紊乱,保护骨骼肌损伤,维持机体代谢稳态。本研究为SLPs作为功能食品原料的开发提供了重要的理论依据。

广叶绣球菌多糖  /  糖代谢  /  骨骼肌  /  转录组学  /  AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路

The study was designed to investigate the improvement effect and molecular mechanism of Sparassis latifolia polysaccharide (SLPs) on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle of mice with glucose metabolism disorder induced by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ). The results showed that SLPs intervention could significantly reduce the impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance and increase skeletal muscle glycogen content and improve the morphological damage of skeletal muscle caused by glucose metabolism disorder. Transcriptome analysis identified a total of 965 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO annotation and enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly involved in tissue development, animal organ morphogenesis, small molecule metabolism, myofibril, glycogen binding, and organic acid binding. The enrichment analysis of KEGG further revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in PI3k/Akt signal pathway, AGE-RAGE signal pathway related to diabetic complications, insulin resistance, AMPK signal pathway and other signal pathways. In addition, SLPs could regulate the expression of genes and proteins related to AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signal pathway and the activities of key enzymes in skeletal muscle of mice to improve glucose metabolism disorder in skeletal muscle, protect skeletal muscle damage, and maintain the metabolic homeostasis of the body. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of SLPs as functional food ingredients.

Sparassis latifolia polysaccharides  /  glucose metabolism  /  skeletal muscle  /  transcriptomics  /  AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway
王振, 靳雯, 魏欣, 曹谨玲, 云少君, 程菲儿, 冯翠萍. 基于转录组学分析广叶绣球菌多糖改善小鼠骨骼肌糖代谢紊乱机制. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250196 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250196
Zhen WANG, Wen JIN, Xin WEI, Jinling CAO, Shaojun YUN, Feier CHENG, Cuiping FENG. Regulation mechanism of Sparassis latifolia polysaccharide improving glucose metabolism disorder in skeletal muscle of mice based on transcriptomics analysis[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250196 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250196
随着社会经济的迅猛发展,人们的生活方式和饮食结构发生了显著变化,代谢性疾病发病率持续攀升,亚健康状态已成为普遍存在的健康问题(Soares & Lessard 2024)。在这一背景下,骨骼肌作为人体葡萄糖摄取和利用的靶器官之一,是至关重要的胰岛素敏感器官,也是维持全身葡萄糖稳态的关键靶器官(Chadt & Al-hasani 2020)。骨骼肌广泛分布于机体全身,占人体体重的40%左右,承担着全身80%以上的胰岛素介导性葡萄糖摄取任务。其糖代谢过程涉及葡萄糖摄取、肌糖原合成与分解等多个环节,这些环节紧密协同,共同维系着机体血糖稳态与骨骼肌正常功能(Greenhill 2018)。然而,在代谢紊乱状态下,骨骼肌的胰岛素敏感性降低,糖代谢异常,进而加剧糖尿病等疾病的发展。因此,探索改善骨骼肌糖代谢的干预策略具有重要的临床意义。
近年来,天然多糖因其显著的生物活性和良好的安全性备受研究者青睐。作为一种由糖苷键聚合形成的生物聚合物(Mohamed et al. 2020),广泛存在于植物、动物细胞膜和微生物细胞壁中(Wang et al. 2023),具有调节葡萄糖代谢、促进糖原合成等作用(Zhao et al. 2016)。近年来,多种植物和真菌多糖被证实可改善糖代谢紊乱(Hamza et al. 2023)。例如,枸杞多糖(白桂荣等 2020)能够上调大鼠骨骼肌GLUT4表达,增强胰岛素敏感性,有效改善大鼠的高血糖状况;黄芪多糖(魏祎等 2020)可以通过上调高脂饮食引起的大鼠骨骼肌胰岛素受体底物1含量,同时下调负性调节蛋白IRS-1Ser307的表达,改善骨骼肌胰岛素敏感性;苦瓜多糖(祁文文和梁益军 2024)可以通过调节大鼠骨骼肌PI3K/AKT信号通路,显著增加其PI3Kp85及p-Akt蛋白表达,改善大鼠糖代谢紊乱;枸杞多糖(Ren et al. 2025)可以通过激活AMPK/ PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬途径来减轻线粒体结构异常,从而调节葡萄糖和脂质代谢。
广叶绣球菌Sparassis latifolia Y.C. Dai & Zheng Wang是近年来发现的一种食药真菌(Dai et al. 2006;Wu et al. 2019),其多糖(SLPs)是从绣球菌中提取的一种β-葡聚糖,含量高达43.6 g/100 g,具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗病毒等多种活性(Kim et al. 2012)。高渊等(2021)研究发现,SLPs通过调节谷氨酸与谷氨酰胺代谢改善高脂血症大鼠体内氨基酸和脂质代谢紊乱的状况,从而起到降血脂的作用;何丽霞等(2022)研究显示,SLPs经铁修饰后所形成的螯合物可通过增强对α-葡萄糖苷的抑制作用,达到降血糖的作用。然而,目前关于SLPs改善骨骼肌糖代谢紊乱的具体分子机制尚不明确,这极大地限制了其在代谢性疾病干预中的应用。
转录组学技术的发展为系统解析SLPs的作用机制提供了有力工具。随着高通量测序技术的发展,可全面分析基因表达谱变化,揭示关键信号通路及调控网络。因此,本研究拟采用转录组学技术,系统探究SLPs对小鼠骨骼肌糖代谢的调控作用,旨在阐明其改善糖代谢紊乱的分子机制。这不仅有助于阐明SLPs改善糖代谢紊乱的分子靶点,更能为开发新型天然降糖药物提供理论依据。
广叶绣球菌子实体由山西农业大学食用菌科技创新中心提供。
参照Zhao et al. (2016)的方法提取,采用水提醇沉法提取SLPs。用苯酚硫酸法(高馨等 2018)测得SLPs纯度为95%。
本试验选取72只6-8周龄健康C57BL/6J雄性小鼠[斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司,许可证号为SCXK(京)2024-0001]。在SPF级环境中适应1周后,将小鼠随机分成6组:空白对照组(NC)、高脂组(HFD)、低剂量SLPs组(LD)、中剂量SLPs组(MD)、高剂量SLPs组(HD)和阳性对照组(Met),每组12只。除NC组饲喂基础饲料外,其他5组给与高脂饲料喂养5周。随后禁食12 h (自由饮水),连续3 d腹腔单次注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ) (40 mg/kg·BW)。继续饲喂高脂饲料4 d后,禁食10 h测定尾静脉空腹血糖(FBG)水平,以FBG≥11.1 mmol/L判定为造模成功。干预期间,LD、MD、HD组分别灌胃100、200、400 mg/kg·BW SLPs溶液,Met组灌胃200 mg/kg·BW的二甲双胍溶液,NC和HFD组灌胃等量生理盐水,持续8周。灌胃结束后,禁食12 h,断颈处死,迅速分离骨骼肌组织,生理盐水冲洗后用滤纸擦干多余水分,分装于预冷的无菌EP管中,-80 ℃保存备用。本实验获得山西农业大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(动物实验伦理号:SXAV-EAW- 2023.M.CW.009014396),并严格遵守其规定的动物伦理规范。动物模型设计见图1
灌胃第8周前对小鼠进行葡萄糖耐量试验。将小鼠禁食12 h后,按体重灌胃40%的葡萄糖溶液(2 g/kg·Bw)。使用OneTouch Ultra血糖仪分别于0、15、30、60和120 min监测小鼠血糖,计算曲线下面积(AUC)评估葡萄糖耐受能力。小鼠正常饲喂2 d后,进行胰岛素耐受性测试。小鼠禁食4 h后,按体重腹腔注射胰岛素溶液(0.75 U/kg)。同样于0、15、30、60及120 min监测小鼠血糖水平,计算血糖下降率以评估胰岛素敏感性。所有检测均在上午9:00-11:00进行,保持环境安静以减少应激干扰。实验数据由双人独立记录以确保准确性。
使用糖原测定试剂盒(Cat: BC0345,北京索莱宝科技有限公司)测定小鼠肌糖原的含量。
将骨骼肌组织置于 10%福尔马林溶液中4 ℃固定24 h,经梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明后,包埋于石蜡中。将石蜡块切成4 µm切片,分别进行H.E.染色和PAS染色,中性树胶封片。油红O染色时取新鲜组织经OCT包埋和液氮速冻后,制备8 µm冰冻切片,经油红O染色、苏木精复染后,甘油明胶封片。在光学显微镜下观察骨骼肌形态变化。
转录组测序由上海拜谱生物科技有限公司完成。具体操作步骤:总RNA提取→总 RNA质量检测→mRNA 纯化→mRNA 片段化处理→ cDNA 合成→PCR 技术富集文库片段→对富集后的文库质检→Illumina上机测序→差异基因进行分析。差异表达基因分析以|log2FC|≥1且FDR<0.05为标准,通过clusterProfiler (v4.0)进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。
使用RNAiso Plus提取小鼠骨骼肌总RNA。将提取的RNA进行浓度和OD260/OD280比值测定,符合要求的RNA保存用于后续实验。使用PrimeScript RT Master Mix,在37 ℃,15 min;85 ℃,5 s;4 ℃条件下将RNA反转录成cDNA。采用TB Green Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ (Tli RNaseH Plus)试剂盒进行实时荧光定量PCR。PCR扩增条件:95 ℃、1 min (1 Cycle)→95 ℃、5 s,55 ℃、30 s,72 ℃、1 min (50 Cycle)→95 ℃、15 s,60 ℃、1 min,95 ℃、15 s (1 Cycle)。选取β-actin作为内参,采用2-ΔΔCt法,计算目的基因的相对表达水平。引物序列信息详见附表(https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.jwxb.00010)。
骨骼肌组织(0.2 g)经预冷RIPA裂解液研磨(50 Hz,60 s)后,4 ℃离心(12 000×g,5 min)取上清,采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度并沸水浴变性(10 min)。使用10%分离胶和5%浓缩胶进行SDS-PAGE分析,上样后以80 V (浓缩胶)和120 V (分离胶)恒压电泳。随后,蛋白在低温条件下以200 mA恒流转至甲醇活化的PVDF膜上。膜经5%脱脂奶粉封闭2 h后,依次孵育一抗(GAPDH 1:10 000,PGC-1α 1:1 000,GLUT4 1:1 000,AMPK/p-AMPK 1:2 000,4 ℃过夜)和HRP标记二抗(1:5 000,室温1 h),TBST洗涤后ECL显影。采用Image J软件分析条带灰度值,以GAPDH为内参计算目的蛋白相对表达量。
按照南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒说明书,测定小鼠骨骼肌LKB1、GSK-3β、NAD+及PEPCK的活性。
运用SPSS 27.0软件对数据进行处理,并进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)及事后分析的邓肯检测,所得结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,其中P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著,采用Graphpad Prism 8.0软件绘图。
葡萄糖耐量是通过观察小鼠灌胃葡萄糖后2 h内血糖值的变化,来反映小鼠对葡萄糖的耐受能力。HFD组小鼠在葡萄糖灌胃后血糖迅速升高且下降缓慢,而SLPs组小鼠血糖下降速度明显快于HFD组(图2)。与NC组相比,HFD组OGTT-AUC显著上升(P<0.01),表明其葡萄糖耐量受损。然而,与HFD组相比,MD和HD组的OGTT-AUC均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),提示SLPs能够改善高脂饮食诱导的糖耐量异常。
通过监测小鼠在腹腔注射胰岛素后2 h内血糖水平的波动,胰岛素耐量测试揭示出机体对胰岛素敏感性的改变。HFD组小鼠在腹腔注射胰岛素后血糖持续维持较高水平,而SLPs组小鼠血糖在注射胰岛素2 h内逐渐下降并趋于稳定(图3)。相较于NC组,HFD组的ITT-AUC显著升高(P<0.01),表明其胰岛素敏感性降低。然而,与HFD组相比,SLPs干预后ITT-AUC显著下降(P<0.01),且与Met组趋势一致,提示SLPs能够有效增强高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗小鼠的胰岛素敏感性。
与NC组相比,HFD组肌糖原水平明显减少(P<0.01);与HFD组相比,SLPs干预后呈剂量依赖性改善作用:LD组糖原水平虽增加但差异不显著,MD组糖原水平显著提升(P<0.05),HD组和Met组糖原水平极显著提升(P<0.01,图3C)。
这些结果表明,SLPs能够有效逆转高脂饮食诱导的肌糖原代谢障碍。
NC组骨骼肌组织结构完好,肌纤维排列规整,肌细胞核位于边缘,界限清晰。与NC组相比,HFD组肌纤维排列紊乱、断裂,肌膜结构模糊,并伴有细胞核内移和炎细胞浸润(图4)。与HFD组相比,SLPs干预后呈现剂量依赖性的保护作用:LD、MD、HD组肌纤维排列紊乱程度减轻,炎性细胞浸润减少,而Met组未见明显异常,骨骼肌组织形态得到了明显改善。这些结果证实SLPs能有效减轻高脂饮食诱导的骨骼肌组织损伤。
NC组骨骼肌细胞间未出现脂肪沉积(图5)。与NC组相比,HFD组骨骼肌出现显著脂质蓄积,表现为肌纤维间大量红色脂滴沉积。与HFD组相比,LD、MD、HD组脂滴沉积程度呈依赖性减少,其中HD组的改善效果最为显著。Met组的改善效果与NC组相当。这些结果证实SLPs能有效抑制高脂饮食诱导的骨骼肌脂质异常沉积。
PAS染色用来检测组织中的糖类物质,其中糖原会被染成紫红色。从附表(https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.jwxb.00010)可以看出,NC组能观察到大面积紫红色染色区,表明骨骼肌中存在大量的糖原。与NC组相比,HFD组染色区明显减少,肌糖原含量降低。与HFD组相比,LD、MD、HD各剂量组糖原染色区域呈剂量依赖性增加,其中HD组的改善效果与Met组相当。这些结果表明SLPs能够有效促进高脂饮食小鼠骨骼肌糖原的合成与储存。
通过对原始读数进行过滤,去除接头序列和低质量读数,获得了高质量的Clean reads (Q20> 98.57%,Q30>98.22%),碱基分布均匀,且GC含量稳定,符合后续数据分析的要求。将Clean reads与小鼠参考基因组比对结果显示,所有样本的比对率均超过99%,这表明比对结果准确性较高,详见附表(https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.jwxb.00010)。FPKM密度分布结果显示,FPKM密度分布呈正态分布特征,大多数基因表现为中等表达水平(SUB17535 24895573)。
为了更准确地评估组间差异和组内样本的重复性,我们采用了主成分分析(PCA)进行降维处理。NC组和HFD组呈现分离现象,表明高脂饮食后对小鼠产生了一定的损伤(图6)。值得注意的是,SLPs干预后,LD、MD、HD组也出现了不同程度的分离,表明SLPs对骨骼肌糖代谢损伤具有改善作用。
为了更深入地了解糖代谢紊乱小鼠中SLPs的基因调控,进一步分析了各组筛选出的相关差异表达基因(DEGs)。对筛选出的DEGs进行GO富集分析,依据分子功能(molecular function, MF)、生物过程(biological process, BP)以及细胞组分(cellular component, CC) 3个维度进行归类。在BP方面,DEGs显著富集于组织发育、动物器官发育、成肌细胞增殖、对有机环化合物的反应、动物器官形态发生、有机酸代谢、纤维蛋白溶解的调节、小分子代谢过程等;CC分析显示这些基因主要参与细胞外区域、肌原纤维、肌球蛋白复合体、肌球蛋白丝、氨基酸转运复合物成分等;MF层面则富集于糖原结合、有机酸结合、DNA结合转录因子活性、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ特异性、尿酸氧化酶活性、4-羟基苯基丙酮酸双加氧酶活性等。值得注意的是,生物过程条目展现出最显著的富集特征,这与SLPs改善骨骼肌糖代谢的生理效应高度吻合(图7)。
基于KEGG通路富集分析,我们系统鉴定了SLPs调控的关键代谢通路(图8)。结果显示,这些DEGs主要聚集在NF-κB信号途径、PPAR信号途径、胆固醇代谢、PI3k/Akt信号途径、糖尿病并发症相关的AGE-RAGE信号途径、脂肪酸分解、胰岛素抵抗、AMPK信号途径等多个信号途径。
值得注意的是,在KEGG通路中,PPAR和AMPK信号通路的富集程度较为显著,提示它们可能是SLPs改善骨骼肌糖代谢损伤的核心调控通路。这些发现为阐明SLPs通过多靶点、多通路协同作用改善糖代谢紊乱的分子机制提供了重要证据。
运用DESeq对基因表达进行差异分析,以基因表达差异倍数|log2FoldChange|>1,显著性P-value<0.05为筛选标准,共鉴定出965个差异基因。与NC组相比,HFD组存在149个差异基因,其中101个上调,48个下调。与HFD组相比,LD、MD、HD和Met组共鉴定出816个DEGs,其中211个上调,605个下调。LD、MD、HD和Met组分别有60、103、15和33个DEGs上调,207、272、15和111个DEGs下调(图9)。
基于DEGs分析结果,鉴定出17个受SLPs调控的关键DEGs。其中,与NC组相比,HFD组Dkk2Aldh9a1等基因表达显著上调,SLPs干预后表达明显降低。Tmem17Ccdc158等基因表达显著下调,SLPs干预后明显升高。针对筛选出的差异基因展开相关性分析,发现Folr2基因与Myom3Capn11Gpr1Megf10Vgll2正相关,Nmrk2Megf10负相关。Aldh9a1Tmem178Capn11正相关,与Mpzl3负相关(图10)。这些基因可分为3个功能类别:Aldh9a1Nmrk2Ppp1r3bStbd1Mpzl3等参与骨骼肌细胞内的能量代谢,通过调控骨骼肌细胞内的能量代谢来影响糖代谢;Ccdc158B4galnt4Capn11Vgll2Gadl1Gpr1参与细胞内的糖代谢,以及胰岛素信号传导和葡萄糖转运;MybphFolr2Tmem178Dkk2Megf10Myom3参与骨骼肌的发育(图10A)。与NC组相比,HFD组Dkk2Aldh9a1等基因表达显著上调,SLPs干预后表达明显降低。Tmem17Ccdc158等基因表达显著下调,SLPs干预后明显升高。针对筛选出的DEGs展开相关性分析,发现Folr2Myom3Capn11Gpr1Megf10Vgll2正相关,Nmrk2Megf10负相关。Aldh9a1Tmem178Capn11正相关,与Mpzl3负相关(图10B)。这些发现为阐明SLPs改善骨骼肌糖代谢的分子机制提供了线索。
为验证转录组测序结果并深入探究SLPs在改善糖代谢紊乱小鼠骨骼肌损伤中的作用机制, 重点研究了AMPK信号途径关键分子的表达变化。与NC组相比,HFD组小鼠骨骼肌中AMPKPGC-1αSIRT1AKTGLUT4的mRNA表达水平均显著降低(P<0.01,图11)。经SLPs干预后,这些基因的表达呈现明显的剂量依赖性恢复:LD、MD、HD组的AMPK mRNA表达水平显著增加(P<0.01),呈现出剂量递增趋势,与Met组趋势一致;LD组PGC-1α mRNA表达量有所升高但差异不显著,MD、HD和Met组PGC-1α mRNA表达水平显著上升(P<0.01);LD和MD组SIRT1 mRNA表达量上升但差异不显著,HD组表达量显著上升(P<0.01),与Met组趋势一致;LD组GLUT4 mRNA表达量上升但差异不显著,MD、HD组GLUT4 mRNA表达量显著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),与Met组趋势一致;LD组的AKT mRNA表达增加但差异不显著,MD、HD以及Met组的AKT mRNA表达水平显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。
与NC组相比,HFD组小鼠骨骼肌中GLUT4和PGC-1α蛋白表达量极显著下降(P<0.01),p-AMPK/AMPK显著下降(P<0.05,图12)。与HFD组相比,LD组GLUT4蛋白表达量显著减少,MD、HD和Met组GLUT4蛋白表达量显著升高(P<0.01)。MD、HD组PGC-1α蛋白表达量显著升高(P<0.01),Met组表达量上升但差异不显著;LD、MD、HD和Met组p-AMPK/AMPK显著升高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。这些蛋白水平的改变与前期mRNA表达结果相互印证,从蛋白质水平证实了SLPs通过激活AMPK信号通路,进而上调PGC-1α和GLUT4的表达,最终改善骨骼肌糖代谢功能的分子机制。
从附表(https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.jwxb.00010)可以看出,与NC组相比,HFD组小鼠骨骼肌中GSK-3β和PEPCK活性显著升高(P<0.01),LKB1和NAD+活性显著降低(P<0.01)。与HFD组相比,LD、MD、HD组GSK-3β活性显著降低(P<0.05),Met组GSK-3β活性降低但差异不显著;LD和MD组PEPCK活性降低但差异不显著,HD和Met组PEPCK活性显著降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),LD组LKB1和NAD+活性增加但差异不显著,MD、HD和Met组LKB1和NAD+活性显著升高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。
Pearson相关性分析揭示了小鼠骨骼肌糖代谢各关键指标间的关系(图13)。结果显示,骨骼肌糖原含量与OGTT-AUC和ITT-AUC均呈负相关(P<0.01),提示糖原储备与糖耐量和胰岛素敏感性密切相关;AMPK mRNA表达量与SIRT1 mRNA表达量、AKT mRNA表达量、PGC-1α mRNA表达量、GLUT4蛋白表达量、p-AMPK/ AMPK和PEPCK酶活性呈正相关(P<0.01),GLUT4 mRNA表达量、PGC-1α蛋白表达量、NAD+和LKB1酶活性呈正相关,差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。这些相关性结果证实了AMPK在协调骨骼肌糖代谢中的核心调控作用,其通过SIRT1/PGC-1α和AKT/GLUT4等通路共同维持糖代谢稳态。
本试验通过高脂饮食联合STZ构建了糖代谢紊乱小鼠模型。STZ作为葡萄糖类似物,通过选择性破坏胰岛β细胞引起胰岛素合成受损,导致体内胰岛素分泌不足,进而引发高血糖(Tao et al. 2019;Zhuge et al. 2021)。
在评估机体糖代谢状况方面,OGTT和ITT是常用的指标。OGTT衡量的是机体对血糖水平的调节能力,而ITT则主要用于评估身体对胰岛素的反应灵敏度以及胰岛β细胞的功能是否处于正常状态。本研究中,HFD组小鼠在灌胃葡萄糖溶液后血糖迅速增加并且下降缓慢,而SLPs组血糖下降速度较快,且曲线下面积减小,这表明SLPs提高了小鼠对葡萄糖的耐受性。在ITT中,HFD组血糖一直处于较高水平,而SLPs组在注射胰岛素2 h内血糖逐渐下降并趋于稳定,说明SLPs干预后增加了小鼠对胰岛素的敏感性。结合OGTT和ITT的结果,可以看出在高脂饮食后,HFD组小鼠的葡萄糖耐受性受损,对胰岛素的敏感性降低,表现出了严重的代谢紊乱。而SLPs干预后,改善了小鼠的糖耐量受损,增强了对胰岛素的敏感性,减轻了糖代谢紊乱带来的损伤。这些发现提示SLPs可能通过调节外周组织对葡萄糖的摄取和利用来缓解代谢紊乱。
糖原作为体内储存葡萄糖的主要形式,与葡萄糖的分布和摄取紧密相关,是关键的糖代谢指标。若糖原合成过程受损,可能会引发高血糖及糖代谢紊乱(Zhang et al. 2024)。肌肉中糖原的合成与分解主要目的是为肌肉细胞提供能量来源ATP。当机体内血糖水平上升时,会刺激骨骼肌合成糖原;而当血糖水平下降时,骨骼肌会降低对葡萄糖的摄取。本研究中,HFD组小鼠的肌糖原含量较NC组显著下降,这可能是与高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗导致葡萄糖摄取障碍有关(Zhang et al. 2024)。而SLPs干预后,SLPs组中肌糖原的含量显著增加,表明其可能通过促进骨骼肌糖原合成来改善糖原代谢,增加葡萄糖摄取。这与Liu et al. (2024)关于黄芩素的研究结论一致,支持了胰岛素敏感组织功能改善在糖代谢调节中的重要性。此外,组织学分析显示,SLPs干预能有效缓解骨骼肌纤维排列紊乱、炎性细胞浸润,脂质沉积,恢复糖原含量。这表明SLPs不仅能缓解骨骼肌的糖代谢紊乱,还能缓解由此引发的骨骼肌损伤。这些形态学改善与糖代谢功能恢复密切相关,尤其是骨骼肌脂质沉积与线粒体功能障碍密切相关,而后者正是胰岛素抵抗的重要诱因(Chen et al. 2023),这为后续分子机制研究提供了方向。
为进一步研究SLPs对糖代谢紊乱小鼠骨骼肌损伤的影响及其发生机制,本试验对小鼠骨骼肌组织进行了转录组测序。结果显示,共筛选到965个DEGs。STZ引起149个DEGs,其中101个上调,48个下调,而SLPs干预后显著变化的DEGs共有672个,表明其可能通过调节相关基因的表达,在STZ诱导的糖代谢紊乱小鼠骨骼肌组织中发挥一定的作用,特别值得关注的是AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路。因此,本研究围绕AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路来探究广叶绣球菌多糖改善糖代谢紊乱小鼠骨骼肌损伤的作用机制。
AMPK是一种敏感的代谢传感器,在细胞能量代谢中起着至关重要的作用,被认为是调控糖代谢的有效靶点(Hardie 2007;Huo et al. 2021)。有研究表明,AMPK通过调节葡萄糖代谢来维持细胞内的稳态(Ko et al. 2018)。AMPK激活可以刺激GLUT4易位到肌细胞表面,有效增强胰岛素敏感性,对缓解糖代谢紊乱有重要效果(Al-Trad et al. 2019)。本研究中,SLPs显著提高了骨骼肌中AMPK的磷酸化水平,并上调了其下游靶点PGC-1α和GLUT4的表达。值得注意的是,阳性药Met虽显著提高了PGC-1α mRNA水平,但未增加其蛋白总量。这一现象可能与SIRT1介导的翻译后修饰有关。已有研究表明,SIRT1通过去乙酰化激活PGC-1α,无须改变其蛋白表达量(Liu et al. 2024)。本研究中Met组SIRT1 mRNA显著上调,提示其可能通过此途径增强PGC-1α活性。而SLPs同时上调PGC-1α的mRNA和蛋白水平,表明其具有多靶点调控优势。未来需进一步检测PGC-1α乙酰化状态以验证这一假设。PGC-1α作为线粒体生物合成的关键调控因子,其表达可以调节脂质代谢,改善线粒体生物合成,从而缓解胰岛素抵抗(Jäger et al. 2007)。AMPK还可以刺激过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子(PGC-1α)的活性来提升胰岛素敏感性和GLUT4的易位(Kjøbsted et al. 2018)。GLUT4是葡萄糖转运蛋白家族中的重要成员之一,在骨骼肌组织中高表达,并在维持血糖稳态中发挥重要作用(Letinic et al. 2010)。有研究表明,当小鼠敲除GLUT4基因后,表现出严重的胰岛素抵抗并且葡萄糖耐受性严重降低(Zisman et al. 2000)。同时,GLUT4作为AMPK的下游分子,其表达会受到AMPK活性的影响。因此,若GLUT4的表达与转移受损,会严重干扰胰岛素促进的葡萄糖吸收,引发胰岛素抵抗和血糖升高。
此外,SLPs通过激活SIRT1进一步强化了这一通路。沉默信息调节因子1 (SIRT1)是Sirtuin家族的第三类组蛋白脱乙酰酶,参与线粒体功能和能量代谢等细胞过程(Huang W et al. 2018)。Gao et al. (2024)通过饮食诱导小鼠肥胖后,发现达格列净可以通过激活SIRT1来减轻骨骼肌内的脂质沉积,促进线粒体生物合成,最终提高小鼠葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素敏感性。SIRT1还与许多葡萄糖代谢相关的分子有关,包括AMPK和PGC-1α (Gao et al. 2024)。首先,SIRT1的表达可以激活AMPK (Brandauer et al. 2013),提高能量代谢来抑制能量储存并促进脂质利用,减少脂质沉积。此外,SIRT1还可以激活下游的PGC-1α,广泛参与促进线粒体生物发生和功能(Tang 2016)。当线粒体合成和功能受损后,将会明显减弱骨骼肌处理葡萄糖的能量,进而会破坏葡萄糖稳态(Chen et al. 2023)。可见SIRT1在骨骼肌糖代谢中发挥着重要的作用。需要指出的是,本研究的另一局限是未检测SIRT1蛋白水平及其磷酸化状态。尽管SIRT1 mRNA上调及其与下游PGC-1α的调控关系支持该通路的激活,但未来需通过Western blot分析进一步验证SIRT1蛋白表达,以更全面阐明其作用机制。
蛋白激酶B (AKT)是胰岛素作用的中心调节因子,在葡萄糖和脂质代谢中起着关键作用(Jaiswal et al. 2019)。Huang XJ et al. (2018)的研究表明,骨骼肌中的AKT激活可以增强葡萄糖利用,并通过各种方式调节糖脂代谢紊乱。Yu et al. (2022)研究发现,AKT激活后可以刺激GLUT4,使得GLUT4表达增加,同时GSK3β在调节骨骼肌中的糖原合成中发挥关键作用。本研究结果显示,AKT还可以刺激p-GSK3β在骨骼肌中的表达,进一步验证了Akt/GLUT4和Akt/GSK3β可以改善糖代谢。当骨骼肌中Akt激活减少时,会严重减少葡萄糖摄取和GLUT4易位,最终导致血糖升高和代谢紊乱。
糖原合成酶激酶-3β (GSK-3β)、肝激酶B1 (LKB1)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)是糖代谢过程中的关键酶,在调节体内葡萄糖水平方面起着重要的作用。GSK-3β是一种存在于所有真核细胞质中的蛋白激酶,可以磷酸化糖原合成酶,使其活性降低,从而抑制糖原合成。而当GSK-3β在体内过表达时,会抑制胰岛β细胞的增殖,使得胰岛素分泌减少,体内血糖升高(董新岩等 2018)。本研究中,HFD组小鼠骨骼肌GSK-3β活性显著升高,而SLPs干预可以降低GSK-3β活性,从而缓解小鼠的骨骼肌糖代谢紊乱。LKB1作为AMPK的上游激酶,可以激活AMPK,进而促进GLUT4对葡萄糖的转运过程,调节骨骼肌对葡萄糖的摄取和利用。靳思思等(2023)研究发现,决明子提取物能够修复骨骼肌LKB1-AMPK- GLUT4信号通路的损伤,改善高脂饮食诱导的大鼠胰岛素抵抗。本研究中,SLPs干预后,小鼠骨骼肌中LKB1的活性随着多糖剂量的增加逐渐升高,说明SLPs可以通过提高骨骼肌中LKB1的活性来增强对葡萄糖的摄取。NAD+作为一个重要的辅酶,可以推动葡萄糖氧化分解,抑制糖原合成,进而保持血糖水平的平衡(Nagahisa et al. 2023)。Zeng et al. (2025)研究发现,在高脂饮食饲喂下小鼠组织内的NAD+水平显著降低,这是肥胖诱导疾病的基础。在本试验中,HFD组小鼠的NAD+活性也显著降低,SLPs干预后能够提高小鼠骨骼肌中的NAD+水平。PEPCK在糖代谢中具有重要作用,能将非糖物质转化为葡萄糖,主要体现在糖异生和调节血糖水平方面。在本研究中,HFD小鼠骨骼肌中PEPCK活性显著增加,多糖干预后使PEPCK酶活性降低,说明SLPs能够通过抑制PEPCK酶的活性减少促进葡萄糖的生成进而改善骨骼肌糖代谢,与Mahdizadehdehosta et al. (2024)的研究结果一致。
本研究结果表明,SLPs可以通过调控AMPKPGC-1αSIRT1GLUT4AKT基因的表达和GLUT4、PGC-1α和p-AMPK/AMPK蛋白的表达来缓解小鼠骨骼肌的糖代谢紊乱。当小鼠血糖升高时,首先触发胰岛β细胞迅速分泌胰岛素。胰岛素与骨骼肌细胞表面的胰岛素受体结合后,促使细胞内的PI3K与胰岛素受体底物1相结合,激活了下游的AKT。活化的AKT可直接促进GLUT4向细胞膜转运,增强葡萄糖摄取并诱导合成肌糖原。血糖升高还会降低骨骼肌线粒体功能,加剧胰岛素抵抗并导致能量代谢受损。在能量代谢受损的情况下,上游的LKB1激活AMPK这一能量代谢的总开关。AMPK磷酸化后,一方面增加骨骼肌内GLUT4的表达并促进其膜易位,提高葡萄糖的利用率;另一方面通过增加细胞内NAD+水平来激活SIRT1。被激活的SIRT1进而增强下游PGC-1α的表达,促进线粒体相关基因表达,维持细胞能量平衡。值得注意的是,PGC-1α表达上调后形成正向反馈调节:既刺激肌细胞膜和骨骼肌GLUT4的表达以增加葡萄糖转运,又通过AMPK的直接激活PGC-1α作用启动线粒体DNA复制与转录过程,促进线粒体的生物合成,最终调控机体能量代谢。AMPK还能通过影响AKT活化来调节葡萄糖代谢,具体表现为AKT调控下游的GSK-3β激酶,抑制其活性,从而促进糖原合成。
综上所述,SLPs可能通过调控AMPK/SIRT1/ PGC-1α信号通路,增强小鼠骨骼肌的葡萄糖耐受性和胰岛素敏感性,提高骨骼肌内糖原的含量,减轻糖代谢紊乱造成的骨骼肌损伤,调节骨骼肌内相关基因、蛋白的表达量和相关酶的活性,从而达到保护骨骼肌损伤、维持机体代谢稳定的作用(图14)。本研究首次系统阐明了SLPs通过AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α通路改善糖代谢紊乱的作用机制,为开发新型功能性食品提供了理论依据。然而,SLPs与受体的相互作用机制仍需进一步探索。未来研究可结合代谢组学和分子对接技术,深入解析其结构-功能关系,为临床应用奠定基础。
王振:数据分析、实验操作、论文撰写;靳雯:数据分析、软件使用、图片绘制、论文撰写;魏欣:实验操作、数据验证、图片绘制;曹谨玲:图片绘制、审核与编辑写作、文献调研;云少君:论文构思、审核与编辑写作;程菲儿:论文构思、审核与编辑写作;冯翠萍:论文审核、项目管理与监督。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 山西省科技成果转化引导专项项目(202304021301055)
  • 山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(2025CYJSTX09-02)
  • 山西省科技重大专项计划(202301140601015)
  • 山西省专利转化专项计划项目(202301009)
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2026年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250196
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 录用日期:2025-08-12
基金
Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Guidance Special Project of Shanxi Province(202304021301055)
山西省科技成果转化引导专项项目(202304021301055)
Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of Shanxi Province(2025CYJSTX09-02)
山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(2025CYJSTX09-02)
Major Special Science and Technology Projects of Shanxi Province(202301140601015)
山西省科技重大专项计划(202301140601015)
Special Project for Patent Commercialization of Shanxi Province(202301009)
山西省专利转化专项计划项目(202301009)
作者信息
    1 山西农业大学山西功能食品研究院,山西 太原 030031
    2 山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西 晋中 030801

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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