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Article(id=1256263564222972780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256263559323967535, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250154, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250154, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747843200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1751472000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-03, onlineDate=1777446173959, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1771689600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777446173959, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777446173958, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777446173958, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256263559323967535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='250058', pageEnd='250280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777446172791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777447435276, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256268854674710546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256263559323967535, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256268854678904851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256263559323967535, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250154, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256263564818563953, articleId=1256263564222972780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Genetic diversity of Botrytis cinerea on solanaceous vegetables in Qinghai Province, northwest China, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to clarify the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Botrytis cinerea on solanaceous vegetables in Qinghai Province, 213 strains of Botrytis cinerea isolated from solanaceous vegetables were analyzed by ISSR molecular marker technology. A total of 243 polymorphic loci was amplified by 12 primers. Cluster analysis based on ISSR data showed that 213 strains could be divided into 9 groups at the level of 0.65 similarity coefficient. The Nei's gene diversity index (H) was 0.437 0, the percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 100%, the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1.807 3, the Shannon's information index (I) was 0.625 6, and the observed number of alleles was 2.000 0. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) was 0.203 6, and the gene flow (Nm) was 1.956 4. The genetic variation of B. cinerea mainly occurred within the population (85%). Based on the similarity coefficient of 0.89, the five geographical populations could be divided into two main groups and three subgroups. The PCoA analysis reveals that although there is some degree of overlap among the populations, they generally exhibit a geographically clustery tendency. The genetic variation among the three host populations is only 2%. Compared with the geographical origin population, the population genetic distance is close and the genetic similarity is high. In the PCoA analysis, most of the individual strains formed a close cross, and a small number of strains were discrete.

, correspAuthors=Wenrong XIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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ORCID: GUAN Zhiyuan (0009-0001-4369-7181)

, authorsList=Zhiyuan GUAN, Yongqiang MA, Wenrong XIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256263569205805968, articleId=1256263564222972780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=青海省茄果类蔬菜灰霉病菌灰葡萄孢的遗传多样性, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确青海省侵染茄果类蔬菜的灰葡萄孢菌Botrytis cinerea遗传多样性及群体遗传结构，采用ISSR分子标记技术对分离得到的213株茄果类蔬菜灰葡萄孢菌进行了遗传多样性分析，12条引物共扩增出243个多态性位点。基于ISSR数据的聚类分析显示，213个菌株在0.65相似系数水平上可划分为9个类群。5个地理种群间Nei's基因多样性指数为(H)为0.437 0，多态位点百分率(P)达100%，有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.807 3，Shannon信息指数(I)为0.625 6，观测等位基因数为2.000 0。遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.203 6，基因流(Nm)为1.956 4。灰葡萄孢菌群体遗传变异主要来源于种群内部(85%)。基于0.89相似系数，5个地理种群可划分为2个主要类群和3个亚群。从PCoA分析看出5个种群间存在部分交叉，但整体呈现地理聚集趋势。3个寄主划分的种群间，存在种群间的遗传变异仅为2%。较地理来源种群来看，种群遗传距离近，遗传相似度高。在PCoA分析中，大部分种群单株形成了交叉紧密，少部分菌株较离散。

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ORCID: GUAN Zhiyuan (0009-0001-4369-7181)

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language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Cluster diagram of 213 strains of Botrytis cinerea., figureFileSmall=vn3aNFfRWG5ffIgYWsqoGQ==, figureFileBig=MNoNcUAr7wHtfNMK/V9cvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263580241018887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=图1, caption=所有213株灰葡萄孢菌聚类图, figureFileSmall=vn3aNFfRWG5ffIgYWsqoGQ==, figureFileBig=MNoNcUAr7wHtfNMK/V9cvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263581121822737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Species clusters of five geographical populations of Botrytis cinerea.

1: Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture population; 2: Haidong City population; 3: Xining City population; 4: Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture population; 5: Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture population.

, figureFileSmall=zCWFM4mvGGi0EWjyFA4W/w==, figureFileBig=RTaNrvZb/P7PbVDjkANjQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263581813882901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=图2, caption=灰葡萄孢菌5个地理种群的种群聚类图

1：海西州；2：海东市；3：西宁市；4：黄南州；5：海南州

, figureFileSmall=zCWFM4mvGGi0EWjyFA4W/w==, figureFileBig=RTaNrvZb/P7PbVDjkANjQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263582220730390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=PCoA analysis of 213 individual plants of five geographical populations of Botrytis cinerea.

pop1: Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture population; pop2: Haidong City population; pop3: Xining City population; pop4: Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture population; pop5: Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture population.

, figureFileSmall=G5DK3iwBP3adNC0AkYASGA==, figureFileBig=JIKHUP+1arCABd30Inxr5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263582631772187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=图3, caption=灰葡萄孢菌5个地理种群213个单株PCoA分析

pop1：海西州；pop2：海东市；pop3：西宁市；pop4：黄南州；pop5：海南州

, figureFileSmall=G5DK3iwBP3adNC0AkYASGA==, figureFileBig=JIKHUP+1arCABd30Inxr5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263583047008288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Species clusters of three different host plant populations of Botrytis cinerea.

1: Population on tomato; 2: Population on capsicum; 3: Population on eggplant.

, figureFileSmall=gu7AugeEa9VGg/pHiO39OA==, figureFileBig=PCpNsS4vD+OZ8tpNxf0fbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263584624066593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=图4, caption=灰葡萄孢菌3个不同寄主植物种群的种群聚类图

1：番茄种群；2：辣椒种群；3：茄子种群

, figureFileSmall=gu7AugeEa9VGg/pHiO39OA==, figureFileBig=PCpNsS4vD+OZ8tpNxf0fbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263584842170405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=PCoA analysis of 213 individual strains of Botrytis cinerea on three host populations.

pop1: Population on tomato; pop2: Population on capsicum; pop3: Population on eggplant.

, figureFileSmall=Afn7fOgVSSNp8gLYZuQMsA==, figureFileBig=yzeC89LCdi/03sgPp2IwkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263585194491946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=图5, caption=3个寄主种群灰葡萄孢菌213个单株PCoA分析

pop1：番茄种群；pop2：辣椒种群；pop3：茄子种群

, figureFileSmall=Afn7fOgVSSNp8gLYZuQMsA==, figureFileBig=yzeC89LCdi/03sgPp2IwkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263585660059695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Tested strains of Botrytis cinerea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地区
Sampling area		 菌株编号
Strain		 地点
Location		 经度
Longitude		 纬度
Latitude		 海拔
Altitude/m
HXZ HMF (1, 3A, 4, 6A, 6B, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13) 格尔木市
Golmud City		 94.49 36.39 2 780.00
HMF (29, 30, 31, 33) 95.03 36.38 2 824.20
HMF (34-1, 34-2A, 34-2B) 德令哈市
Delhi City		 97.18 37.31 2 822.02
HMQ (7, 8, 9, 10, 11), HML34, HMF (25, 26, 27, 28A) 都兰县
Dulan County		 98.10 36.31 2 950.00
HANZ HMF (55, 56, 61A, 61B, 62) 贵德县
Guide County		 101.39 35.95 2 308.50
HUNZ HML (23-1, 23-2, 24-1, 24-2, 24-3, 54, 77) HMF (53, 53-2, 53-3, 54, 54-2, 54-3) 尖扎县
Jainca County		 101.99 35.98 2 235.20
HML (25, 56), HMF (79, 80) 101.88 36.10 2 010.20
HDS HMQ6, HMF (20, 21, 23), HML32-1 互助县
Huzhu County		 101.84 36.87 2 458.30
HMF (81, 82, 83, 104, 105, 106) 平安区
Ping'an District		 102.22 36.47 2 050.30
HML (59B, 60, 62) 化隆县
Hualong County		 102.27 35.89 1 938.90
HML53 乐都区
Ledu District
 102.06 36.45 2 217.20
HML (5, 6-1, 6-4) 102.40 36.52 2 245.00
HML8 102.39 36.62 2 336.00
HML (43, 49, 50, 51), HMF (47, 48, 49, 51) 102.31 36.47 2 003.60
HML52-5 102.39 36.58 2 167.80
HML44-2, HMF52, HMF52-2 102.50 36.45 1 893.10
HML (46, 47, 48) 102.57 36.44 1 851.80
HML (27, 28, 29, 30-1) 循化县
Xunhua County		 102.28 35.55 1 898.80
HML (64-1, 66, 67, 68, 69-2), HMF (87, 88, 89-1, 89-2, 91, 92, 93) 102.28 35.86 1 924.00
HML (70, 72, 73, 74, 75) 102.29 35.88 1 894.90
HMQ (13, 14)
HMF (71A, 71B, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76)		 民和县
Minhe County		 102.81 36.15 2 115.80
HMF (63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70) 102.86 36.31 1 810.40
XNS QHQ (1, 2, 3, 6), QHL, QHF (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12) 城北区
Chengbei District		 101.75 36.73 2 278.10
HMF (44, 45, 46) 城中区
Chengzhong District		 101.68 36.53 2 476.00
HML (35, 36, 36-2, 36-3) 大通县
Datong County		 101.72 36.86 2 351.40
HML37, HMF (35, 36A, 36B, 36-2, 36-2A, 36-3, 37A) 101.69 36.81 2 419.50
HMQ (15, 16A, 16B, 18), HML16 101.61 37.02 2 492.18
HMF (37B, 37-2, 37-3, 38, 38-2, 38-3) 101.63 37.01 2 496.00
HML15, HMF (16, 16-2, 16-4, 17, 18) 101.60 37.01 2 487.90
HMQ (4-1, 4-2, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4) 101.60 37.03 2 516.68
HMQ (12, 19-1, 19-2, 21, 20)
HML42, HMF (40, 41-1, 41-2, 42, 42-2)		 湟源县
Huangyuan County		 101.22 36.71 2 632.90
HMF (94, 95, 96) 101.19 36.73 2 692.70
HML84 101.51 36.70 2 639.30
HML (81, 82) 湟中区
Huangzhong District		 101.50 36.69 2 369.90
HMF (97, 98, 99) 101.53 36.71 2 378.90
HMF (84, 85, 86) 101.50 36.74 2 424.00
HML (19, 19-2, 19-5, 20-1, 20-2) 101.51 36.71 2 347.40
HML (21-1, 21-2, 22-1, 22-2, 22-3, 22-4) 101.50 36.75 2 422.10
HML (39, 40, 40-2, 40-3, 40-4, 41) 101.56 36.78 2 536.00
HML38, HMF39B 101.56 36.77 2 514.60
), ArticleFig(id=1256263585983021105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试灰葡萄孢供试菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地区
Sampling area		 菌株编号
Strain		 地点
Location		 经度
Longitude		 纬度
Latitude		 海拔
Altitude/m
HXZ HMF (1, 3A, 4, 6A, 6B, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13) 格尔木市
Golmud City		 94.49 36.39 2 780.00
HMF (29, 30, 31, 33) 95.03 36.38 2 824.20
HMF (34-1, 34-2A, 34-2B) 德令哈市
Delhi City		 97.18 37.31 2 822.02
HMQ (7, 8, 9, 10, 11), HML34, HMF (25, 26, 27, 28A) 都兰县
Dulan County		 98.10 36.31 2 950.00
HANZ HMF (55, 56, 61A, 61B, 62) 贵德县
Guide County		 101.39 35.95 2 308.50
HUNZ HML (23-1, 23-2, 24-1, 24-2, 24-3, 54, 77) HMF (53, 53-2, 53-3, 54, 54-2, 54-3) 尖扎县
Jainca County		 101.99 35.98 2 235.20
HML (25, 56), HMF (79, 80) 101.88 36.10 2 010.20
HDS HMQ6, HMF (20, 21, 23), HML32-1 互助县
Huzhu County		 101.84 36.87 2 458.30
HMF (81, 82, 83, 104, 105, 106) 平安区
Ping'an District		 102.22 36.47 2 050.30
HML (59B, 60, 62) 化隆县
Hualong County		 102.27 35.89 1 938.90
HML53 乐都区
Ledu District
 102.06 36.45 2 217.20
HML (5, 6-1, 6-4) 102.40 36.52 2 245.00
HML8 102.39 36.62 2 336.00
HML (43, 49, 50, 51), HMF (47, 48, 49, 51) 102.31 36.47 2 003.60
HML52-5 102.39 36.58 2 167.80
HML44-2, HMF52, HMF52-2 102.50 36.45 1 893.10
HML (46, 47, 48) 102.57 36.44 1 851.80
HML (27, 28, 29, 30-1) 循化县
Xunhua County		 102.28 35.55 1 898.80
HML (64-1, 66, 67, 68, 69-2), HMF (87, 88, 89-1, 89-2, 91, 92, 93) 102.28 35.86 1 924.00
HML (70, 72, 73, 74, 75) 102.29 35.88 1 894.90
HMQ (13, 14)
HMF (71A, 71B, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76)		 民和县
Minhe County		 102.81 36.15 2 115.80
HMF (63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70) 102.86 36.31 1 810.40
XNS QHQ (1, 2, 3, 6), QHL, QHF (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12) 城北区
Chengbei District		 101.75 36.73 2 278.10
HMF (44, 45, 46) 城中区
Chengzhong District		 101.68 36.53 2 476.00
HML (35, 36, 36-2, 36-3) 大通县
Datong County		 101.72 36.86 2 351.40
HML37, HMF (35, 36A, 36B, 36-2, 36-2A, 36-3, 37A) 101.69 36.81 2 419.50
HMQ (15, 16A, 16B, 18), HML16 101.61 37.02 2 492.18
HMF (37B, 37-2, 37-3, 38, 38-2, 38-3) 101.63 37.01 2 496.00
HML15, HMF (16, 16-2, 16-4, 17, 18) 101.60 37.01 2 487.90
HMQ (4-1, 4-2, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4) 101.60 37.03 2 516.68
HMQ (12, 19-1, 19-2, 21, 20)
HML42, HMF (40, 41-1, 41-2, 42, 42-2)		 湟源县
Huangyuan County		 101.22 36.71 2 632.90
HMF (94, 95, 96) 101.19 36.73 2 692.70
HML84 101.51 36.70 2 639.30
HML (81, 82) 湟中区
Huangzhong District		 101.50 36.69 2 369.90
HMF (97, 98, 99) 101.53 36.71 2 378.90
HMF (84, 85, 86) 101.50 36.74 2 424.00
HML (19, 19-2, 19-5, 20-1, 20-2) 101.51 36.71 2 347.40
HML (21-1, 21-2, 22-1, 22-2, 22-3, 22-4) 101.50 36.75 2 422.10
HML (39, 40, 40-2, 40-3, 40-4, 41) 101.56 36.78 2 536.00
HML38, HMF39B 101.56 36.77 2 514.60
), ArticleFig(id=1256263586440200244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ISSR primer sequence and annealing temperature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物
Primer		 序列
Sequence (5ʹ⟶3ʹ)		 退火温度
Annealing
temperature
/℃
808 AGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGC 48.3
818 CACACACACACACACAG 52
809 AGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGG 48.3
889 AGTCGTAGTACACACACACACAC 60.3
ILE23 ACAGAGAGAGAGAGAGC 52
ILE11 AGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGT 50
ILE131 CACCACACACACACACA 52
ILE79 ACAACACACACACACAC 50
ISSR9 GAGGAGAGAGAGAGAGG 54
ILE120 CACGAGAGAGAGAGAGA 52
ILE67 GAGAGAGAGAGAGAGACC 56
ILE46 GAGAGAGAGAGAGAGACT 54
), ArticleFig(id=1256263586935128125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

用于扩增的ISSR引物序列及退火温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物
Primer		 序列
Sequence (5ʹ⟶3ʹ)		 退火温度
Annealing
temperature
/℃
808 AGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGC 48.3
818 CACACACACACACACAG 52
809 AGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGG 48.3
889 AGTCGTAGTACACACACACACAC 60.3
ILE23 ACAGAGAGAGAGAGAGC 52
ILE11 AGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGT 50
ILE131 CACCACACACACACACA 52
ILE79 ACAACACACACACACAC 50
ISSR9 GAGGAGAGAGAGAGAGG 54
ILE120 CACGAGAGAGAGAGAGA 52
ILE67 GAGAGAGAGAGAGAGACC 56
ILE46 GAGAGAGAGAGAGAGACT 54
), ArticleFig(id=1256263587727851585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ISSR genetic diversity analysis of five geographical populations of Botrytis cinerea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种群
Population		 多态位点百分率
Percentage of
polymorphic
loci (P)/%		 观测等位基因数
Number of observed
alleles (Na)		 有效等位基因数
Effective numbers
of alleles (Ne)		 Nei's基因多样性
指数
Nei's gene diversity
index (H)		 Shannon信息指数
Shannon's
information
index (I)
HDS 99.18 1.991 8 1.749 8 0.412 3 0.595 8
HANZ 50.21 1.502 1 1.352 0 0.197 1 0.288 3
HXZ 90.53 1.905 3 1.643 5 0.361 8 0.527 9
HUNZ 81.48 1.814 8 1.562 5 0.318 5 0.466 5
XNS 98.77 1.987 7 1.730 4 0.405 1 0.587 4
Average 84.03 1.840 3 1.607 6 0.339 0 0.493 2
Population level 100.00 2.000 0 1.807 3 0.437 0 0.625 6
), ArticleFig(id=1256263589128749126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

灰葡萄孢菌5个地理种群的ISSR遗传多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种群
Population		 多态位点百分率
Percentage of
polymorphic
loci (P)/%		 观测等位基因数
Number of observed
alleles (Na)		 有效等位基因数
Effective numbers
of alleles (Ne)		 Nei's基因多样性
指数
Nei's gene diversity
index (H)		 Shannon信息指数
Shannon's
information
index (I)
HDS 99.18 1.991 8 1.749 8 0.412 3 0.595 8
HANZ 50.21 1.502 1 1.352 0 0.197 1 0.288 3
HXZ 90.53 1.905 3 1.643 5 0.361 8 0.527 9
HUNZ 81.48 1.814 8 1.562 5 0.318 5 0.466 5
XNS 98.77 1.987 7 1.730 4 0.405 1 0.587 4
Average 84.03 1.840 3 1.607 6 0.339 0 0.493 2
Population level 100.00 2.000 0 1.807 3 0.437 0 0.625 6
), ArticleFig(id=1256263589493653579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Nei's analysis of genetic diversity of five different geographical populations of Botrytis cinerea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总遗传变异
Total genetic variation (Ht)		 种群内变异
Variation within population (Hs)		 遗传分化系数
Genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst)		 基因流
Gene flow (Nm)
0.425 6 0.339 0 0.203 6 1.956 4
), ArticleFig(id=1256263589627871309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

灰葡萄孢菌5个不同地理来源种群遗传多样性Nei's分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总遗传变异
Total genetic variation (Ht)		 种群内变异
Variation within population (Hs)		 遗传分化系数
Genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst)		 基因流
Gene flow (Nm)
0.425 6 0.339 0 0.203 6 1.956 4
), ArticleFig(id=1256263590345097298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) among and within five different geographical sources of Botrytis cinerea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源
Source of variation		 自由度
Df		 平方和
Sum of square		 方差分量
Variance component		 变异百分率
Percentage of variation/%		 P值
P value
种群间Among populations 4 1 202.230 7.178 15 <0.001
种群内Within populations 208 8 758.071 42.106 85
总体Total 212 9 960.300 49.284 100
), ArticleFig(id=1256263590613532758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

灰葡萄孢菌5个不同地理来源种群间和种群内分子方差分析(AMOVA)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源
Source of variation		 自由度
Df		 平方和
Sum of square		 方差分量
Variance component		 变异百分率
Percentage of variation/%		 P值
P value
种群间Among populations 4 1 202.230 7.178 15 <0.001
种群内Within populations 208 8 758.071 42.106 85
总体Total 212 9 960.300 49.284 100
), ArticleFig(id=1256263590823247962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Genetic similarity and genetic distance of five geographical populations of Botrytis cinerea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种群
Population		 HDS HANZ HXZ HUNZ XNS
HDS **** 0.793 5 0.912 4 0.848 0 0.926 2
HANZ 0.231 4 **** 0.746 8 0.879 3 0.819 3
HXZ 0.091 7 0.292 0 **** 0.815 6 0.880 5
HUNZ 0.164 8 0.128 6 0.203 8 **** 0.905 4
XNS 0.076 6 0.199 3 0.127 3 0.099 4 ****
), ArticleFig(id=1256263591058128990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

灰葡萄孢菌5个地理种群的遗传相似度和遗传距离

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种群
Population		 HDS HANZ HXZ HUNZ XNS
HDS **** 0.793 5 0.912 4 0.848 0 0.926 2
HANZ 0.231 4 **** 0.746 8 0.879 3 0.819 3
HXZ 0.091 7 0.292 0 **** 0.815 6 0.880 5
HUNZ 0.164 8 0.128 6 0.203 8 **** 0.905 4
XNS 0.076 6 0.199 3 0.127 3 0.099 4 ****
), ArticleFig(id=1256263591431422050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

ISSR genetic diversity analysis of Botrytis cinerea in three host populations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种群
Population		 多态位点百分率
Percentage of
polymorphic loci
(P)/%		 观测等位
基因数
Number of
observed alleles (Na)		 有效等位基因数
Effective numbers
of alleles (Ne)		 Nei's基因多样性
指数
Nei's gene
diversity index (H)		 Shannon
信息指数
Shannon's
information index (I)
番茄Tomato 100.00 2.000 0 1.807 2 0.436 6 0.624 8
辣椒Capsicum 99.59 1.995 9 1.777 6 0.425 6 0.612 4
茄子Eggplant 98.35 1.983 5 1.750 5 0.413 4 0.596 8
Average 99.31 1.993 1 1.778 4 0.425 2 0.611 3
Population level 100.00 2.000 0 1.810 2 0.437 8 0.626 5
), ArticleFig(id=1256263591657914470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

灰葡萄孢菌在3个寄主种群间的ISSR遗传多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种群
Population		 多态位点百分率
Percentage of
polymorphic loci
(P)/%		 观测等位
基因数
Number of
observed alleles (Na)		 有效等位基因数
Effective numbers
of alleles (Ne)		 Nei's基因多样性
指数
Nei's gene
diversity index (H)		 Shannon
信息指数
Shannon's
information index (I)
番茄Tomato 100.00 2.000 0 1.807 2 0.436 6 0.624 8
辣椒Capsicum 99.59 1.995 9 1.777 6 0.425 6 0.612 4
茄子Eggplant 98.35 1.983 5 1.750 5 0.413 4 0.596 8
Average 99.31 1.993 1 1.778 4 0.425 2 0.611 3
Population level 100.00 2.000 0 1.810 2 0.437 8 0.626 5
), ArticleFig(id=1256263591871823974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) among and within three different hosts of Botrytis cinerea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源
Source of variation		 自由度
Df		 平方和
Sum of square		 方差分量
Variance component		 变异百分率
Percentage of variation/%		 P值
P value
种群间Among populations 2 224.203 1.065 2 <0.001
种群内Within populations 210 9 736.098 46.362 98
总体Total 212 9 960.300 47.428 100
), ArticleFig(id=1256263593608265834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

灰葡萄孢菌3个不同寄主来源种群间和种群内分子方差分析(AMOVA)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源
Source of variation		 自由度
Df		 平方和
Sum of square		 方差分量
Variance component		 变异百分率
Percentage of variation/%		 P值
P value
种群间Among populations 2 224.203 1.065 2 <0.001
种群内Within populations 210 9 736.098 46.362 98
总体Total 212 9 960.300 47.428 100
), ArticleFig(id=1256263593914450029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Genetic similarity and genetic distance of three populations divided by different hosts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
群体
Population		 番茄
Tomato		 辣椒
Capsicum		 茄子
Eggplant
番茄Tomato **** 0.986 1 0.980 3
辣椒Capsicum 0.014 0 **** 0.969 8
茄子Eggplant 0.019 8 0.030 6 ****
), ArticleFig(id=1256263594275160177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263564222972780, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同寄主划分的3个种群的遗传相似度和遗传距离

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
群体
Population		 番茄
Tomato		 辣椒
Capsicum		 茄子
Eggplant
番茄Tomato **** 0.986 1 0.980 3
辣椒Capsicum 0.014 0 **** 0.969 8
茄子Eggplant 0.019 8 0.030 6 ****
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青海省茄果类蔬菜灰霉病菌灰葡萄孢的遗传多样性
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关致远 , 马永强 , 咸文荣 *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(2): 250154
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(2): 250154
青海省茄果类蔬菜灰霉病菌灰葡萄孢的遗传多样性
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关致远, 马永强, 咸文荣*
作者信息
  • 青海大学农林科学院 青海省有害生物重点实验室，青海 西宁 810016
Genetic diversity of Botrytis cinerea on solanaceous vegetables in Qinghai Province, northwest China
Zhiyuan GUAN, Yongqiang MA, Wenrong XIAN*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Pests and Diseases of Qinghai Province, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China

    • ORCID: GUAN Zhiyuan (0009-0001-4369-7181)

出版时间: 2026-02-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250154
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摘要
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为明确青海省侵染茄果类蔬菜的灰葡萄孢菌Botrytis cinerea遗传多样性及群体遗传结构，采用ISSR分子标记技术对分离得到的213株茄果类蔬菜灰葡萄孢菌进行了遗传多样性分析，12条引物共扩增出243个多态性位点。基于ISSR数据的聚类分析显示，213个菌株在0.65相似系数水平上可划分为9个类群。5个地理种群间Nei's基因多样性指数为(H)为0.437 0，多态位点百分率(P)达100%，有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.807 3，Shannon信息指数(I)为0.625 6，观测等位基因数为2.000 0。遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.203 6，基因流(Nm)为1.956 4。灰葡萄孢菌群体遗传变异主要来源于种群内部(85%)。基于0.89相似系数，5个地理种群可划分为2个主要类群和3个亚群。从PCoA分析看出5个种群间存在部分交叉，但整体呈现地理聚集趋势。3个寄主划分的种群间，存在种群间的遗传变异仅为2%。较地理来源种群来看，种群遗传距离近，遗传相似度高。在PCoA分析中，大部分种群单株形成了交叉紧密，少部分菌株较离散。

灰葡萄孢菌  /  遗传多样性分析  /  ISSR分析标记

In order to clarify the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Botrytis cinerea on solanaceous vegetables in Qinghai Province, 213 strains of Botrytis cinerea isolated from solanaceous vegetables were analyzed by ISSR molecular marker technology. A total of 243 polymorphic loci was amplified by 12 primers. Cluster analysis based on ISSR data showed that 213 strains could be divided into 9 groups at the level of 0.65 similarity coefficient. The Nei's gene diversity index (H) was 0.437 0, the percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 100%, the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1.807 3, the Shannon's information index (I) was 0.625 6, and the observed number of alleles was 2.000 0. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) was 0.203 6, and the gene flow (Nm) was 1.956 4. The genetic variation of B. cinerea mainly occurred within the population (85%). Based on the similarity coefficient of 0.89, the five geographical populations could be divided into two main groups and three subgroups. The PCoA analysis reveals that although there is some degree of overlap among the populations, they generally exhibit a geographically clustery tendency. The genetic variation among the three host populations is only 2%. Compared with the geographical origin population, the population genetic distance is close and the genetic similarity is high. In the PCoA analysis, most of the individual strains formed a close cross, and a small number of strains were discrete.

Botrytis cinerea  /  genetic diversity analysis  /  ISSR analysis markers
关致远, 马永强, 咸文荣. 青海省茄果类蔬菜灰霉病菌灰葡萄孢的遗传多样性. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 250154 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250154
Zhiyuan GUAN, Yongqiang MA, Wenrong XIAN. Genetic diversity of Botrytis cinerea on solanaceous vegetables in Qinghai Province, northwest China[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (2) : 250154 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250154
正文
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茄果类蔬菜(辣椒、番茄、茄子)在生长发育过程中，经常会受到各种病害的侵袭，导致产量和品质的下降。灰霉病是设施蔬菜常见且比较难防治的一种病害，花、果、叶、茎均可发病，造成严重减产(李娜 2015)。灰霉病是由灰葡萄孢属Botrytis spp.引起的一种真菌性病害，可危害茄果类、葫芦科、蔷薇科等470多种植物(Staats et al. 2005)。研究表明，灰葡萄孢菌Botrytis cinerea Pers.是茄果类蔬菜灰霉病的主要致病菌(张静 2010；García et al. 2015；叶艳英等 2015)。灰葡萄孢菌喜低温高湿，病菌发育的最适温度为20-23 ℃，相对湿度持续在90%以上利于发病。因此, 遇连阴天、棚内低温高湿、光照弱、通风不良的条件下，病害易流行(Alison et al. 2016)。青海属高原大陆性气候，降水量少，日温差大，由于这些特点，青海省蔬果类蔬菜种植主要以设施种植为主。而灰霉病发病适宜温度与绝大多数棚室蔬菜生长的适宜温度相近，并且大棚内湿度高，使该病发生更加普遍和严重，一旦开始发病，会突然暴发和蔓延(赵霞 2020)。以辣椒为例，一般损失率为15%-20%，严重时达30%-50%，最高可达100%，常导致叶片大量腐烂，失去食用价值(郝永娟等 2011)。
在灰葡萄孢菌遗传多样性及种群结构研究中，RFLP (Giraud et al. 1997)、RAPD (van der Vlugt-Bergmans et al. 1993)和SSR (Fournier et al. 2002)标记技术应用最为广泛，研究证实该病原菌存在显著的群体内遗传变异，表现出高度的遗传多态性(张艳杰等 2017)。冯宝珍和李培谦(2020)的研究表明来源于茄子上的灰葡萄孢菌具有明显的遗传多样性。并通过RAPD将15株病原菌分为4个类群。余文贵等(2011)用SSR分子标记将番茄、草莓、莴苣上采集的29株灰葡萄孢菌分为3类，并且分类结果与采集地点高度一致。ISSR的应用较少，冯晓菲等(2019)对四川省10个县的195株草莓上的灰葡萄孢菌进行遗传多样性分析，使用了6条ISSR引物扩增出63个多态性位点，研究结果表明灰葡萄孢菌具有丰富的遗传多样性。李廷刚等(2013)采用ISSR分子标记技术分析山东省番茄灰葡萄孢菌的遗传多样性，结果表明该地区菌株遗传多样性水平较低，但菌株遗传关系与其地理分布显著相关。本文利用ISSR技术进行遗传多样性分析，解析灰葡萄孢菌遗传多样性与其地理来源、种群和寄主的关联，揭示其传播与适应性规律，为精准分区用药、抗病育种和抗药性治理等灰霉病综合防治策略提供依据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 菌株来源
于2023年5月至2024年8月，在青海省主要设施茄果类蔬菜种植地进行样本采集工作，已在海西蒙古族藏族自治州(简称海西州)、海东市、西宁市、黄南藏族自治州(简称黄南州)和海南藏族自治州(简称海南州)共5个地区进行采样工作，对采集到的典型病样进行分离鉴定，得到213株灰葡萄孢菌菌株(表1)，其中从番茄分离得到115株(含有HMF、QHF)，辣椒分离得到72株(含有HML、QHL)，茄子分离得到26株(含有HMQ、QHQ)。
1.2 DNA提取
本研究采用CTAB法挑取病原菌菌丝，提取B. cinerea基因组DNA。刮取事先培养好的病原菌菌丝置于2.0 mL离心管中，加入2 mm直径的无菌钢珠，加入700 μL的CTAB提取液，用组织破碎仪30 r/s破碎2 min，10 000 r/min离心3 min，减少泡沫，加入700 μL三氯甲烷，充分混匀，4 ℃放置40 min，在高速离心机上12 000 r/min，4 ℃离心10 min。吸取500 μL上清液至1.5 mL离心管中，并加入500 μL异丙醇，置于-20 ℃冰箱内2 h或过夜。在高速离心机上4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min，取出并倒掉上清液后用1 000 μL 75%的无水乙醇洗涤，倒掉无水乙醇后开盖烘干内部未挥发的无水乙醇，加入50 μL无菌无酶水，保存于-20 ℃冰箱内。用微量核酸测定仪初步测定提取的DNA质量，将其稀释到一定浓度，放入-20 ℃保存备用。
1.3 ISSR引物及PCR扩增
随机抽取8个菌株进行ISSR引物筛选，选用王子迎等(2007)及黄燕(2012)报道的10条引物，以及10条由杨凌天润奥科生物科技有限公司设计的灰葡萄孢菌多态性引物，筛选出12个条带清晰、条带数较多的引物(表 2)，用于后续试验，对条带清晰度较低的进行8梯度实验，确定各引物的最佳退火温度。
PCR反应体系(10 μL)：DNA模板1 μL，引物1 μL，2×Taq PCR Master Mix 5 μL，加ddH2O补足至10 μL。PCR反应程序：95 ℃预变性3 min；94 ℃变性40 s，退火40 s (退火温度见表2)，72 ℃延伸60 s，共35个循环；72 ℃延伸10 min，4 ℃保存。PCR扩增产物采用8%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶进行电泳分离。电泳结束后，采用硝酸银染色方案对凝胶进行显色。
1.4 数据分析
利用最优反应体系和筛选的引物扩增供试茄果类蔬菜灰葡萄孢菌后，对扩增谱带进行统计分析，使图片信息转为数据信息，同一引物的扩增产物，每条清晰条带为1个基因位点，产物扩增片段的出现则赋值“1”，产物扩增片段不清晰或不出现则赋值“0”，建立起0和1矩阵，汇总并保存为Excel文件。应用Popgene 32软件计算和分析遗传多样性相关指数：群体间和群体内的Shannon's指数、Nei's指数、等位基因数、有效等位(Nei 1972；Leyronas et al. 2015a)；并根据不同地理来源，不同作物来源划分的各个群体，得到种群间Nei's遗传距离，利用NTSYS pc 2.10e软件中clustering中的SAHN软件建立个体间遗传关系聚类图和各群体间遗传关系聚类图。并利用Genalex基于各种群的遗传相似系数进行PCoA分析。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 所有213株灰葡萄孢菌遗传多样性分析
本文采用12个ISSR引物，对病原菌共213个样本进行PCR扩增。12条ISSR引物共扩增多态性条带243条。对213株灰葡萄孢菌进行聚类分析，在相似系数0.65的水平上，213株菌被分为9个类群(图1)。类群8包含的菌株数量最多，为65株菌株，其中西宁市58株，黄南州7株；类群1有17株菌，均来自海西州；类群2包含22株菌株，分别是来自海西州的10株，海东市的12株；类群3包含的13株菌株均来自海东市；类群4的9株菌均来自海东市乐都区；类群5包含41株菌株，其中西宁市3株，海东市38株；类群6的24株菌株均来自西宁市大通县；类群7的7株菌株也都来自西宁市大通县；类群9有15株菌，其中10株来自黄南州，5株来自海南州。
2.2 灰葡萄孢菌地理种群间的遗传多样性分析
2.2.1 灰葡萄孢菌地理种群间群体遗传多样性水平
从地理水平将采集到的病原菌划分为5个种群，在群体水平上，Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.437 0，Shannon信息指数(I)为0.625 6，多态位点百分率(P)为100%，有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.807 3，观测等位基因数为2.000 0，说明等位基因的分布在5个地理区间比较均匀(表3)。病原菌的遗传多样性水平在不同地区之间具有一定差异，5个地理种群结果显示多态性条带比的均值为84.03%。5个种群多态位点百分率依次为：海东市>西宁市>海西州>黄南州>海南州。5个地理种群的Nei's基因多样性指数为0.197 1- 0.412 3，Shannon信息指数为0.288 3-0.595 8， 5个地理种群的其余遗传多样性指标变化与Nei's基因多样性指数变化基本一致。上述结果表明青海省茄果类蔬菜上的灰葡萄孢菌不同地理种群之间具有丰富的遗传多样性。
2.2.2 灰葡萄孢菌地理种群间群体遗传分化
通过Popgene32软件分析，从地理水平划分的5个种群的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.203 6 (Gst˂0.5，种群间的遗传分化极明显)，种群内遗传多样性(Hs)均值为0.339 0，种群间遗传多样性(Dst)均值为0.086 6 (Dst=Ht-Hs) (表4)。5个不同地理来源的种群内差异比种群间差异明显。5个地理种群间的基因流(Nm)为1.956 4。
ISSR的分子方差分析(AMOVA)揭示5个地理种群里，有15%的遗传变异存在于群间，85%的遗传变异量存在于种群内(表 5)，低于基因分化系数所体现的20.36%。
2.2.3 灰葡萄孢菌的同源性分析
对青海省不同地理来源的茄果类蔬菜灰葡萄孢菌5个种群的遗传距离及遗传相似度求平均值，5个种群的平均遗传距离为0.161 5，平均遗传相似度为0.852 7 (表6)。5个种群的遗传距离范围是0.076 6-0.292 0。其中海西州与海南州距离最大(0.292 0)，其次是海南州与海东市(0.231 4)；西宁市与海东市遗传距离最小(0.076 6)，其次是海西州与海东市(0.091 7)。病原菌5个种群的遗传相似度范围为0.746 8-0.926 2。其中海西州与海南州遗传相似度最低(0.746 8)；海南州与海东市的结果表明，遗传距离越远遗传相似度越低。
2.2.4 灰葡萄孢菌地理种群间群落结构分析
利用NTSYS-pc软件，基于5个地理种群的UPGMA聚类分析可知这5个种群之间的亲缘关系(图 2)。5个种群之间的亲缘关系并不高，在相似系数为0.89水平上，5个地理种群被划分为2个亚群，海西州、海东市和西宁市的遗传距离相近，共同组成一个亚群，黄南州和海南州组成一个类群。
2.2.5 灰葡萄孢菌地理种群的主坐标分析
主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA)是一种基于距离矩阵的多元统计方法，用于可视化样本间的相似性或差异性，图中的小点代表个体。根据ISSR的试验数据对5个地理种群的213个个体进行PCoA分析(图3)，通过观察二维散点图发现，种群海西州与海东市的部分单株相互交叉着聚在一起，关系较为密切，海东市少部分与西宁市交叉，大部分黄南州和海南州交叉，海南州仅与西宁市和黄南州有交叉，发现5个种群间存在部分交叉，但整体呈现地理聚集趋势。这也与UPGMA聚类分析的结果相近，与PCoA分析相比，UPGMA聚类分析亲缘关系来看，单株分析比种群间的紧密性更强。
2.3 灰葡萄孢菌寄主种群间的遗传多样性分析
2.3.1 灰葡萄孢菌寄主种群间群体遗传多样性水平
从不同寄主植物上采得的病原菌被划分为3个种群，群体水平上，有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.810 2，观测等位基因数为2.000 0，Nei's基因多样性指数为0.437 8，Shannon信息指数为0.626 5 (表7)。病原菌的遗传多样性水平在不同寄主之间具有一定差异。结果显示多态位点百分率的均值为99.31%。3个种群多态性条带比率依次为：番茄>辣椒>茄子。3个种群的Nei's基因多样性指数为0.413 4-0.436 6，Shannon信息指数为0.596 8-0.624 8。
2.3.2 灰葡萄孢菌寄主种群间群体遗传分化
ISSR的分子方差分析(AMOVA)揭示3个寄主植物划分的种群里，有2%的遗传变异存在于种群间，98%的遗传变异量存在于种群内(表8)。
2.3.3 灰葡萄孢菌的同源性分析
对青海省不同寄主分离得到的灰葡萄孢菌3个种群进行分析(表9)，3个种群的遗传距离及遗传相似度的平均值为0.021 4和0.978 7。3个种群的遗传距离范围为0.014 0-0.030 6。茄子和辣椒遗传距离最大，是0.030 6，番茄与茄子和番茄与辣椒的遗传距离次之，分别是0.019 8和0.014 0，3个种群的遗传相似度范围为0.969 8-0.986 1。较地理种群来看，从不同寄主植物划分的3个种群遗传距离很近，遗传相似度很大。
2.3.4 灰葡萄孢菌寄主种群间群落结构分析
从不同寄主分离得到的病原菌划分的3个种群，用UPGMA聚类分析显示了这3个种群之间的亲缘关系较地理种群相近(图4)，这也与遗传距离和遗传相似度得到的结果相互印证。在相似系数为0.98水平上，番茄和辣椒聚为一个类群，茄子单独作为一个类群。
2.3.5 灰葡萄孢菌寄主种群的PCoA主坐标分析
根据ISSR的试验数据将灰葡萄孢菌按照不同寄主划分为3个种群，并且分别对各群体种群的213个个体进行PCoA分析(图5)，通过二维散点图显示，大部分种群单株交叉紧密，少部分菌株较离散，表明在这3个群体划分中，各菌株显示出较高的相似度，这一结果与UPGMA相似。
3 讨论
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本研究对青海省茄果类蔬菜主产区213株灰葡萄孢菌采用ISSR分子标记技术进行了遗传多样性和种群结构分析，采用12条ISSR引物扩增出243个多态性条带，ISSR聚类分析将213株菌株在0.65相似系数水平上划分为9个类群，不同菌株间存在一定的基因交流。地理来源的5个种群，Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.437 0，Shannon信息指数为0.625 6，多态位点百分率(P)为100%，有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.807 3，观测等位基因数2.000 0，说明等位基因的分布在5个地理区间比较均匀。遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.203 6 (Gst˂0.5，种群间的遗传分化极明显)，种群内遗传多样性(Hs)均值为0.339 0，种群间遗传多样性(Dst)均值为0.086 6。5个不同地理来源种群的种群内差异比种群间差异明显。基因流(Nm)为1.956 4，根据Wright (1931)所提出的，当基因流水平(Nm)<1.0时，遗传漂变主导种群分化；当Nm处于1.0-4.0区间时，基因流的均质化效应可有效抑制遗传漂变，维持种群遗传结构稳定。从种群遗传分化来看，灰葡萄孢菌种群间的遗传变异占20.36%，种群内占79.64%。这与Rajaguru & Shaw (2010)的研究结果相同；黄燕(2012)利用ISSR技术对采自国内8个省市的蚕豆赤斑病的病原菌进行了群体遗传多样性分析，结果表明不同地理区域灰葡萄孢菌种群间存在一定的遗传变异，等位基因位点数和多样性指数的增大与各种群内病原菌数量的增加有关。ISSR的分子方差分析(AMOVA)揭示5个地理种群里，有15%的遗传变异存在于群间，85%的遗传变异量存在于种群内，也验证了上面的结果。5个种群的平均遗传距离为0.161 5，平均遗传相似度为0.852 7，地理种群间的遗传距离较远，遗传相似度较低。通过UPGMA聚类分析，在相似系数为0.89水平上，5个地理种群被划分为2个类群3个亚群。对5个地理种群的213个个体进行PCoA分析，发现5个种群间存在部分交叉，但整体呈现地理聚集趋势。不同寄主来源的3个种群，有效等位基因数为1.810 2，Nei's基因多样性指数为0.437 8，Shannon信息指数为0.626 5，仅2%的遗传变异存在于种群间。较地理来源种群来看，种群遗传距离很近，遗传相似度很大，并且亲缘关系相近。在PCoA分析中，大部分种群单株交叉紧密，少部分菌株较离散，表明在这3种群体划分中，各菌株显示出较高的相似度，这一结果与UPGMA相似。本研究在青藏高原独特的高寒干旱气候与广阔地理隔离条件下，系统性解析青海灰葡萄孢菌的遗传分化模式，填补了高海拔地区灰葡萄孢研究的空白。
Calpas (2004)基于RAPD分子标记技术对加拿大灰葡萄孢菌株进行群体遗传分析，揭示了病原菌遗传多样性与地理来源具有相关性。范咏梅等(2010)通过RAPD对中国新疆地区12株不同寄主来源的灰葡萄孢菌株进行遗传分析，结果显示在0.7相似系数下，菌株聚类形成5个主要遗传谱系，其聚类特征与地理分布呈现一定关联性，这与本实验的研究结果相同。值得注意的是，有研究表明灰葡萄孢菌遗传多样性与寄主植物存在一定的相关性(Muñoz & Campos 2013)。也有研究表明(Thompson & Latorre 1999)遗传多样性与地理来源、寄主来源之间并无显著的相关性，Wessels (2012)基于SSR标记对南非梨园菌株的群体遗传分析结果进一步支持该结论：尽管检测到高遗传多样性水平(H=0.83)，但群体间遗传分化指数仅为0.03 (Fst=0.03)，表明地理隔离效应对遗传结构的塑造作用有限。本实验结果表明遗传多样性与地理位置呈现一定关联性，范咏梅等(2010)分析可能的原因是菌株采集区域的限制，包括气候生态条件和地理位置，青海省海西州、海东市、黄南州、西宁市和海南州的地理位置相隔较远，且海拔差距较大。并且气候差异较大，海西州以高原干旱大陆性气候为主，降水极少、干燥多风，冬季严寒且沙尘频发；西宁市和海东市气候相对温和湿润(属高原大陆性气候)，降水方面整体呈现“西旱东润”格局。Leyronas et al. (2015b)对616个菌株进行分析后发现，根据遗传特征的相似程度，这些菌株可以分成8个集群。结果表明，温度和湿度等气候条件的变化会明显影响菌群的遗传结构，这一发现说明气候因素在灰葡萄孢菌的传播和变异过程中可能起到重要作用。灰葡萄孢菌具有高度遗传多样性特征，其群体内的遗传多样性显著高于群体间差异，且多样性分布与寄主植物种类、地理分布及气候环境等因素存在关联，但具体作用机制仍有待进一步解析。
作者贡献
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关致远：论文构思及撰写、实验，软件分析；马永强：论文指导与编辑写作；咸文荣：实验设计，论文构思，审核及指导。
利益冲突声明
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该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
基金
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  • 青海省重点研发与转化计划(2024-NK-107)
文献
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250154
  • 接收时间：2025-05-22
  • 首发时间：2026-04-29
  • 出版时间：2026-02-22
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  • 收稿日期：2025-05-22
  • 录用日期：2025-07-03
基金
Qinghai Provincial Key Research and Development and Transformation Program(2024-NK-107)
青海省重点研发与转化计划(2024-NK-107)
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    青海大学农林科学院 青海省有害生物重点实验室，青海 西宁 810016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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