Article(id=1322930551899960049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, issueId=1322930551082066821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122905, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340822434, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1782576000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340822434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340822434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340822434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322930551082066821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='608', pageEnd='678', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782576000000', pubDateStr='2026-06-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340822239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344296949, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322945125147607535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, issueId=1322930551082066821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322945125147607536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, issueId=1322930551082066821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=674, endPage=678, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322930552168395507, articleId=1322930551899960049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, language=EN, title=Research progress on cerebral blood flow changes after acute high-altitude exposure, columnId=1322930552076120818, journalTitle=Academic Journal of Chinese PLA Medical School, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Acute high-altitude exposure (AHE) imposes a significant stimulus on the human cerebrovascular system, resulting in abnormalities in cerebral blood flow (CBF). The abnormal changes in CBF are one of the current research hotspots. In a hypoxic environment, CBF, cerebrovascular compliance, and cerebral perfusion all undergo significant changes, which are closely related to an individual's neurocognitive function and adaptability. Existing studies indicate that there are still shortcomings in the relevant field, and it is urgent to further explore the regulation of CBF and its mechanisms, as well as to study the relative symptoms and the process by which they eventually lead to high-altitude encephalopathy. This article systematically summarizes the basic experimental and clinical studies on the effect of AHE on CBF,deeply discusses the mechanisms of changes in CBF, flow velocity, and the nervous system, as well as the interventional treatment methods for abnormal CBF, hoping to provide assistance for research in this field.

, authors=Xu GUAN, Rui ZHANG, Yang BIAN, Ziwei GUO, Jun WANG, authorsList=Xu GUAN, Rui ZHANG, Yang BIAN, Ziwei GUO, Jun WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Jun.Email:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322930552466191093, articleId=1322930551899960049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, language=CN, title=急进高原脑血流变化的研究进展, columnId=1322930552243892980, journalTitle=解放军医学院学报, columnName=综 述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

急性高原暴露(acute high-altitude exposure,AHE)对人体脑血管系统产生显著刺激,导致脑血流(cerebral blood flow,CBF)出现异常,是当前研究的热点之一。在低氧环境中,CBF、脑血管顺应性及脑灌注均发生显著变化,这些变化与个体的神经认知功能及适应能力密切相关。需进一步探索CBF调节机制,并阐明相关症状发展为高原脑病的过程。本文系统综述了AHE对CBF影响的基础实验和临床研究,深入探讨了CBF、流速及神经系统变化等方面的机制,以及针对CBF异常的干预治疗方法,期望能为该领域的研究提供参考。

, authors=关旭, 张锐, 边洋, 郭子维, 王君, authorsList=关旭, 张锐, 边洋, 郭子维, 王君, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王君, authorNote=

关旭:论文撰写;张锐、郭子维:文献整理;边洋:论文修订;王君:论文指导和修订。

关旭,硕士,主治医师。Email:

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王君,博士,主任医师。Email:
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急进高原脑血流变化的研究进展
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关旭 , 张锐 , 边洋 , 郭子维 , 王君
解放军医学院学报 | 综 述 2026,47(6): 674-678
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解放军医学院学报 |综 述 2026 , 47 (6) : 674 -678
急进高原脑血流变化的研究进展
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关旭 , 张锐, 边洋, 郭子维, 王君
作者信息
  • 解放军总医院第一医学中心神经内科医学部神经介入科,北京  100089
通讯作者:
王君,博士,主任医师。Email:
作者简介:

关旭:论文撰写;张锐、郭子维:文献整理;边洋:论文修订;王君:论文指导和修订。

关旭,硕士,主治医师。Email:

Research progress on cerebral blood flow changes after acute high-altitude exposure
Xu GUAN , Rui ZHANG, Yang BIAN, Ziwei GUO, Jun WANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Neurointervention, Medical Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Jun.Email:
出版时间: 2026-06-28 doi: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122905
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急性高原暴露(acute high-altitude exposure,AHE)对人体脑血管系统产生显著刺激,导致脑血流(cerebral blood flow,CBF)出现异常,是当前研究的热点之一。在低氧环境中,CBF、脑血管顺应性及脑灌注均发生显著变化,这些变化与个体的神经认知功能及适应能力密切相关。需进一步探索CBF调节机制,并阐明相关症状发展为高原脑病的过程。本文系统综述了AHE对CBF影响的基础实验和临床研究,深入探讨了CBF、流速及神经系统变化等方面的机制,以及针对CBF异常的干预治疗方法,期望能为该领域的研究提供参考。

急进高原暴露  /  脑血流动力学  /  低氧适应  /  高原脑病  /  脑灌注调节  /  神经认知功能

Acute high-altitude exposure (AHE) imposes a significant stimulus on the human cerebrovascular system, resulting in abnormalities in cerebral blood flow (CBF). The abnormal changes in CBF are one of the current research hotspots. In a hypoxic environment, CBF, cerebrovascular compliance, and cerebral perfusion all undergo significant changes, which are closely related to an individual's neurocognitive function and adaptability. Existing studies indicate that there are still shortcomings in the relevant field, and it is urgent to further explore the regulation of CBF and its mechanisms, as well as to study the relative symptoms and the process by which they eventually lead to high-altitude encephalopathy. This article systematically summarizes the basic experimental and clinical studies on the effect of AHE on CBF,deeply discusses the mechanisms of changes in CBF, flow velocity, and the nervous system, as well as the interventional treatment methods for abnormal CBF, hoping to provide assistance for research in this field.

acute high-altitude exposure  /  cerebral hemodynamics  /  hypoxic adaptation  /  high-altitude encephalopathy  /  cerebral perfusion regulation  /  neurocognitive function
关旭, 张锐, 边洋, 郭子维, 王君. 急进高原脑血流变化的研究进展. 解放军医学院学报, 2026 , 47 (6) : 674 -678 . DOI: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122905
Xu GUAN, Rui ZHANG, Yang BIAN, Ziwei GUO, Jun WANG. Research progress on cerebral blood flow changes after acute high-altitude exposure[J]. Academic Journal of Chinese PLA Medical School, 2026 , 47 (6) : 674 -678 . DOI: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122905
本综述旨在梳理急进高原暴露(acute high-altitude exposure,AHE)诱发的机体生理反应机制,重点聚焦低氧环境下脑血流动力学调控通路及其关联因素,阐明炎症免疫、心脑血管代偿、神经认知及肠道菌群的联动作用,厘清脑血流异常的发生机制,填补多因素协同调控机制的研究空白,为高原脑病及高原认知障碍的早期防控与靶向干预提供理论支撑,以解决短期进入高原人群健康防护的关键问题。
随着高海拔地区开发、文旅及短期务工人群增多,大量低海拔人群短时间进驻高原。这类群体是急性高原反应和高原脑水肿的易感人群,急进高原低氧损伤已成为高原医学的重点研究方向,具有明确的现实背景。在理论层面,大脑是人体缺氧耐受性最差的器官,充足的脑血流(cerebral blood flow,CBF)与血氧供应是其正常运转的核心前提。氧分压骤降作为高原脑水肿的核心致病因素,可直接触发机体多系统代偿与病理反应,为本研究奠定了理论基础。
现有研究证实,AHE引发的低氧可快速激活机体炎症免疫相关信号通路。初期外周血中损伤相关分子模式、高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box 1 protein,HMGB1)等炎症蛋白表达上调,进一步激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)及类Toll受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)通路;TLR4及其配体结合蛋白上调会加剧炎性反应,直接参与急性高原反应进程[1-2]。同时,低氧可兴奋交感神经系统,引发心率加快、血压升高、肺动脉收缩等血流动力学代偿变化,初期可弥补供氧不足;若持续低氧导致代偿失衡,则易诱发肺动脉高压、高原脑水肿等重症。此外,且不同人群心脏低氧适应机制存在遗传与演化差异,直接影响脑部血流自主调节能力[3-4]。功能性近红外光谱研究显示,低氧介导的前额叶皮层血流异常会干扰神经认知功能并引发脑能量代谢紊乱。肠道菌群作为代谢与免疫核心的调控因子,动物实验证实其结构改变可通过调控红细胞生成素合成与免疫应答参与AHE机体适应过程,间接干预脑血流动力学及脑损伤进程,是高原脑病的潜在调控靶点[5-7]。上述成果构成本综述的完整理论依据。基于现有研究基础与空白,本综述提出核心设想:AHE引发的脑血流动力学异常并非单一系统作用的结果,而是炎症免疫通路激活、心脑血管血流代偿失调、神经认知受损与肠道菌群紊乱多因素协同作用的复杂病理过程。其中,低氧诱导的炎症信号通路是核心启动环节,交感神经介导的血流动力学变化为关键代偿通路,肠道菌群通过代谢-免疫轴发挥双向调控作用,最终通过影响脑部灌注压与血流量,参与急性高原反应及高原脑病的发生发展。
针对短期进入高原工作、旅行的易感人群,本综述可为高原脑病与认知障碍的早期预防及临床方案优化提供核心依据,助力挖掘新型生物标志物与治疗靶点,推动防护药物及干预策略研发,降低急性高原病发病风险,改善重症高原脑病诊疗效果,为高海拔活动人群健康保障提供实用医学支撑,并兼具临床应用与公共卫生价值。
急性高原疾病导致脑血流变化的重要因素是低氧环境。大脑高度依赖氧气进行能量供应,因此低氧引起的脑血管扩张是改善大脑氧气获取的主要途径。在AHE初始阶段,脑血管扩张导致脑血流量增加,以补偿血液中较低的氧气浓度,从而维持脑细胞的代谢功能。模拟研究发现,在低氧环境下,背外侧前额叶皮质等特定脑区的血流增加,表明脑血流量对低氧条件具有调节能力[5]。脑血管对二氧化碳分压(PCO2)和氧分压(PO2)的变化反应敏感:PCO2升高会诱发脑血管扩张,从而增加脑血流量;PO2降低同样能够促进血管扩张,进一步增强氧气运输,反之亦然。脑血管通过对PCO2和PO2变化的调节及时调整脑血流量,为大脑提供稳定的氧气供应。随着AHE暴露时间的延长,持续的血管扩张维持较高的脑血流量,可能导致血管自身调节作用失衡,无法有效继续增加CBF。研究表明,CBF在经历初期激增后逐渐恢复至基线水平,表明低氧刺激引起的脑血管扩张和CBF增加具有局限性和适应性[8]。这种可塑性变化不仅是PCO2和PO2控制血管舒缩的反应结果,也是维持脑组织耗氧需求的结果。除了介导AHE低氧引起的脑血管反应外,缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia inducible factor,HIF)信号在刺激血管内皮细胞反应和代谢功能中也起着不可或缺的作用,其通过影响大脑内皮细胞,调节血管扩张并促进血管新生,为机体提供对AHE低氧的适应性响应[9]。
脑血管反应性是指脑血管对血氧和二氧化碳变化的敏感性和调节能力。在AHE期间,脑血管反应性发生变化。血管内皮功能在调节脑血管反应性中发挥重要作用。内皮细胞产生一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、前列环素等扩张血管的物质,从而舒张血管平滑肌。这种血管舒张反应进一步降低血管张力,通常被称为内在反应。当急性暴露于低氧环境时,短暂增强的脑血管反应性能够迅速对浓度增加的二氧化碳做出反应,从而快速调整脑血流以适应高海拔低氧状态[10]。
长期生活在高海拔低氧环境中会对人体产生严重后果,包括但不限于血管内皮功能损伤、NO合酶活性降低;血管对内皮素等反应性收缩物质的反应能力下降[11];抑制调节血红蛋白氧亲和力的化学物质生成受抑。上述变化最终导致血管反应性降低,引发心肺症状[12]。藏族人和夏尔巴人等特定人群展现出对高海拔低氧的适应性。由于遗传因素,他们能够在缺氧环境下正常生活,并表现出独特的脑血流调节特性,即脑血管对血液氧分压下降的反应较弱。这种遗传特性主要与低氧诱导因子通路及血管调控相关基因有关:内皮PAS结构域包含蛋白-1(endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1,EPAS1/HIF‑2α)和EGL-9家族缺氧诱导因子1(EGL-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 1,EGLN1/PHD2)是最关键的高原适应基因,藏族与夏尔巴人携带的高频适应性突变可整体下调HIF通路活性,减弱低氧诱导的脑血管过度反应;GTP环化水解酶1(GTP cyclohydrolase 1,GCH1)与一氧化氮合成相关的变异则通过提高基础NO水平、稳定脑血管张力,进一步降低低氧下的血管反应性。多项全基因组关联研究已在藏族、夏尔巴人群中鉴定出上述基因的强正向选择信号,证实其与血红蛋白浓度、弱脑血管低氧反应等适应表型相关;细胞实验、基因编辑动物模型及人体生理学研究也从功能上验证了这些遗传变异可通过抑制低氧信号通路优化血管舒张因子水平,实现脑血管对低氧的钝化反应。这种缺氧适应性可能源于其族群在西藏等高海拔地区长期生活,机体血管反应性经过一系列调整后达到新的稳态,并通过遗传得以传递[10]。
脑血管反应性的变化还与脑血管内Ca2+信号有关。长时间暴露于低氧环境中会影响这些钙信号,改变血管平滑肌的收缩功能,从而损害血管的反应性[13]。综上所述,来自低海拔地区的人群在进入高原后的短时间内,增强的血管反应性有助于保护脑功能;但数日至数周后,由于内皮损伤引起血管反应性减弱,导致脑血流调节不良的发生频率增加,从而促进高原脑病的发生。同时,高海拔地区的本地族群因长期适应性及演化遗传特性,对低氧也具有良好的耐受性。
脑血流自动调节通过改变脑血管阻力来维持脑血流量的稳定,以抵抗血压波动等各种外界变化和损害。在急进高原反应期间,脑灌注压的变化会导致血管自动调节功能的改变。研究表明,AHE导致的血压升高需要通过改变脑血管自动调节能力来重新调整血管阻力[14],以维持恒定的脑血流量,防止血流量过低或过高。在AHE期间,脑血流自动调节功能可能减弱[15]。
灌注减少的机制可能源于低氧环境下血管内皮细胞的损伤。同时,自由基水平的上升降低了血管扩张能力,并可能损害脑血流的自我调节功能。一旦脑血流自我调节机制受损,脑血流便易受外界变化的影响,进而增加脑水肿及脑功能障碍的风险[12]。综上所述,急进高原人群因脑灌注压变化出现血脑屏障功能障碍和脑血流自我调节失常,从而引发脑缺血损伤。这些病理变化表现为急性高原病的临床症状。深入研究高原急性环境下血脑屏障的变化机制将有助于预防和治疗急性高原脑病。
急性高原暴露引发的多种脑血流动力学改变与急性高山病(acute mountain sickness,AMS)密切相关。有研究认为,AMS患者的脑血流通常表现出异常,最常见的现象为脑血流量增加或某些部位灌注减少[16]。例如,在我国海拔3776米地区进行的研究显示,进入该区域的非本地居民颈内动脉血流量逐渐增加,同时血管直径也有所扩大;椎动脉血流量起初急剧上升,随后有所下降。这种血流动力学的变化与AMS症状之间存在关联,尤其是与AMS常见的头痛症状相关,提示脑血流过度灌注可能在AMS的发生发展中起重要作用。此外,微循环过度灌注引起的血管源性脑水肿是AMS另一个显著的病理生理变化过程。视网膜作为脑微循环的一部分,能够反映脑部微循环状态。观察发现,早期AMS患者可出现视网膜微血管灌注增加的现象[17]。脑血流的紊乱不仅影响大脑中动脉等主要血管,还可能对周围脑组织造成压迫,进而导致各种功能障碍[18]。
AHE引起的脑血流变化同样会影响个体的认知水平。在低氧环境中,脑血流灌注下降可能导致脑部氧气供应不足,从而影响AHE人群的认知表现。功能近红外光谱(functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS)研究表明,在AHE情况下,背外侧前额叶皮质的脑血流反应显著降低[5]。大量研究将脑血流的局部变化与特定功能区域的神经活动联系在一起,这些关联能够解释行为差异和认知功能的表现。功能性磁共振成像(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,fMRI)揭示,在执行特定认知任务时,额叶及海马等区域的脑代谢和相关供血血管的活动增加,表明相应的神经活动需要更多的血流灌注。较高的血流供应可提高局部葡萄糖消耗率,而较低的局部脑血流则限制了相关区域内神经元的代谢,进而解释了认知表现的下降[19-20]。
长期的脑血流灌注功能障碍可能导致神经损伤,进而影响认知功能。研究显示,慢性脑灌注不足与认知障碍患者的脑白质病变及认知功能下降相关。持续的脑血流减少可能促进并加速神经网络的重组,同时导致部分神经元功能障碍[21]。运动被认为可以改善个体的认知功能,例如记忆力和执行特定任务的能力。运动过程中大脑血流速度的适度增加,也表明脑血流与认知之间存在密切关系[22-23]。随着脑血流的改善,认知功能也可能得到恢复。例如,经颅光照治疗和药物干预可通过改善脑血流,从而部分恢复认知功能[24-25]。因此,急进高原暴露引起的脑血流灌注不足是导致认知水平下降的重要原因,而脑灌注的区域性变化可能对个体的认知活动产生影响。维持脑血流稳态是确保认知功能正常运作的基础。
脑血流的变化会影响氧气和营养物质的供给,最终影响脑神经代谢。在急性高原缺氧的情况下,即使存在增加CBF的需求,若脑血流调节反应过度,则可能降低脑组织的能量供应,减缓代谢产物的清除,不利于神经元功能的稳定[18,26]。同时,脑代谢的适应性与CBF之间也存在相互调节的关系。
为了解决高原低氧条件下的代谢供能问题,并满足大脑不同区域间更复杂的神经活动需求,机体会调整能量代谢途径以响应这种变化,维持脑组织的能量供给[27]。此外,脑代谢产物的生成、转运及清除同样依赖于有效的脑血流循环[28]。代谢变化也可能导致脑血流调节异常,两者的相互作用可能形成病理循环。例如,在高原脑水肿模型中,脑血流减少导致脑组织缺氧和细胞凋亡,而脑内的代谢紊乱也会加重脑血流减少和神经损伤。一些RNA修饰蛋白在急性缺氧条件下介导脑血管重构,从而影响CBF和组织代谢[29]。此外,CBF显著受动脉二氧化碳分压的影响。CO2引起的脑血管扩张在缺氧适应中具有重要作用,同时也会影响大脑的代谢[30]。因此,随着脑血流量的变化,神经代谢也会出现相应的改变。稳定的脑血流为代谢物质的及时清除和能量供给提供了充足保障,同时代谢的变化也可能引起脑血流的改变,从而维持重要脑区的功能,以应对高原缺氧等外界因素的挑战。两者之间的交互关系和耦合特征需要进一步研究,以深化对高原脑病和认知障碍机制的理解,进而为临床干预提供新的策略。
在急进高原后,保持脑血流的稳定是确保正常脑功能的关键。经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)、fNIRS、磁共振成像等是常用的脑血流监测手段。TCD利用超声波穿透头盖骨和脊神经保护的主要血管,连续测量脑血流速度,从而动态评估脑血流量,并结合数学模型准确监测脑血容量(cerebral blood volume,CaBV)的脉动部分[31]。fNIRS通过750 nm波长的近红外光评价大脑的氧合状态,可应用于高原环境中高危缺氧的检测。动态磁共振成像提供与空间相关的CBF信息,并能够描述CBF随时间的动态变化[32]。最近,基于PETCO2梯度原理的动态脑灌注成像与TCD监测的脑血流变化相结合的研究,能够提供脑血管反应性的时空监测[33]。除了上述技术外,采用包括脑组织氧分压在内的多模态监测,可进一步观察脑血流调节过程,结合多种方法评估脑功能,为治疗提供更详细且精准的数据,这对急诊患者尤其关键[34]。未来,随着更多监测技术的研发,脑血流监测的时空分辨率和实时性将进一步提高,实现个性化的高原脑血流动态监测。
一些药物能够缓解因缺氧引起的脑血流紊乱,特别是在AHE急性期导致的脑功能障碍。临床常用的药物包括钙通道阻滞剂和血管舒张剂,这些药物通过维持脑血管舒张、降低血管阻力,进而维持并提升患者的脑灌注量。例如,常用的降压药硝苯地平能够阻止脑血管痉挛,维持正常的脑灌注,防止缺氧引起的脑损伤[35]。此外,低氧适应促进剂和某些抗氧化剂也能够通过保护或改善脑血流功能发挥作用。例如,依达拉奉(Edaravone)能够修复因氧化应激损伤的血脑屏障,改善AHE患者的CBF,预防高原缺氧引起的再灌注损伤[36]。其他天然药物,如黄芪(astragalus mongholicus)和黄芩(scutellaria baicalensis),也能通过降低炎症反应和减少细胞焦亡来保护AHE患者的脑微循环,从而改善脑灌注,发挥抗缺氧作用[37]。
临床研究发现,不同药物对脑血流恢复的影响存在差异。通过动态监测脑血流并适时调整治疗药物,可以改善患者预后。例如,依达拉奉与替罗非班联合治疗急性脑梗死,不仅可改善神经功能缺损和脑血流动力学,且安全性良好[36]。同时,血管活性药物联合溶栓或机械取栓治疗,能够降低血管再闭塞率,提高血流再通效果[38]。综上所述,药物治疗在AHE脑血流调节中发挥重要作用,需持续监测脑血流动态变化,及时调整药物及剂量,精细调控脑血流,更好地保护脑功能。
非药物手段同样能够调控AHE患者的脑血流。渐进式高原适应通过逐步增加机体暴露于低氧环境的时间和强度,增强脑血流调节功能,促进机体尤其是脑血管的适应性改变,从而减少急性高原疾病的发生[39]。该适应过程不仅增强脑血管内皮功能,还调节神经血管耦合,增加局部血流灌注。此外,氧疗和高压氧治疗也是改善AHE患者脑血流动力学状态的有效手段。
通过氧气疗法提升血液中的氧含量,可以有效缓解AHE患者脑组织的缺氧状态,从而减少因缺氧引发的脑血管收缩[40]。提升高原居民生活环境的气压,增加氧气的溶解度并加快红细胞的供氧速度,能够有效治疗高原脑水肿及缺氧性脑病,迅速消除脑水肿症状[41]。此外,改善生活方式和提供营养支持也有助于稳定高原脑血流。合理的饮食、充足的水分摄入以及避免剧烈运动,有助于维持血液黏度和血管弹性,从而降低脑血流负担[42]。相关的营养补充剂,如抗氧化维生素和多酚类物质,可以保护血管内皮,改善脑部灌注[43]。综上所述,非药物干预通过改善AHE患者的脑血流自主调节,促进脑循环并调节自身血氧状态,从而避免脑缺氧造成的损害。脑血流的调控是AHE管理中的关键环节,与药物治疗相结合,能够实现高原脑缺血缺氧的综合治疗目标。
AHE引起的脑血流动力学变化是一个复杂且动态的过程,涉及脑血流量、脑血管反应性及自动调节能力等多个方面。相关研究加深了对高原脑血流规律及其影响因素的理解,为揭示高原脑损伤和认知障碍的病理生理过程提供了理论基础。尽管研究观点存在差异,但异常的脑血流变化普遍被认为是高原脑功能异常的关键因素。功能性近红外光谱、经颅多普勒超声和磁共振成像等先进的脑血流监测技术,为检测脑血流变化提供了重要手段,促进了对脑血流变化规律及其影响因素的深入理解。这些发现有助于临床识别和预测高原性脑损伤的风险,并制定个性化的防护和治疗方案。近年来的干预措施有效减少了高原脑损伤的发生。未来,探索脑血流调节的分子机制,并结合人工智能和大数据研究,将为个性化治疗方案提供有益参考,提高机体的高原适应能力。综上所述,脑血流动力学变化是高原脑损伤和认知障碍的重要病理基础,为其预防和治疗提供了新途径。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122905
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
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    解放军总医院第一医学中心神经内科医学部神经介入科,北京  100089

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王君,博士,主任医师。Email:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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