Article(id=1256263562461306935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256263559323967535, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250176, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250176, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749484800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753718400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineDate=1777446173539, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1771689600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777446173539, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777446173539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777446173539, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256263559323967535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='250058', pageEnd='250280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777446172791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777447435276, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256268854674710546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256263559323967535, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256268854678904851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256263559323967535, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250176, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256263565061775431, articleId=1256263562461306935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=The role of C2H2-type transcription factor AflAZF1 in the growth, development and aflatoxin synthesis regulation of Aspergillus flavus, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor AZF1 in fungi has multiple biological functions such as regulating growth and development, secondary metabolism synthesis, and pathogenicity, however, the functions of this homologous protein in Aspergillus flavus is still unclear. Homology comparison revealed that the protein encoded by AFLA_054800 shares 50% homology with the AZF1 protein in Trichoderma reesei, and it was named AflAZF1. This study found that the colony size of the AflAZF1 gene deletion strain (ΔAflAZF1) was not significantly different from that of the wild type, but the conidiation was significantly reduced, and the sclerotia could not form. The production of aflatoxin AFB1 in the ΔAflAZF1 strain was significantly increased. When glucose, arabinose, mannose, sucrose, and xylose were used as carbon sources, the conidiation ability of the ΔAflAZF1 strain was significantly decreased, but it was significantly increased in lactose and glycerol. Additionally, under pH 5 and pH 11 conditions, the number of conidia in the ΔAflAZF1 strain was significantly lower than that in the wild type. The results indicate that AflAZF1 not only regulates conidiation and sclerotial formation and AFB1 biosynthesis, but also modulates the utilization of different carbon sources and adaptation to extreme pH conditions by affecting conidiation ability. This discovery not only reveals the key role of AflAZF1 in the growth and development and toxin synthesis of A. flavus, but also provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of A. flavus contamination and the development of new biological control strategies.

, correspAuthors=Xiuna WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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C2H2型转录因子AZF1在真菌中具有调控生长发育、次级代谢及致病等多种生物学功能,但其在黄曲霉中的作用尚不明确。同源序列比对发现,AFLA_054800编码的蛋白与里氏木霉中的AZF1蛋白具有50%的同源性,将其命名为AflAZF1。本研究发现,AflAZF1基因缺失菌株(ΔAflAZF1)的菌落大小与野生型无明显差异,但分生孢子产量显著下降,且无法形成菌核。同时,ΔAflAZF1菌株的黄曲霉毒素AFB1产量明显升高。在以葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、蔗糖和木糖为碳源时,ΔAflAZF1菌株的产孢能力相较于野生型显著下降,但在乳糖和甘油中显著上升。此外,在pH 5和pH 11条件下,ΔAflAZF1菌株的分生孢子数量显著少于野生型。研究结果表明,AflAZF1能够调控分生孢子和菌核的形成及AFB1的生物合成,还通过影响产孢能力调节对不同碳源的利用和对极端pH条件的适应性。这一发现揭示了AflAZF1在黄曲霉生长发育与毒素合成中的关键作用,为防治黄曲霉污染及制定新型生物防控策略提供了理论依据。

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A novel Cys2His2 zinc finger homolog of AZF 1 modulates holocellulase expression in Trichoderma reesei. mSystems, 4(4): e00161-19, articleTitle=A novel Cys2His2 zinc finger homolog of AZF 1 modulates holocellulase expression in Trichoderma reesei, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256265259095044196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=104, pageEnd=110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Bao LF, Qin YQ, Qu YB, journalName=Microbiology China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bao LF, Qin YQ, Qu YB, 2014. Research progress of Flug-brla pathway involved in asexual development of Aspergillus nidulans. Microbiology China, 41(1): 104-110 (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress of Flug-brla pathway involved in asexual development of Aspergillus nidulans, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1256265257467654232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=2024J01397, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2024J01397), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256265257627037785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=2024J01397, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省自然科学基金(2024J01397), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256265257773838426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=2022J01594, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J01594), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256265257878696027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=2022J01594, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省自然科学基金(2022J01594), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256265258038079580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=31800040, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800040), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256265258138742877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=31800040, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31800040), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256265258251989086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=KFB23081, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Innovation Special Foundation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFB23081), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256265258323292255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=KFB23081, language=CN, fundingSource=福建农林大学科技创新专项基金(KFB23081), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256265258402984032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=KFB22048XA, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Innovation Special Foundation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFB22048XA), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1256265258566561889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, awardId=KFB22048XA, language=CN, fundingSource=福建农林大学科技创新专项基金(KFB22048XA), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1256265246629572636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1256265246633766941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, companyId=1256265246629572636, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1256265246642155550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, companyId=1256265246629572636, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=福建农林大学生命科学学院 福建省病原真菌与真菌毒素重点实验室,福建 福州 350002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1256265253625671748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The phylogenetic tree and domain analysis of the AZF1 proteins in Aspergillus flavus and other fungi.

A: The phylogenetic tree of AZF1 proteins. The phylogenetic tree were constructed using MEGA7.0 software. The protein information is as follow: AflAZF1 (XP_002378224.1, A. flavus NRRL3357); AnAZF1 (A5ABV9.1, A. niger CBS 513.88); AfAZF1 (EDP47468.1, A. fumigatus A1163); TrAZF1 (XP_006961893.1, Trichoderma reesei QM6a); Azf1p (NP_014756.3, Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C); CON1 (ABB89847.1, Pyricularia grisea); ApAZF1 (KJK64458.1, A. parasiticus); AoAZF1 (EIT80398.1, A. oryzae); AnAZF1 (XP_664107.1, A. nidulans); FgAZF1 (WXC62894.1, Fusarium graminearum); AtAZF1(GHJ86605.1, Arabidopsis thaliana). B: The domain of AZF1 proteins.

, figureFileSmall=UTZ9pF9rA4YJ/IxAAy1T+g==, figureFileBig=D/1x4eKpbVem3qSxeQMlxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265253751500869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄曲霉及其他真菌中AZF1蛋白的系统发育树及结构域分析

A:真菌中AZF1蛋白的进化树,其中所用的蛋白信息如下:AflAZF1 (XP_002378224.1, Aspergillus flavus NRRL3357);AnAZF1 (A5ABV9.1, A. niger CBS 513.88);AfAZF1 (EDP47468.1, A. fumigatus A1163);TrAZF1 (XP_006961893.1, Trichoderma reesei QM6a);Azf1p (NP_014756.3, Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C);CON1 (ABB89847.1, Pyricularia grisea);ApAZF1 (KJK64458.1, A. parasiticus);AoAZF1 (EIT80398.1, A. oryzae);AnAZF1 (XP_664107.1, A. nidulans);FgAZF1 (WXC62894.1, Fusarium graminearum);AtAZF1 (GHJ86605.1, Arabidopsis thaliana). B:真菌中AZF1蛋白的结构域

, figureFileSmall=UTZ9pF9rA4YJ/IxAAy1T+g==, figureFileBig=D/1x4eKpbVem3qSxeQMlxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265253898301510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Construction of AflAZF1 deletion mutant strain of Aspergillus flavus.

A: Strategy of the construction of the AflAZF1 knockout mutant. B: PCR verification of WT (wild type) and ΔAflAZF1 strains. Knockout transformants are represented by T1, T2, T3, and T4; WT strain is the positive control; CK uses ddH2O as a template, serving as the negative control; Gel wells numbered P1, P2, and P3 represent the amplification results using primers P1, P2, and P3, respectively. Marker: DL2000.

, figureFileSmall=Fz+ejFG3KICgYKYD0Rsm4A==, figureFileBig=RaS4rkAD17N7MnCcbslDWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265253998964807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=图2, caption=黄曲霉AflAZF1 缺失菌株的构建

A:黄曲霉AflAZF1缺失菌株构建原理图;B:WT和ΔAflAZF1 菌株的PCR验证. 疑似敲除株的转化子分别用T1、T2、T3和T4表示;野生型菌株WT作为阳性对照;CK以ddH2O为模板,作为阴性对照;琼脂糖凝胶孔编号P1、P2、P3分别表示用引物P1、P2和P3的扩增结果. Marker: DL2000

, figureFileSmall=Fz+ejFG3KICgYKYD0Rsm4A==, figureFileBig=RaS4rkAD17N7MnCcbslDWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265254095433800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effects of AflAZF1 in Aspergillus flavus on growth and conidial formation.

A: Growth and conidial formation of the WT and ΔAflAZF1 strains. B: Statistical analysis of the colony diameter of WT and ΔAflAZF1 strains. Relative growth=colony diameter/wild-type colony diameter. C: Statistical analysis of the conidia produced by WT and ΔAflAZF1. Error bars represent the standard deviation of five replicates. * Indicates a significant difference between the WT and ΔAflAZF1 at 0.05 level; ** Indicate an extremely significant difference between the two strains at 0.01 level. The same below.

, figureFileSmall=aulAuLYLVCD/TgyUXCjTrA==, figureFileBig=89JaHdPliTme4ogbjSkCLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265254204485705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄曲霉中AflAZF1对营养生长和分生孢子形成的影响

A:WT和ΔAflAZF1菌株的生长和产孢;B:WT和ΔAflAFZ1菌落直径的统计分析;相对生长=菌落直径/野生型菌落直径;C:WT和ΔAflAZF1产生的分生孢子统计分析;误差棒是表示5次重复的标准差,*表示P<0.05差异显著,**表示P<0.01差异极显著;下同

, figureFileSmall=aulAuLYLVCD/TgyUXCjTrA==, figureFileBig=89JaHdPliTme4ogbjSkCLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265254284177482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Deletion of the AflAZF1 gene results in the inability of Aspergillus flavus to form sclerotia.

A: Sclerotia production by WT and ΔAflAZF1 on YEPS culture medium. B: Statistical analysis of sclerotial yield of WT and ΔAflAZF1 on the 7th day. ND indicates that no sclerotia were detected.

, figureFileSmall=ZXeobfXNCR/zwnQYR/AseQ==, figureFileBig=tQytCKlYUTEmYo+Mjmj51A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265254401617995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=图4, caption=AflAZF1基因的缺失导致黄曲霉不能形成菌核

A:WT和ΔAflAZF1在YEPS培养基上菌核形成的情况;B:WT和ΔAflAZF1在第7天时菌核数量的统计分析. ND表示检测不到菌核

, figureFileSmall=ZXeobfXNCR/zwnQYR/AseQ==, figureFileBig=tQytCKlYUTEmYo+Mjmj51A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265254481309772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=AflAZF1 regulates the carbon source utilisation process in Aspergillus flavus.

A: Growth of WT and ΔAflAZF1 on different carbon source media. B: Statistics analysis of colony diameters of WT and ΔAflAZF1 on eight types of carbon source media on day 5. C: Statistical analysis of conidia produced by WT and ΔAflAZF1.

, figureFileSmall=09nNL1tN1wnRQ3GDogkygQ==, figureFileBig=nGGoWBEm8llUB1UGAdvDvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265254548418637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=图5, caption=AflAZF1调控黄曲霉的碳源利用过程

A:WT和ΔAflAZF1在不同碳源培养基上的生长情况;B:WT和ΔAflAZF1在不同的碳源培养基上第5天时菌落直径的统计分析;C:WT和ΔAflAZF1分生孢子数量的统计分析

, figureFileSmall=09nNL1tN1wnRQ3GDogkygQ==, figureFileBig=nGGoWBEm8llUB1UGAdvDvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265254674247758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=AflAZF1 mediates Aspergillus flavus adaptation to different acidic and alkaline environments.

A: Growth of WT and ΔAflAZF1 on different pH media. B: Statistical analysis of the colony diameter of WT and ΔAflAFZ1. C: Statistical analysis of the conidia produced by WT and ΔAflAZF1.

, figureFileSmall=4YpGaUM7ob6KHDay2xqMRw==, figureFileBig=HxNFA0bomHf70vuqg5XyfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265254804271183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=图6, caption=AflAZF1调控黄曲霉适应酸碱环境的能力

A:WT和ΔAflAZF1在不同pH培养基上的生长情况;B:WT和ΔAflAFZ1菌落直径的统计分析;C:WT和ΔAflAZF1分生孢子数量的统计分析

, figureFileSmall=4YpGaUM7ob6KHDay2xqMRw==, figureFileBig=HxNFA0bomHf70vuqg5XyfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265254909128784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=AflAZF1 negatively regulates the AFB1 biosynthesis.

A: TLC analysis of the production of AFB1 by WT and ΔAflAFZ1 on a YES medium. AFB1 is the standard aflatoxin. B: Quantitative analysis of the yield of AFB1 produced by WT and ΔAflAFZ1 on YES medium. Concentration of standard AFB1 is adjusted to 1 μg/mL, then the relative quantification of AFB1 was analyzed using GeneTools software. The same below.

, figureFileSmall=yrdfB+0lc5l8Wjbs4bSEsQ==, figureFileBig=zwnUB7GQjrhTqbPmJQgyNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265255055929425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=图7, caption=AflAZF1负调控黄曲霉毒素AFB1的合成

A:WT和ΔAflAFZ1在YES培养基上产生黄曲霉毒素AFB1的薄层层析分析,AFB1为黄曲霉毒素标准品;B:WT和ΔAflAFZ1在YES培养基培养时AFB1含量的定量分析,将AFB1标品的浓度调整为1 μg/mL,利用GeneTools软件对毒素进行相对定量;下同

, figureFileSmall=yrdfB+0lc5l8Wjbs4bSEsQ==, figureFileBig=zwnUB7GQjrhTqbPmJQgyNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265255148204114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Effects of AflAZF1 on the pathogenicity of Aspergillus flavus.

A: Growth of WT and ΔAflAZF1 strains on peanut. B: Quantitative analysis of the conidia produced by WT and ΔAflAZF1 on peanuts. C: TLC analysis of AFB1 from WT and ΔAflAZF1. D: Quantitative analysis of AFB1 produced by WT and ΔAflAZF1.

, figureFileSmall=X2ZDROlhZHQ+zD3vdl80YA==, figureFileBig=zJ4yjkdfy7VbJEZGtvhqPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265255282421843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=图8, caption=AflAZF1影响黄曲霉侵染花生的能力

A:WT和ΔAflAZF1菌株在花生上的生长情况;B:WT和ΔAflAZF1在花生上产生分生孢子数量的定量分析;C:WT和ΔAflAZF1产生AFB1的薄层层析分析;D:WT和ΔAflAZF1产生AFB1含量的定量分析

, figureFileSmall=X2ZDROlhZHQ+zD3vdl80YA==, figureFileBig=zJ4yjkdfy7VbJEZGtvhqPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256265255353725012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The strains used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strain
描述
Characterization
来源
Source
Aspergillus flavus CA14 PTS ku70, ∆pyrG 美国农业部南方研究中心Chang PK惠赠
Donated by Chang PK, Southern Research Center,
United States Department of Agriculture
A. flavus wild type (WT) ku70, ∆pyrG::pyrG 实验室构建
Laboratory construction
ΔAflAZF1 ku70, ∆pyrG, ∆AflAZF1::pyrG 本研究构建
Constructed in this study
), ArticleFig(id=1256265255441805397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用菌株的信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strain
描述
Characterization
来源
Source
Aspergillus flavus CA14 PTS ku70, ∆pyrG 美国农业部南方研究中心Chang PK惠赠
Donated by Chang PK, Southern Research Center,
United States Department of Agriculture
A. flavus wild type (WT) ku70, ∆pyrG::pyrG 实验室构建
Laboratory construction
ΔAflAZF1 ku70, ∆pyrG, ∆AflAZF1::pyrG 本研究构建
Constructed in this study
), ArticleFig(id=1256265255555051606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称
Primer
引物序列
Oligonucleotide sequence (5′→3′)
目的
Use
pyrG/F GCCAGTACGAGTGTTGTGGAG 扩增pyrG基因片段
Amplification of pyrG gene fragments
pyrG/R GTCAGACACAGAATAACTCTC
054800 5F/F GGTATGGACTGGCATGGATAC 融合 PCR 正向引物
Fusion PCR forward primers
054800 3F/R GTAATATCAAGACTGCGACGCG 融合 PCR 反向引物
Fusion PCR reverse primers
054800 5F/EF CATTGAGGAACGATGCCATTAC 扩增AflAZF1上游同源臂片段
Amplification of AflAZF1 upstream homology arm fragment
054800 5F/R GGGTGAAGAGCATTGTTTGAGGCGTCTTTGCTATCTACTCGTCTC
054800 3F/ER CTTCAATTGATCGTGTTGACAC 扩增AflAZF1下游同源臂片段
Amplification of AflAZF1 downstream homology arm fragments
054800 3F/F GCATCAGTGCCTCCTCTCAGACGCCGTACTGGTCTTCTGTTCG
pyrG/TR GTCTGAGAGGAGGCACTGATGC ΔAflAZF1验证引物
ΔAflAZF1 validation primers
pyrG/TF GCCTCAAACAATGCTCTTCACCC
054800 RT/F GCCATTCACCTGTCTGTTGGAC AflAZF1-ORF验证引物
AflAZF1-ORF validation primers
054800 RT/R CCTACGATCCTTTCCACGAC
), ArticleFig(id=1256265255764766807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562461306935, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

黄曲霉AflAFZ1基因缺失菌株构建中所用引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称
Primer
引物序列
Oligonucleotide sequence (5′→3′)
目的
Use
pyrG/F GCCAGTACGAGTGTTGTGGAG 扩增pyrG基因片段
Amplification of pyrG gene fragments
pyrG/R GTCAGACACAGAATAACTCTC
054800 5F/F GGTATGGACTGGCATGGATAC 融合 PCR 正向引物
Fusion PCR forward primers
054800 3F/R GTAATATCAAGACTGCGACGCG 融合 PCR 反向引物
Fusion PCR reverse primers
054800 5F/EF CATTGAGGAACGATGCCATTAC 扩增AflAZF1上游同源臂片段
Amplification of AflAZF1 upstream homology arm fragment
054800 5F/R GGGTGAAGAGCATTGTTTGAGGCGTCTTTGCTATCTACTCGTCTC
054800 3F/ER CTTCAATTGATCGTGTTGACAC 扩增AflAZF1下游同源臂片段
Amplification of AflAZF1 downstream homology arm fragments
054800 3F/F GCATCAGTGCCTCCTCTCAGACGCCGTACTGGTCTTCTGTTCG
pyrG/TR GTCTGAGAGGAGGCACTGATGC ΔAflAZF1验证引物
ΔAflAZF1 validation primers
pyrG/TF GCCTCAAACAATGCTCTTCACCC
054800 RT/F GCCATTCACCTGTCTGTTGGAC AflAZF1-ORF验证引物
AflAZF1-ORF validation primers
054800 RT/R CCTACGATCCTTTCCACGAC
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C2H2型转录因子AflAZF1在黄曲霉生长发育与毒素合成调控中的作用
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林竑翊 , 李明智 , 郭慧华 , 袁军 , 汪世华 , 王秀娜 *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(2): 250176
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(2): 250176
C2H2型转录因子AflAZF1在黄曲霉生长发育与毒素合成调控中的作用
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林竑翊, 李明智, 郭慧华, 袁军, 汪世华, 王秀娜*
作者信息
  • 福建农林大学生命科学学院 福建省病原真菌与真菌毒素重点实验室,福建 福州 350002
The role of C2H2-type transcription factor AflAZF1 in the growth, development and aflatoxin synthesis regulation of Aspergillus flavus
Hongyi LIN, Mingzhi LI, Huihua GUO, Jun YUAN, Shihua WANG, Xiuna WANG*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2026-02-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250176
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C2H2型转录因子AZF1在真菌中具有调控生长发育、次级代谢及致病等多种生物学功能,但其在黄曲霉中的作用尚不明确。同源序列比对发现,AFLA_054800编码的蛋白与里氏木霉中的AZF1蛋白具有50%的同源性,将其命名为AflAZF1。本研究发现,AflAZF1基因缺失菌株(ΔAflAZF1)的菌落大小与野生型无明显差异,但分生孢子产量显著下降,且无法形成菌核。同时,ΔAflAZF1菌株的黄曲霉毒素AFB1产量明显升高。在以葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、蔗糖和木糖为碳源时,ΔAflAZF1菌株的产孢能力相较于野生型显著下降,但在乳糖和甘油中显著上升。此外,在pH 5和pH 11条件下,ΔAflAZF1菌株的分生孢子数量显著少于野生型。研究结果表明,AflAZF1能够调控分生孢子和菌核的形成及AFB1的生物合成,还通过影响产孢能力调节对不同碳源的利用和对极端pH条件的适应性。这一发现揭示了AflAZF1在黄曲霉生长发育与毒素合成中的关键作用,为防治黄曲霉污染及制定新型生物防控策略提供了理论依据。

Aspergillus flavus  /  锌指蛋白  /  黄曲霉毒素  /  生长发育  /  碳源  /  酸碱

The C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor AZF1 in fungi has multiple biological functions such as regulating growth and development, secondary metabolism synthesis, and pathogenicity, however, the functions of this homologous protein in Aspergillus flavus is still unclear. Homology comparison revealed that the protein encoded by AFLA_054800 shares 50% homology with the AZF1 protein in Trichoderma reesei, and it was named AflAZF1. This study found that the colony size of the AflAZF1 gene deletion strain (ΔAflAZF1) was not significantly different from that of the wild type, but the conidiation was significantly reduced, and the sclerotia could not form. The production of aflatoxin AFB1 in the ΔAflAZF1 strain was significantly increased. When glucose, arabinose, mannose, sucrose, and xylose were used as carbon sources, the conidiation ability of the ΔAflAZF1 strain was significantly decreased, but it was significantly increased in lactose and glycerol. Additionally, under pH 5 and pH 11 conditions, the number of conidia in the ΔAflAZF1 strain was significantly lower than that in the wild type. The results indicate that AflAZF1 not only regulates conidiation and sclerotial formation and AFB1 biosynthesis, but also modulates the utilization of different carbon sources and adaptation to extreme pH conditions by affecting conidiation ability. This discovery not only reveals the key role of AflAZF1 in the growth and development and toxin synthesis of A. flavus, but also provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of A. flavus contamination and the development of new biological control strategies.

Aspergillus flavus  /  zinc-finger protein  /  aflatoxin  /  growth and development  /  carbon source  /  acid-base
林竑翊, 李明智, 郭慧华, 袁军, 汪世华, 王秀娜. C2H2型转录因子AflAZF1在黄曲霉生长发育与毒素合成调控中的作用. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 250176 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250176
Hongyi LIN, Mingzhi LI, Huihua GUO, Jun YUAN, Shihua WANG, Xiuna WANG. The role of C2H2-type transcription factor AflAZF1 in the growth, development and aflatoxin synthesis regulation of Aspergillus flavus[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (2) : 250176 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250176
黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus Link作为一种常见的腐生真菌,通常生长在土壤、植物和食品中,能够在生长、采收、加工、运输和储藏的任意一环节污染小麦、玉米和大米等主要粮食作物,是全球谷物最主要的真菌污染源之一。我国是黄曲霉污染的重灾区,抽样调查显示多个省份的储藏玉米和花生中都检出了黄曲霉(Ding et al. 2015)。该菌产生的黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxins, AFs)是毒性最强、产量最大、污染范围最广泛的真菌毒素(李丁等 2020)。黄曲霉毒素也是迄今为止发现的理化性质最稳定的真菌毒素之一,一旦发生污染,物理或化学的手段很难将其去除,并且它可以通过代谢和加工过程在食物或饲料中富集,严重威胁人畜健康(邢福国等 2021)。黄曲霉毒素合成不仅受到内在遗传因素的控制,而且受到温度、光照、水活度等环境因素的影响(王秀娜等 2020)。因此,黄曲霉毒素合成调控机制的揭示对防控黄曲霉及其食品安全至关重要。
C2H2型转录因子是真核生物中能够与DNA序列特异性结合的超大家族(张俊等 2021)。在真菌中,C2H2型转录因子在调控生长、分生孢子形成、有性生殖、代谢和致病力等方面发挥重要作用。在里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei中敲除TrAZF1导致分生孢子形成延迟(Antonieto et al. 2019)。酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAZF1基因的过表达菌株,在以葡萄糖和木糖为碳源时乙醇产量分别增加1.1倍和2.4倍,而AZF1缺失突变体乙醇产量分别下降了约33%和44% (Semkiv et al. 2022)。灰梨孢Pyricularia grisea中与酿酒酵母AZF1同源的COS1在分生孢子梗发育中起着关键作用,且可能直接结合到靶基因的启动子区来调节其表达(Li et al. 2013)。构巢曲霉Aspergillus nidulans brlA正调控了分生孢子产生,而同类型的nsdC对无性孢子的形成具有负调控作用(Kim et al. 2009;鲍龙飞等 2014)。哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum中 C2H2型转录因子THA09974正调控产孢、菌丝生物量和对病原菌的拮抗能力(李昕玥等 2019)。产黄头孢霉Acremonium chrysogenumAcstuA的缺失导致真菌发育相关基因AcbrlAAcabaA的表达降低,阻碍了分生孢子的产生(Hu et al. 2015)。此外,禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum中的pcs1与大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae中的vdmsn2均正调控孢子的形成(Jung et al. 2014;Tian et al. 2017)。植物病原菌玉米黑粉菌Ustilago maydisRua1的缺失导致黑粉菌酸合成缺陷(Teichmann et al. 2010)。粗糙脉孢菌Neurospora crassaCre1缺失菌株产生的淀粉酶和β-半乳糖苷酶的量均显著高于野生型(Sun & Glass 2017)。在构巢曲霉中,碳源代谢途径被抑制因子CreA调控(Ries et al. 2016)。黑曲霉Aspergillus niger中AnAZF1通过调节赭曲霉毒素A (OTA)合成基因的表达正调控了OTA的合成(Wei et al. 2023)。尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum的PacC负调控了毒力(Caracuel et al. 2003)。在假禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium pseudograminearum中,FpCzf7缺失突变体的致病力和脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇的产量比野生型均显著下降(赵静雅等 2022)。转录因子BcCRZ1能够提高灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea刺穿寄主表面的能力(Schumacher et al. 2008)。
黄曲霉的生长发育、次级代谢物合成以及致病性也受到多种C2H2型转录因子的调控。与野生型相比,黄曲霉RsrA缺失突变株产生的分生孢子数量显著减少,但对H2O2的抗性增强(Bok et al. 2014)。AflZKS3的缺失导致了黄曲霉毒素的生物合成被完全抑制,同时侵染花生和玉米能力也降低(Liang et al. 2022)。为探究C2H2型转录因子AflAZF1的生物学功能,本研究构建了AflAZF1缺失突变株(ΔAflAZF1),系统分析了AflAZF1在黄曲霉营养生长、产孢、致病力、胁迫应答和毒素合成等方面的作用。
本研究所使用菌株的信息见表1
PDA培养基(300 mL):11.7 g 马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂,加单蒸水定容至300 mL,121 ℃高温高压灭菌20 min。YGT 培养基(300 mL):6 g葡萄糖,1.5 g 酵母膏,4.5 g琼脂,300 μL微量元素,加单蒸水定容至300 mL,121 ℃高温高压灭菌20 min。YES培养基(300 mL):1.5 g酵母膏,9 g蔗糖,4.5 g琼脂,加单蒸水定容至300 mL,115 ℃高温高压灭菌15 min。YEPS培养基 (300 mL):1.8 g蛋白胨,3 g蔗糖,1.8 g酵母膏,4.5 g琼脂,加单蒸水定容至300 mL,121 ℃高温高压灭菌20 min。MM培养基(300 mL):1.5 g葡萄糖,0.3 g NH4NO3,0.15 g KH2PO4,0.45 g NaH2PO4,0.3 g NaCl,0.06 g MgSO4·7H2O,加单蒸水定容至300 mL 并调pH至7.2,121 ℃ 高温高压灭菌20 min。0.5%复苏上层培养基 (300 mL):10.5 g Czapek dox broth,3 mL 1 mol/L酒石酸铵,102.72 g蔗糖,2.25 g琼脂,加单蒸水定容至300 mL,115 ℃高温高压灭菌15 min。1.5%复苏下层培养基(300 mL):10.5 g Czapek dox broth,3 mL 1 mol/L酒石酸铵,102.72 g蔗糖,4.5 g琼脂,加单蒸水定容至300 mL,115 ℃高温高压灭菌15 min。
原生质体酶解液:先将 4 mL 10 mmol/L NaH2PO4 (pH 5.8)、0.8 mL 20 mmol/L CaCl2和34 mL无菌水提前量取好,加入2.8 g NaCl,充分混匀后,加入0.3 g溶壁酶(源叶S10107)、0.3 g蜗牛酶(索莱宝S8280)、0.2 g溶菌酶(麦克林L812356),0.45 μm滤膜过滤除菌。50% PEG 4000 buffer:25 mL 1 mol/L CaCl2,10 mL 1 mol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.5),100 mL 3 mol/L KCl,250 g PEG 4000,加单蒸水定容至500 mL,121 ℃高温高压灭菌20 min。1.2 mol/L STC buffer:12.5 mL 1 mol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.5),25 mL 1 mol/L CaCl2,109.2 g山梨醇,加单蒸水定容至500 mL,121 ℃高温高压灭菌20 min。
孢子洗脱液:0.05% Tween 80,121 ℃高温高压灭菌20 min。微量元素:0.22 g (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O,10 g Na2EDTA, 2.2 g H3BO3,1 g MnCl2·4H2O,4.4 g ZnSO4·7H2O,0.32 g CoCl2·5H2O,1 g FeSO4·7H2O,0.32 g CuSO4·5H2O,加单蒸水定容至200 mL。
将里氏木霉AZF1蛋白序列与NCBI数据库中黄曲霉NRRL3357基因组进行同源比对,找到其同源的蛋白。然后下载米曲霉Aspergillus oryzae、寄生曲霉Aspergillus parasiticus、烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus、黑曲霉Aspergillus niger、构巢曲霉Aspergillus nidulans、禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum、酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae、里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei、灰梨孢Pyricularia grisea和拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana等真菌中的AZF1蛋白序列。利用软件MEGA7.0构建AZF1蛋白的系统进化树,选用Neighbor- joining算法,bootsrtap值为1 000。在 Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART, http://smart.emblheidelberg.de/)网站上预测上述蛋白的结构域,最后使用DOG 2.0软件绘制结构域可视化图像。
将100 μL浓度为1×106个/mL的黄曲霉分生孢子悬液接种在YGT液体培养基中,置于37 ℃摇床,在150 r/min条件下培养8-10 h。摇菌结束后,首先配制酶解液,待酶完全溶解后,用4层擦镜纸收集菌丝,将其转移至酶解液中,置于29 ℃摇床,以70 r/min振荡裂解菌丝2 h,镜检,若裂解未完成,则每隔30 min镜检一次。待裂解结束后,用二层擦镜纸过滤菌丝及细胞壁碎片。将收集到的滤液4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心15 min后,弃上清,再加入STC润洗沉淀,5 000 r/min离心15 min,弃上清。沉淀重悬于1 mL 1.2 mol/L STC溶液,取10 μL镜检。加入DMSO (终浓度7%),放置在-80 ℃保存。
将纯化的DNA片段和原生质体置于冰上,向1.5 mL EP管中加入质量约3-5 μg的DNA片段和200 μL 1.2 mol/L STC,混匀;接着加入200 μL 50% PEG 4000 buffer,混匀,置于冰上2 min使其充分反应;最后加入100 μL原生质体,用移液枪轻柔混匀,置于冰上孵育30 min。准备复苏下层培养基,30 min后,将上述体系转移至50 mL离心管中,加入1 mL 50% PEG 4000 buffer,混匀,冰上孵育10 min。孵育结束后,向50 mL离心管中加入10 mL复苏上层培养基,混匀,倒入已经凝固的复苏下层培养基上,待其充分凝固后封板,于37 ℃培养。每天观察,将转化子挑至YGT培养基中,以便后续验证实验。
从NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)下载AflAZF1基因及其上下游2 000 bp的DNA序列,用Primer Premier 5.0设计扩增AflAZF1基因上下游同源臂引物和融合PCR的巢式引物。首先扩增目标基因上游和下游以及pyrG 3个DNA片段,然后利用PCR技术将其融合。基于同源重组的原理,利用PEG介导的原生质体转化方法将上述融合片段转化到黄曲霉CA14 PTS原生质体中,得到以烟曲霉中pyrG基因替换黄曲霉中AflAZF1基因的ΔAflAZF1菌株。然后采用PCR技术对其进行鉴定,理论上引物1 (P1, 054800 RT/F和054800 RT/R)在野生型菌株中可以扩增出条带,而引物2 (P2, 054800 5F/EF和pyrG/TR)和引物3 (P3, 054800 3F/ER和pyrG/TF)分别检测敲除菌株中目的基因上游和下游重组片段,本研究所用引物见表2
将WT、ΔAflAZF1菌株接种至培养基上,于37 ℃培养5 d后,在超净工作台中,向培养皿中加入3 mL已灭菌的孢子洗脱液,用枪头轻轻刮下培养基表面成熟的黄曲霉分生孢子,并用已灭菌脱脂棉制备的滤柱过滤去除菌丝,得到新鲜孢子液。涡旋混匀孢子悬液,取500 μL孢子悬液梯度稀释后进行镜检,计算浓度,再将孢子液浓度调整为1×106个/mL。
准备PDA培养基(Ф=60 mm, 10 mL/皿),分别接种野生型和敲除菌株分生孢子悬液2 μL至PDA培养基,29 ℃黑暗培养,5 d后测量菌落直径并拍照。沿着直径打孔,将培养基及孢子收集在5 mL EP管中,加入3 mL孢子洗脱液,超声1 h后涡旋混匀,通过梯度稀释法配合血球计数板对分生孢子数量进行统计。每个处理5次重复,整个实验重复两次。
将WT和ΔAflAZF1分生孢子悬液稀释至1×106个/mL,分别接种 2 μL至YEPS培养基,37 ℃黑暗培养,7 d后拍照,用75%乙醇喷洗平板表面的菌丝及分生孢子,使黄曲霉菌核暴露,待乙醇挥发后再次拍照记录,并统计菌核数量。每个处理5次重复,整个实验重复两次。
以MM培养基为基础配制不同碳源培养基,分别为MM+1%乳糖、MM+1%甘油、MM+1%淀粉、MM+1%蔗糖、MM+1%阿拉伯糖、MM+1% 葡萄糖、MM+1%甘露糖、MM+1%木糖培养基。分别接种2 μL WT和ΔAflAZF1分生孢子悬液(1×105个/mL)至不同碳源培养基中,29 ℃黑暗培养,5 d后测量菌落直径并拍照,同时统计分生孢子数量。每个处理5次重复,整个实验重复两次。
配制YGT培养基,并用HCl与NaOH溶液将培养基pH分别调节至5、7、9、11。分别接种2 μL WT和ΔAflAZF1分生孢子悬液(1×105个/mL)至不同pH培养基中,29 ℃黑暗培养,5 d后测量菌落直径并拍照,统计分生孢子数量。每个处理5次重复,整个实验重复两次。
分别接种2 μL WT和ΔAflAZF1分生孢子悬液(1×105个/mL)至YES固体培养基(Ф=60 mm, 10 mL/皿),倒置在29 ℃黑暗下培养5 d。用打孔器沿着培养基直径十字交叉打菌饼,并将其转移至50 mL离心管中,加入6 mL二氯甲烷,超声振荡1 h;吸取下层清液4 mL转移至新的10 mL EP管中,风干后采用薄层层析法进行检测。使用分析天平对干燥后的菌饼称重,按1 g:1 mL比例加入CH2Cl2,通过涡旋振荡实现毒素复溶。提前将硅胶板放入65 ℃烘箱中活化20 min,并标记好点样位置。取适量复溶后的毒素溶液点于硅胶板上,点样时设置标准品作为对照;按二氯甲烷和丙酮9:1的用量配制50 mL的层析液。将硅胶板垂直放入层析缸中,待层析液展开结束后,使用凝胶成像仪在波长365nm紫外光下检测毒素情况并拍照记录。使用GeneTools软件进行定量。每个处理5次重复,整个实验重复两次。
选取外观和成熟程度相近的花生种子,将其放入锥形瓶中,加入 75%乙醇溶液后,放入37 ℃、180 r/min的摇床内振荡5 min进行表面消毒,用0.02%曲拉通水洗涤3次,用滤纸吸干花生表面的液体。将处理好的花生置于铺有两层滤纸的培养皿中,每皿8粒,每粒花生上点3 µL浓度为1×106个/mL孢子悬液,29 ℃黑暗培养5 d后拍照,然后将花生转移到50 mL离心管中,每管加8 mL 0.02%曲拉通水,涡旋振荡30 s,吸取1 mL分生孢子悬液到1.5 mL EP管中,用于孢子数量的统计。在剩余的孢子悬液中加入5 mL二氯甲烷,180 r/min摇床振荡20 min,静置30 min,随后将全部有机相转移到10 mL EP管中,于通风橱中自然风干,采用薄层层析法进行毒素检测。每个处理5次重复,整个实验重复两次。
利用IBM SPSS Statistics 26对试验数据进行处理,并做显著性分析,用GraphPad Prism (version 8)制图。检测分析方法为独立样本t检验,显著性用星号表示(P<0.01,用**代表差异极显著;P<0.05,用*表示差异显著)。
里氏木霉中C2H2型转录因子TrAZF1的缺失会导致孢子形成延迟和对极端pH变化敏感(Antonieto et al. 2019)。为了研究该转录因子在黄曲霉中的直系同源基因是否调控生长发育、pH适应等过程,本研究首先以里氏木霉TrAZF1蛋白序列作为模板在NCBI中进行同源比对。黄曲霉NRRL3357中AFLA_054800基因编码的蛋白与TrAZF1的同源性为50%,将其命名为AflAZF1。该基因长1 544 bp,含3个内含子,编码的蛋白由 443 个氨基酸构成。系统进化树显示AflAZF1与米曲霉中AZF1亲缘关系最近(图1A)。蛋白质结构域分析结果表明AflAZF1蛋白质与寄生曲霉A. parasiticus、米曲霉A. oryzae、黑曲霉A. niger、烟曲霉A. fumigatus、构巢曲霉A. nidulans、禾谷镰孢菌F. graminearum、里氏木霉T. reesei、灰梨孢P. grisea、酿酒酵母S. cerevisiae中均含有4个C2H2型锌指结构域(图1B)。
根据同源重组原理构建了AflAZF1缺失突变株,突变株筛选中3对PCR引物的位置见图2A,P1引物设计在AflAZF1基因内部,仅在野生型中有条带显示;引物P2的反向引物和引物P3的正向引物分别包含了部分pyrG的上同源臂片段和下同源臂片段,只能在敲除株中扩增出条带。本研究通过PEG介导的转化与PCR筛选后得到4个转化子,用P1扩增均无条带出现,但用P2和P3扩增则有条带(图2B)。由此可知,转化子T1、T2、T3和T4均为正确的基因敲除菌株。选取T2作为后续试验的研究对象。
黄曲霉的分生孢子不仅是其在生态系统中的主要传播形式,同时可以长期在恶劣环境中生存(Cho et al. 2022)。为了研究AflAZF1在黄曲霉生长和产孢中的功能,本试验将WT和ΔAflAZF1菌株接种在PDA培养基上,观察菌落生长及分生孢子的情况(图3A),WT与ΔAflAZF1菌株的生长没有明显差别,但前者孢子呈深绿色,后者呈浅绿色。统计分析发现WT与ΔAflAZF1菌株的菌落直径之间无显著差异(图 3B),但ΔAflAZF1菌株产生的分生孢子量显著低于野生型(图3C)。由此可见,AflAZF1基因对黄曲霉生长没有影响,但对分生孢子的产生具有正调控作用。
菌核是真菌的一种休眠结构,能够帮助真菌度过恶劣的生存环境(陈彩霞等 2018)。为了探究AflAZF1是否影响黄曲霉菌核形成,将WT和ΔAflAZF1菌株接种在YEPS培养基上观察菌核的产生情况。野生型菌株产生了大量的菌核,而ΔAflAZF1菌株没有形成肉眼可见的菌核(图4A)。统计结果显示,ΔAflAZF1菌株没有形成菌核(图4B)。由此可见,AflAZF1正调控了黄曲霉菌核形成并在这个过程中发挥重要作用。
黄曲霉生长受到碳水化合物代谢的影响(Alvarez-Zúñiga et al. 2021),为了研究AflAZF1是否影响黄曲霉对不同类型碳源的利用,本研究将WT和ΔAflAZF1菌株分别接种在葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、蔗糖、木糖、淀粉、乳糖和甘油8种碳源培养基上,测量菌落直径并统计孢子产量。WT和ΔAflAZF1菌株在所有碳源培养基均观察不到明显差异,直径测量和统计分析结果显示在以甘露糖和淀粉作碳源时ΔAflAZF1菌株的菌落直径显著大于野生型(图5A, 5B)。分生孢子数量统计结果表明,与野生型相比,在以葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、蔗糖、木糖作为唯一碳源时,ΔAflAZF1菌株产生的孢子数量显著下降(图 5A, 5C);而以乳糖和甘油为碳源时,ΔAflAZF1菌株的孢子数量显著增加(图5C)。综上所述,AflAZF1在黄曲霉对碳源的利用中发挥重要功能,且对不同类型碳源利用有明显差别。
为了探究转录因子AflAZF1在黄曲霉适应不同酸碱环境的功能,本研究将野生型和ΔAflAZF1菌株分别接种在pH 5、7、9和11的YGT培养基上,第5天测量菌落直径并统计分生孢子数量。菌落直径分析结果显示在不同pH的培养基下ΔAflAZF1菌株和野生型的直径大小相近(图 6A, 6B)。进一步统计分生孢子数量,在pH 7和pH 9时ΔAflAZF1菌株的孢子量与野生型之间无显著差异,但在pH 5和pH 11时ΔAflAZF1菌株孢子产量则显著少于野生型(图6A, 6C)。以上结果表明AflAZF1基因不影响黄曲霉在中性和弱碱性环境中的生长,但影响其适应酸性和碱性较强的环境。
黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉产生的最主要真菌毒素之一,被世界卫生组织认定为Ⅰ类致癌物,具有致癌、致畸和致突变作用,严重威胁人和动物的生命健康,并造成巨大的经济损失(邢福国等 2021)。本研究检测了WT和ΔAflAZF1菌株在YES固体培养基上培养时AFB1的产量。结果表明,ΔAflAZF1菌株的毒素光斑亮度明显强于野生型(图7A)。相对定量分析结果显示ΔAflAZF1菌株的毒素产量显著高于野生型(图7B)。以上结果表明AflAZF1负调控了黄曲霉毒素AFB1的合成。
花生是我国重要的经济作物和油料作物,而花生在种植、收获、储藏和加工过程中极易受黄曲霉毒素污染(杨博磊等 2021)。本研究用WT和ΔAflAZF1菌株侵染花生,统计分生孢子数量并检测AFB1产量。与WT菌株相比,ΔAflAZF1菌株侵染花生时的生物量无明显差异(图 8A)。进一步统计分生孢子数量,结果表明ΔAflAZF1菌株侵染花生产生的孢子数量显著低于野生型(图 8B)。薄层层析法结果显示ΔAflAZF1菌株毒素光斑的亮度强于野生型(图8C),相对定量分析结果显示ΔAflAZF1菌株的AFB1产量显著高于野生型(图8D)。由上述结果可知,AflAZF1参与调控了黄曲霉在花生上的生长和毒素AFB1的合成。
锌指型转录因子 C2H2 家族中的AZF1最早在酿酒酵母中被发现,其在非发酵条件下优先表达(Stein et al.1998)。进一步研究发现酿酒酵母的AZF1正调控了葡萄糖诱导细胞G1周期蛋白编码基因CLN3的转录(Newcomb et al. 2002)。Slattery et al. (2006)发现酿酒酵母中AZF1调控基因的类型和碳源的种类相关,当葡萄糖作为碳源时调控了碳源和能量相关基因,当乳酸和甘油作为碳源时调控了细胞壁完整性相关基因。里氏木霉中AFZ1的同源基因TrAZF1在碳源代谢阻遏(CCR)条件下无法激活纤维素酶基因的表达(Maués et al. 2023)。此外,TrAZF1敲除菌株在 PDA 和以乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、淀粉以及甘油6种不同碳源的培养基上菌丝正常生长,而在以阿拉伯糖为碳源的培养基上突变株出现了生长缺陷(Antonieto et al. 2019)。黄曲霉中的AflAZF1的功能与里氏木霉中的TrAZF1类似,但存在部分差异。与野生型菌株相比,黄曲霉AflAZF1敲除菌株在PDA和以乳糖、甘油、葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、蔗糖6种碳源培养基上的菌丝生长没有区别,但在以淀粉和甘露糖为碳源的时AflAZF1敲除菌株的菌落直径显著增加,与其在里氏木霉中的同源蛋白TrAZF1的作用不完全相同。AflAZF1敲除菌株在以乳糖和甘油作为碳源的培养基上的分生孢子数量显著多于野生型,而在PDA和以葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、蔗糖以及木糖为碳源的培养基上的分生孢子数量显著少于野生型。这可能是AflAZF1基因缺失后,在分别以乳糖和甘油为碳源的诱导条件下,解除或改变了对分生孢子形成关键基因(如blrA)抑制,激活了原本受AflAZF1抑制的促进孢子形成基因,进而促使分生孢子形成数量显著增加。由此可见,真菌中转录因子AZF1调控碳源代谢的功能是保守的,但是具体机制与真菌种类相关。
C2H2型转录因子在分生孢子形成和菌核产生过程中起着关键的调控作用。里氏木霉TrAZF1敲除菌株的分生孢子形成延迟(Antonieto et al. 2019)。C2H2型转录因子Tha09974正调控木霉的产孢(李昕玥等 2019)。大丽轮枝菌的vdmsn2能控制菌丝生长、微菌核形成和毒力(Tian et al. 2017)。稻曲病菌ΔUvCGBP1菌株形成的病斑面积和菌核数量均少于野生型菌株(Chen et al. 2021)。本研究发现黄曲霉AflAZF1对分生孢子的产生和菌核的形成具有正调控作用,特别是突变株在37 ℃条件下生长7 d后完全没有产生菌核。因此,C2H2型转录因子AZF1和该类型的其他转录因子一样在产孢和菌核形成中起作用。
C2H2型转录因子能调控真菌适应酸碱环境的能力。真菌中广泛存在的锌指转录因子PacC 在调节真菌对环境的适应过程中起作用。烟曲霉和白僵菌的pacC缺失突变体对碱性条件的敏感性提高(Bertuzzi et al. 2014;Luo et al. 2017),而扩展青霉的pacC突变体在酸性和碱性条件下生长和产孢能力均明显下降(Chen et al. 2018)。此外,白僵菌中pacC的缺失导致其对渗透压胁迫和SDS的敏感性呈pH依赖性增加(Luo et al. 2017)。里氏木霉的TrAZF1敲除菌株对极端pH变化敏感(Antonieto et al. 2019)。与里氏木霉类似,黄曲霉AflAZF1基因的缺失导致在酸和强碱环境下分生孢子产生数量显著低于野生型,而AflAZF1的缺失对所有酸碱条件下的菌丝生长都没有影响。转录因子AZF1在真菌适应不同 pH环境中发挥重要作用,但是其具体功能具有种属特异性。
真菌C2H2型转录因子不仅调控生长发育,而且在调控次级代谢产物的合成方面同样发挥作用。哈茨木霉中Tha09974的敲除显著降低了菌丝的重寄生能力和对病原菌的拮抗能力,而在对峙培养中野生型菌株能够明显抑制病菌生长(李昕玥等 2019)。黑曲霉中AnAZF1通过调节赭曲霉毒素A (OTA)合成基因的表达正调控了OTA的生物合成(Wei et al. 2023)。此外,有研究表明黄曲霉锌簇蛋白[Zn(Ⅱ)2Cys6]转录因子AflR调节大多数黄曲霉毒素合成基因,AflR的缺失导致毒素合成基因表达下调从而使黄曲霉毒素不再合成(陈茹和刘钟滨2005;Liang et al. 2022)。黄曲霉转录因子AflAZF1的缺失导致其在YES培养基和花生上合成的AFB1产量显著增加。AflAZF1基因负调控了黄曲霉毒素的合成,这与黑曲霉中AZF1的功能相反。
C2H2型转录因子是一种锌指蛋白类转录因子,参与调控真菌的生长、产孢、代谢、致毒及对不良环境的耐受性等生命过程,具有多种调控功能(Kim et al. 2009;李慧燕等 2016)。本研究结果显示,黄曲霉中AflAZF1不仅调控分生孢子和菌核的形成及AFB1的生物合成,还通过影响产孢能力调节对不同碳源的利用和对极端pH条件的适应性。本研究为黄曲霉污染防治及新型生物防控策略的制定奠定了理论依据。
林竑翊:数据分析,论文撰写;李明智、郭慧华:试验操作;袁军:提供实验材料,试验技术指导;汪世华:提供实验材料,论文修改;王秀娜:试验方案设计,论文修改。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 福建省自然科学基金(2024J01397)
  • 福建省自然科学基金(2022J01594)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31800040)
  • 福建农林大学科技创新专项基金(KFB23081)
  • 福建农林大学科技创新专项基金(KFB22048XA)
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250176
  • 接收时间:2025-06-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2026-02-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-10
  • 录用日期:2025-07-29
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2024J01397)
福建省自然科学基金(2024J01397)
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J01594)
福建省自然科学基金(2022J01594)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800040)
国家自然科学基金(31800040)
Science and Technology Innovation Special Foundation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFB23081)
福建农林大学科技创新专项基金(KFB23081)
Science and Technology Innovation Special Foundation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFB22048XA)
福建农林大学科技创新专项基金(KFB22048XA)
作者信息
    福建农林大学生命科学学院 福建省病原真菌与真菌毒素重点实验室,福建 福州 350002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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