Article(id=1256518443541586191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250186, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250186, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750089600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1751904000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-08, onlineDate=1777506941924, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777506941924, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777506941924, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777506941924, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256518442379763982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='240320', pageEnd='250282', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777506941647, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777507117568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256519180338213461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256518442379763982, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250186, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256518446171414809, articleId=1256518443541586191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Factors affecting rheological behavior of Naematelia sinensis polysaccharide solution, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effects of temperature, pH, salt ions, and sugar solutions on the rheological properties of crude polysaccharide water extract (Naematelia sinensis polysaccharides-water extract, NAP-WE) from Naematelia sinensis were systematically investigated. Through static and dynamic rheological tests, changes in apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G″) of NAP-WE solutions under different conditions were analyzed. The results showed that NAP-WE exhibited shear-thinning behavior, and variations in temperature, salt ions, pH, and sugar solutions altered its apparent viscosity and gel characteristics. Within the 4-60 ℃ range, the apparent viscosity of 6.0% NAP-WE solution slightly decreased with rising temperature, and its weak-gel properties weakened in high-frequency regions, though it remained non-fluid. Acidic/alkaline environments reduced apparent viscosity and gel strength, but the consistency coefficient (k) and flow behavior index (n) showed minimal changes, confirming its stability within pH 3-9. Na+, K+, and Ca2+ all reduced viscosity and gel strength, with efficacy ranking Na+>Ca2+>K+; excessive Na+ over-shielded charges, altering polysaccharide chain aggregation and loosening the network structure. Glucose/sucrose solutions (4%-8%) decreased apparent viscosity, with sucrose exhibiting stronger effects. Low sugar concentrations (≤4%) minimally impacted gel properties, preserving weak-gel characteristics. In summary, NAP-WE’s rheological behavior is significantly regulated by environmental factors, and its weak-gel properties remain most stable under low temperature, neutral pH, low ion concentration, and low sugar content. The results provide a theoretical basis for applications of NAP-WE in food and pharmaceuticals.

, correspAuthors=Jinsong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*
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#Co-first author

, authorsList=Jie GENG, Haowen SUN, Yanfang LIU, Liping LIU, Jie FENG, Linlei YANG, Qingqing LU, Jinsong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256518454954287472, articleId=1256518443541586191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=中华包革耳粗多糖溶液的流变学特性影响因素, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究系统探究了温度、pH、盐离子及糖溶液对中华包革耳(金耳) Naematelia sinensis粗多糖水提物(NAP-WE)流变学特性的影响。通过静态与动态流变学测试,分析NAP-WE溶液在不同条件下的表观黏度、储能模量(G′)和耗能模量(G″)的变化。研究发现,NAP-WE呈剪切稀化行为,不同温度、盐离子、pH、糖溶液均会改变其表观黏度和凝胶特性。在4-60 ℃范围内,随着温度升高,6.0% NAP-WE溶液的表观黏度稍有下降,高频率区间呈现出的弱凝胶特性减弱,但其仍未转变为流体状态;酸性和碱性环境均会导致其表观黏度下降和弱凝胶特性减弱,但稠度系数k值和流动行为指数n 值变化幅度不大,说明其在pH 3-9范围内具有较好的稳定性;Na+、K+和Ca2+均降低其黏度与凝胶强度,影响程度为Na+>Ca2+>K+;4%-8%的葡萄糖或蔗糖溶液均可降低其表观黏度,蔗糖的作用更显著,低浓度(≤4%)的糖溶液对其凝胶特性影响不显著,仍呈现出弱凝胶特性。综上,NAP-WE的流变行为显著地受环境因素影响,其弱凝胶特性在低温、中性pH、低离子及低糖浓度下最为稳定。本研究结果可为中华包革耳多糖在食品与医药领域的应用提供理论依据。

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pageStart=240214, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=沈真辉, 杨林雷, 曹瑶, 罗祥英, 杨爱霞, 陆青青, 子灵山, 李荣, journalName=菌物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=沈真辉, 杨林雷, 曹瑶, 罗祥英, 杨爱霞, 陆青青, 子灵山, 李荣, 2025. 基于基因组重测序开发中华包革耳(金耳菌)菌株的鉴别标记. 菌物学报, 44(4): 240214, articleTitle=基于基因组重测序开发中华包革耳(金耳菌)菌株的鉴别标记, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518511497700341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=8, pageStart=386, pageEnd=397, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=孙涛, 姜浩, 王燕玲, 王诗雨, 彭雯杰, 雷鹏, 王瑞, 徐虹, 李莎, 孙达锋, journalName=中国食品学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙涛, 姜浩, 王燕玲, 王诗雨, 彭雯杰, 雷鹏, 王瑞, 徐虹, 李莎, 孙达锋, 2022. 金耳多糖的研究进展. 中国食品学报, 22(8): 386-397, articleTitle=金耳多糖的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256518511598363638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, doi=null, pmid=null, 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concentrations., figureFileSmall=gcmKpscNY/8zsQeaah29cg==, figureFileBig=rsb+u3SigM3hEPCM2wuZVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518498168201985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同浓度蔗糖溶液中中华包革耳多糖的表观黏度(A)和模量变化图(B), figureFileSmall=gcmKpscNY/8zsQeaah29cg==, figureFileBig=rsb+u3SigM3hEPCM2wuZVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256518498495357702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The Power law equation fitting parameters for Naematelia sinensis polysaccharide water extract at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
温度
Temperature/℃
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 4 156.92 0.247 0.995 0
10 133.30 0.273 0.990 2
25 91.08 0.305 0.990 0
40 44.37 0.400 0.990 1
60 17.985 0.496 0.990 9
), ArticleFig(id=1256518498939953933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同温度下中华包革耳多糖的Power law方程拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
温度
Temperature/℃
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 4 156.92 0.247 0.995 0
10 133.30 0.273 0.990 2
25 91.08 0.305 0.990 0
40 44.37 0.400 0.990 1
60 17.985 0.496 0.990 9
), ArticleFig(id=1256518499338412814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The Power law equation fitting parameters for Naematelia sinensis polysaccharide water extract at different pH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
pH 稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 3 117.00 0.345 0.989 6
5 122.32 0.306 0.991 0
7 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
9 116.24 0.332 0.991 8
), ArticleFig(id=1256518499460047635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同pH下中华包革耳多糖的Power law方程拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
pH 稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 3 117.00 0.345 0.989 6
5 122.32 0.306 0.991 0
7 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
9 116.24 0.332 0.991 8
), ArticleFig(id=1256518499866895128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fit parameters of Power law equation for Naematelia sinensis polysaccharide water extract at different NaCl concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
质量浓度
Mass concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
1.0 82.98 0.334 0.995 2
2.0 47.08 0.365 0.989 2
4.0 39.23 0.374 0.986 9
), ArticleFig(id=1256518500252771103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同NaCl浓度下中华包革耳多糖的Power law方程拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
质量浓度
Mass concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
1.0 82.98 0.334 0.995 2
2.0 47.08 0.365 0.989 2
4.0 39.23 0.374 0.986 9
), ArticleFig(id=1256518500596704036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fit parameters of Power law equation for Naematelia sinensis polysaccharides water extract at different KCl concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
质量浓度
Mass concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
0.5 130.20 0.311 0.994 8
1.0 116.82 0.312 0.995 4
2.0 115.76 0.319 0.995 4
), ArticleFig(id=1256518501003551530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同KCl浓度下中华包革耳多糖的Power law方程拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
质量浓度
Mass concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
0.5 130.20 0.311 0.994 8
1.0 116.82 0.312 0.995 4
2.0 115.76 0.319 0.995 4
), ArticleFig(id=1256518502723216172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Fit parameters of Power law equation for Naematelia sinensis polysaccharide water extract at different CaCl2 concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
质量浓度
Mass concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
0.5 120.80 0.320 0.992 7
1.0 102.89 0.336 0.990 5
2.0 75.66 0.360 0.987 5
), ArticleFig(id=1256518502853239600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同CaCl2浓度下中华包革耳多糖的Power law方程拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
质量浓度
Mass concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
0.5 120.80 0.320 0.992 7
1.0 102.89 0.336 0.990 5
2.0 75.66 0.360 0.987 5
), ArticleFig(id=1256518503071343413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The Power law equation fitting parameters for Naematelia sinensis polysaccharide water extract in glucose solution with different concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
溶液浓度
Solution concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
4 129.90 0.339 0.991 0
8 160.61 0.315 0.991 0
), ArticleFig(id=1256518503159423801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同浓度葡萄糖溶液中中华包革耳多糖的Power law方程拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
溶液浓度
Solution concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
4 129.90 0.339 0.991 0
8 160.61 0.315 0.991 0
), ArticleFig(id=1256518503247504187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The Power law equation fitting parameters for Naematelia sinensis polysaccharide water extract in sucrose solution with different concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
溶液浓度
Solution concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
4 145.63 0.324 0.988 6
8 71.40 0.385 0.997 0
), ArticleFig(id=1256518503507551042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256518443541586191, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同浓度蔗糖溶液中中华包革耳多糖Power law方程拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液
Solution
溶液浓度
Solution concentration/%
稠度系数
Consistency coefficient k/Pa·sn
流动行为指数
Flow behavior index n
相关系数
Correlation coefficient R2
NAP-WE 0 161.00 0.300 0.990 9
4 145.63 0.324 0.988 6
8 71.40 0.385 0.997 0
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中华包革耳粗多糖溶液的流变学特性影响因素
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耿洁 1, # , 孙浩雯 1, # , 刘艳芳 1 , 刘利平 1 , 冯杰 1 , 杨林雷 2 , 陆青青 2 , 张劲松 1, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(3): 250186
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(3): 250186
中华包革耳粗多糖溶液的流变学特性影响因素
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耿洁1, #, 孙浩雯1, #, 刘艳芳1, 刘利平1, 冯杰1, 杨林雷2, 陆青青2, 张劲松1, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海市农业科学院食用菌研究所 农业农村部南方食用菌资源利用重点实验室 国家食用菌工程技术研究中心 国家食用菌加工技术研发分中心 上海市农业遗传育种重点实验室,上海 201403
  • 2 云南菌视界生物科技有限公司,云南 昆明 651708
Factors affecting rheological behavior of Naematelia sinensis polysaccharide solution
Jie GENG1, Haowen SUN1, Yanfang LIU1, Liping LIU1, Jie FENG1, Linlei YANG2, Qingqing LU2, Jinsong ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, National R&D Center for Edible Fungal Processing, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
  • 2 Yunnan Junshijie Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kunming 651708, Yunnan, China
出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250186
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本研究系统探究了温度、pH、盐离子及糖溶液对中华包革耳(金耳) Naematelia sinensis粗多糖水提物(NAP-WE)流变学特性的影响。通过静态与动态流变学测试,分析NAP-WE溶液在不同条件下的表观黏度、储能模量(G′)和耗能模量(G″)的变化。研究发现,NAP-WE呈剪切稀化行为,不同温度、盐离子、pH、糖溶液均会改变其表观黏度和凝胶特性。在4-60 ℃范围内,随着温度升高,6.0% NAP-WE溶液的表观黏度稍有下降,高频率区间呈现出的弱凝胶特性减弱,但其仍未转变为流体状态;酸性和碱性环境均会导致其表观黏度下降和弱凝胶特性减弱,但稠度系数k值和流动行为指数n 值变化幅度不大,说明其在pH 3-9范围内具有较好的稳定性;Na+、K+和Ca2+均降低其黏度与凝胶强度,影响程度为Na+>Ca2+>K+;4%-8%的葡萄糖或蔗糖溶液均可降低其表观黏度,蔗糖的作用更显著,低浓度(≤4%)的糖溶液对其凝胶特性影响不显著,仍呈现出弱凝胶特性。综上,NAP-WE的流变行为显著地受环境因素影响,其弱凝胶特性在低温、中性pH、低离子及低糖浓度下最为稳定。本研究结果可为中华包革耳多糖在食品与医药领域的应用提供理论依据。

中华包革耳多糖  /  流变特性  /  温度  /  pH  /  盐离子  /  糖溶液

The effects of temperature, pH, salt ions, and sugar solutions on the rheological properties of crude polysaccharide water extract (Naematelia sinensis polysaccharides-water extract, NAP-WE) from Naematelia sinensis were systematically investigated. Through static and dynamic rheological tests, changes in apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G″) of NAP-WE solutions under different conditions were analyzed. The results showed that NAP-WE exhibited shear-thinning behavior, and variations in temperature, salt ions, pH, and sugar solutions altered its apparent viscosity and gel characteristics. Within the 4-60 ℃ range, the apparent viscosity of 6.0% NAP-WE solution slightly decreased with rising temperature, and its weak-gel properties weakened in high-frequency regions, though it remained non-fluid. Acidic/alkaline environments reduced apparent viscosity and gel strength, but the consistency coefficient (k) and flow behavior index (n) showed minimal changes, confirming its stability within pH 3-9. Na+, K+, and Ca2+ all reduced viscosity and gel strength, with efficacy ranking Na+>Ca2+>K+; excessive Na+ over-shielded charges, altering polysaccharide chain aggregation and loosening the network structure. Glucose/sucrose solutions (4%-8%) decreased apparent viscosity, with sucrose exhibiting stronger effects. Low sugar concentrations (≤4%) minimally impacted gel properties, preserving weak-gel characteristics. In summary, NAP-WE’s rheological behavior is significantly regulated by environmental factors, and its weak-gel properties remain most stable under low temperature, neutral pH, low ion concentration, and low sugar content. The results provide a theoretical basis for applications of NAP-WE in food and pharmaceuticals.

Naematelia sinensis polysaccharides  /  rheological properties  /  temperature  /  pH  /  salt ions  /  sugar solutions
耿洁, 孙浩雯, 刘艳芳, 刘利平, 冯杰, 杨林雷, 陆青青, 张劲松. 中华包革耳粗多糖溶液的流变学特性影响因素. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250186 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250186
Jie GENG, Haowen SUN, Yanfang LIU, Liping LIU, Jie FENG, Linlei YANG, Qingqing LU, Jinsong ZHANG. Factors affecting rheological behavior of Naematelia sinensis polysaccharide solution[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (3) : 250186 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250186
中华包革耳(俗称金耳) Naematelia sinensis Zhu L. Yang & J.Y. Tang隶属于担子菌门Basidiomycota,银耳纲Tremellomycetes,银耳目Tremellales,包革耳科Naemateliaceae,包革耳属Naematelia,过去一直认为该种的拉丁名称是Naematelia aurantialba (Bandoni & M. Zang) Millanes & Wedin (Tang & Yang 2024),是一种具有治疗气喘、祛痰、治疗气管炎、抗高血压、抗氧化和降血糖功能的食药用真菌(戴玉成和杨祝良2008;Wu et al. 2019;杨林雷等 2020;沈真辉等2025)。研究表明,中华包革耳富含多糖、蛋白质及多种矿物质和微量元素,具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤和抗氧化等多种生物活性(杨林雷等 2021)。多糖是中华包革耳中的主要活性成分之一,近年来中华包革耳多糖因其显著的生物活性如抗氧化、降血糖及降血脂等成为研究热点(孙涛等 2022;刘利平等 2024;张怡敏等 2024)。
流变学是研究物体在外力作用下的流动与变形规律的科学,与高分子材料、生物医药、食品工程等领域密切相关。流变学特性是多糖类物质的重要加工特性,多糖具有黏弹性,是典型的黏弹性物质,其流变学特性显著地影响其在食品、生物医药、化妆品等领域的应用(李艳琴 1997;吴晓宁和熊耀康 2008;冯冰等 2015;刘诗琪等 2024)。在食品工业中,多糖的流变学特性主要体现在增稠、凝胶、稳定作用方面。黄原胶、瓜尔胶等多糖通过形成高黏度溶液实现增稠稳定功能,其剪切变稀的特性显著影响产品的加工性能与口感体验;而果胶、琼脂等多糖通过分子间作用力构建三维网络结构,赋予果冻、布丁等产品特定质构与形态稳定性(Budai et al. 2023)。在化妆品领域,多糖的流变学特性可提高产品稳定性和保湿性能,还能作为功能活性物质的载体发挥作用(Fan et al. 2022;Budai et al. 2023;Kalasariya et al. 2024)。多糖的流变学特性直接决定其加工适用性与功能稳定性。
在食品加工过程中,温度、pH、金属离子等因素都会影响多糖的流体特性(李秀秀等 2021;Wang et al. 2022)。研究表明,温度升高可破坏分子间氢键网络,导致黏度下降(马之原等 2021);pH变化影响多糖链电离状态,改变分子构象(高春燕等 2009);盐离子通过电荷屏蔽效应干扰静电作用(朱科学等 2017);而糖类可能竞争水合位点,削弱多糖水化层(郝正祺 2018)。目前,中华包革耳多糖的相关研究主要集中于其提取工艺和生物活性的研究,对其流变行为的环境响应规律缺乏深入探讨,尤其在实际应用场景(如酸性饮料、含盐食品、热处理工艺)中,中华包革耳多糖溶液的黏弹性如何变化,仍然不清楚。因此本研究以中华包革耳菌株JSJ-X9的子实体为原料,通过热水提取-乙醇沉淀法制备粗多糖(NAP-WE),通过系统研究不同的温度、pH、盐离子及糖溶液对NAP-WE溶液静态流变学和动态流变学的影响,以期明确NAP-WE溶液的流变学特性,为中华包革耳多糖在功能性食品和生物材料中的开发利用提供理论支撑。
中华包革耳Naematelia sinensis JSJ-X9子实体由云南菌视界生物科技有限公司提供。无水乙醇、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、氢氧化钠、盐酸、蔗糖、葡萄糖均购自上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
LDP-200粉碎机(浙江永康市红太阳机电有限公司);RE-2000旋转蒸发仪(上海亚荣仪器厂);HW24型电热恒温水浴锅(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司);Alpha2-4 LDplus冻干机(Christ公司);MCR 302流变仪(Anton Paar公司)。
将中华包革耳子实体置于60 ℃烘箱中烘干48 h,用粉碎机粉碎,过40目筛,收集粉末。称取10 g粉末置于烧杯中,按子实体粉末:蒸馏水为1:70 (质量体积比,g:mL)的料液比,置于水浴锅中100 ℃水浴浸提1 h,11 900 r/min离心20 min,去除沉淀收集上清液。采用旋转蒸发仪将上清液浓缩至原体积的一半,添加3倍体积的无水乙醇,4 ℃静置12 h,11 900 r/min离心15 min,去除上清液,收集沉淀部分,加入蒸馏水,置于100 ℃水浴锅中使残留乙醇挥发,-20 ℃静置12 h,真空冷冻干燥48 h,收集粗多糖,命名为NAP-WE。
称取NAP-WE,加入蒸馏水配制成质量浓度分别为6.0% (质量体积分数)的中华包革耳多糖溶液,置于15 mL离心管中,80 ℃水浴30 min,室温静置12 h。
静态流变学测试:仪器初始化后安装平板PP50,取2 mL 6.0% (质量体积分数)的中华包革耳多糖溶液置于测试台上,设置测试间距为0.5 mm,温度分别设置为4、10、25、40、60 ℃,剪切速率为1-1 000/s,测定表观黏度,参照吴俐建立的Power Law方程对得到的表观黏度随剪切速率变化的曲线进行拟合分析(吴俐等 2023),方程见公式(1)。
η=n-1
式中:η是表观黏度(Pa·s);k是稠度系数(Pa·sn);γ是剪切速率(s-1);n是流动行为指数,无量纲,表示液体偏离牛顿流体的程度。
动态流变学测试:设置测试间距为0.5 mm,应变为5% (在线性黏弹区范围内),角频率为0.1- 50 rad/s,温度为25 ℃,测定储能模量(G′)和耗能模量(G″),分析黏弹性特征。
使用蒸馏水配制0.1 mol/L HCl溶液和0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液,将水溶液的pH分别调至3、5、7、9。称取NAP-WE,分别加入pH 3、5、7、9的溶液,使多糖溶液终浓度为6.0%,置于15 mL离心管中,80 ℃水浴30 min,室温静置12 h。
静态流变学测试:仪器初始化后安装平板PP50,取2 mL 6.0%的多糖溶液置于测试台上,设置测试间距为0.5 mm,温度设置为25 ℃,剪切速率为1-1 000/s,测定表观黏度,并参照1.3使用Power Law方程对得到的表观黏度随剪切速率变化的曲线进行拟合分析。
动态流变学测试:设置测试间距为0.5 mm,应变为5% (在线性黏弹区范围内),角频率为0.1-50 rad/s,温度为25 ℃,测定储能模量(G′)和耗能模量(G″),分析黏弹性特征。
分别配制质量浓度为1.0%、2.0%、4.0% (质量体积分数)的NaCl溶液,0.5%、1.0%、2.0% (质量体积分数)的KCl溶液和CaCl2溶液,充分溶解后静置备用。称取NAP-WE,分别加入蒸馏水、NaCl溶液(1.0%、2.0%、4.0%)、KCl溶液(0.5%、1.0%、2.0%)、CaCl2溶液(0.5%、1.0%、2.0%),使多糖溶液终浓度为6.0%,置于5 mL离心管中,80 ℃水浴30 min,室温静置12 h。
静态流变学测试:仪器初始化后安装平板PP50,取2 mL 6.0%的多糖溶液置于测试台上,设置测试间距为0.5 mm,温度设置为25 ℃,剪切速率为1-1 000/s,测定表观黏度,并参照1.3使用Power Law方程对得到的表观黏度随剪切速率变化的曲线进行拟合分析。
动态流变学测试:设置测试间距为0.5 mm,应变为5% (在线性黏弹区范围内),角频率为0.1-50 rad/s,温度为25 ℃,测定储能模量(G′)和耗能模量(G″),分析黏弹性特征。
分别配制质量浓度为4.0%、8.0%的葡萄糖溶液和蔗糖溶液,称取NAP-WE,分别加入4.0%、8.0%浓度的葡萄糖溶液和蔗糖溶液,使多糖溶液终浓度为6.0%,置于15 mL离心管中,80 ℃水浴30 min,室温静置12 h。
静态流变学测试:仪器初始化后安装平板PP50,取2 mL 6.0%的多糖溶液置于测试台上,设置测试间距为0.5 mm,温度设置为25 ℃,剪切速率为1-1 000/s,测定表观黏度,并参照1.3使用Power Law方程对得到的表观黏度随剪切速率变化的曲线进行拟合分析。
动态流变学测试:设置测试间距为0.5 mm,应变为5% (在线性黏弹区范围内),角频率为0.1-50 rad/s,温度为25 ℃,测定储能模量(G′)和耗能模量(G″)。
实验数据以平均值±标准差表示,数据采用Origin Pro 2024和GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行统计学分析与作图,采用单因素方差分析比较各组间差异显著性,P<0.05具有显著性差异。
在4-60 ℃的温度范围内,6.0% NAP-WE均为剪切变稀的非牛顿流体,同一剪切速率下,随着温度升高,表观黏度下降(图1A)。稠度系数k值随着温度升高而降低,表明溶液的表观黏度下降;流动行为指数n值随着温度升高而增大,表明温度升高可以减弱溶液的假塑性,减弱剪切稀化行为(表1)。这可能是因为温度升高时,多糖分子链的热运动增强,分子间距离增大,氢键、范德华力等弱相互作用被破坏,削弱了分子间的缠结和交联,导致表观黏度下降(Wang et al. 2024)。
6.0% NAP-WE在4、10、25、40、60 ℃和0.545、0.958、1.27、9.18、37.7 rad/s时出现凝胶点,说明随着温度升高,凝胶点后移,弱凝胶特性减弱(图1B)。这可能是因为高温加速分子链的解缠结速度,超过缠结形成的速率,导致多糖的网络结构耗散(Tosif et al. 2024)。
研究发现,pH值的改变可以使聚合物分子的构象改变,从而改变聚合物溶液的黏度(Rumpagaporn et al. 2012)。
溶液pH范围在3-9内,6.0% NAP-WE溶液的表观黏度变化幅度较小,相较于pH 7时的表观黏度,pH 3、5、9条件下均有所下降(图2A),说明NAP-WE在中性溶液环境中较为稳定,酸性和碱性环境均会造成表观黏度的下降,这可能与多糖的分解和分子结构的改变有关(Huang et al. 2018)。但k值和n值的总体变化幅度很小,说明整体上表观黏度变化较小(表2)。
6.0% NAP-WE溶液在不同pH下模量不同,溶液pH为7时,NAP-WE在角频率为0.30 rad/s时出现凝胶点;溶液pH为3、5、9和NAP-WE溶液角频率为1.69、1.27、2.24 rad/s时出现凝胶点(图2B)。通过比较凝胶点出现的角频率值,发现与pH 7时相比,pH 3、5、9时溶液的凝胶点后移,说明酸性环境和碱性环境会导致溶液体系的弱凝胶特性减弱,但中华包革耳多糖仍为弱凝胶,未转变为流体状态,说明其在pH 3-9范围内具有较好的稳定性。
盐离子的加入是导致溶液流变性变化的重要因素(Geng et al. 2022)。在1.0%-4.0%的NaCl溶液中6.0% NAP-WE均为剪切变稀的非牛顿流体,且其表观黏度随Na+浓度的升高而降低(图3A)。k值随Na+浓度的升高而大幅降低,2.0% NaCl浓度下,NAP-WE溶液的k值降低至47.08%,与原溶液相比降低了 70.76%;4.0% NaCl浓度下,NAP-WE溶液的k值降低至39.23,与原溶液相比降低了 76.25%,表明Na+可以使溶液的黏稠程度减小;n值随Na+浓度的升高而升高,由0.300升高至0.374,表明Na+可以减弱溶液的假塑性,减弱剪切稀化行为(表3)。
6.0% NAP-WE在0.41 rad/s左右出现凝胶点;在1.0% NaCl、2.0% NaCl、4.0% NaCl溶液中的NAP-WE凝胶点均出现在2.24 rad/s左右,说明Na+减弱了NAP-WE的弱凝胶特征(图3B)。
在0.5%-2.0%的KCl溶液中,NAP-WE均为剪切变稀的非牛顿流体,且其表观黏度随K+浓度的升高而降低(图4A)。k值随K+浓度的升高而降低,2.0% KCl浓度下,NAP-WE溶液的k值降低至115.76,与原溶液相比降低了28.10%,表明K+可以使溶液的黏稠程度减小,但与Na+相比,K+浓度对NAP-WE的影响较小;n值随K+浓度的升高而升高,由0.300升高至0.319,表明K+可以减弱溶液的假塑性,但整体变化较小(表4)。
6.0% NAP-WE在角频率为0.23 rad/s时出现凝胶点,在0.5% KCl、1.0% KCl、2.0% KCl溶液中NAP-WE出现凝胶点的角频率均出现在1.27 rad/s左右,说明K+减弱了NAP-WE的弱凝胶特征(图4B)。
在0.5%-2.0%的CaCl2溶液中,NAP-WE均为剪切变稀的非牛顿流体,且其表观黏度随Ca+浓度的升高而降低(图5A)。k值随Ca2+浓度的升高而降低,2.0% CaCl2浓度下,NAP-WE溶液的k值降低至75.66,与原溶液相比降低了53.00%,表明Ca2+可以使溶液的黏稠程度减小,其影响大于同浓度的K+,小于同浓度的Na+n值随Ca2+浓度的升高而升高,由0.300升高至0.360,表明Ca+可以减弱溶液的假塑性(表5)。
6.0 % NAP-WE在角频率为0.23 rad/s时出现凝胶点,在0.5% CaCl2、1.0% CaCl2溶液中NAP- WE出现凝胶点的角频率均出现在0.958 rad/s左右,说明Ca2+减弱了NAP-WE的弱凝胶特征(图5B)。相较于同浓度的Na+,Ca2+对NAP-WE弱凝胶特征的减弱效果较小。
综上所述,同一浓度下的3种盐离子溶液中,K+对NAP-WE的影响最小,其次是Ca2+,Na+的影响较大,推测是NaCl中的Na+会中和多糖链上的负电荷(如硫酸基或羧酸基),减少分子间的静电排斥力,因此过量Na+会过度屏蔽电荷,导致多糖链的聚集方式改变,形成松散的网络结构,减弱多糖凝胶特征(Hao et al. 2018)。因此,在食品加工过程中,必须注意控制盐离子含量,以保证适当的流变性能,从而获得理想的产品。
在4.0%-8.0%的葡萄糖溶液中,6.0% NAP- WE仍为剪切变稀的非牛顿流体(图6A)。由稠度系数k可知,NAP-WE的k值在低于4%浓度范围内变化较小,在4%-8%的浓度范围内由160.61降至129.90,说明4%以下质量浓度的葡萄糖溶液对NAP-WE的表观黏度影响较小,4%葡萄糖溶液以上的体系中其表观黏度有所下降(表6)。模量图显示NAP-WE的凝胶点逐渐后移,角频率由0.23移至0.958 rad/s,8%葡萄糖溶液的体系内后移至1.27 rad/s (图6B)。结果表明中华包革耳多糖在低于4%浓度的葡萄糖溶液中表观黏度变化较小,凝胶特性较为稳定。
在4.0%-8.0%的蔗糖溶液中NAP-WE的表观黏度有所下降(图7A)。NAP-WE的k值由160.61降至145.63,又降至71.40,且下降幅度大于葡萄糖溶液体系,说明蔗糖溶液更大程度上使其表观黏度降低(表7)。模量图显示NAP-WE的凝胶点逐渐后移,角频率在4%质量浓度下已由初始的0.23降至1.27 rad/s,8%质量浓度下角频率仍在1.27%左右(图7B)。结果表明中华包革耳多糖在低于4%浓度的蔗糖溶液中表观黏度变化仍较小,凝胶特性较为稳定。
同一质量浓度的糖溶液体系中,蔗糖溶液对NAP-WE的表观黏度及凝胶特性影响较葡萄糖溶液显著,但6.0%质量浓度的中华包革耳多糖在4%浓度以下的葡萄糖溶液和蔗糖溶液中的凝胶特性都较为稳定,仍具有弱凝胶特征,并未转变为流体状态。
本研究揭示了中华包革耳粗多糖(NAP-WE)流变学特性对外界因素的响应机制,与其分子构象及相互作用变化密切相关。中华包革耳粗多糖溶液为非牛顿流体,呈现剪切变稀特性,有利于其较好地应用于流体性质的食品加工。研究NAP-WE 流变学特性的影响因素发现,不同温度、盐离子、pH、糖溶液均会改变其表观黏度和凝胶特性。
在4-60 ℃范围内,表观黏度随温度升高显著降低(4 ℃时k值为156.92 Pa·sⁿ,60 ℃时降至17.99 Pa·sⁿ),与于东梅 (2024) 发现中华包革耳多糖在高温下表观黏度降低的结果相一致。同时随着温度的增加,流动行为指数n增大(0.247→0.496),假塑性减弱;动态测试显示凝胶点角频率从0.545 rad/s (4 ℃)后移至37.7 rad/s (60 ℃),表明高温破坏分子间氢键与缠结,弱凝胶特性下降,印证了高温对生物大分子网络结构的耗散作用。
pH稳定性表明极端pH轻微降低黏度。但NAP-WE在宽pH范围(3-9)内保持弱凝胶状态,显示出较好的稳定性,这与菠萝蜜多糖在低pH 值时黏度降低,在pH 4-10区间表观黏度变化不大的结果相一致(马之原等 2021)。
盐离子影响结果表明,Na+、K+和Ca2+均降低其黏度与凝胶强度,K+对NAP-WE 的影响最小,其次是Ca2+,Na+的影响较大,推测是过量Na+会过度屏蔽电荷,导致多糖链的聚集方式改变,该结果与天冬多糖在Ca2+存在下表观黏度增加的结果相反(李梦钰等 2021),可能是与多糖的来源以及多糖组成等理化性质不同有关,盐离子对不同多糖影响不同,提示在应用过程中,必须注意盐离子添加量,从而获得理想的产品。在糖溶液作用中,蔗糖对黏度的抑制强于葡萄糖,可能与羟基数量差异导致的竞争性氢键有关。高浓度糖分子争夺水分子并干扰多糖水化层,但低浓度(≤4%)下NAP-WE凝胶特性仍稳定,提示其在含糖食品体系中具备应用潜力。
本研究系统地研究了外界因素对NAP-WE的流变学特性的影响,揭示其流变学规律为功能性食品配方优化奠定了技术基础,助力中华包革耳多糖在功能性食品等领域的开发,为中华包革耳深加工产业提供理论依据。
耿洁:论文构思及撰写、实验;孙浩雯:论文撰写、实验;刘艳芳:实验设计、数据管理;刘利平:软件分析;冯杰:方法、数据管理;杨林雷:验证、数据管理;陆青青:调查研究;张劲松:论文整体设计和指导、编辑写作与审稿。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 云南省张劲松专家工作站(202305AFl50084)
  • 云南(昆明)张劲松药用真菌专家工作站(YSZJGZZ-2022043)
  • 上海市农业科学院卓越团队建设计划(沪农科卓[2022]003)
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250186
  • 接收时间:2025-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-17
  • 录用日期:2025-07-08
基金
Yunnan Province ZHANG Jinsong Expert Workstation(202305AFl50084)
云南省张劲松专家工作站(202305AFl50084)
Yunnan (Kunming) ZHANG Jinsong Expert Workstation of Medicinal Fungi(YSZJGZZ-2022043)
云南(昆明)张劲松药用真菌专家工作站(YSZJGZZ-2022043)
Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences Excellence Team Program([2022]003)
上海市农业科学院卓越团队建设计划(沪农科卓[2022]003)
作者信息
    1 上海市农业科学院食用菌研究所 农业农村部南方食用菌资源利用重点实验室 国家食用菌工程技术研究中心 国家食用菌加工技术研发分中心 上海市农业遗传育种重点实验室,上海 201403
    2 云南菌视界生物科技有限公司,云南 昆明 651708

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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