Article(id=1322930551639909253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, issueId=1322930551082066821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122404, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766505600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340822371, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1782576000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340822371, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340822371, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340822371, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322930551082066821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='608', pageEnd='678', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782576000000', pubDateStr='2026-06-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340822239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344296949, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322945125147607535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, issueId=1322930551082066821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322945125147607536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, issueId=1322930551082066821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=608, endPage=614, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322930551899956103, articleId=1322930551639909253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, language=EN, title=Effects of TNFα preconditioned mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on the repair of mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury in mice, columnId=1322930551837041542, journalTitle=Academic Journal of Chinese PLA Medical School, columnName=Selected Research Articles from Graduate Theses, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global cause of long-term disability, with mild-to-moderate cases often leading to persistent neurological deficits. Current pharmacological interventions are limited by the blood-brain barrier and systemic side effects.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of exosomes (Exos) derived from tumor necrosis factor ɑ (TNFα) preconditioned fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells (FMSCs) for moderate TBI and compare their efficacy with untreated exosomes.

Methods

A mouse TBI model was established by closed-capsule blast shock wave injury. A total of 68 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (17 mice in each group): Sham group, TBI group, TBI+Exos group and TBI+TNFα-Exos group. Frontal bone-derived FMSCs were preconditioned with TNFα for 48 h. Exos were isolated and purified using the OMEGA kit. Mice in the TBI, TBI+Exos and TBI+TNFα-Exos groups were subjected to TBI modeling, and intranasal administration was performed 1 h after modeling. Y-maze alternation test and nesting test were used to evaluate the recovery of behavioral function after Exos intervention. PKH67 fluorescence labeling was applied to observe the in vitro cellular uptake and intracerebral distribution of Exos. An inflammatory model of mouse microglial BV2 cells was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cells were divided into Control group, LPS group, Exos group and TNFα-Exos group. qRT-PCR was adopted to detect the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNFα, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in vitro.

Results

Behavioral tests showed that the spontaneous alternation rate of the Y-maze was markedly increased in the Exos and TNFɑ-Exos groups compared to the TBI model group (P<0.05). Nesting ability was significantly reduced in the TBI group compared with the Sham group, while notable improvements were observed in the Exos and TNFɑ-Exos groups (P<0.05). qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia were significantly decreased in the Exos and TNFɑ-Exos groups compared with the LPS group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the TNFα-Exos group showed better improvements in the above indicators than the Exos group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion

TNFα-preconditioned MSC-derived Exos exhibit favorable neuroprotective potential for early intervention in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury. Compared with conventional Exos, TNFα-Exos show superior effects in downregulating pro-inflammatory factors and improving cognitive function, which provides experimental evidence for the early treatment of military blast-induced brain injury.

, authors=Aojiao YANG1, 2, Guilin CHEN1, 2, Hengchao MA1, 2, Xiaoxia JIANG3, Jun ZHANG1, authorsList=Aojiao YANG, Guilin CHEN, Hengchao MA, Xiaoxia JIANG, Jun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Jun. Email:
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背景

创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)在战争、意外事故中发生率较高,患者多存在明确的头部外伤史,常伴随运动功能异常、感觉功能异常、自主神经功能异常、反射改变及认知障碍、意识障碍等表现,即使轻型TBI也多出现逆行性遗忘等典型症状。

目的

探讨肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor ɑ,TNFɑ)预处理的间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)来源的外泌体(exosomes,Exos)对轻中度TBI的治疗作用,并与普通Exos进行疗效对比。

方法

采用舱室爆炸冲击波致伤法构建小鼠TBI模型。68只雄性小鼠随机分为4组,假手术(sham operation,Sham)组、造模组(TBI组)、模型+普通外泌体组(TBI+Exos组)、模型+TNFɑ预处理外泌体组(TBI+TNFα-Exos组),每组17只。从小鼠额骨来源间充质干细胞(frontal bone-derived fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells,FMSCs)及TNFɑ预处理48 h的FMSCs中提取Exos。TBI组、TBI+Exos组和TBI+TNFɑ-Exos组造模后1h经鼻内注射给药。通过Y迷宫轮替试验(Y-maze alternation test)、筑巢实验评估小鼠行为功能。利用PKH67荧光标记技术观察Exos的体外细胞摄取及脑内分布特性。将脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的小鼠小胶质细胞BV2分为Ctrl组、LPS组、Exos组、TNFɑ-Exos组,采用qRT-PCR检测外泌体处理后促炎因子TNFɑ、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)水平。

结果

行为学检测表明,Exos组与TNFɑ-Exos组Y迷宫自发交替率较TBI模型组升高(P<0.05)。TBI模型组小鼠较Sham组筑巢能力下降,而Exos组、TNFɑ-Exos组筑巢能力较TBI组改善(P<0.05)。qRT-PCR结果显示,与LPS组相比,Exos组及TNFɑ-Exos组小胶质细胞促炎因子表达水平降低(P<0.05);且TNFα-Exos组上述指标改善程度优于Exos组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论

TNFɑ预处理的MSCs Exos在轻中度TBI早期干预中表现出良好的神经保护潜力。与普通Exos相比,TNFɑ-Exos在下调促炎因子表达及改善认知能力方面具有一定优势,为军事爆震伤的早期救治提供了实验依据。

, authors=杨澳娇1, 2, 陈桂琳1, 2, 马珩钞1, 2, 江小霞3, 张军1, authorsList=杨澳娇, 陈桂琳, 马珩钞, 江小霞, 张军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张军, authorNote=

杨澳娇:实验设计,文献整理,论文撰写;马珩钞、陈桂琳:文献整理,论文撰写;江小霞:论文修订;张军:实验设计,论文修订,监督指导。

杨澳娇,在读硕士。Email:

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张军,博士,主任医师。Email:
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A:显微镜下FMSCs(40×);B:电镜下Exos;C:荧光剂在3、6、12 h时示踪Exos入脑情况(20×)

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A:小鼠Y迷宫新异臂探索时间;B:小鼠筑巢行为评分

, figureFileSmall=nD3k0O/9lPPOScTUh9p0vA==, figureFileBig=zNHBsh6aWe4pxAOOCmypEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322930557700678598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, articleId=1322930551639909253, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Exos regulate the expression of inflammatory factors in LPS-induced microglial cells, figureFileSmall=+7wQKSNxjL+xfuIJdNCL2A==, figureFileBig=KAhx55mX7NrWoTqh2SUPSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322930557759398855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, articleId=1322930551639909253, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=Exos对LPS诱导的小胶质细胞炎症因子表达的调控, figureFileSmall=+7wQKSNxjL+xfuIJdNCL2A==, figureFileBig=KAhx55mX7NrWoTqh2SUPSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322930557826507720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, articleId=1322930551639909253, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Primer sequences, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称引物序列
M-β-actin-SGTGACGTTGACATCCGTAAAGA
M-β-actin-AGTAACAGTCCGCCTAGAAGCAC
M-TNFα-SGTGCCTATGTCTCAGCCTCTTCTC
M-TNFα-AGTTTGTGAGTGTGAGGGTCTGG
M-Il1b(3)-SGTAATGAAAGACGGCACACCC
M-Il1b(3)-ACAGGCTTGTGCTCTGCTTGTG
M-IL6(2)-SCATAGCTACCTGGAGTACATGAAGAA
M-IL6(2)-AGACTCCAGCTTATCTCTTGGTTGA
), ArticleFig(id=1322930557897810889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258570227581120, articleId=1322930551639909253, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称引物序列
M-β-actin-SGTGACGTTGACATCCGTAAAGA
M-β-actin-AGTAACAGTCCGCCTAGAAGCAC
M-TNFα-SGTGCCTATGTCTCAGCCTCTTCTC
M-TNFα-AGTTTGTGAGTGTGAGGGTCTGG
M-Il1b(3)-SGTAATGAAAGACGGCACACCC
M-Il1b(3)-ACAGGCTTGTGCTCTGCTTGTG
M-IL6(2)-SCATAGCTACCTGGAGTACATGAAGAA
M-IL6(2)-AGACTCCAGCTTATCTCTTGGTTGA
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间充质干细胞来源的外泌体经后对轻中度创伤性脑损伤的修复作用
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杨澳娇 1, 2 , 陈桂琳 1, 2 , 马珩钞 1, 2 , 江小霞 3 , 张军 1
解放军医学院学报 | 研究生论文精粹 2026,47(6): 608-614
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解放军医学院学报 |研究生论文精粹 2026 , 47 (6) : 608 -614
间充质干细胞来源的外泌体经后对轻中度创伤性脑损伤的修复作用
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杨澳娇1, 2 , 陈桂琳1, 2, 马珩钞1, 2, 江小霞3, 张军1
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第一医学中心神经外科医学部,北京 100853
  • 2解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 3军事科学院军事医学研究院,北京 100850
通讯作者:
张军,博士,主任医师。Email:
作者简介:

杨澳娇:实验设计,文献整理,论文撰写;马珩钞、陈桂琳:文献整理,论文撰写;江小霞:论文修订;张军:实验设计,论文修订,监督指导。

杨澳娇,在读硕士。Email:

Effects of TNFα preconditioned mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on the repair of mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury in mice
Aojiao YANG1, 2 , Guilin CHEN1, 2, Hengchao MA1, 2, Xiaoxia JIANG3, Jun ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
  • 3Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Jun. Email:
出版时间: 2026-06-28 doi: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122404
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背景

创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)在战争、意外事故中发生率较高,患者多存在明确的头部外伤史,常伴随运动功能异常、感觉功能异常、自主神经功能异常、反射改变及认知障碍、意识障碍等表现,即使轻型TBI也多出现逆行性遗忘等典型症状。

目的

探讨肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor ɑ,TNFɑ)预处理的间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)来源的外泌体(exosomes,Exos)对轻中度TBI的治疗作用,并与普通Exos进行疗效对比。

方法

采用舱室爆炸冲击波致伤法构建小鼠TBI模型。68只雄性小鼠随机分为4组,假手术(sham operation,Sham)组、造模组(TBI组)、模型+普通外泌体组(TBI+Exos组)、模型+TNFɑ预处理外泌体组(TBI+TNFα-Exos组),每组17只。从小鼠额骨来源间充质干细胞(frontal bone-derived fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells,FMSCs)及TNFɑ预处理48 h的FMSCs中提取Exos。TBI组、TBI+Exos组和TBI+TNFɑ-Exos组造模后1h经鼻内注射给药。通过Y迷宫轮替试验(Y-maze alternation test)、筑巢实验评估小鼠行为功能。利用PKH67荧光标记技术观察Exos的体外细胞摄取及脑内分布特性。将脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的小鼠小胶质细胞BV2分为Ctrl组、LPS组、Exos组、TNFɑ-Exos组,采用qRT-PCR检测外泌体处理后促炎因子TNFɑ、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)水平。

结果

行为学检测表明,Exos组与TNFɑ-Exos组Y迷宫自发交替率较TBI模型组升高(P<0.05)。TBI模型组小鼠较Sham组筑巢能力下降,而Exos组、TNFɑ-Exos组筑巢能力较TBI组改善(P<0.05)。qRT-PCR结果显示,与LPS组相比,Exos组及TNFɑ-Exos组小胶质细胞促炎因子表达水平降低(P<0.05);且TNFα-Exos组上述指标改善程度优于Exos组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论

TNFɑ预处理的MSCs Exos在轻中度TBI早期干预中表现出良好的神经保护潜力。与普通Exos相比,TNFɑ-Exos在下调促炎因子表达及改善认知能力方面具有一定优势,为军事爆震伤的早期救治提供了实验依据。

创伤性脑损伤  /  间充质干细胞  /  外泌体  /  肿瘤坏死因子  /  认知功能恢复
Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global cause of long-term disability, with mild-to-moderate cases often leading to persistent neurological deficits. Current pharmacological interventions are limited by the blood-brain barrier and systemic side effects.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of exosomes (Exos) derived from tumor necrosis factor ɑ (TNFα) preconditioned fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells (FMSCs) for moderate TBI and compare their efficacy with untreated exosomes.

Methods

A mouse TBI model was established by closed-capsule blast shock wave injury. A total of 68 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (17 mice in each group): Sham group, TBI group, TBI+Exos group and TBI+TNFα-Exos group. Frontal bone-derived FMSCs were preconditioned with TNFα for 48 h. Exos were isolated and purified using the OMEGA kit. Mice in the TBI, TBI+Exos and TBI+TNFα-Exos groups were subjected to TBI modeling, and intranasal administration was performed 1 h after modeling. Y-maze alternation test and nesting test were used to evaluate the recovery of behavioral function after Exos intervention. PKH67 fluorescence labeling was applied to observe the in vitro cellular uptake and intracerebral distribution of Exos. An inflammatory model of mouse microglial BV2 cells was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cells were divided into Control group, LPS group, Exos group and TNFα-Exos group. qRT-PCR was adopted to detect the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNFα, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in vitro.

Results

Behavioral tests showed that the spontaneous alternation rate of the Y-maze was markedly increased in the Exos and TNFɑ-Exos groups compared to the TBI model group (P<0.05). Nesting ability was significantly reduced in the TBI group compared with the Sham group, while notable improvements were observed in the Exos and TNFɑ-Exos groups (P<0.05). qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia were significantly decreased in the Exos and TNFɑ-Exos groups compared with the LPS group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the TNFα-Exos group showed better improvements in the above indicators than the Exos group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion

TNFα-preconditioned MSC-derived Exos exhibit favorable neuroprotective potential for early intervention in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury. Compared with conventional Exos, TNFα-Exos show superior effects in downregulating pro-inflammatory factors and improving cognitive function, which provides experimental evidence for the early treatment of military blast-induced brain injury.

traumatic brain injury  /  mesenchymal stem cells  /  exosomes  /  tumor necrosis factor ɑ  /  cognitive function recovery
杨澳娇, 陈桂琳, 马珩钞, 江小霞, 张军. 间充质干细胞来源的外泌体经后对轻中度创伤性脑损伤的修复作用. 解放军医学院学报, 2026 , 47 (6) : 608 -614 . DOI: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122404
Aojiao YANG, Guilin CHEN, Hengchao MA, Xiaoxia JIANG, Jun ZHANG. Effects of TNFα preconditioned mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on the repair of mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury in mice[J]. Academic Journal of Chinese PLA Medical School, 2026 , 47 (6) : 608 -614 . DOI: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122404
创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)已成为全球范围内导致死亡和长期功能障碍的主要公共卫生问题[1]。其中,轻中度TBI占所有病例的80%以上[2-3]。虽然急性期TBI死亡率较低,但其隐匿性的病理改变不容忽视。流行病学调查显示,由于爆炸冲击波、交通事故及跌倒等原因,TBI的发病率在军事和民用领域均呈上升趋势。TBI往往伴随严重的继发性损伤,包括神经炎症反应的级联放大和血脑屏障的持续破坏[4-5]。在伤后数月,患者仍面临极高的致残风险,主要表现为认知功能障碍、运动协调能力下降以及日常活动能力的丧失等。这些长期的神经功能缺损不仅影响患者生活质量,也给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担。
间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)及其分泌的外泌体(exosomes,Exos)因其独特的优势,已成为TBI再生治疗的研究热点[6-8]。MSCs来源的Exos富含功能性核酸和蛋白,能够有效抑制神经炎症,促进神经保护和功能恢复。然而,普通Exos疗效有限,肿瘤坏死因子ɑ(tumor necrosis factor ɑ,TNFɑ)预处理已被证明能改善MSCs或其Exos的治疗效果。TNFɑ在体内具有双重作用:适度表达可发挥保护与修复功能,过量表达则介导强烈炎症反应与组织损伤。尽管已有研究显示TNFα预处理可增强MSCs来源的Exos的抗炎效应,但目前研究多聚焦于受控皮质撞击等机械性损伤模型。爆炸冲击波致伤具有独特的物理致伤机制,其诱发的弥漫性脑损伤与神经炎症环境与常规损伤存在显著差异。本研究模拟军事爆震伤背景,采用爆炸冲击波模型,比较TNFɑ预处理的小鼠额骨间充质干细胞(frontal bone-derived fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells,FMSCs)来源的Exos与未经TNFɑ处理的FMSCs来源的普通Exos对轻中度TBI小鼠行为学和神经炎症指标的修复作用差异,旨在探讨其在急性期干预中增量价值,为TBI的临床治疗提供新的优化策略[9]。
本研究动物实验方案经军事科学院军事医学研究院实验动物管理与使用委员会批准(批号:IA-CUC-DWZX-2021-759),所有操作均严格遵循该院实验动物管理规范及伦理要求。实验选用100只8周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠,体质量20 ~ 22 g,购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司。所有小鼠适应性饲养7 d,饲养环境温度22 ~ 25℃、相对湿度50% ~ 60%,昼夜节律12 h/12 h交替,自由摄食、饮水。
采用舱室爆炸冲击波致伤方式构建小鼠轻中度颅脑爆震伤模型[10]。小鼠术前称量体质量,经腹腔注射三溴乙醇麻醉,麻醉平稳后固定于专用支架并悬吊于爆炸舱室中心,统一各组致伤参数以保证造模条件一致。由于爆炸冲击波易合并严重肺冲击伤,模型小鼠术后死亡率较高。本研究共纳入100只实验小鼠,其中17只作为假手术组(Sham组),仅行麻醉及体位悬吊处理,不给予冲击波打击;其余83只小鼠均接受标准化爆炸冲击波造模,造模后置于恒温环境复苏并密切观察生命体征,剔除死亡及伤情不达标个体,最终获得51只造模合格小鼠。
将51只造模合格小鼠采用随机数字表法分为3组,每组17只,分别为TBI模型组(TBI组)、TBI+普通外泌体组(TBI+Exos组)和TBI+TNFα预处理外泌体组(TBI+TNFα-Exos组)。结合前期设立的17只假手术小鼠,本研究共设4组,每组17只,总计68只实验小鼠,全部来源于初始100只实验动物,无额外增补个体,各组小鼠体质量、周龄等基线资料差异无统计学意义。各组小鼠统一分配实验用途:每组15只用于行为学检测及相关指标统计分析,剩余2只用于外泌体荧光标记及脑组织体内分布示踪实验,以同步满足功能学评估与组织学定位检测需求。
三溴乙醇购自美国Sigma公司;2.5%胰蛋白酶(货号:2038152)购自以色列Biological Industries公司;α-MEM培养基、胎牛血清、青霉素/链霉素双抗均为常规细胞培养试剂,购自塞维尔公司;Exos纯化试剂盒购自奥秘佳德(Omiget)公司;BCA蛋白定量试剂盒用于Exos蛋白浓度测定;PKH67荧光染料用于Exos体内示踪;4%多聚甲醛、蔗糖溶液用于脑组织固定与脱水;脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)用于体外小胶质细胞炎症模型诱导;TRIzol试剂、逆转录试剂盒、SYBR Premix Ex Taq荧光定量试剂盒用于qRT-PCR实验。主要仪器包括:微量注射泵(河北保定迪创公司)、微量注射器及PE10导管(北京兴业科仪科技有限公司)、透射电子显微镜、荧光显微镜、实时荧光定量PCR仪、超微量分光光度计、细胞培养孵箱、低温高速离心机等。
本研究采用新生C57BL/6小鼠FMSCs开展外泌体制备实验。无菌条件下剥离小鼠额骨组织,彻底剔除附着骨膜,将骨质修剪为细小组织碎片;采用2.5%胰蛋白酶对骨组织碎片进行消化处理,消化终止后经无菌缓冲液充分洗涤3次,去除残留消化液及组织杂质。随后加入含10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)、1%青霉素-链霉素双抗的α-最小必需培养基(α-minimum essential medium,α-MEM),置于37℃、5% CO2恒温湿润培养箱中常规培养[11-12]。细胞培养期间每2 d更换1次新鲜培养基,每周传代2次,传代比例为1∶2 ~ 1∶3,选取生长状态稳定、活性良好的第3 ~ 4代FMSCs用于后续实验。
待FMSCs细胞融合密度达65%以上时,弃去常规完全培养基,用无菌PBS缓冲液洗涤细胞2次,以彻底清除残留的含外泌体的胎牛血清,更换为无外泌体专用培养基,排除培养基源性外泌体对实验结果的干扰。将细胞分为两组,培养环境条件完全一致,持续干预48 h。常规培养组不施加任何炎症因子刺激,正常静置培养;TNFα预处理组在培养基中加入终浓度为10 ng/mL的TNFα,持续刺激培养[13-14]。
培养周期结束后,分别收集常规培养及TNFα预处理细胞的培养上清液,通过试剂盒分离纯化获得普通外泌体(Exos)与TNFα预处理外泌体(TNFα-Exos),用于后续动物干预及细胞机制实验。采用二辛可宁酸蛋白定量法(bicinchoninic acid,BCA)测定Exos蛋白浓度,检测波长为562 nm。使用电镜观察Exos形态[15-16]。
Y迷宫自发交替实验(Y-maze spontaneous alternation test)是一种常用于评估啮齿类动物(如小鼠或大鼠)空间工作记忆和探索行为的实验方法,其核心是观察动物在迷宫中对不同臂的自发性交替选择[17]。实验室保持安静,光线均匀(避免强光直射),温度控制在22 ~ 25℃。实验前将动物单独适应实验室环境至少1 h,以减少应激反应。将动物置于迷宫中心区域,允许其自由探索5 ~ 10 min,记录动物进入各臂的顺序。记录以下参数:总进入臂次数、交替次数及各臂停留时间。计算自发交替率(%)=[实际交替次数/(总进臂次数-2)]×100。4组小鼠依次进行行为学评估。
将压缩棉片按实验小鼠个数编号,每片体质量为3 g以实现标准化[18]。在实验室自动熄灯前1 h将群居的小鼠放入鼠笼单笼饲养,可带入少许原笼垫料以减轻小鼠对新环境的焦虑感;按编号放入压缩棉片,正常供给食水[19-20];次日早上对笼内情况进行拍照,记录未被撕碎的棉片(质量>0.1 g)的质量并评分。(1)>90%棉片保持完整,1分。(2)50% ~ 90%的棉片完整,2分。(3)50%以上的棉片被撕碎,但是巢形不佳:不足10%的棉絮集中在笼子某一角落(小鼠本能是在角落筑巢)[21],大部分棉絮四处散落,3分。(4)一个明显且形态典型的巢:90%以上的棉片被撕碎并集中在笼子的一角,但巢较平坦,不足以包围小鼠,4分。(5)近乎完美的巢:90%以上的棉片被撕碎并集中在笼子一角,巢四周呈高于小鼠躯体的墙状,5分。上述条件不完全符合时,可取中间值,例如形状完美的巢仍有10%以上棉片未被使用时,评分可取4.5[22]。
TBI小鼠造模成功60 min后,经鼻注射Exos,该途径已被证明是脑部疾病给药的有效且非侵入性手段[23]。调整微量注射泵流速为2 μL/min。TBI+Exos组每只小鼠注射10 μg Exos,TBI+TNFɑ-Exos组每只小鼠注射10 μg TNFα-Exos,Sham组和TBI组注射等体积生理盐水,注射时间均为5 min。
选用各组预先留存的2只小鼠,经鼻内注射含荧光染色剂的Exos后3、6、12 h进行大脑取材。荧光标记物为PKH 67,配制方法为:取0.1 mL PKH 67染料与1 mL稀释液混合,再用PBS稀释250倍。将100 μL Exos与200 μL示踪剂混合,经PE10管以1 μL/s的速率注入小鼠鼻腔,每只小鼠共注射30 μL。随后用0.9% NaCl溶液灌注小鼠,再用4%多聚甲醛灌注取脑。鼠脑在4%多聚甲醛中固定过夜,并依次在15%和30%蔗糖溶液中脱水。样品冷冻后切成35 μm厚切片,使用荧光显微镜观察脑切片荧光信号,以确定Exos在脑组织中分布的主要位置。
LPS处理小胶质细胞BV2以模拟小鼠造模后脑内炎症环境[24]。将小胶质细胞分为4组:Control组(未加入LPS)、LPS组(加入LPS)、Exos组(加入LPS和Exos)、TNFα-Exos组(加入LPS和TNFα-Exos)。其中,Exos和TNFɑ-Exos于LPS处理8 h后加入。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)检测小胶质细胞促炎因子TNFɑ、白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)及白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的mRNA水平[25-26]。收集细胞样本,加入Trizol试剂充分裂解,经氯仿抽提、异丙醇沉淀、75%无酶乙醇洗涤及无酶水溶解提取总RNA;通过超微量分光光度计检测RNA纯度(A260/A280比值为1.8 ~ 2.1视为合格),并结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证RNA完整性(可见清晰的28S与18S条带,且28S条带亮度约为18S的2倍)。取1 μg合格总RNA为模板,利用逆转录试剂盒去除基因组DNA污染并合成互补(complementary DNA,cDNA),逆转录程序为37℃ 15 min、85℃ 5 s。随后以cDNA为模板,配制含2×SYBR Premix Ex Taq、上下游引物(表1)及无酶水的20 μL qRT-PCR反应体系,每个样本设置3个技术重复并增设无模板阴性对照。反应程序为:预变性95℃ 30 s;95℃ 5 s、60℃ 30 s,40个循环;熔解曲线分析。需确认熔解曲线为单峰以排除非特异性扩增。采用2-ΔΔCt法计算基因的相对表达量,其中ΔCt=目的基因Ct值 - 内参基因Ct值,ΔΔCt = 实验组ΔCt值 - 对照组ΔCt值[27-28]。
采用SPSS 20.0统计软件对本研究所得数据进行分析。采用Graphpad Prism 8.0软件绘图。计量资料以(
x¯
± s)表示,数据经Shapiro-Wilk检验验证符合正态分布,Levene检验证实方差齐性。统计分析采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),并进一步通过Tukey's HSD检验进行多重比较(Post hoc test),以评估组间两两差异的显著性。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
FMSCs具有典型的成纤维细胞形态。提取的Exos样品经透射电镜观察,可见其呈茶托状或一侧凹陷的半球状,完成外泌体基础形态学鉴定。BCA蛋白定量检测结果显示,TNFα-Exos蛋白终浓度为0.651 mg/mL,Exos蛋白终浓度为0.691 mg/mL,两组蛋白浓度均处于合理实验范围,可满足后续给药干预要求。免疫荧光染色显示,Exos成功入脑,且在3、6、12 h时脑内荧光信号呈现先上升再下降的趋势。见图1。
造模成功后第3天,TBI组Y迷宫实验的自发交替率均低于Sham组、TBI+Exos组及TBI+TNFα-Exos组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);筑巢行为评分亦低于上述各组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图2。
本研究使用小胶质细胞BV2进行体外实验,采用定量PCR检测小胶质细胞中炎症因子(IL-1β、IL-6、TNFɑ)的表达变化。LPS(1 μg/mL)刺激24 h后,IL-1β、IL-6、TNFɑ的表达显著升高,提示小胶质细胞显著活化。分别加入Exos和TNFɑ-Exos处理24 h,定量PCR检测结果显示,与LPS组比较,Exos组和TNFɑ-Exos组的TNFɑ、IL-1β、IL-6的表达水平均下降。其中,Exos对TNFɑ、IL-1β抑制效果显著,但对IL-6的调控较弱;而TNFɑ-Exos对IL-1β、IL-6的抑制效果显著,对TNFɑ的抑制效果较弱,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。值得注意的是,TNFα-Exos对IL-1β和IL-6的抑制效应较普通Exos更加显著(图3)。这一分子水平的抗炎优势与其在Y迷宫和筑巢实验中表现出的更强认知改善效应(图2)相互印证,表明实验结果在行为学表型与分子机制层面具有高度一致性。
本研究证明了TNFɑ预处理FMSCs来源的Exos能够增强对轻中度创伤性脑损伤小鼠的修复作用,其机制可能在于抑制了TBI后的神经炎症反应。Y迷宫行为和筑巢实验结果显示,Exos和TNFɑ-Exos鼻内注射均能提升TBI小鼠的认知功能,且TNFα-Exos提升小鼠认知功能的效果更加显著。这种疗效主要归因于TNFɑ-Exos更有效地抑制了TBI后的神经炎症反应。TNFα刺激可能促使MSCs分泌更多具有抗炎特性的特异性miRNA,从而更强效地抑制IL-1β和IL-6等关键促炎因子的mRNA表达,调节脑内微环境由促炎向修复状态转化。Exos通过影响小胶质细胞的极化,促使其向M2修复型极化转变,从而促进认知功能恢复[29-30]。推测TNFɑ刺激改变了Exos的内容物(miRNA或蛋白载荷),使其抗炎特性得到增强。本研究实验动物造模严格限定于轻中度TBI损伤梯度,该类损伤以可控性局部炎性活化、微环境紊乱为主要病理特征,无大范围脑组织坏死与严重血脑屏障破损,是临床最常见的创伤性脑损伤类型,也更适用于Exos介导的抗炎修复干预研究[31]。体外LPS炎症模型结果进一步证实,Exos在小鼠小胶质细胞可发挥抗炎作用,并呈现一定的细胞特异性趋势。小胶质细胞对Exos的摄取效率较高,提示Exos可能优先作用于炎症启动阶段[32];Exos在TBI中的作用更可能是通过多细胞类型、多信号通路协同调控炎症网络,实现脑内炎症微环境重塑,这种系统性调控能力是其区别于传统单靶点抗炎药物的重要优势[33]。TBI不仅造成急性损伤,还与长期神经退行性疾病风险增加有关。Exos的神经保护作用还体现在调节线粒体抗氧化标记物、减轻氧化应激方面。然而,本研究也存在局限性。首先,Exos产量偏低,且缺乏统一的分离纯化与质控标准,难以保障批次间的一致性。其次,Exos鉴定标准过于单一。第三,TBI后的治疗目标不应仅局限于急性期减轻组织损害,更应关注其对慢性神经炎症维持、神经胶质异常活化及神经退行性进程启动的长期影响[34]。结合本研究中Exos干预后炎性指标下降、行为学改善的结果,可以推测其意义不仅在于急性期抗炎,更可能在于阻断由急性炎症向慢性神经退行性微环境转化的连续过程,从而为长期功能获益提供基础[35]。
TBI后的继发性损伤不仅体现为炎症失衡,还与线粒体功能障碍和氧化应激密切耦联。既往研究指出,TBI后活性氧水平升高可压倒内源性抗氧化系统,进一步造成脂质、蛋白质和DNA损伤,并加剧细胞凋亡与神经退行性改变[36];与此同时,氧化应激还会与血脑屏障功能障碍、线粒体损伤及炎症信号放大形成相互促进的恶性循环。因此,若Exos治疗能够同步调节炎症反应与线粒体氧化还原稳态,其神经保护价值可能优于传统单纯抑炎策略。基于这一逻辑,针对本研究观察到的功能恢复,未来还可通过检测线粒体膜电位等指标,进一步验证Exos是否兼具抗氧化与线粒体保护作用[37]。
本研究结果距离临床转化仍存在关键障碍。首先,Exos制剂的异质性仍是当前领域最核心的问题之一,来源细胞、培养条件、炎症预处理参数、分离纯化工艺以及储存方式等差异,均可能显著影响其粒径分布、表面标志物、货载组成与生物学效应[38-39]。其次,虽然该领域已快速进入临床探索阶段,但临床试验整体仍面临产品定义不一致、质量控制标准不统一、效力评价体系不足和监管框架尚未完全协调等问题。因此,TNFα预处理FMSCs来源的Exos若要进一步推进,后续研究必须结合更系统的货载组学分析、批次一致性评估及药代动力学验证,才能提高其可重复性与临床可接受性。
综上,本研究提示TNFα预处理可能通过重塑FMSCs来源Exos的生物活性荷载,增强其对轻中度TBI后炎症网络的系统性调控能力,并进一步延伸至氧化应激缓解、微环境重塑及长期神经保护层面。该发现不仅为“炎症预激活—外泌体功能增强”策略提供了实验依据,也为未来开发面向慢性后遗症和不同严重程度TBI的精准化治疗方案提供了新的研究方向[40-41]。后续研究应重点围绕Exos关键载荷鉴定、作用靶细胞谱系、长期安全性、重度TBI适应证以及标准化制备与质控体系展开,以推动其从实验室研究向临床转化[42]。

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doi: 10.12435/j.issn.2095-5227.25122404
  • 接收时间:2025-12-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-24
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    1解放军总医院第一医学中心神经外科医学部,北京 100853
    2解放军医学院,北京 100853
    3军事科学院军事医学研究院,北京 100850

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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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