Article(id=1256263562155143390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256263559323967535, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.250181, pmid=null, cstr=32115.14.j.mycosystema.250181, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1751472000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-03, onlineDate=1777446173465, onlineDateStr=2026-04-29, pubDate=1771689600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777446173465, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777446173465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777446173465, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256263559323967535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='250058', pageEnd='250280', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777446172791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777447435276, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256268854674710546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256263559323967535, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256268854678904851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, issueId=1256263559323967535, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=250181, endPage=, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256263562964644067, articleId=1256263562155143390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=EN, title=Diversity and resource evaluation of macrofungi in Qiyunshan Mountain of Jiangxi Province, columnId=1256263562373226548, journalTitle=Mycosystema, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Qiyunshan National Nature Reserve, situated in eastern and southern China's biogeographical regions, exhibits unique geography and diverse vegetation, indicating high potential fungal diversity. To elucidate macrofungal species composition, geographical floristic diversity, and ecological functions of macrofungi in this region, comprehensive field surveys and specimen collections were conducted from 2022 to 2024 using line transect methodology and random sampling. Specimens were identified via integrated morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. A total of 302 macrofungal species was recorded and classified into 8 classes, 22 orders, 68 families, and 145 genera within the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Species richness analysis revealed that seven families (e.g., Boletaceae, Polyporaceae, and Russulaceae) were dominant, accounting for 43.71% of total identified species, and 13 dominant genera (e.g., Russula, Entoloma, and Inocybe) comprised 33.77% of the total species. Ecological and economic functional assessment showed 59 species were putatively edible (19.54%), 39 putatively medicinal (12.91%), 45 poisonous (14.90%), and 98 mycorrhizal (32.45%). Genus-level geographical funga composition analysis revealed nine distribution patterns, of which cosmopolitan elements predominated (53.10%), followed by north temperate (17.24%) and pantropical (13.79%) elements, corroborating the regionally transitional character of mycobiota. Based on the “Redlist of China's Biodiversity—Macrofungi” and relevant IUCN criteria, one vulnerable (VU) and one near threatened (NT) species were recognised. Besides, 11 species were endemic to China, highlighting the significant conservation values of the region. This study provides critical data for targeted conservation and sustainable utilization of the fungal resources of the region.

, correspAuthors=Fenggang LUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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ORCID: ZHU Zhengyue (0009-0009-6890-6638)

, authorsList=Zhengyue ZHU, Min XIAO, Yi MA, Mingjun CHEN, Zengzhi LI, Fenggang LUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256263571533607178, articleId=1256263562155143390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, language=CN, title=江西齐云山大型真菌多样性及资源评价, columnId=1256263563312771301, journalTitle=菌物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

江西齐云山国家自然保护区地处华东和华南生物区系的过渡交汇带,其独特的地理位置和多样的植被类型预示着该区域拥有丰富的真菌多样性。为系统阐明该区域大型真菌物种组成、区系特征及生态功能,本研究基于2022-2024年的野外调查与标本采集数据,通过整合形态学特征与分子系统学分析进行标本鉴定。共鉴定大型真菌302种,隶属于子囊菌门和担子菌门,分属8纲22目 68科145属。物种组成分析表明,优势科主要为牛肝菌科Boletaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、红菇科Russulaceae等7科,其物种数占物种总数的43.71%;优势属为红菇属Russula、粉褶菌属Entoloma、丝盖伞属Inocybe等13属,其物种数占物种总数的33.77%。功能类群分析显示,其中包括食用菌59种(19.54%)、药用菌39种(12.91%)、有毒菌45种(14.90%)以及外生菌根菌98种(32.45%)。属级地理区系分析划分出9个分布区类型,其中世界广布属(53.10%)占绝对优势,其次为北温带分布属(17.24%)和泛热带分布属(13.79%),反映了该区域大型真菌区系的生物地理过渡特征。依据《中国生物多样性红色名录——大型真菌卷》相关评估标准,确定易危种(VU) 1个、近危种(NT) 1个;此外,还鉴定出中国特有种有11种,凸显了该区域的特殊保护价值。本研究为生物地理过渡带的菌物学研究提供重要基础数据,也为制定该区域真菌资源的保护策略与可持续利用方案奠定了科学基础。

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合肥 230036)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1256263602848281128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562155143390, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Pie chart of dominant families and genera of macrofungi in Qiyunshan National Nature Reserve.

A: Dominant families; B: Dominant genera.

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A:优势科;B:优势属

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A: Amanita rimosa; B: Amanita yuaniana; C: Aureoboletus duplicatoporus; D: Aureoboletus tenuis; E: Ceriporiopsis fimbriata; F: Coltricia crassa; G: Oudemansiella yunnanensis; H: Phylloporus brunneiceps; I: Rossbeevera bispora; J: Thelephora ganbajun; K: Zangia citrina.

, figureFileSmall=9mueil7KrDwgb8+zLNr9lQ==, figureFileBig=plmmgBnfgy3tVtARyrVmhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263606128226897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562155143390, language=CN, label=图4, caption=齐云山自然保护区大型真菌中国特有种

A:裂皮鹅膏;B:袁氏鹅膏;C:重孔金牛肝菌;D:纤细金牛肝菌;E:菌索拟蜡孔菌;F:厚集毛孔菌;G:云南小奥德蘑;H:褐盖褶孔菌;I:双孢罗叶腹菌;J:干巴糙孢革菌;K:黄盖臧氏牛肝菌

, figureFileSmall=9mueil7KrDwgb8+zLNr9lQ==, figureFileBig=plmmgBnfgy3tVtARyrVmhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256263606308581974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562155143390, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Species composition of macrofungi in Qiyunshan National Nature Reserve

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Families
属数
Number
of genus
种数
Number
of species

Families
属数
Number
of genus
种数
Number
of species
子囊菌门Ascomycota 丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae 2 5
虫草菌科Cordycipitaceae 3 4 靴耳科Crepidotaceae 1 5
火丝菌科Pyronemataceae 1 1 鸟巢菌科Nidulariaceae 1 1
绿杯盘菌科Chlorociboriaceae 1 1 蜡伞科Hygrophoraceae 3 8
炭团菌科Hypoxylaceae 1 1 膨瑚菌科Physalacriaceae 4 6
柔膜菌科Helotiaceae 1 1 牛舌菌科Fistulinaceae 1 1
地舌菌科Geoglossaceae 2 3 假脐菇科Tubariaceae 1 1
肉座菌科Hypocreaceae 1 2 拟层孔菌科Fomitopsidaceae 1 1
核盘菌科Sclerotiniaceae 1 1 地星科Geastraceae 1 1
锤舌菌科Leotiaceae 1 1 皮孔菌科Porotheleaceae 1 1
粒毛盘菌科Neolectaceae 1 1 钉菇科Gomphaceae 3 4
线虫草科Ophiocordycipitaceae 5 12 圆孢牛肝菌科Gyroporaceae 1 3
肉盘菌科Sarcosomataceae 1 3 球盖菇科Strophariaceae 3 5
炭角菌科Xylariaceae 2 5 丝盖伞科Inocybaceae 2 11
担子菌门Basidiomycota 皱皮孔菌科Ischnodermataceae 1 1
蘑菇科Agaricaceae 1 4 红菇科Russulaceae 2 19
层腹菌科Hymenogastraceae 4 6 㶷孔菌科Laetiporaceae 1 1
韧革菌科Stereaceae 2 3 马勃科Lycoperdaceae 1 2
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 1 7 小皮伞科Marasmiaceae 3 7
多孔菌科Polyporaceae 11 21 小菇科Mycenaceae 2 9
耳匙菌科Auriscalpiaceae 1 2 褐褶菌科Gloeophyllaceae 1 1
牛肝菌科Boletaceae 21 45 革耳科Panaceae 1 1
色孢菌科Callistosporiaceae 1 2 原毛平革菌科Phanerochaetaceae 2 2
花耳科Dacrymycetaceae 2 5 光柄菇科Pluteaceae 1 1
美口菌科Calostomataceae 1 1 口蘑科Tricholomataceae 2 3
小脆柄菇科Psathyrellaceae 4 5 小塔氏菌科Tapinellaceae 2 2
齿菌科Hydnaceae 2 5 裂褶菌科Schizophyllaceae 1 1
皱皮菌科Meruliaceae 3 3 绣球菌科Sparassidaceae 1 1
齿耳菌科Steccherinaceae 1 1 乳牛肝菌科Suillaceae 1 1
铆钉菇科Gomphidiaceae 1 1 莲叶衣科Lepidostromataceae 1 1
笼头菌科Clathraceae 1 1 革菌科Thelephoraceae 1 3
珊瑚菌科Clavariaceae 2 4 银耳科Tremellaceae 1 2
粉褶菌科Entolomataceae 2 12 胶瑚菌科Tremellodendropsidaceae 1 1
类脐菇科Omphalotaceae 5 12 干皮菌科Incrustoporiaceae 1 2
锈革孔菌科Hymenochaetaceae 4 7 总计Total 68 145 302
粪锈伞科Bolbitiaceae 2 5
), ArticleFig(id=1256263606589600346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562155143390, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

齐云山自然保护区大型真菌物种组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Families
属数
Number
of genus
种数
Number
of species

Families
属数
Number
of genus
种数
Number
of species
子囊菌门Ascomycota 丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae 2 5
虫草菌科Cordycipitaceae 3 4 靴耳科Crepidotaceae 1 5
火丝菌科Pyronemataceae 1 1 鸟巢菌科Nidulariaceae 1 1
绿杯盘菌科Chlorociboriaceae 1 1 蜡伞科Hygrophoraceae 3 8
炭团菌科Hypoxylaceae 1 1 膨瑚菌科Physalacriaceae 4 6
柔膜菌科Helotiaceae 1 1 牛舌菌科Fistulinaceae 1 1
地舌菌科Geoglossaceae 2 3 假脐菇科Tubariaceae 1 1
肉座菌科Hypocreaceae 1 2 拟层孔菌科Fomitopsidaceae 1 1
核盘菌科Sclerotiniaceae 1 1 地星科Geastraceae 1 1
锤舌菌科Leotiaceae 1 1 皮孔菌科Porotheleaceae 1 1
粒毛盘菌科Neolectaceae 1 1 钉菇科Gomphaceae 3 4
线虫草科Ophiocordycipitaceae 5 12 圆孢牛肝菌科Gyroporaceae 1 3
肉盘菌科Sarcosomataceae 1 3 球盖菇科Strophariaceae 3 5
炭角菌科Xylariaceae 2 5 丝盖伞科Inocybaceae 2 11
担子菌门Basidiomycota 皱皮孔菌科Ischnodermataceae 1 1
蘑菇科Agaricaceae 1 4 红菇科Russulaceae 2 19
层腹菌科Hymenogastraceae 4 6 㶷孔菌科Laetiporaceae 1 1
韧革菌科Stereaceae 2 3 马勃科Lycoperdaceae 1 2
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 1 7 小皮伞科Marasmiaceae 3 7
多孔菌科Polyporaceae 11 21 小菇科Mycenaceae 2 9
耳匙菌科Auriscalpiaceae 1 2 褐褶菌科Gloeophyllaceae 1 1
牛肝菌科Boletaceae 21 45 革耳科Panaceae 1 1
色孢菌科Callistosporiaceae 1 2 原毛平革菌科Phanerochaetaceae 2 2
花耳科Dacrymycetaceae 2 5 光柄菇科Pluteaceae 1 1
美口菌科Calostomataceae 1 1 口蘑科Tricholomataceae 2 3
小脆柄菇科Psathyrellaceae 4 5 小塔氏菌科Tapinellaceae 2 2
齿菌科Hydnaceae 2 5 裂褶菌科Schizophyllaceae 1 1
皱皮菌科Meruliaceae 3 3 绣球菌科Sparassidaceae 1 1
齿耳菌科Steccherinaceae 1 1 乳牛肝菌科Suillaceae 1 1
铆钉菇科Gomphidiaceae 1 1 莲叶衣科Lepidostromataceae 1 1
笼头菌科Clathraceae 1 1 革菌科Thelephoraceae 1 3
珊瑚菌科Clavariaceae 2 4 银耳科Tremellaceae 1 2
粉褶菌科Entolomataceae 2 12 胶瑚菌科Tremellodendropsidaceae 1 1
类脐菇科Omphalotaceae 5 12 干皮菌科Incrustoporiaceae 1 2
锈革孔菌科Hymenochaetaceae 4 7 总计Total 68 145 302
粪锈伞科Bolbitiaceae 2 5
), ArticleFig(id=1256263606866424411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562155143390, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics of distribution types of macrofungal genera in Qiyunshan National Nature Reserve

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布带
Distribution belt
分布类型
Distribution-type
属数
Number of genera
占非广布成分比例
Proportion to non-cosmopolitan/%
广布属 Wide spread 世界广布成分 Cosmopolitan 77 -
热带属 Tropical 泛热带成分 Pantropic 20 35.71
热带亚洲-热带大洋洲成分
Trop. Asia-Australasia disjunctive
1 1.79
热带亚洲-热带美洲成分
Trop. Asia-America disjunctive
2 3.57
温带属 Temperate 北温带成分 N. Temp 25 44.64
亚洲-欧洲分布成分
Asian-European disjunctive
2 3.57
东亚成分 E. Asia 2 3.57
东亚-北美成分
E. Asian-North American disjunctive
3 5.36
中国特有属
Endemic to China
中国特有成分 Endemic to China 1 1.79
), ArticleFig(id=1256263607088722527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562155143390, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

齐云山自然保护区大型真菌属级分布类型统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布带
Distribution belt
分布类型
Distribution-type
属数
Number of genera
占非广布成分比例
Proportion to non-cosmopolitan/%
广布属 Wide spread 世界广布成分 Cosmopolitan 77 -
热带属 Tropical 泛热带成分 Pantropic 20 35.71
热带亚洲-热带大洋洲成分
Trop. Asia-Australasia disjunctive
1 1.79
热带亚洲-热带美洲成分
Trop. Asia-America disjunctive
2 3.57
温带属 Temperate 北温带成分 N. Temp 25 44.64
亚洲-欧洲分布成分
Asian-European disjunctive
2 3.57
东亚成分 E. Asia 2 3.57
东亚-北美成分
E. Asian-North American disjunctive
3 5.36
中国特有属
Endemic to China
中国特有成分 Endemic to China 1 1.79
), ArticleFig(id=1256263607319409255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562155143390, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Similarity between the 2019 investigation and the current investigation in Qiyunshan National Nature Reserve

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
Time

Genera
共有属
Shared
genera
属的相似性系数
Genetic
similarity
coefficient/%

Families
共有科
Shared
families
科级相似性系数
Family
similarity
coefficient/%

Species
共有种
Shared
species
种的相似性系数
Species
similarity
coefficient/%
2019 88 51 43.78 40 33 61.11 180 18 7.47
2025 145 68 302
), ArticleFig(id=1256263607592039021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1255847803461844995, articleId=1256263562155143390, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

齐云山自然保护区2019年调查与本次调查相似性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
Time

Genera
共有属
Shared
genera
属的相似性系数
Genetic
similarity
coefficient/%

Families
共有科
Shared
families
科级相似性系数
Family
similarity
coefficient/%

Species
共有种
Shared
species
种的相似性系数
Species
similarity
coefficient/%
2019 88 51 43.78 40 33 61.11 180 18 7.47
2025 145 68 302
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江西齐云山大型真菌多样性及资源评价
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朱正月 1 , 肖敏 2 , 马燚 3 , 陈名君 4 , 李增智 4 , 栾丰刚 1, 4, *
菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026,45(2): 250181
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菌物学报 | 研究论文 2026, 45(2): 250181
江西齐云山大型真菌多样性及资源评价
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朱正月1, 肖敏2, 马燚3, 陈名君4, 李增智4, 栾丰刚1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 江西农业大学 国家林业和草原局鄱阳湖流域森林生态系统保护与修复重点实验室,江西 南昌 330045
  • 2 江西省崇义县思顺采育林场,江西 赣州 341315
  • 3 江西省崇义县林业局,江西 赣州 341300
  • 4 安徽农业大学 重大林业有害生物绿色防控安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230036
Diversity and resource evaluation of macrofungi in Qiyunshan Mountain of Jiangxi Province
Zhengyue ZHU1, Min XIAO2, Yi MA3, Mingjun CHEN4, Zengzhi LI4, Fenggang LUAN1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration of Poyang Lake Watershed, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
  • 2 Sishun Cutting and Nursery Forestry Farm, Chongyi County, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou 341315, Jiangxi, China
  • 3 Forestry Bureau of Chongyi County, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou, 341300, Jiangxi, China
  • 4 Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Green Control for Major Forestry Pests, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
  • ORCID: ZHU Zhengyue (0009-0009-6890-6638)

出版时间: 2026-02-22 doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250181
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江西齐云山国家自然保护区地处华东和华南生物区系的过渡交汇带,其独特的地理位置和多样的植被类型预示着该区域拥有丰富的真菌多样性。为系统阐明该区域大型真菌物种组成、区系特征及生态功能,本研究基于2022-2024年的野外调查与标本采集数据,通过整合形态学特征与分子系统学分析进行标本鉴定。共鉴定大型真菌302种,隶属于子囊菌门和担子菌门,分属8纲22目 68科145属。物种组成分析表明,优势科主要为牛肝菌科Boletaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、红菇科Russulaceae等7科,其物种数占物种总数的43.71%;优势属为红菇属Russula、粉褶菌属Entoloma、丝盖伞属Inocybe等13属,其物种数占物种总数的33.77%。功能类群分析显示,其中包括食用菌59种(19.54%)、药用菌39种(12.91%)、有毒菌45种(14.90%)以及外生菌根菌98种(32.45%)。属级地理区系分析划分出9个分布区类型,其中世界广布属(53.10%)占绝对优势,其次为北温带分布属(17.24%)和泛热带分布属(13.79%),反映了该区域大型真菌区系的生物地理过渡特征。依据《中国生物多样性红色名录——大型真菌卷》相关评估标准,确定易危种(VU) 1个、近危种(NT) 1个;此外,还鉴定出中国特有种有11种,凸显了该区域的特殊保护价值。本研究为生物地理过渡带的菌物学研究提供重要基础数据,也为制定该区域真菌资源的保护策略与可持续利用方案奠定了科学基础。

大型真菌  /  物种多样性  /  区系分析  /  资源评价  /  濒危等级

Qiyunshan National Nature Reserve, situated in eastern and southern China's biogeographical regions, exhibits unique geography and diverse vegetation, indicating high potential fungal diversity. To elucidate macrofungal species composition, geographical floristic diversity, and ecological functions of macrofungi in this region, comprehensive field surveys and specimen collections were conducted from 2022 to 2024 using line transect methodology and random sampling. Specimens were identified via integrated morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. A total of 302 macrofungal species was recorded and classified into 8 classes, 22 orders, 68 families, and 145 genera within the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Species richness analysis revealed that seven families (e.g., Boletaceae, Polyporaceae, and Russulaceae) were dominant, accounting for 43.71% of total identified species, and 13 dominant genera (e.g., Russula, Entoloma, and Inocybe) comprised 33.77% of the total species. Ecological and economic functional assessment showed 59 species were putatively edible (19.54%), 39 putatively medicinal (12.91%), 45 poisonous (14.90%), and 98 mycorrhizal (32.45%). Genus-level geographical funga composition analysis revealed nine distribution patterns, of which cosmopolitan elements predominated (53.10%), followed by north temperate (17.24%) and pantropical (13.79%) elements, corroborating the regionally transitional character of mycobiota. Based on the “Redlist of China's Biodiversity—Macrofungi” and relevant IUCN criteria, one vulnerable (VU) and one near threatened (NT) species were recognised. Besides, 11 species were endemic to China, highlighting the significant conservation values of the region. This study provides critical data for targeted conservation and sustainable utilization of the fungal resources of the region.

macrofungi  /  species diversity  /  floristic analysis  /  resource evaluation  /  endangered level
朱正月, 肖敏, 马燚, 陈名君, 李增智, 栾丰刚. 江西齐云山大型真菌多样性及资源评价. 菌物学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 250181 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250181
Zhengyue ZHU, Min XIAO, Yi MA, Mingjun CHEN, Zengzhi LI, Fenggang LUAN. Diversity and resource evaluation of macrofungi in Qiyunshan Mountain of Jiangxi Province[J]. Mycosystema, 2026 , 45 (2) : 250181 - . DOI: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250181
大型真菌是森林生态系统中关键的功能组分,在驱动物质循环、调控能量流动及维持生物多样方面发挥着不可或缺的角色(Chang & Wasser 2018;Kinge et al. 2020;徐维启等 2023;俞嘉瑞和袁海生 2023)。它们通过分解有机质参与生态系统的营养循环(Clemmensen et al. 2015),与植物形成外生菌根共生体促进植物养分高效吸收(杨云礼等 2019;韩利红和杨祝良 2020;Pec et al. 2020),同时10 120种和692种被报道具有食用和药用价值(戴玉成和杨祝良 2008;Wu et al. 2019, 2022b;Li et al. 2021b),因而成为极具开发潜力的生物资源。近年来,随着对生态系统服务功能和生物资源利用的重视,“森林粮库”等概念被提出,凸显了深入了解和可持续利用森林生物资源(包括大型真菌)的重要性(魏杰等 2025;赵熙 2025)。
大型真菌的多样性通常与其生境的植被多样性、生长基质多样性、环境气候和海拔等密切相关(Kutszegi et al. 2015;Cui et al. 2018;Cui et al. 2019;Li et al. 2021a;Wu et al. 2022a;Yuan et al. 2023;Huo et al. 2024;Zhao et al. 2024)。江西齐云山国家自然保护区(简称齐云山自然保护区)地处罗霄山脉与南岭山脉的交会地带,属于中亚热带湿润季风气候区,是华东与华南生物区系的过渡与交会区域(刘小明等 2010)。该区域独特的地质历史和地理位置孕育了丰富的生物多样性,保留有许多古老、孑遗的植物成分,并形成了多样化的森林植被类型,主要包括常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林,温性针叶林、暖性针叶林以及山顶矮林和竹林等(宋述望等 2021)。这些多样性的生境类型为大型真菌的生长提供了丰富的基物和多样的生态位,预示着该区域可能拥有丰富的大型真菌物种多样性。
然而,目前关于齐云山自然保护区大型真菌资源的系统性调查仍显不足。例如,前期研究虽记录该区域部分大型真菌180种(陈言柳等 2019),但与邻近且生境相似的罗霄山脉其他区域(陈晔等 2011;邓旺秋等 2020)相比,物种数量明显偏少,暗示该地区的真菌多样性家底远未被充分揭示。鉴于此,系统开展齐云山自然保护区大型真菌多样性调查,有助于全面阐明该区域的生物多样性组成、揭示其独特的菌物区系特点。同时,研究结果也将为该地区大型真菌资源的有效保护、可持续利用以及服务“森林粮库”提供关键的基础数据和科学支撑,对促进区域生态保护和社会经济的协调发展具有现实意义。本研究拟通过系统的野外调查和规范的标本采集,整合形态学与分子生物学方法,对齐云山自然保护区的大型真菌进行物种鉴定、多样性分析、区系特征阐明及资源评价,旨在全面揭示该地区大型真菌的物种多样性现状、生态功能及潜在利用价值,为后续的菌物资源保护与开发奠定坚实基础。
本研究所有标本均采集自齐云山自然保护区,于2022-2024年间,共进行了6次系统性野外调查,具体日期如下:2022年6月28日至 7月1日、8月14日至18日;2023年4月7日至10日、6月8日至12日、11月23日至25日;2024年5月8日至10日。调查时间覆盖了该区域大型真菌的主要生长季节(春、夏和秋3季),累计采集并制作成凭证标本864份。
野外工作中,对所有观察到的大型真菌新鲜子实体进行就地拍摄(包括生境照和特写),并详细记录采集信息[采集号、采集日期、地理坐标(GPS)、海拔、生境类型等]以及关键的宏观形态特征(如颜色、大小、形状、质地、有无乳汁、气味等)。采集的子实体经初步处理(如去除附着的土壤、枯枝落叶等)后,装入采集盒带回实验室。标本在45 ℃条件下充分烘干,随后与足量的变色硅胶一同装入自封袋密封,统一保藏于江西农业大学林学院森林病虫害标本馆。
依据经典分类方法进行(李玉等 2015;图力古尔 2018)。详细记录并核查标本的宏观形态特征,主要子实体的大小、颜色质地;菌盖、子实层(如菌褶、菌管、菌齿等)、菌柄的形态,以及有无菌环、菌托等附属结构。标本采集时的生境信息(如基物类型、海拔、伴生植物等)也作为重要参考信息进行详细记录。
显微形态观察采用徒手切片法。使用5%的KOH溶液作为观察和复水介质,必要时用刚果红(congo red)染色。部分标本使用梅尔泽(Melzer)试剂处理以观察颜色反应。使用Olympus BX53光学显微镜进行观察并进行测量关键分类学特征,主要包括:担孢子/子囊孢子(形状、大小、颜色、表面纹饰、颜色反应等)、担子/子囊、菌丝系统、锁状联合的有无,以及子实层等组织的结构特征。
使用高效植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒(TSINGK®, TSP102-50)提取干标本的总DNA。选用引物对ITS1F/ITS4和LR0R/LR5分别扩增核糖体DNA的内转录间隔区(ITS)和28S核糖体RNA基因部分序列(LSU) (Vilgalys & Hester 1990)。扩增产物经0.8%琼脂糖凝胶检验合格后,送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行双向Sanger测序。
获得的测序结果使用Lasergene (DNASTAR, Madison, WI)中的Seqman软件包进行检查、编辑和拼接。拼接后序列在NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中使用BLAST进行同源性搜索。物种鉴定主要依据ITS序列比对结果,通常参考相似性≥99%且覆盖度>90%的标准(Toju et al. 2012),并结合LSU序列比对结果和形态学特征进行确认。对于BLAST结果不明确或对扩增不成功和测序不成功样品以形态鉴定为准(Wang et al. 2021)。
最终的物种鉴定基于形态特征与分子数据的综合分析结果。物种名录的分类系统和名称均依据Index Fungorum数据库(http://www.indexfungorum.org/, 2025年4月30日)进行核实,采用当前接受的有效学名。
根据分类鉴定结果,本研究统计了齐云山自然保护区大型真菌的科、属、种数量及各分类阶元物种比例。参照图力古尔和李玉(2000)的研究,将物种数≥10种的科定义为优势科,物种数≥5种的属定义为优势属。大型真菌的属级地理成分划分主要依据区系相关研究报道(Wu et al. 2014;Li et al. 2020;牟光福和图力古尔 2023;Wang et al. 2023, 2024;Zhang et al. 2023;胡永强等 2024;任静等 2024;郑海富等 2024;Qin et al. 2025;武崇高等 2025;杨云深等 2025)。对于区系研究不足的类群,结合GBIF数据库(https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search 2024, 2025年4月30日)提供的全球分布信息进行辅助划分。
物种受威胁状况的评估参考中华人民共和国生态环境部和中国科学院共同发布的《中国生物多样性红色名录—大型真菌卷》(https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/201805/t20180524_629586.html)中采用的评估方法,并结合本次调查的标本信息记录进行判定。此外,物种的经济价值(如食用、药用、有毒等)信息通过查阅相关文献报道的物种名录进行归类(卯晓岚 2006;戴玉成等 2010;戴玉成 2012;Wu et al. 2019;魏杰等 2021;Bian et al. 2023;Dong et al. 2023;周林江等 2023;图力古尔等 2024;Zhu et al. 2024;图力古尔等 2025;Cui et al. 2025;Zhou et al. 2025)。
本研究共采集大型真菌标本864份,鉴定至种级分类单元的有302种(附表1,国家微生物科学数据中心NMDCX0002144),隶属于真菌界2门22目68科145属。其中,子囊菌门包含7目13科21属36种,占总种数的11.92%;担子菌门则包含15目55科124属266种,占总种数的88.08%。
在研究区域中,较大科(具有31-50种的科)有1科45种,为牛肝菌科Boletaceae,占总科数的1.47%和总种数的14.90%;中等科(10-30种)有6科87种,占总科数的8.82%和总种数的28.81%;寡种科(2-9种)有34科143种,占总科数的50.00%和总种数的47.35%;单科单种共有27科27种,占总科数的39.71%和总种数的8.94%。
综上所述,齐云山自然保护区大型真菌资源丰富,以寡种科为主要成分,显示出一定的碎片化风险(表1)。
齐云山自然保护区的优势科包括7科(含48属和132种),占总科数的10.29%和总种数的43.71%。优势科牛肝菌科Boletaceae种类最多,共有21属、45种,占总种数的14.90%;其次是多孔菌科Polyporaceae,包含11属、21种,占总种数的6.95%;第三大科为红菇科Russulaceae,有2属、19种,占总种数的6.29% (图1)。
优势属共有13属、102种,占总属数的8.97%和总种数的33.77%。红菇属Russula种类最多,有18种,占总种数的5.96%;第二大属是粉褶菌属Entoloma,包含11种,占总种数的3.64%;第三大属是丝盖伞属Inocybe,有10种,占总种数的3.31% (图1)。
大型真菌区系地理成分通常根据属或种的分布类型进行划分,其中属级的区系地理成分分析相对更为准确。本研究对齐云山自然保护区的 145个属进行了地理成分的统计分析,结果显示这些属可划分为9种类型,主要包括世界广布成分、泛热带成分和北温带成分。此外,研究中发现一个中国特有属——臧氏牛肝菌属Zangia,该属包含1属1种(表2)。
世界广布成分属具有较强扩散及生存能力,广泛分布于世界各大洲,且没有特定分布中心。在齐云山自然保护区,世界广布的大型真菌属有77个,占该地区大型真菌总属数的53.10%。这些属包括:蘑菇属Agaricus、田头菇属Agrocybe、鹅膏菌属Amanita、密瑚菌属Artomyces、金牛肝菌属Aureoboletus、南牛肝菌属 Austroboletus、白僵菌属Beauveria、牛肝菌属Boletus、色孢菌属Callistosporium、胶角耳属Calocera、黄盖小脆柄菇属Candolleomyces、鸡油菌属Cantharellus、拟蜡孔菌属Ceriporiopsis、齿毛菌属Cerrena、缘刺盘菌属Cheilymenia、绿杯盘菌属Chlorociboria、笼头菌属Clathrus、珊瑚菌属Clavaria、拟锁珊瑚菌属 Clavulinopsis、斜盖伞属Clitopilus、锥盖伞属Conocybe、鬼伞属Coprinopsis、虫草属Cordyceps、喇叭菌属Craterellus、靴耳属Crepidotus、拱顶伞属Cuphophyllus、鳞盖伞属Cyptotrama、花耳属Dacrymyces、轮层炭菌属Daldinia、拟层孔菌属Fomitopsis、褐孔菌属Fuscoporia、盔孢菌属Galerina、地星属Geastrum、老伞属Gerronema、裸脚伞属Gymnopus、圆孢牛肝菌属Gyroporus、湿伞属Hygrocybe、韧伞属Hypholoma、棒束孢属Isaria、㶷孔菌属Laetiporus、兰斯盘菌属Lanzia、锤舌菌属Leotia、马勃属Lycoperdon、小皮伞属Marasmius、小小孔菌属Microporellus、小孔菌属Microporus、小菇属Mycena、微菇属Mycetinis、新韧伞属Neolentinus、脐菇属Omphalotus、线虫草属Ophiocordyceps、斑褶菇属Panaeolus、革耳属Panus、原毛平革菌属Phanerochaete、黑柄孔菌属Picipes、光柄菇属Pluteus、多孔菌属Polyporus、红孢牛肝菌属Porphyrellus、小脆柄菇属Psathyrella、伪干朽菌属Pseudomerulius、裸盖菇属Psilocybe、粉末牛肝菌属Pulveroboletus、枝瑚菌属Ramaria、红菇属Russula、裂褶菌属Schizophyllum、绒盖伞属Simocybe、韧革菌属Stereum、松塔牛肝菌属Strobilomyces、特蓝伏革菌属Terana、撒克斯特腹菌属Thaxterogaster、革菌属Thelephora、栓菌属Trametes、银耳属Tremella、胶瑚菌属Tremellodendropsis、毛舌菌属Trichoglossum、绒盖牛肝菌属Xerocomus和炭角菌属Xylaria
泛热带成分属分布范围涵盖东西两半球的热带,可延伸至亚热带至温带,但其分布中心仍位于热带。在齐云山自然保护区,属于该成分的属有20个,占总属数的13.79%。这些属包括:假芝属Amauroderma、条孢牛肝菌属Boletellus、美口菌属Calostoma、粉褶菌属Entoloma、灵芝属Ganoderma、胶鸡油菌属Gloeocantharellus、蜂窝菌属Hexagonia、根刺射脉菌属Hydnophlebia、锈革菌属Hymenochaete、疣柄牛肝菌属Leccinellum、香菇属Lentinula、香菇属Lentinus、干朽菌属Merulius、小奥德蘑属Oudemansiella、暗金钱菌属Phaeocollybia、褶孔牛肝菌属Phylloporus、丽烛衣属Sulzbacheromyces、弯颈霉属Tolypocladium、沟褶菌属Trogia和垂边红孢牛肝菌属Veloporphyrellus
该成分分布于热带亚洲至大洋洲旧世界热带的东翼,通常不见于非洲大陆。在齐云山自然保护区,仅有二头孢盘菌属Dicephalospora这 1个属,占总属数的0.69%。
该成分间断分布于亚洲和美洲热带地区,部分可延伸至这两洲的亚热带地区。在齐云山自然保护区,属于该成分的有侧火菇属Pleuroflammula和罗叶腹菌属Rossbeevera 这2个属,占总属数的1.38%。
该成分分布于北半球温带,主要分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美洲。在齐云山自然保护区,属于该成分的属有25个,占总属数的17.24%。这些属包括色钉菇属Chroogomphus、拟金钱菌属Collybiopsis、集毛菌属Coltricia、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、白鸟巢菌属Crucibulum、牛舌菌属Fistulina、暗皮伞属Flammulaster、湿果伞属Gliophorus、肉座菌属Hypomyces、丝盖伞属Inocybe、皱皮菌属Ischnoderma、乳菇属Lactarius、大金钱属Megacollybia、无丝盘菌属Neolecta、鳞伞属Pholiota、假暗盘菌属Pseudoplectania、假小孢伞属Pseudobaeospora、黏柄小菇属Roridomyces、罗伊杨牛肝菌属Royoungia、乳牛肝菌属Suillus、小塔氏菌属Tapinella、口蘑属Tricholoma、陀螺菌属Turbinellus、粉孢牛肝菌属Tylopilus和干酪菌属Tyromyces
该成分主要分布于东亚,包括中国、朝鲜、韩国、日本及俄罗斯远东地区,有时向南延伸至中国南部甚至中南半岛,向西可达印度、尼泊尔乃至巴基斯坦。在齐云山自然保护区,属于该成分的有薄瓤牛肝菌属Baorangia和拟多年卧孔菌属Perenniporiopsis 这2个属,占总属数的1.38%。
该成分间断分布于东亚和北美洲温带及亚热带地区。在齐云山自然保护区,属于该成分的有兰茂牛肝菌属Lanmaoa、黏盖牛肝菌属Mucilopilus和网柄牛肝菌属Retiboletus这3个属,占总属数的2.07%。
该成分间断分布于亚洲和欧洲,其他洲未见分布。在齐云山自然保护区,属于该成分的有全缘孔菌属Haploporus和粘盖菌属Mucidula这2个属,占总属数的1.38%。
该成分目前仅在中国分布,齐云山自然保护区仅有臧氏牛肝菌属Zangia这1个属,占总属数的0.69%。
齐云山自然保护区的大型真菌资源按照应用经济价值分为6类:食用菌、药用菌、有毒真菌、外生菌根菌、木腐菌和应用价值不明。其中,食用菌59种,占总种数的19.54%;药用菌39种,占总种数的12.91%;有毒真菌45种,占总种数的14.90%;外生菌根菌98种,占总种数的32.45%;木腐菌63种,占总种数的20.86%;应用价值不明的种类有104种,占总种数的 34.44% (附表1图2)。
根据《中国生物多样性红色名录——大型真菌卷》,对齐云山自然保护区内的大型真菌进行评估,评估等级分为数据不足(DD)、无危(LC)、易危(VU)和近危(NT) 4种等级。本次调查共鉴定302个物种,其中已评估的物种有177种,占物种总数的58.61%。已评估物种中,易危1种(占0.33%),近危1种(占0.33%),无危121种(占40.07%),数据不足的物种54种(占17.88%)。仍有125种在红色名录中未作出评估,需进一步关注和评估(附表1图3)。
易危(VU)物种有1种,为干巴糙孢革菌Thelephora ganbajun。近危(NT)物种有1种,为杯密瑚菌Artomyces pyxidatus。中国特有种11种,包括:裂皮鹅膏Amanita rimosa、袁氏鹅膏Amanita yuaniana、重孔金牛肝菌Aureoboletus duplicatoporus、纤细金牛肝菌Aureoboletus tenuis、菌索拟蜡孔菌Ceriporiopsis fimbriata、厚集毛孔菌Coltricia crassa、云南小奥德蘑Oudemansiella yunnanensis、褐盖褶孔菌Phylloporus brunneiceps、双孢罗叶腹菌Rossbeevera bispora、干巴糙孢革菌Thelephora ganbajun和黄盖臧氏牛肝菌Zangia citrina (图4)。
陈言柳等(2019)在2013年6月至2015年9月期间对齐云山保护区进行调查,该次调查共鉴定出40科88属180种,其中子囊菌门2科4属10种,担子菌门38科84属170种。本次研究中,共鉴定出68科145属302种,与前期调查结果相比,科的相似性系数为61.11%,属的相似性系数为43.78%,在物种的相似性系数中仅有7.47%。这可能与采样时间的年际波动和采样策略密切相关,同时也说明齐云山潜在的大型真菌物种丰富(表3)。
相似性公式S=[2A/(B+C)]×100%
A代表两期调查的共有数,B和C分别代表两期调查各自数量。
本研究采用整合分类学方法(结合形态学观察与分子序列分析),对齐云山自然保护区大型真菌进行了系统调查,共鉴定物种302种,隶属145属。与陈言柳等(2019)在同一区域主要依赖宏观形态学方法报道的180种(隶属88属)相比,本研究揭示的物种数量增加了67.8%。这一显著差异凸显了现代分类学手段,特别是分子标记(如ITS序列)在物种界定中的广泛应用,有效克服了以往研究中可能因依赖表型可塑性较强的宏观形态特征而导致的物种合并或误判问题,发现了诸多复合种,这与在全球和区域尺度上对大型真菌分类研究的观点相符(戴玉成等 2021;He et al. 2022;Wu et al. 2022a)。本研究确定的优势科(牛肝菌科、多孔菌科、红菇科等)和优势属(红菇属、粉褶菌属、丝盖伞属等)与陈言柳等(2019)研究结果存在部分重叠(如多孔菌科、红菇科、红菇属),但也表现出一定差异(如本研究中粉褶菌属和丝盖伞属的优势地位)。优势科属组成的这些差异可能归因于群落组成的年际波动、采样策略的差异,或更精确的物种界定带来的分类修订,提示未来研究需关注大型真菌群落结构的时空动态及其驱动机制。
齐云山自然保护区作为华东与华南两大生物区系的交汇过渡带,其独特的生物地理位置塑造了该区域大型真菌区系的组成特征。属级地理成分分析显示,世界广布属构成区系主体(53.10%),同时含有较高比例的北温带(17.24%)和泛热带(13.79%)成分。这一格局与陈言柳等(2019)的分析结果(其属级分析显示,世界广布属72.72%,泛热带属15.91%,北温带属10.23%;种级分析结果,显示世界广布种53.33%,热带/亚热带种11.67%,北温带种10.00%)在揭示温带与热带成分交融特征方面具有一致性,共同支持了该区域区系的过渡性质。值得注意的是,本研究发现的北温带区系成分比例(17.24%)高于陈言柳等(2019)的报道(10.23%)。这可能与本研究采用了更广泛的采样策略、更长的调查周期,以及分子数据辅助下更精确的物种鉴定和归属有关,从而更全面地揭示了北温带成分的存在。这一发现进一步强化了齐云山作为南北生物区系过渡带的生物地理学意义。对江西广昌县抚河源保护区的研究亦呈现相似的地理成分格局,提示这可能是罗霄山脉乃至江西省大型真菌区系的共同特征(杨滢等 2022)。功能类群分析显示,外生菌根真菌物种占比较高(32.45%),这与保护区内多样的森林植被类型(如松科、壳斗科等优势树种)能提供丰富的潜在共生宿主资源密切相关(朱教君等2003)。已有报道证明,外生菌根真菌数量包括5 000多个种和250多个属,它们与各种植物的细根形成互利共生关系(Sharma 2017)。而在担子菌门中,大约有100种真菌物种与2%的维管植物(主要包括龙脑香科、壳斗科、桃金娘科和松科)有外生菌根关联(Brundrett & Tedersoo 2018;Corrales et al. 2018)。在这种共生关系中,外生菌根真菌的菌丝比植物根系更高效地吸收土壤养分并输送给宿主,而宿主植物则通过光合作用提供糖分作为回报(Nehls et al. 2010)。这表明外生菌根真菌在维系该区域森林生态系统的结构稳定性、功能多样性及高效养分循环中扮演着关键角色。本次对食用、药用及有毒真菌的资源评估以及该区域生物资源的合理利用与风险管理提供了最新的基础数据。
本研究基于现代整合分类学标准,为齐云山自然保护区构建了迄今最为详尽的大型真菌物种名录,显著提升了对该区域大型真菌物种多样性水平的认知。鉴定出易危(VU)和近危(NT)物种各1种,以及11种中国特有种,明确了该保护区对于珍稀濒危及地方特有菌物种质资源保护的战略价值。特有种的存在是区域生物地理独特性的重要标志,其记录对于制定优先保护策略和理解区域生物区系的形成历史至关重要(邓旺秋等 2020;图力古尔和李玉 2000)。本研究再次证明,采用形态学与分子生物学相结合的整合分类方法,并辅以系统、持续的野外调查,是准确评估区域大型真菌多样性本底、有效揭示隐存多样性以及监测群落动态变化的必要途径。长期积累的调查数据对于更准确、稳定地反映生物多样性格局至关重要(Yu et al. 2022)。因此,本研究成果不仅是对齐云山乃至罗霄山脉区域菌物学的重要补充,更为未来更大尺度上开展生物多样性格局分析、评估气候变化对菌物区系的影响,以及制定科学合理的菌物资源可持续利用与保护策略提供了科学依据和数据支撑。
朱正月:外业调查采样、物种鉴定、数据分析和论文初稿写作;肖敏和马燚:外出调查采样;陈名君和李增智:物种鉴定指导和论文修改;栾丰刚:外出调查采样、物种鉴定指导和论文写作。
该研究不存在任何潜在利益冲突的商业或财务关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31560203)
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.13346/j.mycosystema.250181
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-04-29
  • 出版时间:2026-02-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
  • 录用日期:2025-07-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560203)
国家自然科学基金(31560203)
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    1 江西农业大学 国家林业和草原局鄱阳湖流域森林生态系统保护与修复重点实验室,江西 南昌 330045
    2 江西省崇义县思顺采育林场,江西 赣州 341315
    3 江西省崇义县林业局,江西 赣州 341300
    4 安徽农业大学 重大林业有害生物绿色防控安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230036

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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